1 Design of concrete members using Eurocode 2 (EN1992):

1.1 Criterion to be used (Ales course project)

1.2 Summary of code provision

Figure 1 shows a section of a rectangular reinforced concrete beam. Figure 1(b)
shows the cracked section with concrete and steel at yield this is based on the
recommendations in Eurocode 2. The simplified rectangular stress block of Figure
1(c) is also allowed in Eurocode and is normally used. Presumably the concrete stress
block of (c) is statically equivalent to that of (b).

Definitions
 d the effective depth of the section i.e. the distance
from the top of the beam to the centre of area of the
reinforcement.
 h the total depth of the beam d h
 As the area of the tensile reinforcement
 fck the characteristic cylinder strength of the
cover
concrete
 0.85 fck the 0.85 factor is to allow for the fact that
the strength of the concrete in a beam is different from that in a cylinder test
 x the distance from the top of the beam to the neutral axis
 fyk the characteristic yield strength of the reinforcement
 z the lever arm for the moment

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 s the depth of the stress block = 0.85x
 M is the applied moment
Moment equilibrium for the section
Figure 2 shows the forces on the section
The resultant compression in the concrete is:
C = 0.85 bs (fck/c) (1)
where c is the partial safety factor for the concrete
The resultant tensile force in the steel is:
T = Ast(fyk/ s) (2)
where s is the partial safety factor for the concrete
Horizontal equilibrium is C = T (3)

0.85fck/c

s
d x C = bs( 0.85fck/c)

neutral axis
z

T = Ast fyk/s

Figure 2 Design forces for a reinforced concrete section

Taking moments about the centre of compression:
M = Tz = Ast(fyk/ s)z = Cz = 0.85 bs(fck/c) (4)
z = d – s/2 (5)
Manipulating (4) and (5) and using c = 1.5 and s = 1.15 (from Eurocode 0) gives the
expression:
(z/d)2 - (z/d) + K/1.134 = 0.0 (6)
2
where K = M/bd fck
Solving the quadratic equation of (6) gives:

z  0.5  (0.25  K / 1.134) )  (7)
Using Equation (4) Ast = M/(0.87fykz) (8)
Equations (7) and (8) are used to calculate the required area of tension steel.

Under-reinforced section
A standard rule in reinforce concrete beam design is that, in make the failure more
ductile, steel failure should precede concrete failure. A section for which steel and
concrete yield at the same time is called a balanced section. It can be shown that this
condition occurs when
K = M/bd2fck = 0.167 (9)

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Steel fails first when K < 0.167. Such a section is called under-reinforced.
If K> 0.167 then compression reinforcement is needed.
2 Shear strength
2.1 Criterion to be used (Ales course project)

2.2 Summary of code provision

Section 6.2.2 of Eurocode 2 gives the following empirical expression for the design
shear resistance of reinforced concrete sections
VRd,c = [ 0.12k(1001fck)1/3]bwd
where:
VRd,c is the design shear resistance of a reinforced concrete section.
k = [1 + (100/d)1/2]  2.0 with d in mm
1 = Asl /(bwd)  0.02
Asl is the area of the tensile reinforcement at the section at which the shear is
define. This area of steel needs to extend for a full anchorage length plus the
effective depth of the section beyond the section.
bw is the width of the section at the level of the tension reinforcement
d is the effective depth
fck is in MPa (N/mm2)

The criterion for shear strength without shear reinforcement is:

VEd < VRd,c
where VEd is the shear force at the limit state.

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