Design of a resuscitator for patients with respiratory

distress
Carlos Jahel Ojeda Diaz
Patricia de Fátima Chambergo Ruiz Dr. Mechanical Engineer
Electronic Engineer carlos.ojeda@udep.pe
patricia.chambergo@posgrado.udep.edu.pe Universidad de Piura
Universidad de Piura

Abstract—This document shows the mathematical study and

the design of a fuzzy controller, of a proposal for the automation
of the ventilation for patient that is given by means of a
resuscitator manual known as Ambu
Keywords—component; ventilation, patient, control,
mechanism
I. INTRODUCTION
The manual resuscitator are devices used to offer positive
pressure ventilation in patients in need ventilatory support.
They are a set of valves that work sequentially, in order to
allow the exit and entry of air in the patient's respiratory system
[1]
These devices are now widely used by medical and
paramedical staff. This is often a difficult maneuver for a single
operator, who must also operate the bag and maintain the
patient airway. [2].
III. PROPOSED OPERATION
The aim is to design an automatic resuscitator for patients
who need assisted ventilation, easy to use and move, where the
doctor does not need to use both hands to ventilate the patient
and can maintain continuous ventilation for long hours.
The system will be formed by the mechanism crank - crank
that will move a piston inside a cylinder to realize the
ventilation.
A. Air intake from outside
The engine starts to rotate by moving the piston
backwards, to fill the cylinder with ambient air. At that time the
duct of air exterior will open. While the duct leading to the
patient will close..

II. P ROBLEMATIC SITUATION

The ventilation with manual resucitator or Ambu limits to
health personnel, since to perform the correct way, the doctor
needs to use both hands (one to hold the mask and another to
press the self-inflating balloon) Fig 2. Air intake from outside
Added to this the tiredness that originates to be ventilating
for long hours, when for example it moves the patients who
B. Air to the patient
need the ventilation of the distant zones or when the patient is
waiting for a mechanical ventilator in a hospital; This does The piston will move forward, the duct of air exterior will
ventilation of incorrect way, not offering the necessary help to close to prevent air from escaping, and the duct to the patient
the patient to improve their respiratory condition. will open for air to pass

(a) Patiente valve

(b) Silicone face mask
(c) Ambu bag
(d) Oxygen reservoir
bag

Fig 1. Manual Resuscitator Parts Fig 3. Air to the patient

Source: Manual Ambu® Mark IV Baby Resuscitator
 IV. DC ENGINE[3] The reciprocating movement of the piston is due to the
The motor is 12v and its transfer function is as follows rotational movement of the crankshaft by the system.

The linear displacement (x) of the piston as a function of

the angle θ is shown below [4] [5]


x  R 1  cos   

1

1  1   sin 
2 2
 (7)

x  v   R  sin    sin  cos   (8)

Fig 4. DC engine scheme
Source: Ing. Quirino Jimenez D. x  R
2
 cos   2 cos 2
  (9)
R
Kb sm ( s )  Eb ( s ) (1) 
L
( La s  Ra ) I a ( s)  Eb ( s)  Ea ( s) (2) R : Crank radius
L : Connecting Rod Length
( Js  Bs ) m ( s )  Tm ( s )  K m I a ( s )
2
(3)

This engine will have a load that will be determined by the A. Cylinder area [6]
moments of inertia of the crank-disk and connecting rod Depending on the angle of rotation of the crankt and the
piston area, which has the same diameter of the cylinder
J L  J L1  J L 2 (4)

J L 2  mconnecting  rod (R 1  R 2  R 1R 2 ) / 3 (5)

2 2 V ( ) 
 D2
4
R


1 2 2  (10)
1  cos     1  1   sin   
1 The total volume being displaced
J L1  ( mdisk  mreducer ) d 2 (6)
8  D2
J L : Moment of inertia Vd  R (11)
2
J L1 : Moment of inertia of the crank
D : Diameter of cylinder
J L 2 : Moment of inertia of the connecting rod
R1 : Disk radius B. Mechanism forces [7]
The pressure exerted by the piston is given by the following
R2 : Connecting rod length forces
m : mass
d : Diameter of the disc
V. MECHANISM CONNECTING ROD PISTON

Fig 6. Forces in the piston

Fig 5. Proposed mechanism

 VII. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL
Because it is a non linear system and variant in time it was
decided to use diffuse logic to control the volume of air gives
the patient. With the help of the toolbox matlab , it is easy to
design the controller
IN Volume error
OUT Motor voltage
Table 1 In- Out of the system

Our universe of discourse will be [-0.0009 0.0009],

Fig 7. Scheme of forces because this will be the maximum volume that will generate
according to the dimensions of the mechanism and our motor
F voltage output [-5 5], since the motor turns in both directions
P
Ap We defined the membership functions
F  FT  f Negative Big NB

FT  m p x Negative Small NS

f  uk N Cero C
Positive Small PS
f  u k Ft
Positive Big PB
Ft  mB xtg 
Table 2. Membership functions
mB : Mass of the piston
VI. DIMENSIONS OF THE MECHANISM VIII. RESULTADOS
To achieve the volume quantity, and to have a mechanism
of easy move, the following dimensions were fixed

Fig 9. Volume of air for pediatric patient (400 ml)

Fig 8 Mechanism

Description Adult Pediatric Infant

Tidal volume 800ml 400ml 150ml

Pressure 60cmH2O 40cmH2O 40cmH2O

r=0.04; % Radio crank (m)

l=0.144; % Connecting rod (m)
D=0.11; % Cylinder diameter (m)
Fig 10. Ventilation pressure for pediatric patient (max. 40
LC=0.09% Cylinder length (m) cmH2O)

Figura 11. Volume of air for pediatric patient (800 ml)
Figura 12. Ventilation pressure for pediatric patient (max. 60
cmH2O)
IX. CONCLUSIONS
 The proposed mechanism has the advantage that, in
order to function, it will not necessarily require an
oxygen tank
 It is proposed for its construction polypropylene
material, which is widely used in the pharmaceutical
industry
 The motor runs under 5 volts so you don't need heavy
batteries
 The volume and the pressure reach the levels
established by the characteristics of the ambu
 When analyzing this proposal, using the formula and
the controller, good results were obtained for the type of
adult and pediatric patients, but it was not possible to
obtain a good performance for infant patients, because
their volume quantity is small
 It is still necessary to achieve 0.5 seconds in each phase
of ventilation, for which it is recommended to use a
speed reductor or a pulse width modulation.
REFERENCES
[1] Armando Carlos Franco de Godoy, Falla en el Funcionamiento del
Resucitador Manual Autoinflable Debido a la Presencia de Secreciones
Pulmonares Resecadas
[2] Harold. H. Osborn, MD, David Kayenj Howard Horne, Ba Walter Bray,
Excess Ventilation with Oxygen – powered Resuscitators
[3] Jimenez D. Quirino, Capitulo II Modelos Matemáticos Dinámicos,
Control I, pag 12-15
[4] I.S. Ringegni Pablo L. , Mecanismos y elementos de máquinas –
mecanismos y sistemas de aeronaves, Universidad Nacional de la Plata,
Facultad de ingeniería, Área departamental de aeronáutica, La Plata
2014
[5] Parámetros cinéticos de un sistema pistón-biela-cigüeñal, 23-12-12, pag
1-4
[6] Ramirez Gutierrez Ricardo Romero, Comportamiento termodinámico
de un grupo diésel generador convertido para uso exclusivo de gas
natural, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería
Mecánica, 2012, pag 49-50, 53-55
[7] Y. Paúl Santiago Hernández Guerrero Alejandro Adamo Rodas
Zambrano, “Diseño y construcción de un prototip o de motor
reciprocante didáctico para analizar fuerzas y momentos de
sacudimiento en motores de 4 cilindros en V, variando el ángulo de la
V”, Escuela politécnica del ejército facultad de ingeniería mecánica,
Sangolquí, 2006 – 12, pag 55-59