VELAGAPUDI RAMAKRISHNA SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

VIJAYAWADA-520007

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

FOUR SEMESTER M.TECH DEGREE COURSE IN

POWER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

CURRICULUM & DETAILED SYLLABI

S.No. Course Subject Periods/week Sessional End Semester

Number marks Examination
L+T P Duration Marks
First Semester
1. EEPS 111 Mathematics 4 -- 30 3 70
2. EEPS 112 High Voltage Engineering 4 -- 30 3 70
3. EEPS 113 Solid state power 4 -- 30 3 70
converters
4. EEPS 114 Computer methods in 4 -- 30 3 70
Power Systems
5. EEPS 115 Advanced Microprocessors 4 -- 30 3 70
& Microcontrollers
6. EEPS 116(P) Power Systems Lab-I -- 6 50 3 100
TOTAL 20 6 200 -- 450
Second Semester
1. EEPS 121 Modern Control Theory 4 -- 30 3 70
2. EEPS 122 Power Systems Stability 4 -- 30 3 70
3. EEPS 123 Operation & Control of 4 -- 30 3 70
Power Systems
4. EEPS 124 HVDC & FACTS 4 -- 30 3 70
5. EEPS 125 Elective 4 -- 30 3 70
6. EEPS 126(P) Power Systems Lab-II -- 6 50 3 100
TOTAL 20 6 200 -- 450
Third Semester
1. EEPS 211 Switchgear & Power system 4 -- 30 3 70
Protection
2. EEPS 212 Elective 4 -- 30 3 70
3. EEPS 213 Comprehensive Viva -- -- 100 -- --
4. EEPS 214 Project -- 6 100 -- --
TOTAL 8 6 260 -- 140
Fourth Semester
1. EEPS 221 Project -- 12 200 -- --
2. EEPS 222 Viva-Voce Report on Project -- -- Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory
TOTAL -- 12 200 -- --
List of Electives:

1. Hydraulic & Thermal Power Engineering.

2. Renewable Energy Resources.
3. Heat Transfer in Thermal and Nuclear Power Plants.
4. Dielectrics & Insulation Technology.
5. Non-linear Control Systems.
6. Digital Control Systems.
7. Computer Graphics.
8. Digital Signal Processing.
9. Artificial Neural Networks.

 1st class with distinction – 70% and above.

 1st class – 60% to 70%.
 2nd class – 40% to 60%.
 40% compulsory in University examinations.
 Other rules and regulations will be as per Nagarjuna University.
EEPS 111
MATHEMATICS

Unit-I:
Vector space – Basis – Matrices as transformations – Cayley – Hamilton theorem –
Eigen values and Eigenvectors – Symmetric, Skew-symmetrio, Normal and unitary matrices –
Orthogonalisation of vector set – Diagonalisation of symmetric matrices – Reduction of
quadratic forms to canonical forms:

Unit-II:
Tensors: Covariant and contra-variant tensers – Laws of operation – Contraction, dummy
index and summation convention – Quotient – Law – Symmetric and anti-symmetric tensors –
Application to transformations.

Unit-III:
Linear Programming : Introduction and formulation of models, simplex method, Bid-
method, two phase method, degeneracy, non-existent and unbounded solutions, duality in
L.P, dual simplex method, sensitivity analysis, revised simplex method.

Unit-IV:
Non-linear programming & Dynamic Programming : Classical optimization methods,
equality and inequality constraints, Lagrange multipliers and Kuhn – Tucker conditions,
quadratic forms, quadratic programming and Beales method.
Principle of optimally recursive relation, solution of linear programming, simple
examples

BOOKS:

1. High Engineering Mathematics – by B.S.Grewal.

2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics – by Erwin Kreyszig.
3. A Text Book on Engineering Mathematics – by N.P.Bali.
4. Introduction of Optimization – by J.C. Panth
5. Optimization theory and applications – by S.S. Rao
6. Optimization methods – by K.V. Mettal.
EEPS 112
H.V.ENGINEERING

Unit-I:

Generation of High Voltages: Alternating voltages – Transformers in cascade the series

resonance circuit. Transient voltages – Single stage impulse generator, Multi stage impulse
generator, Generation of switching surge voltages. Direct voltages – Voltage doubler and
cascade circuits, Electrostatic machines, Voltage stabilization.

Measurement of High Voltages: Some general observations on the measurement of transients,

Magnetic oscillographs, oscilloscopes, cameras for CROs, Equipment for measuring transient
currents, Transient voltages measuring equipment, Equipment for measuring random
disturbances, Sphere gaps.

Unit-II:

Corona: Corona, Corona loss formulae, Factors affecting corona. Audible noise & its
characteristics, Limits for audible noise relation between single phase and three phase AN
levels, Radio interference, Limits for radio interference fields, CIGRE formula.

Unit-III:

Lightning: The scope of the lightning problem, The physical phenomenon of lightning,
Interaction between lightning and the power systems, Factors contributing to good line
design.

Unit-IV:

Over voltages in EHV systems: Switching surges, Causes of switching surge over voltages,
Recovery voltage, Restriking transients, Over voltages caused by interruption of high/low
inductance currents, Line energization transients, Ferro-resonance over voltages, Lightning
over voltages, Protection against switching and lightning surges, Insulation coordination,
Design example.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Kuffol And Abdullah: High voltage engineering.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

2. Rakesh D.Begamudre: EHV AC Transmission engineering.

3. C.L.Wadhawa – High Voltage Engineering.
4. M.S.Naidu & E.Kamaraju – High Voltage Engineering.
5. Dr.Chowragi – High Voltage Engineering.
6. J.D.Creggse and J.M.Meck – High Voltage Laboratory Techniques.
EEPS 113

SOLID STATE POWER CONVERTERS

UNIT-1
LINE COMMUTATED CONVERTERS:
AC to DC Converter- single phase controlled rectifier- with R load- RL load- with and
without FWD- analysis & wave forms- three phase controlled bridge type with R, RL, RLE loads
with & without FEWD- analysis & waveforms – performance factors of line commutated
converters - advantages- applications- line commutated inverters. Dual converter -
advantages- applications.

UNIT-II
AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS:
Single phase Ac voltage controllers- with R, RL & RLE loads- Analysis & waveforms-
three phase AC voltage controllers- analysis& wave forms – AC synchronous tap changers.

UNIT-III
CYCLO CONVERTER:
Single phase – bridge type- R & RL loads- 3 phase bridge type principle of operation &
wave forms.

RESONANT CONVERTERS:
Definition- Basic principle- Single phase- Series and parallel resonant converters- quist
resonant converter- advantages- applications- comparision with DC choppers- problems.

UNIT-IV
INVERTERS:
Single phase- series and parallel inverters and their analysis and commutation process-
Bridge type- Single phase & three phase Inverters. MC Murray- Bedford inverter- modified MC
Murray Bedford and their analysis & waveforms. Current Source Inverter- some applications-
comparision of VSI & CSI- problems.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Moltgen :Line commutated converters
2. JMD Murphy: PE Control of AC machines
3. P. C. Sen :Power Electronics
4.Csaki :Power Electronics
5.S.B. Dewan, G.R.Slemon & A. Straughen- Power Semiconductors drives
6. Ramushaw :Power Electronics
7. Bedford & Hoft: Analysis of inverter circuits
EEPS 114
COMPUTER METHODS IN POWER SYSTEMS

Unit-I:
Network Matrices and Modeling: Introduction, linear transformation techniques ( bus, branch,
loop frame of references) , single phase modeling of transmission lines, off-nominal
transformer tap representation, phase shift representation, 3-phase models of transmission
lines, modeling of loads, representation of synchronous machines and introduction for
transient stability studies.

Unit-II:
Power flow solutions: Review of power flow equations - GS, NR and FDC methods of solving
power flow equations, power flow methods for contingency, voltage instability studies , PV
curve plotting, optimal power flow.

Unit-III:
Three Phase Load Flows: Formulation of three phase power flow equations, Fast-decoupled
three phase algorithm and computer program structure.
Programming consideration and flow chart for unified ac-dc load flow.

Fault System Studies: (Generators, transformers, cables & systems): Analysis of three phase
faults - admittance matrix equation - impedance matrix equation - fault calculations - analysis
of unbalanced faults - admittance matrices - fault calculations - short circuit faults - open
circuit faults - program description and typical solutions.

Unit-IV:
ZBUS methods in Contingency Analysis: Adding and removing multiple lines (current injection
methods), piece wise solution of interconnected systems, analysis of single and multiple
contingencies, external system representation for fault and contingencies by Ward and REI
approaches.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Stagg G.Ward, El-Abiad: Computer methods in power system analysis. McGraw Hill,
ISE, 1968.
2. J.Arrilaga and C.P.Arnold: Computer modeling of electric power systems, John Wiley &
Sons, N.Y. 1983.
3. J.J.Grainger, W.D.Stevenson JR, Power system analysis, McGraw Hill N.Y. 1994.
4. Brian Stott: Review of load flow calculation methods, IEEE Proc. Vol.62, PP 916-929
July, 1974.
5. W.F.Tinney & C.E.Hart: Power flow solution by Newton’s methods, IEEE Trans. PAS-86,
PP 1440-1460, Nov. 1967.
6. W.F.Tinney & J.W.Walker: Direct solution of sparse network equation of optimally
ordered triangular factorization, IEEE Proc. Vol.55, No.11, PP 1801-1809, Nov, 1967.
7. Modern power system analysis by Nagarath & Kothari
8. Modeling of power system components by PSR Murthy
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Electrical energy systems theory by O.I.Elgerd.
2. Modern power system analysis by U.R.Nedouslondes.
3. Transient stability by Pavalla and Murthy.
EEPS 115

ADVANCED MICROPROCESSORS & MICROCONTROLLERS

Unit – I
Microprocessors: Introduction to Microcomputers and Microprocessors, Introduction to 8086
microprocessor family, 8086 internal architecture, Addressing modes, Programming the 8086,
Instruction descriptions, Assembler directives.

Unit – II
Digital & Analog Interfacing: Addressing memory and ports in Microcomputer system,
8086 interrupts and Interrupt Responses, Programmable parallel ports and Handshake
input/output, Interfacing a microprocessor to keyboards.
D/A converter operation, Interfacing and applications, A/D converter specifications types and
interfacing.

Unit – III
Programmable Devices: Introduction to programmable peripheral devices: 8253/8254,
8259, 8251. The DMA data transfer, RISC Vs CISC, RISC properties, RISC evaluations,
overview of RISC development and current schemes.

UNIT – IV
8051 Micro Controllers: Introduction to 8 bit and 16 bit microcontrollers; 8031/8051
microcontroller architecture and memory organization, Addressing modes, Instruction formats,
CPU timings, Interrupt structure and interrupt priorities; port structures and operations.
Accessing internal and external memories, Timer / Counter functions and different modes of
operations.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Dougles V Hall, Microprocessor and Interfacing: Programming and hardware, 2 nd Editon,

TMH 2003
2. Barry B. Brey – The Intel Microprocessors 8086/ 8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486,
Pentium and Pentium Preprocessor, Architecture, Programming and Interfacing, PHI, 4 th
Edition.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Yu-Cheng Liu, Glenn A Gibson, Microcomputer systems: the 8086/8088 Family, Architecture,
Programming and Design, 2nd Edition, PHI, 2003
2. A K Ray, K M Bhurchandi, Advanced Microprocessors and Peripherals: Architecture,
Programming and Interfacing, TMH 2004
3. Deniel Tabak – Advanced Microprocessors, McGraw Hill , 2 nd edition
4. The Intel Manuals – Microcontrollers Manual MC 8031/8051
5. Malvino Leech – Microprocessors.
EEPS 116(P)
POWER SYSTEMS LAB – I

List of Experiments (Any eight experiments to be completed)

1. Reactive power control on 220 KV simulated transmission line.

2. Study of Ferranti effect on 220 KV simulated line.
3. Sequence reactances and fault studies on synchronous machine.
4. Experiments on three-phase and three winding transformers.
5. Reactive power control by tap changing transformers.
6. P-Q control of synchronous machine.
7. Implementation of microprocessor based relays.
8. Testing of static relays.
9. Formation of YBUS matrix.
10. Formation of ZBUS matrix.
11. Solution of simultaneous algebraic equations.
12. Solution of simultaneous differential equations.
13. Simulation of network matrices by using singular transformations.
14. Sparse matrix methods (Compact data storage schemes) ex: Formation of Y BUS
15. H.V. testing of transformers and insulators.
EEPS 121
MODERN CONTROL THEORY

UNIT-I
SYSTEM REPRESENTATION:
Introduction to state and state variables; system representation in state variable form;
transformations – phase variable form, canonical form; physical variables; representation
using state function of Lagrange.

UNIT-II
STABILITY:
Definitions of stability; Quadratic forms; Second method of Liapunov; Stability of linear
systems; Transient behaviour estimation; Stability of non-linear systems; generation of
Liapunov functions.

UNIT-III
CONTROLLABILITY AND OBSERVABILITY:
Definition and concepts; Criteria for controllability and observability, Controllability tests
for Continuous –Time systems, Observability Tests for Continuous-Time systems,
Controllability and Observability of Discrete-Time systems.

UNIT-IV
OPTIMAL CONTROL:
Method of calculus variations; Minimization of functions, Minimization of Functionals,
Functionals of a single function, Functionals Involving n Independent Functions, Constrained
minimization , Formation of variational calculus using Hamiltonian method.
Hamilton Jacobi approach; Matrix Riccati equation; Methods of solution.

TEXT BOOK:
1). “Modern Control System Theory” by M. Gopal, New age International Ltd.
2). State functions and linear control systems by Scheultz and Melsa, Mcgraw Hill Book.
EEPS 122
POWER SYSTEMS STABILITY

UNIT-I:
Steady-State Stability: Steady-state power limits of a two machine system and multi-machine
systems, Analytical and graphical methods of calculating steady-state stability limits. Study of
the effects on steady-state stability due to (a) Losses, (b) Governor action, (c) Inertia, (d)
Saturation, (e) S.C.R, and (f) Saliency.

UNIT-II:
Dynamic Stability: System response to small disturbances. Linear model of unregulated
synchronous machine and its oscillation models. Regulated synchronous machine. Effects of
automatic voltage regulators on dynamic stability. Dynamic modelling requirements. Effects
of damper windings on stability.

UNIT-III:
Transient Stability: Transient Stability Analysis: Swing equation and its solutions by point by
point solution & equal area criterion. Determination of swing curve by graphical integration.
Study of use of swing curves. Use of AC network analyser for transient stability problems.
Solutions using modified Euler method and Gauss-Seidel method.

UNIT-IV:
Stability of Power Systems : Static and dynamic response of controlled two area system.
Improvement of voltage control by AGC (Automatic Generation Control) and use of VAR
compensators.

Effects on transient stability due to (a) quick fault clearing, (b) high speed reclosing, (c) quick
response excitation, (d) damper windings, (e) inertia and (f) methods of grounding. Methods
of improving transient stability. Power system planning & design for stability.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Kimbark - Power System Stability (Vol.1).

2. Tayler - Power System Voltage Stability.
3. Anderson & Fouad - Control & Stability of Power Systems.
4. M.Ravella & P.G.Murthy - Transient Stability of Power Systems from Theory to Practice.
5. Power system dynamics – Padiyar
6. Power system dynamics and stability – P.W.Saur & M.A.Pai

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Power system transient stability analysis using the transient energy function method –
Printice Hall, Englewood cliff’s – 1991
2. Power system stability – M.A.Pai
EEPS 123
OPERATION AND CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS

Unit-I:
Voltage Control: General models, Transformers and transmission lines models, Network
matrices, Various methods of voltage control.
Power Flow Control: Control of generation, Unit commitment, Economic dispatch from various
generating stations, Optimal power flow, Effects of inertia, Governer action, Saliency,
Saturation and SCR, Loading limitations on long lines, Steady-state power limits, Analytical and
graphical methods of solutions.

Unit-II:
Reactive Power Flow Control: System protection, Measurements and controls, Computer
methods of power measurements, Computer relaying and system protection, Use of series and
parallel capacitors, Excitation control to regulate reactive power.

Unit-III:
Transients in the integrated Power System: Introduction, The short line or kilometer fault, Line
dropping and load rejection, Voltage transients on closing and reclosing lines, Over voltages
induced by faults, Switching surges on an integrated system, Transients in the industrial power
network.

Unit-IV:
Interconnected Power Systems: Inter connected systems, Power system state estimation,
Analysis of system dynamics, System security and System reliability.

Restructuring industry as GENCO and TRANSCO and its implications for planning and operation
objectives, Capital control, Interaction between economic principles and basic engineering
principles, Optimization of cost.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Power Generation, Operation & Control – by Allen J.Wood etc., John Wiley.
2. Power Capacitors for Reactive Compensation – by P.S.Satnam.
3. Sub-station Design & Equipment – by P.S.Satnam & Gupta.
4. Economic Operation of Interconnected Systems – by Kirchmayer.
5. Economic Operation of Power Systems – by Kirchmayer.
6. Electric Energy Systems Theory – An Introduction – by I.Elgard, McGraw-Hill.
7. Automatic Power System Control – by V.A.Venikov.
8. Power System Operation & Control – by P.S.R.Murthy.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Elements of Power System Analysis – by W.D.Stevenson, McGraw-Hill.
EEPS 124
HVDC and FACTS

UNIT-I:
General consideration of DC transmission systems and converter circuits: Basic aspects of AC
and DC transmission, types of DC links, economic aspects of DC transmission, analysis of
converter circuits, simplified analysis of Graetz circuit, detailed analysis of converters, firing
angle control, C&EAC control.

UNIT-II:
Harmonics – Filters and reactive power control: Generation of Harmonics, design of AC and DC
filters, reactive power requirement in steady state, sources of reactive power, static var
systems, reactive power control during transients.

UNIT-III:
Flexible AC transmission devices: Introduction, Thyristor controlled series compensator, static
on load tap changers, static phase shifters, static VAR compensator, STATCOM, Unified power
flow controller.

UNIT-IV:
Load Flow under power electronic control: Incorporation of FACT devices, static tap changing,
phase shifting, TCSC, UPFC in power flow equations.

TEXTBOOKS:

1. J.Arrillaga and C.P.Arnold - Computer Analysis of Power Systems - John Wiley and
Sons, New York, 1997.
2. C.W.Stagg and A.H.Elbiad - Computer Methods in Power Systems Analysis - McGraw
Hill Book Co., 1968.
3. M.A.Pai - Computer Techniques in Power Systems Analysis - Tata McGraw Hill, New
Delhi - 1979.
4. Understanding FACTS – Narain G. Hingorani, Laszlo Gyugyi – IEEE Press.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Graniger - Power System Analysis.

2. Nagrath - System Modelling & Analysis.
3. Saadat - Power System Analysis with Power System Toolbox.
4. Stevenson - Elements of Power System Analysis.
EEPS 126(P)
POWER SYSTEMS LAB – II

List of Experiments (Any eight experiments to be completed)

1. Power flow solution by NR method.

2. Power flow solution by FDC with different X/R ratios.
3. Simulation of optimal power flow.
4. Continuation of power flow solution for line and generator outages.
5. Transient stability study of SMIB with and without PSS.
6. ZBUS method for contingency studies.
7. Simulation of 3-phase load flow.
8. Simulation of 6 pulse converters.
9. Simulation of 6 pulse converters with PWM controls.
10. Simulation of Impulse voltage generator
11. Simulation of Impulse current generator
12. Simulation of different Excitation systems
13. Simulation of Power system stabilizer.
14. Simulation of AGC system for two area system.
15. Design of LQR state feedback for a given system.
 EEPS 211
SWITCHGEAR & POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

UNIT-I:
Need for protection systems:
fault statistics, evolution of
protection, essential qualities
automatic reclosing, CT, PT,
network.
Nature and causes of faults, types of faults, effects of faults,
protective relays, zones of protection, primary & back up
of protection, classification of protective relays and schemes,
summation transformer, phase-sequence current segregating

UNIT-II:
Direct transfer tripping, permissive under-reach and over-reach transfer tripping schemes –
carrier acceleration & carrier blocking scheme. Use of optical fibers for protection schemes.

UNIT-III:
Static Relays: Advantages of static relays, working principles of static impedance, static
reactance using phase comparator, static distance, static over current, static differential relay
using amplitude comparator, use of sampling comparator.

UNIT-IV:

Microprocessor based protection relays – Working principles of P based over current,

impedance, reactance directional, reactance (distance) & mho relays – digital relaying
algorithms, various transform techniques employed like discrete Fourier, Walsh-Hadamard,
Haar, microprocessor implementation of digital distance relaying algorithms – protection of
lines against lightning & traveling waves.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. T.S.M.Rao – Power System Protection : Static Relays With Microprocessor

Applications – Tata McGraw-Hill.
2. Badri Ram & DN Viswakarma – Power System Protection & Switch Gear – McGraw
Hill.
3. Computer Relaying For Power Systems – Research Studies Press, 1988.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. A.R.Van C.Washington – Protective Relays – Their Theory & Practice, Vol.I & II –
John Wiley & Sons.
2. D.Robertson – Power System Protection – Reference Manual – Oriel Press –
London, 1982.
3. C.R.Mason – The Art and Science of Protective Relaying – John Wiley.
4. S.S.Rao – Switch Gear & Protection – Khanna Publisher’s, Delhi.
5. Microprocessors & Microcomputer Development Systems: Designing Microprocessor
Based System – by M.Rafiquzzaman.
Elective-1
HYDRAULICS & THERMAL POWER ENGINEERING

Unit-I:

Hydraulic Turbines: Impact of Jets – Introduction, Force exerted by fluid jet on stationary
and moving flat plate and curved vanes, flow over radial carved vanes. Heads and efficiencies
of turbines.

Unit-II:

Classification of turbines – Working of Pelton, Frances and Kaplan turbines, numerical

problems. Theory and design of Pelton, Francis and Kaplan turbines. Theory and design of
draft tube, spiral casing and nozzle for Pelton wheel and other turbines. Theory & design of
governor and cavitation phenomena. Specific speed, performance characteristics curves.

Unit-III:

Steam Boilers: Function, Classification, Working of Cochran, Bofcock and Wilcox boilers,
Accessories and mountings. Steam nozzles – Effect of friction, Nozzle efficiency critical
pressure ratio and maximum discharge.

Unit-IV:

Steam Turbines: Types of steam turbines, Impulse turbines – Pressure and velocity
compounding – Velocity diagrams – Output power, Blade efficiency & stage efficiency,
Reaction turbines – Velocity diagrams – Degree of reaction – Work output – Power, Blade and
stage efficiency. Governing of turbines, Stage efficiency – Overall efficiency and reheat factor,
Principles of gas turbines.

TEXTBOOKS:

1. Hand Book of Hydro Electric Engineering – by Greager & Justin.

2. Hydro-electric Hand Book – by G.Brown, Vol.I to IV.
3. Design of Water Resources Systems – by A.Man et al.
4. Design of Water Resources Systems – by Thomas et al.
5. Hydraulic Machines – by Jagadish Lal.
6. Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Power Engineering – by D.S.Kumar.
7. Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines – by R.K.Bansal.
8. Hydraulic & Fluid Mechanics – by P.N.Modi & S.M.Seth.
9. Treatise on Heat Engineering – by V.P.Vasandhani & D.S.Kumar.
10. Power Plant Engineering – by Domkundwar.
11. Power Plant Technology – by MM EI Wakil.
Elective -2
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

UNIT-I:

SOLAR ENERGY: Basic characteristics of sun light - solar energy resource - photo voltaic cell -
characteristics - equivalent circuit - photo voltaics for battery charging - charge regulators -
equipments and systems. Solar green house - classification - winter/summer free standing, pit
type - thermal modeling of a green house.

UNIT-II:

WIND ENERGY: Wind source - wind statistics - energy in the wind - aerodynamics - rotor types
- forces developed by blades - aerodynamic models - braking systems - tower - control and
monitoring system - power performance - wind driven Induction Generators - power circle
diagram - steady state performance - modeling - integration issues - impact on central
generation - transmission and distribution systems - electrical design.

UNIT-III:

OCEAN WAVES. Types of waves & breaking of waves. Energy extraction form ocean waves.
Tidal equilibrium theory, tidal theory & analysis, production of tides, tidal streams, tidal energy
and extraction. Tidal harmonic analysis.

UNIT-IV:

MICRO - HYDEL ELECTRIC SYSTEMS: Power potential, scheme layout, generation efficiency
and turbine part flow, geothermal energy extraction.

MHD: Principles of MHD, open and closed cycle MHD systems, voltage and power output of
MHD generator, advantages and need of future research.

BOOKS:

1. John F.Walker & N.Jenkins - Wind Energy Technology; John Wiley and Sons Chichester,
U.K - 1997.
2. Van Overstracton R.J and Mertens RP "Physics, Technology and Use of Photo Voltaics",
adam Hilger, Bristol, 1996.
3. B.S.Magat. Solar Power Engg.
4. B.R. Gupta, - Generation of Electrical energy , S. Chand & company.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. N.D.Koushika, "Solar Energy Principles and Applications" - IBT Publications and

Distributors, New Delhi, 1988.
2. S.C.Kaushik, G.N.Tiwari and J.K.Nayak,, "Thermal Control in Passive Solar Buildings"
IBT Publishers & Distributors, Delhi.
3. Edward E.Anderson, Fundamentals for Solar Energy Conversion" Addision Wesley
Pub.C, 1983.
5. Duvelli & Riley.W.f - Introduction to Photomechanics - Prentice Hall.
6. Wiegel - Oceanographical Engineering.
7. Estuary and Coast line hydrohynamics - Ippen.
Elective -3
HEAT TRANSFER IN THERMAL AND NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Unit-I:

The conductive transport phenomena, Physical mechanism of thermal conductivity

steady, Transient and some multidimensional conduction.

Unit-II:

Introduction to heat transfer by convection. Equations governing convection

developed in integral and differential forms. Boundary layers. Laminar and turbulent flows.

Unit-III:

Internal and external, Forced and free convection .Entropy and system arguments for
optimal design .Parameter identification.

Unit-IV:

The radiative transfer equation. Surface and gas radiation properties. Radiant
exchange between surfaces and volumes. Molecular and particulate scattering. Radiosity and
volume integral formulations.

BOOKS:

1. Heat transfer-by Bejan.

2. Nuclear Reactor theory – by Lamarsh.
Elective -4
DIELECTRICS AND INSULATION TECHNOLOGY

Unit I:

General Properties of insulating materials: Requirements for insulating materials, electrical

properties, thermal properties, chemical properties, molecular properties of dielectrics,
dependence of permittivity on temperature, pressure, humidity and voltage, permittivity of
mixtures, practical importance of permittivity, behaviour of dielectrics under alternating fields,
complex dielectric constants, dipolar relaxation and dielectric loss, dielectric strength

Unit II:

Breakdown mechanism in gaseous dielectrics: Behaviour of gaseous dielectrics in electric

fields, gaseous discharges, different ionisation processes, effect of electrodes on gaseous
discharge, Townsend theory, streamer theory, electronegative gases and their influence on
gaseous discharge, Townsend criterion for spark, gaseous discharges in non-uniform fields,
breakdown in vacuum insulation.

Unit III:

Breakdown mechanism in solid dielectrics: Intrinsic breakdown of solid dielectrics,

electromechanical breakdown, streamer breakdown and thermal breakdown of solid
dielectrics, erosion of electrochemical tracking in dielectrics.

Breakdown mechanism in liquid dielectrics: Electronic breakdown, cavitation breakdown of

liquid dielectrics, suspended particle theory of breakdown of liquid dielectrics.
Breakdown in high vacuum and pollution flashover.

Unit IV:

Insulating materials: Natural inorganic insulating materials, synthetic inorganic insulating

materials, natural organic insulating materials, synthetic organic insulating materials.
Insulation design of high voltage equipment: Structural details in high voltage technology,
insulation for high voltage capacitors, bushings, transformers, potential transformers and
current transformers.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Adrianus J.Dekker, Electrical Engineering Materials, Prentice Hall of India Private

Limited, New Delhi, 1964.
2. Van Vlack, Elements of Materials science, Addison, Wesley, 1964.
3. Anderson, J.C., Dielectrics, Chapman and Hall, London, 1964.
4. Alston,L.L., High voltage Technology, Oxford University Press, 1968.
5. Kuffel, B., and Zaengl, W.S., High Voltage Engineering Fundamentals, Pergaman Press,
Oxford, New York, 1984.
6. Dieter Kind and Hermann Karner (in German), High Voltage Insulation Technology,
Translated from German by Y.Narayana Rao, Braunschweig, 1985.
Elective -5
NON-LINEAR CONTROL SYSTEMS

Unit-I:

Introduction to non-linear systems, Non-linear differential equations, Flows, Phase-plane

analysis, Fundamentals of Lyapunov’s theory, Lasalle’s theorem, Regions of attraction, Slowly
varying systems.

Unit-II:

Analysis and simulation of non-linear systems, Representation of discrete and distributed

dynamical systems by state-variable models, Linearisation of non-linear mathematical models.

Unit-III:

Time and frequency domain simulation via general purpose language such as MATLAB or
Mathematica.

Unit-IV:

Advanced stability theory, Lyapunov’s redesign applied to non-linear control, Describing

functions, Averaging and singular perturbations, Bifurcation analysis and control.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Non-linear automatic control by J.E.Gibson, McGraw Hill.

2. Introduction to non-linear analysis by W.J.Cunnigham, McGraw Hill.
3. Theory and application of Lyapunov’s direct method by W.Hahn – Prentice Hall.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

4. State-space analysis of control systems by K.Ogata – Prentice Hall.

5. Control system design by B.Friedland, McGraw Hill.
6. Feed-back control of dynamic systems by Franklin G.F et. Al – Addison-Wesley.
Elective -6
DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS

Unit-I:
Signal Conversion and Processing: Introduction, Block diagram representation of S/H device,
Mathematical modeling of the sampling process, Finite-pulse width sampler, Folding
frequency. The sampling theorem, Mathematical modeling of the sampling, Ideal sampler,
Sample and hold devices, Expression of F* (S), S-plane properties of P(S), Zero order hold,
Frequency-domain characteristics of ZOH First order hold, Fractional hold device.

Unit-II:
The Z-Transform: The Z-transform definition, Relationship with Laplace transform, Alternate
expression for F (Z), Evaluation of Z-transform, Relationship between S-plane and Z-plane,
Inverse Z-transform, Non uniqueness of the Z-transform, Defining equations of the inverse Z-
transform, Theorems of the Z-transform, Limitation of the Z-transform.

Unit-III:
Transfer Function, Block Diagrams and Signal Flow Graphs: Transfer function, Block diagrams,
Signal flow graphs, The pulse transfer function and Z-transform function, Systems with
cascaded elements separated by a sampler and not separated by a sampler, Pulse transform
function of Zoh and relation between G(S) and G(Z), Closed loop systems, Characteristic
equation, Physical realiability.

Unit-IV:
The State Variable Techniques: The state variable techniques – State equation and state
transition equations of continuous data systems. State transition matrix, Solutions properties
of state transition matrix, Solution of non-homogeneous state transition equations, The
recursive method, The Z-transform method, State equations and transfer function
characteristic equation, Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Diagonalization of the ‘A’ matrix, Jordan
canonical form computing state transition matrix.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Digital Control Systems – by B.C. Kuo, Second Edition, Saunders College Publication –
1992.
2. Digital Control Systems – by Ogata.
3. Digital Control Systems (Software and Hardware) – by Laymount and Azzo.
Elective -7
COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Unit-I:

Geometry and line Generation: Introduction – Lines – Line segments, Perpendicular lines – Distance
between a point and a line – Vectors – Pixels and frame buffers – Vector generation – Bresenhams
Algorithms – Antialiasing of lines – Thickline segments – Character generation – Displaying the frame
buffer – Exercises – Programming problem.

Graphic Primitives: Graphics primitives – Introduction – Display devices – Primitive operations – The
display – File interpreter – Normalized device co-ordinates – Display file structure – Display file
algorithms – Display control – Text – The line style primitive – Exercises – Programming problems.

Unit-II:

Point Plotting Techniques: Co-ordinate systems – Incremental methods line drawing algorithms – The
symmetrical DDA – The simple DDA – Bresenhams algorithms – Circle generators – Exercises.

Line drawing displays: Display devices and controllers – Display devices – CRT – Inherent memory
devices – Storage tube display – Refresh line drawing display.

Unit-III:

Polygons: Introduction – Polygons – Polygons representation – Entering polygons – Inside test –

Polygon interfacing algorithms – Filling polygons – Exercises – Programming problems.

Segments: Introduction – Segment table – Segment creation – Closing a segment – Deleting a segment
– Renaming a segment – Visibility – Image transformation – Other display file structure.

Unit-IV:

Transformation: Introduction – Matrices – Scaling transformations – Sine and Cos – Rotations –

Homogeneous coordinates and translation – Co-ordinate transformations – Rotation about an arbitrary
point – Other transformations – Inverse transformations – Transformation routines – Exercises –
Programming problems.

Windowing and Clipping: Introduction – The viewing transformations – Viewing transformation

implementations – Clipping – The cohen – Sutherland outcode algorithm – the Sutherland – Hodgman
algorithm – The clipping of polygons – Adding clipping to the system – Generalized clipping – Position
relative to an arbitrary line – Multiple windowing – Exercises – Programming problems.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Steven Harrington, ‘Computer Graphics – A Programming Approach’, 2 nd edition, Tata McGraw

Hill Co.
2. W.N.Newman & RF Sproull, ‘Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics’, 2 nd edition. (Unit: II, 3
& 4 chapters), Tata McGraw Hill Co.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Foley & Vandam et al, ‘Computer Graphics’, 2nd edition in C, Pearson Education Asia.
2. Donald Hearn & M.Pauline Beaker, ‘Computer Graphics’, 2nd edition, PHI.
3. Procedural Elements for Computer Graphics by Rogers.
Elective -8
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Unit-I:

Discrete Signals and Systems: Production to digital signal processing, Advantages and applications,
Discrete time signals, LTI system: Stability and causality. Frequency main representation of discrete
time signals and systems.

Z-Transforms: Z-Transforms, Region of convergence, Z-Transform theorems and properties, Parsevals

relation,Relation between Z-Transform and Fourier transform of a sequence. Inverse – Z-transform
using Cauchy’s integration theorem. Partial fraction method, Long division method. Solution of
differential equations using one sided – Z-transform. Frequency response of a stable system.

Unit-II:

DFT and FFT: Discrete fourier series, Properties of DFS, Discrete fourier transform. Properties of DFT,
Linear convolution using DFT. Computations for evaluating DFT, Decimation in time FFT algorithms,
Decimation in frequency FFT algorithm. Computation of inverse DFT.

Unit-III:

IIR Filter Design Techniques: Introduction, properties of IIR filters, design of digital Butterworth and
Chebyshev filters using bilinear transformation. Impulse invariance transformation methods. Design of
digital filters using frequency transformation method. Weiner filtering.

Unit-IV:

FIR Filter Design Techniques: Introduction, Characteristics of linear phase FIR filters, Frequency
response, Designing FIR filters using frequency sampling & windowing methods. Comparison of IIR and
FIR digital filters. Use of least squares in FIR filters design.

Realisation of Digital Filters: Direct, canonic, cascade, parallel and ladder realizations. Principles of DSP
processors & applications.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Ludeman – Fundamentals of DSP.

2. John G.Proakis – Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms and Applications.
3. A.V.Oppenheim and Schafer – Digital Signal Processing.
4. Digital Signal Processing by Oppenheim (Pearson).
5. Discrete Time Signal Processing by Oppenheim (Pearson).
6. Adaptive Signal Processing by Widrow (Pearson).
Elective -9
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS

Unit-I:

Fundamentals of artificial neural networks – Biological prototype – Artificial neuron – Activation

functions – Single layer artificial neuron networks – Multilayer artificial networks – Non-linear activation
function – Recurrent networks – Training of artificial neural networks – Training algorithm.

Perceptrons: Perceptron representation – Exclusive or problem – Linear separability – Limitation and

overcoming the Linear separability – Storage efficiency, Perceptron learning – Perception training
algorithm – Delta rule problems with training algorithms.

Unit-II:
Back propagation-Training algorithm-Advanced algorithm-Applications-Practical difficulties- Counter
propagation networks – Network structure, Normal operation – Training the Kohonen layer and
Grossberg layer – Full Counter propagation network application.

Unit-III:

Statistical Methods – Training applications – Boltzmann training – Cauchy training – Application to

general non-linear optimization problems – Back propagation and Cauchy training – Combined back
propagation,Cachy training.

Hopfield nets – Recurrent network configurations – Binary systems – Stability – Associative memory –
Continuous systems – Hopfield net and Boltzmann machine.

Unit-IV:

BAM structure – Retrieving a stored association – encoding the association memory capacity –
continuous BA – Adaptive BAM – Competitive BAM ART architecture ART classification operation – ART
implementation, ART training example – Characteristics of ART-Theorems of ART. Using of MATLAB for
neural networks.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. P.D.Wasserman “Neural Computing Theory & Practice”, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York,
1989.
2. Neural Networks – A Comprehensive Foundation by Haykin (Pearson).
3. Neural Networks by Freeman (Pearson).
4. Neural Networks & Fuzzy Systems by Bart Kosko (Prentice Hall).
5. Simulating Neural Networks by James A.Freeman (Addison Wesley).