4. 8.

DEEP FOUNDATION
DEEP FOUNDATION
 Feature : Depth of the footing is greater or equal to the
width of the footing and the load is transmitted vertically.
 Purpose : Transfer building load deep into the earth.
 Application : used where bearing capacity of soil is low

TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATION

1 Piers  Loadbearing stratum no more than 5m deep
 Obsolete (not used in practice)
II Well  Boring or drilling hole and filling with concrete
 Watertight retaining structure ysed to work on
foundation, pier, dam or repair of ships.
III Piles  Pile is pillar like structure driven deep into the
ground to strengthen strength of the soil below.
 Acts as support to spread footing
4. 8. 1. PILE FOUNDATION
CONDITIONS FOR APPLICATION OF PILE FOUNDATION

1. Natural low bearing capacity of soil.

2. High water table-giving rise to high permanent dewatering cost.
3. Presence of layers of highly compressible subsoils and recently placed filling materials
which have not been sufficiently consolidated.
4. Subsoils which may be subject to moisture movement.
5. Excessive non-uniform structural loads.
6. Difficult and expensive excavation cost to construct shallow foundation in firm soil.
7. Estimated settlement of the soil exceeds tolerable limits.
4. 8. 2. CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA

As per function As per materials As per method

Bearing Pile Concrete Pile Displacement Pile

Friction Pile Timber Pile Replacement Pile

Compaction pile Steel Pile

Sheet Pile Composite Pile

Tension Pile

Batter Pile

Fender Pile
4. 8. 2. CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES AS PER FUNCTION (MAIN TYPES)

1 Bearing Pile
- Driven at hard stratum/layer of rock bed.
- Transmits load vertically by column to the hard layer of the
soil.
- Not as support but medium to transmit load.

2. Friction Pile
- Used where the soil is soft at a considerable depth or
when it is uneconomical to rest the bottom end of pile on
hard stratum.
- Transmits load by produced friction between pile and the
soil
- Load carrying capacity can be increased by increasing
diameter , number or making surface of pile rough
4. 8. 2. CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES AS PER FUNCTION (OTHER TYPES)

3 Compaction Piles

- Piles driven with an aim of increasing bearing

capacity of the soil.
- Used in compact or loose granular soil.

4 Sheet piles

- Mostly act as retaining wall as it is never used

to provide any support.
- Mostly used in retaining structure to protect soil
erosion in river banks, to retain sides of
foundation and to confine soil to increase its
bearing capacity.
4. 8. 2. CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES AS PER FUNCTION (OTHER TYPES)

5 Tension/Anchor Pile
- Used to resist uplift forces that might otherwise
cause it to be extracted from the ground.
- Uplift force might cause due to hydrostatic
pressure, seismic activity or overturning
moments.
- In this case Piles provide anchorage.
6 Batter Pile
- Piles driven at an inclination to resist large
horizontal and inclined forces.
7 Fender Pile
- Piles used to protect concrete deck or
waterfront structure from impact cause from
ships
- Generally made up of timber.
4. 8. 2. CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES AS MATERIALS USED (OTHER TYPES)

1 Concrete Pile
a. Pre-cast
 RCC piles molded in circular, square, rectangular or octagonal
form.
 Cast and cured in casting yard and then transported to the
construction site
 Advantage : Saves time and ensures better quality control
 Disadvantage : Limited Length , Expensive
b. Cast in situ
 Cast in position inside ground .
 Bore hole is dug by driving casting pipe through which soil is
jetted out and filled with cement concrete after placing
reinforcements.
 Advantage : Economical
 Disadvantage : Difficult quality control
4. 8. 2. CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES AS MATERIALS USED
1 Timber Pile
- Various shapes > mostly square but also
circular.
- Driven by pile driving machine in which hammer
is applied in pile head
- Economical in light structure
- Disadvantage: Restricted length, Decay of
timber, Difficulty in driving in hard stratum.
2 Steel Pile
- Mainly in the form of I-section or hollow section .
- Used at hard layer of soil as bearing pile.
3 Composite Pile
- When structure is made of two or more material
is called composite structure.
4. 8. 2. CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
4. 8. 3. CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES AS CONSTRUCTION METHOD
1 Displacement Pile
- Causes the soil to be displaced radially as well
as vertically as pile shaft is driven or jacked
into the ground.
- Large displacement Piles ( eg : pre-cast
concrete, steel and timber piles)
- Small Displacement Piles ( eg: rolled steel
section such as H-Pile )
2 Replacement Pile
- Causes the soil to removed and the resulting
hole filled with concrete or precast concrete
pile is dropped into the hole and grouted in.
- Formed by machine boring grabbing.
- Often called bored piles and primarily used in
cohesive soils.
4. 8. 3. PILE DRIVING METHODS
1 By drop - The hammer is raised by a rope or steel and then allowed to drop on pile
Hammer cap.
- The weight of drop varies from 230-1800kg and depends on the shape
and length of pile along with the nature of the ground.
2 By steam - The hammer is automatically raised and dropped with a help of steam
Hammer cylinder and piston.
- Stream pressure is applied and the rate of hammer blow is uniform
- Type : Single acting type and double acting type
3 By Water Jet] - Wash boring is fast and simple method for drilling holes in soft cohesive soils
(Wash boring and fine sand. But it does not works for boulders and rocks.
- First, hollow steel pipe (Casting pipe) is driven into the ground and
through this casting pipe, a hollow drilled rod with sharp chisel or chopping
at lower end which is known as water jet pipe
- Upper end of wash pipe is connected to the water pump and lower end is
contracted to produce jet action.
- Water is forced under pressure through the drill rod and resulting chopping
and jetting action disintegrates soil .
4 By Auger - Boring to be done by auger.
4. 8. 3. PILE DRIVING METHODS

WASH BORING AUGER

4. 8. 4. SELECTION OF PILES
The nature of ground where piling operation to be done,
mostly determines the choice of type of pile used. In
addition , the following factors must also be considered :
i. The nature of the structure
ii. Loading conditions.
iii. Elevation of the ground water level with respect to
the pile cap
iv. Probable length of pile required.
v. Availability of material and equipments.
vi. Factors which may cause deterioration of pile
vii. Probable Cost of Pile.
4. 8. 5. CAUSES OF FAILURE OF PILE
I. Load on the pile is more than designed load.
II. Defective workmanship during the casting of the pile.
III. Displacement of reinforcement during casting.
IV. Bearing Pile resting on a soft strata.
V. Improper classification of soil.
VI. Improper choice of the type of pile.
VII. Insufficient reinforcement in the pile.
VIII. Decay of timber piles due to attack by insects.
IX. Buckling of piles due to inadequate lateral support.
X. Defective method adopted for driving the pile.
XI. Incorrect assessment of the bearing capacity of the pile.
XII. Lateral forces not considered in the design of the pile.
REFERENCES
Building Construction Illustrated
by Francis DK Ching
Building Construction Handbook by
R.Chudley and R. Greeno
Page 204-218
Building Construction Illustrated
by Francis DK Ching
Building Construction Illustrated
by Francis DK Ching