THE STUDY OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PILI NUT

SHELL, RICE HULL AND COCONUT FIBER AS RAW MATERIAL FOR

PARTICLEBOARD USING ISOCYANATE AS ADHESIVE

A thesis Presented to the faculty

of the College of Engineering

National University

In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

By

Agullo, Dinn Dee A.

Alcaba, John Albert C.

Bolina, Mary Joy H.

Celucia, Michael Joseph S.

Fraginal, Karla S.

May 2018
 APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled “The Study of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Pili
Nut Shell, Rice Hull, and Coconut Fiber as Raw Materials for Particleboard and
Isocyanate as Adhesive” prepared and submitted by Dinn Dee A. Agullo, John Albert
C. Alcaba, Mary Joy H. Bolina, Michael Joseph S. Celucia, and Karla S. Fraginal
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering is hereby accepted.

Engr. Manny Anthony Taguba

Member of the Panel

Engr. Dennis Lopez

Member of the Panel

Engr. Nioro Furiscal

Member of the Panel

Engr. Godofredo M. Mendoza

Adviser

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of

Science in Civil Engineering.

Engr. Alexa Ray Fernando

Dean, College of Engineering
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“Coming together is a beginning, keeping together is progress, and working together

is success”

-Henry Ford

The research is a work of success by several people who has given their time,

knowledge and effort. This would not have been possible without everyone’s dedication

and commitment. The researchers would like to extent their deepest gratitude and

thanks to the following people who have given their help and support to make this work

a success.

First, to our thesis adviser, Engr. Godofredo Mendoza who teaches and gives

spare time to be able to deliver us clearly the needs of the whole study. He also offers

us a valuable suggestion; motivation and a lot of guaranteed alternatives to be able to

meet the criteria in making the study.

Second, to Mr. Edgar Villena and Mr. Nathaniel Ramos, of FPRDI, UPLB

the researchers would like to give credit and appreciation for giving their precious time,

knowledge, and constructive criticism while conducting our production and testing of

the materials. This study would not be possible without their help.

Lastly, to our dearest Family and Friends, as remained source of inspiration,

assistance, support, and prayers.

Above all, to our Almighty God who gives us strength, leads us to the right

path to complete the entire study and serves as our hope all throughout the period of

difficulties and trials.

 ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the physical and mechanical properties of pili nut shell,

rice hull, and coconut fiber as raw materials for particle board and isocyanate as

adhesive. It was conducted using the Philippine National Standard (PNS 196:2000) as

a reference of standard particleboard and for testing procedures refer to Utilized

American Standards for Testing and Materials (ASTM 1037-99).

The mix design ratios used in this study are 90:10 (90% of crushed pili nut shell,

10% of rice hull), 70:30 (70% of crushed pili nut shell, 30% of rice hull), 50:50 (50%

of crushed pili nut shell, 50% of rice hull), and a 5% of isocyanate and coconut fiber in

every mix design ratio.

The result reveals that Physical Property Test which includes thickness swelling

test and water absorption test from the specimen design X to specimen design Z, all

passed the standard requirements of Philippine National Standard (PNS). The four

mechanical property tests namely Screw Withdrawal Test, Modulus of Rupture Test,

Internal Bond Test and lastly, Fire testing. Specimen Design Y is the only design

mixture able to pass all the standard requirements of the Philippine National Standard

(PNS).

Keywords: Compressive Strength, Fireproof, Particleboard, Partition,

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

ABSTRACT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF FIGURES viii

LIST OF APPENDICES ix

APPENDIX A (RESULTS AND LETTERS)

APPENDIX B (PHOTO PROCEDURES)

CHAPTER 1: Introduction ......................................................................................... 1

1.2 Background of Study ................................................................................... 2

1.3 Objective of the Study ................................................................................. 3

1.3.1 General Objective ...................................................................... 3

1.3.2 Specific Objective ...................................................................... 3

1.4 Significance of Study ................................................................................... 4

1.5 Scope and Delimitation ................................................................................ 5

1.5.1 Scope .......................................................................................... 5

1.5.2 Delimitation ............................................................................... 6

1.6 Definition of Terms...................................................................................... 6

1.6.1 Acronyms ................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies ........................................ 9

2.1 Overview of the Study ................................................................................ 9

2.2 Topical Presentation..................................................................................... 9

2.3 Framework of the Study............................................................................. 15

CHAPTER 3: Methodology ...................................................................................... 16

3.1 Project Design ............................................................................................ 16

3.1.1 Sketch .......................................................................................... 16

3.1.2 Mix Design Ratio ........................................................................ 17

3.1.3 Raw Materials ............................................................................. 17

3.2 Project Development .................................................................................. 18

3.2.1 Preparation of Raw Materials ..................................................... 18

3.2.2 Board Preparation ....................................................................... 19

3.2.3 Pressing ....................................................................................... 19

3.2.4 Trimming .................................................................................... 20

3.2.5 Instrument and Apparatus .......................................................... 20

3.2.5.1 National University-Manila ......................................... 20

3.2.5.2 UP Los Baños, FPRDI ................................................. 20

3.1 Operation and Testing Procedure............................................................... 21

3.1.1 Thickness Swelling (TS) ............................................................ 21

3.1.2 Water Absorption (WA) ............................................................ 21

 3.1.3 Screw Withdrawal (SW) ............................................................ 22

3.1.4 Bending strength or Modulus of Rupture (MOR) ...................... 23

3.1.5 Internal Bond (IB) ...................................................................... 24

3.1.6 Fireproofing or Fire Testing........................................................ 24

CHAPTER 4: Results and Discussions .................................................................... 26

4.1 Thickness Swelling (TS) Test Result ......................................................... 26

4.2 Water Absorption (WA) Test Result ......................................................... 28

4.3 Screw Withdrawal (SW) Test Result ......................................................... 29

4.4 Modulus of Rupture (MOR) Test Result ................................................... 30

4.5 Internal Bond (IB) Test Result ................................................................... 31

4.6 Fireproofing/Fire Testing Result................................................................ 32

4.7 Summary of Results ................................................................................... 33

4.8 Computations ............................................................................................. 34

CHAPTER 5: Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................ 39

5.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 39

5.2 Recommendations ...................................................................................... 40

BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................... 41
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Flow Process of the Study ......................................................................... 15

Figure 3.1 Isometric view of the Particle board .......................................................... 16

Figure 3.2 Flow Process ............................................................................................... 18

Figure 4.1 Effects of Pili Nut Shell, Rice Hull, Coconut Fiber, and Isocyanate Particle

Board in Thickness Swelling .................................................................................... 25

Figure 4.2 Effects of Pili Nut Shell, Rice Hull, Coconut Fiber, and Isocyanate Particle

Board in Water Absorption ......................................................................................... 27

Figure 4.3 Effects of Pili Nut Shell, Rice Hull, Coconut Fiber, and Isocyanate Particle

Board in Screw Withdrawal ........................................................................................ 28

Figure 4.4 Effects of Pili Nut Shell, Rice Hull, Coconut Fiber, and Isocyanate Particle

Board in Modulus of Rupture ...................................................................................... 29

Figure 4.5 Effects of Pili Nut Shell, Rice Hull, Coconut Fiber, and Isocyanate Particle

Board in Internal Bond ................................................................................................ 30

 LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Titles of Related Studies ............................................................................ 14

Table 3.1 Mix Design ................................................................................................. 17

Table 3.2 Board sizes for Various Test ....................................................................... 20

Table 4.1 Shown the time recorded in the test. ............................................................ 31

Table 4.2 Shown the Summary of Results .................................................................. 32

 LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A (RESULTS AND LETTERS) ......................................................... 47

Figure 1. Letter for National University Laboratory ....................................... 48

Figure 2. Letter for the Mines and Geosciences Bureau. ................................ 49

Figure 3. 2nd Letter for National University Laboratory .................................. 50

Figure 4. Job Order Of FRPDI......................................................................... 51

Figure 5. Memorandum of Agreement ............................................................ 53

Figure 6. Test Result for Thickness Swelling and Water Absorption ............. 55

Figure 7. Test Result for Screw Withdrawal ................................................... 57

Figure 8. Test Result for Modulus of Rupture ................................................. 59

Figure 9. Test Result for Internal Bond .......................................................... 61

Figure 10. FPRDI Receipt for Laboratory & Testing ...................................... 63

Figure 11. Receipt for Laminate Receipt ......................................................... 64

Figure 12. Receipt for Mold and Nails ............................................................ 65

Figure 13. Receipt for Adhesive ...................................................................... 66

APPENDIX B (PHOTO PROCEDURES) .............................................................. 67

Figure 1. Manual pulverization of pili nut shell .............................................. 68

Figure 2. Sieving the crushed pili nut shell..................................................... 69

Figure 3. Segregating/separating the CPNS that passed the sieve # 10 or 2mm

.......................................................................................................................... 69
Figure 4. Preparing all the materials ................................................................ 70

Figure 5. Cutting the coconut fiber by 1 inch .................................................. 70

Figure 6. At the FPRDI laboratory UP Los Baños .......................................... 71

Figure 7. At the FPRDI testing laboratory UP Los Baños ............................... 71

Figure 8. Weighing the material ...................................................................... 72

Figure 9. Combining all the raw materials....................................................... 72

Figure 10. Mixing all the materials .................................................................. 73

Figure 11. Laying the mixture in the molder ................................................... 73

Figure 12. Manual pressing ............................................................................. 74

Figure 13. Hot Pressing the mixed material..................................................... 74

Figure 14. Finished product ............................................................................. 75

Figure 15. Trimming the board sample to the required test size ..................... 75

Figure 16. Sizes sample for each test ............................................................... 76

Figure 17. Water absorption and thickness swelling test ................................. 76

Figure 18. Preparing the materials for Fire test ............................................... 77

Figure 19. Preparing for the board samples for fire test .................................. 77

Figure 20. When the board reached its capacity to resist fire .......................... 78

Figure 21. Board samples after fire test ........................................................... 78

Figure 22. Control sample after Fire test ......................................................... 79

 Chapter 1

The Problem and Its Background

1.1 Introduction

The construction industry is growing rapidly because of increasing population

and standard of living. High performance synthetic materials for construction such as

glass and carbon fiber reinforced composites are available today. However, these

materials are mainly used for high-tech applications in aerospace and motor sports due

to their high costs. Therefore, lightweight and high-strength wood and wood-based

composite boards are still the preferred option for construction due to their reasonable

costs. The growing shortage of wood has also led to the development of suitable

alternative materials for construction.

Particle board is produce by bonding identical wood particles or waste materials

such as sawdust and shavings with adhesives to form a flat panel product under heat

pressure. Particleboard is affordable to make than other wood composites and can use

the waste wood materials. Another advantage of particleboard is that it can be tailored

to meet the requirements of various applications. Pili nut shell and Rice Hull use as

replacement of wood chips to make a particleboard that used as interior application

such as partitions and ceiling.

This study is conducted to produce a particle board that can compare to the

Philippine National Standard Specification (PNSS).

 2

1.2 Background of the Study

Particleboard is a common term for a panel manufactured from wooden

materials primarily in the form of single pieces of particles combined with a synthetic

resin or other suitable binder and bonded together under heat and pressure in a hot press

by a process in which the entire inter-particle bond is created by the added binder, and

to which other materials added during the process that can improve certain properties

(Maloney, 1977). Particleboard is affordable and versatile, making it a great substitute

product for many industries, it is often used in furniture and interior projects

(International Timber, 2015). The uses of particle board are for furniture, partitions,

floorings and insulation. Furniture’s made in particle board is being more relevant in

the market; it is useful to know how it compares with other types of engineered woods

such as plywood including solid wood. However, particle boards have low durability

and prone to getting damaged because of moisture, including particle boards which

cannot support heavy loads. These boards are only suitable for holding low weights,

forming furniture and partitions.

Materials used in this study are pili nut shell that contain a 32% moisture content

11.9% volatile combustible matter, 11.1% ash and 77% fixed carbon. Pili nut shell is

also a good insulator and it is a renewable and biodegradable resource; Rice hull is a

class A thermal insulating materials because they are difficult to burn and also produces

oil that can affect the adhesion of isocyanate; Coconut fiber has the highest amount of

lignin, this content helps the board to bond because they lend rigidity and do not rot

easily, and lastly the Isocyanate which is a high bonding strength, ability to cure at room

or elevated temperatures, ability to bond wood at high moisture contents, ease of

formulation, and freedom from emission of formaldehyde all contribute to their

potential as useful adhesive.

 3

1.3 Objective of the Study

1.3.1 General Objectives

The main objective of this study is to determine the physical and

mechanical properties of crushed pili nut shell, rice hull, and coconut fiber as

particleboard.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives can be articulated as follows:

1. To determine the physical properties of crushed pili nut shell and rice

hull, and coconut fiber-particle board in terms of Thickness Swelling

(TS) and Water Absorption (WA) of the specimens with the different

mix design ratios of 90:10 (90% of crushed pili nut shell, 10% of rice

hull), 70:30 (70% of crushed pili nut shell, 30% of rice hull), 50:50 (50%

of crushed pili nut shell, 50% of rice hull), and a 5% of isocyanate and

coconut fiber in every mix design ratio.

2. To determine the mechanical properties of crushed pili nut shell and rice

hull, and coconut fiber-particleboard in terms of Screw Withdrawal

(SW), Modulus of Rupture (MOR), Internal Bond (IB), Fire Testing

(FT) and of the specimens with different mix design ratios of 90:10

(90% of crushed pili nut shell, 10% of rice hull), 70:30 (70% of crushed

pili nut shell, 30% of rice hull), 50:50 (50% of crushed pili nut shell,

50% of rice hull), and a 5% of isocyanate and coconut fiber in every mix

design ratio.
 4

3. To compare the obtained test result to Philippine National Standard

Specification for Particleboard to provide the best mix sample and to

have an alternative for the commercialized particleboard.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study aims to produce a particleboard composed of crushed pili nut

shell, rice hull, and coconut nut fiber with isocyanate as binding agent. The result

product can be used for construction purposes as a particleboard.

This will benefit agriculture sector, which deals with coconut and rice

as primary resources. Waste coconut shells and rice hulls can be sold to provide

materials in constructing the particleboard, providing a potential increased in their

livelihood.

The used of non-biodegradable materials is in line with “green

engineering” where waste is recycled to produced new materials. This then

contributes to sustainable development with the help of renewable materials. The

recycling of materials will have reduced waste that is a main problem in many

countries now a day.

The result will also provide as a future reference to related research

works concerning the improvement of the characteristics of particleboard and

baseline information on the performance of the particleboard and its application in

the engineering field.

 5

1.5 Scope and Delimitations of the Study

1.5.1 Scope

The Philippine National Standard (PNS 196:2000) as a reference of

standard particleboard and for testing procedures refer to Utilized American

Standards for Testing and Materials (ASTM 1037-99). The study uses Pili Nut

Shell, Rice Hull, and Coconut Fiber as the variable for the study. Common

thickness of particleboard as per PNS is 8-40mm, use 12mm. As per PNS, the

density of particleboard, shall be 0.50 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 and 0.90 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 , use 0.8 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 .

The mix design ratios used in this study are 90:10 (90% of crushed pili nut

shell, 10% of rice hull), 70:30 (70% of crushed pili nut shell, 30% of rice hull),

50:50 (50% of crushed pili nut shell, 50% of rice hull), and a 5% of isocyanate and

coconut fiber in every mix design ratio.

The particleboard was produced by using hot press with a temperature of

180 degrees Celsius. It was then allowed to cure for five minutes.

The tests conducted were as follows: Water Absorption and Thickness

Swelling for Physical Properties, Modulus of Rupture, Internal Bond, Fire Testing

and Screw Withdrawal for Mechanical Properties based on the American Standard

Testing Machine procedures.

The study conducted at the Forest Product Research and Development

Institute (FPRDI), Los Baños. Pili nut shell is from Bicol Province and Antipolo

City, rice hull is from Tanay, Rizal and the coconut fiber are from Los Baños,

Laguna.
 6

The study concentrated on the physical and mechanical properties of pili

nut shell, rice hull, and coconut fiber as a particleboard.

1.5.2 Delimitations

No attempt was made to correlate this study to the following test:

Termite Test, Sound Resistance, Decay, Cost Analysis and exploration in the

effectiveness of isocyanate or other adhesives are not covered in this present study.

1.6 Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally and lexically used in the context

of the present study

Aliphatic Compound - an aliphatic compound is an organic compound

containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or

non-aromatic rings.

Aromatic Compound- any of a large class of unsaturated chemical

compounds characterized by one or more planar rings of atoms joined by covalent

bonds of two different kinds

Bending Strength or Modulus of Rupture – the deflection at the center was

measured by means of a dial gauge attach to the base of the test jig.

Fireproofing/ Fire Test - the act or process of rendering anything

incombustible, also the materials used in the process.

Forest Products Research and Development Institute – it is the research and

development facility utilization on forest products of the Philippines under the

Department of Science and Technology.

 7

Isocyanate Adhesive- are widely used because of their reactivity with groups

that contain reactive hydrogens, such as amine and alcohol groups.

Lignin- it is after cellulose, the second most abundant natural polymer on earth.

It reinforces plant cell walls, providing rigidity, impermeability to water and protection

from pathogens. (Jouanin & Lapierre, 2012).

N.C.O – is a chemical formula of cyanate, attach or connect to the central atom

in two places.

Opal- is formed from a solution of silicon dioxide and water.

Silica- A white or colorless crystalline compound, SiO2, occurring abundantly

as quartz, sand, flint, agate, and many other minerals and used to manufacture a wide

variety of materials, especially glass and concrete.

Tensile Strength – a measure of strength of a paper to resist rupturing in the

direction perpendicular to the plane of the paper surface.

Thickness Swelling – measured by the water soak method is usually taken as

the primary measure of the dimensional stability of wood composite panel materials.

Water Absorption – the amount of water absorbed by a material under

specified test conditions.

1.6.1 Acronyms

ASTM – American Standard Testing Machine.

CPNS – Crushed Pili Nut Shell

DOST – Department of Science and Technology

DTI – Department of Trade and Industry

 8

EMDI – Emulsifiable methylene diphenyl diisocyanate

FPRDI - Forest Products Research and Development Institute

FT – Fire Testing

IB – Internal Bond

MOR – Modulus of Rupture

PMDI – Polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate

PNS – Philippine National Standard

SW - Screw Withdrawal

TS – Thickness Swelling

UTM – Universal Testing Machine

WA – Water Absorption
 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

2.1 Overview of the Study

This chapter includes the studies, related literature, and prior art

documents. This part is where the reader can find the closest prior art, which

helps the researcher to compare the said proposed product and to show the

framework of the study.

2.2 Topical Presentation

2.2.1 Some Physical and Mechanical Properties of Pili (Canarium

Ovatum Engl. cv. Katutubo) Nut as a Function of Nut Moisture

Content. (Gallegos, R.B., Suministrado, D.C., Amongo, R.M.,

Madlangbayan M.S. March 2013)

Shelling process is usually done by a machine, applying impact to

initiate cracking. On the other hand, manual cracking using bolo is more

efficient than machine cracking. Oven drying the nuts is done to obtain

its moisture content by 50 ̊C for 24hrs.

In determining the physical and mechanical property of pili nut

scientifically known as Canarium Ovatum, tests are being conducted such

as moisture content determination because moisture affects the width,

height, geometric diameter and weight of the nut but not directly the

dimension of its shell. When the force is applied, the shell is fractured

and an increase in its nut moisture content is observed. Longitudinal

compression is the adequate orientation to easily open the nut with a

97.8% recovery of the kernel. The difference of this study to researchers’

 10

product is the usage of pili nut, and its focus on the shells of the pili nut

that are used as raw material in the production of particle board.

2.2.2 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Particleboard Utilizing

Pili Nut (Canarium Ovatum) Shells. (Ariel B. Morales, Sept. 05, 2017)

The research aims to provide a 200 mm x 200 mm board with a nine-

millimeter (9 mm) thickness using crushed pili nut shell and sawdust, by

using the ratios of 100:0, 75:25, and 50:50 by weight and determining

their mechanical and physical properties. The adhesive mixed with the

materials is called High-Density Polyethylene. All sample particleboards

exceed and passed the Philippine Standard Association (PHILSA) while

the 100:0 ratio mixtures of pili nut shell and sawdust made the highest

MOR of 110MPa, density of 1204.99 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and the lowest thickness

swelling of 1.11% as compared to the market particleboard. The

particleboard made by pure pili nut shell has an outstanding property. The

difference of the researchers’ study is the percentage of the used crushed

pili nut shell, and instead of sawdust, the researchers used rice hull. The

proponents expand the study by adding test like the fireproofing and

screw withdrawals test.

2.2.3 An Innovation in Philippine Particle Board using Rice Husk and

Sugarcane Bagasse (Noe Ordillas, September 2013)

Providing an alternative commercialized particle board using rice

husk and sugarcane bagasse. The study’s scope and limitations are

utilized under the American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM

103799) as the basis for the testing procedure and the Philippine National

Standards for particle board, use a constant 50:50 ratio of rice husk and
 11

sugarcane bagasse while increasing the content of its resin, polyurethane

by (10%, 15% and 20%), thickness is based on the Philippine National

Standard (PNS) using an 8-40mm and the density shall be 0.50𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 and

0.90 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3. The testing conducted are internal bond (IB), thickness

swelling (TS), water absorption (WA), and modulus of rupture (MOR).

The difference of the study to the researchers’ product is that the

percentage of rice hull, and instead of sugarcane bagasse, crushed pili nut

shells were used. The expansion of the study is also done by adding test

like fireproofing and screw withdrawals test.

2.2.4 Utilization of Rice Hull for Particle Board, Cellophane and

Viscose Rayon Manufacturing. (National Grain Authority 1978)

The researchers found out that rice hull is a good raw material that can

be used in the manufacturing of fiberboard, either purely use or mixed

with wood. The study of rice hull as substitute or starting material is

gaining the approval or acceptance of National Grain Authority due to its

performance. The difference of the researchers’ particleboard to this

study is the mixture of crushed pili nut shell and rice hull varying by

percentage.

2.2.5 THERMAL INSULATOR BOARD MADE of WASTE PAPER

with FIRE-RETARDANT. (Carpio, Edres, Gacot, Ramos,

Villamarin, March 2015)

The study aims to produce an insulator board (IB) using the waste

materials such as papers and plastics. The board can serve as a wall

partition and ceiling. Studies show that papers and plastics are highly
 12

flammable to catch fire or an intense heat. The question as to how they

can integrate the plastic and paper to be a quality kind of board arises. By

using the pilot testing, it helps provide a proportional mixture for fire

retardant and best composition for paper and plastic for Insulator Board.

The difference of this board is its raw materials used and the thickness

swelling test.

2.2.6. Isocyanate resins for particleboard: PMDI vs EMDI

The study aims to determine which isocyanate resin is better for use

in particleboard production. EMDI displayed superior in mechanical

properties than those bonded with PMDI. The resin applied was at the

rate of 2%. At this low content, EMDI satisfied EN 312 criteria for board.

The difference of the researchers’ study was the focus on determining the

physical and mechanical properties of particle board and providing the

best design mix ratio.

2.2.7 Particleboard from coconut coir (M. O. Hannan and M. I. Shams)

This study aimed to find out the feasibility of coconut coir as a raw material

for particleboard production. The physical and mechanical properties of the

board were examined. The particleboard made from medium size particle

showed the best performance in aspect of properties. Coconut coir is a byproduct

of coir industry. The coconut husk comprises roughly with 30 wt. % coir fibers.

The particle board made with 16 % Melamine Urea Formaldehyde (MUF) had

better product quality. The coconut coir may be sustainable, durable building,

packing materials and timber substitute.

 13

2.2.7 Other Studies of Particleboard

Table 2.1 Titles of Related Studies

Title Authors: Study

Properties of particle board

The study aimed to
bond with rice bran and Z. Pan et al./ Industrial
discuss about the
polymeric methylene Crops and Products 23
quality of the particle
diphenyldiisocyanate adhesives (2006)
board in bonding with

rice bran-based

adhesive

Use of maize cob for production Scatolino, Silva, Mendes,

The study aimed to
of particle board Mendes 2013
assess the use of maize

cob in the production of

particle board.

The study aimed to

Determination of the effect of determine the effect of

edge banding thickness and aging period on the

aging period on the MOR and Tehnickivjesnik 23, (2016) MOR and along with the

MOE of melamine coated analysis of it mechanical

particle board using taguchi properties.

method

Particle board production from
cotton stalks
Wood and Wood Products
Manufacture of wood-based
panels (manufacturing
dryformed wood-based
composites: particleboard,
medium density fibreboard etc)
Particle board and MDF panels
made from a mixture of wood
and pinecones: Resistance to
decay fungi and termites under
laboratory conditions.
14
The study aimed to
determine the technical
Rosario, Gloria E. (1997) suitability of
manufacturing a cotton
stalk particle board.
The study aimed to
provide an overview on
Mark Hughes 23rd March
the manufacturing of
2016
dry-formed wood-based
panels or particle board
The study aimed to
produce a particleboard
Kose et al. (2011) and a medium density
fiberboard panel using a
stone pipe cones.
 15

2.3 Framework of the Study

Pili Nut Shell, Rice hull,
and Coconut fiber-
Raw material uses in
the particle board
Isocyanate
use as adhesive
Process
Combine them to produce a Comparison in
particle board made by pili nut,
rice hull and coconut fiber. Philippine National
Standard (PNS)
Assessment of compressive
strength, MOR, TS, WA, screw
withdrawal, and fire proofing.

Input Output

Figure 2.1. Flow Process of the Study.

In Figure 2.1. shows the flow of the study. The study aims to develop

a particleboard using a crushed pili nut shell, rice hull, coconut fiber as raw

materials and isocyanate as binder. Particle board is new trend in the

engineering industry, which produces a flat and hard building material. To

obtain the desired output, gather all raw materials and resin to be used and by

the guide in the production of the board and the testing required of the

Philippine National Standard (PNS).

 Chapter 3

Methodology

In this chapter, the methods of the study were shown to achieve an

accurate result.

3.1 Project Design

3.1.1 Sketch

Figure 3.1 Isometric View of the Particle board

 17

3.1.2 Mix Design Ratio

Ratio of Pili Nut Shell, Rice Hull, Coconut Fiber, and Isocyanate in terms of
percentage

Table 3.1 Mix Design

Raw Materials

Specimen Adhesive
Pili Nut Rice Hull Coconut fiber (Isocyanate)
Shell
95% 5%
90 % 5%

X 90% 10% 5% 5%
(699.84g) (77.76g) (43g) (43g)

Y 70% 30% 5% 5%
(544.32g) (233.28g) (43g) (43g)

Z 50% 50% 5% 5%
(388.8g) (388.8g) (43g) (43g)

In Table 3.1, the following mix design of pili nut shell, rice hull and

coconut fiber used by the researchers in developing the particleboard.

The study applies experimental method in determining whether using

Pili nut shell, rice hull, and coconut fiber as a substitute raw material with

adhesive can improve its physical and mechanical properties when compared to

the PNS for Particleboard.

3.1.3 Raw Materials

Pili nut shell is from Bicol Province and Antipolo City, rice hull is from

Tanay, Rizal and the coconut fiber are from Los Baños, Laguna.
 18

3.2 Project Development

• Pili Nut
Grinding Shell, Rice Hull,
and Coconut Fiber

Drying

Sieving

• Adding the
Formulation adhesive
Isocyanate

Compounding

Hot pressuring

• End-
Product,
Trimming Particle
Board
(Finished )

Figure 3.2 Flow Process

In the Figure 3.2, indicates the process flow that the researchers conducted.

3.2.1 Preparation of Raw Materials

3.2.1.1 Pili nut shells are cleansed before proceeding to grinding.

Sun-drying the pili nut shell is done for 72 hours. Then,

grinding process is done manually by a hammer, also

known as “máso”. The rest of the crushed pili nut shells

(CPNS) came from the help of Mines and Geoscience

Bureau. Afterwards, sieve the dried CPNS: use only

those passed the 2mm or 600 micro meter sieves.

3.2.1.2 Rice hull undergone milling will proceed to sieving

passing the 2mm or 600 micro meter sieve. Afterwards

sun drying it in 24 hours.

 19

3.2.1.3 Coconut Fiber undergo cleansing and oven drying.

Cut into 1-inch length of the fiber.

3.2.2 Board Preparation

Prepare all materials for the particle board. Afterwards,

the mixture of the dried pili nut shell and rice hull are mixed to

the resin Isocyanate. Preparation are done at the laboratory of

FPRDI at UP Los Baños.

3.2.3 Pressing

Hot Pressing

The idea of hot pressing is to apply a uniaxial press

containing two heated plate brought together under pressure.

The applied pressure of the machine is 52𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2. Before

producing a particle, board or mat making, the pressing machine

is preheated until it reached the temperature of 180ᵒC. The

product is shaped into a square with a dimension of 30cm x 30cm

and 12mm thickness. Hot pressed within 10 minutes. After the

hot pressing, let the sample cool down for five minutes to harden.

Hot pressing is done at the laboratory of FPRDI at UP Los

Baños.
 20

3.2.4 Trimming

Table 3.2 Board sizes for Various Test

Test Size Specimen
Screw withdrawal (SW) 5cm x 5cm 3
Bending strength or
8cm x 15cm 3
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
Internal Bond (IB) 5cm x 5cm 3

Thickness Swelling (TW) 5cm x 5cm 3

Water Absorption (WA) 5cm x 5cm 3

In Table 3.2, the boards were trimmed and cut into test pieces based on various test.

3.2.5 Instrument and Apparatus

3.2.5.1 National University Laboratory

a. Sieve #100 – use to separate the crushed pili nut shell

and rice hull.

b. Weigh Scale

3.2.5.2 UP Los Baños, FPRDI

a. Universal Testing Machine – also known as a material

testing machine or a machine tester. It performs a test to

measure the compressive strength and tensile strength of a

material.

a. Hot Press – a machine press that uses heat, to

form a particle board.

b. Wood Mold – use to shape the particle board to

the required size.

 21

3.1 Operation and Testing Procedure

3.1.1 Thickness Swelling

Based on the ASTM D 1037-99, use for thickness

swelling, measure the thickness of the board using a

micro meter having an accuracy of 0.01mm. The test

pieces are soaked in the water for 24 hours. After 24

hours, remove the specimen and measure the thickness

with the same manner.

Thickness swelling

Where:

TS = thickness swell, %

𝒅𝒇 = final thickness, cm

𝒅𝒊 = initial thickness, cm

3.1.2 Water Absorption

Based on the ASTM D1037-99, Standard Testing

Methods of Evaluating Properties of Wood – Base Fiber

and Particle Panel Materials. In determining the water

absorption, first to consider is to get its initial mass. The

sample must be submerging into water for twenty-four

(24) hours and positioned vertically as per ASTM.

 22

According to the ASTM, vertically submerged board

sample absorb more water than the positioned

horizontally. After twenty-four (24) hours of being

soaked in water, remove the sample in the water and

allow it to drip freely until it stops dripping. Then weigh

the sample for the final determination of weight.

Measure the water absorbed by the sample during the

submersion, can be calculated from the increase in

weight and express in percentage of weight.

Water Absorption

Where:

𝑾𝑭 = weight final (g)

𝑾𝑶 = weight initial

3.1.3 Screw Withdrawal (SW)

Based on the ASTM D 1037-99, use for screw test

withdrawal.

Standard speed for testing is 1.5mm/min, screws are

inserted in each sample until the tip is seen to the other

side. Samples are tested by the Universal Testing

Machine (UTM). When the force is applied, force meter

is visible for reading. The start of the reading of data is

 23

when the arrow hand in the force meter starts to increase

and when it starts to decrease, the last point before

decreasing is the force where the screw from the sample

can be withdrawn.

Screw Withdrawal

Where:

𝑃1= Maximum Load 1, Screw 1 (N or kg)

𝑃2= Maximum Load 2, Screw 2 (N or kg)

3.1.4 Bending Strength or Modulus of Rupture (MOR)

Base on the ASTM D 1037-99 use for the Modulus of

Elasticity.

ASTM Standard size for testing is 3 inches by 6 inches

and with the standard speed of 3 mm/min. The samples

are place in the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) using

two supports. Force is applied in the center surface of

the sample. Same as the reading in the screw withdrawal

test, when the force applied is the force required when

it’s the starts of the decrease in reading.

 24

Modulus of Rupture (MOR)

Where:

L = Span Length

P = force gage reading

b = width/base

d = depth

3.1.5 Internal Bond (IB)

Base on the ASTM D 1037-99 use for tensile strength.

Metal blocks are attached with the specimen using an

appropriate adhesive. The metal blocks are placed into

the machine and applied a load at a uniform rate until

failure is observed. Time the initial application of the

load to the failure of the test piece.

Internal Bond

Where:

𝑺𝑻 = tensile strength, 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2

F = maximum or failing load, kg

A = area of glued surface, 𝑐𝑚2

 25

3.1.6 Fireproofing or Fire Testing

Base on the ASTM E 119 – 009a, The Standard Test

Method for Fire Test of Building Construction and

Materials. The testing must be done in an open area to

avoid cataclysm. In conducting the test, a torch is used

to fire is directly the sample to its central surface with a

constant flame. Record the time until the flame can be

seen on the other side of the board. To compare from

other material, use a particle board with a 12mm

thickness.
 Chapter 4

Results and Discussions

In this chapter, the textual, graphical analysis and discussion of the results from

the testing done at University of the Philippines – Los Baños, FPRDI will be presented.

Five tests are conducted, namely Screw withdrawals, Modulus of Rupture, Internal

Bond, Thickness Swelling and Water Absorption, while Fire proofing test is done by

the researchers.

Physical Properties of Particle Board

4.1. Thickness Swelling (TS) Test Result

Figure 4.1 Effects of Pili Nut Shell, Rice Hull, Coconut Fiber, and Isocyanate Particle Board
in Thickness Swelling

Figure 4.1. shows the maximum capacity of the particle board to swell attain by

the mix design specimen X, Y and Z. Shown in the graph, Specimen Z has the lowest

percentage of thickness swelling having a value of 5.1871% compare to Specimen Y

that has a highest percentage of thickness swelling with a value of 5.5702%. Specimen
 27

Z is most impressive because the lower the percent obtained by the sample the best

result it can produce. Another factor involving in this test result was the proper mixture

of the raw materials and adhesive. In the specimen Y, the pili nut shell has a larger

amount rather than rice hull that caused its particles provide voids, while specimen X

also has a larger amount of pili nut shell, but the rice hull is the one absorb greater

amount of water rather than pili nut. According to the observation, the more water it

absorbed, the larger swell it will produce.

All the design mixture of the Specimen X, Y and Z passed the standard requirements

by the Philippine National Standard (PNS) having a maximum percentage of 20%.

 28

4.2. Water Absorption (WA) Test Result

Figure 4.2. Effects of Pili Nut Shell, Rice Hull, Coconut Fiber, and Isocyanate Particle Board
in Water Absorption

Figure 4.2 shows the effect of water absorption attain by the Specimen X, Y, and Z.

As shown in the graph, Specimen X (90:10 CPNS/RH) stablished the lowest percentage

of absorbed water by 10.325% compared to Specimen Y (70:30 CPNS/RH) with the

highest percentage of absorbed water having a value of 20.1487%. In interpreting the

result, the lower the percentage content, the best result it can produce. Specimen Y has

the highest percentage because it absorbed more volume of water due to the voids

present. According to the observation if the board is exposed on the bottom of the

container, the more water it can absorb.

All the design mixture of the Specimen X, Y and Z passed the standard requirements

by the Philippine National Standard (PNS) having a maximum percentage of 20%.

 29

Mechanical Properties of Particle Board

4.3. Screw Withdrawal (SW) Test Result

Figure 4.3. Effects of Pili Nut Shell, Rice Hull, Coconut Fiber, and Isocyanate Particle Board
in Screw Withdrawal

Figure 4.3 shows the capacity of force needed to draw the screw inserted on the

sample specimen X, Y, and Z. As shown in the graph, Specimen X (90:10 CPNS/RH)

has the lowest value having a 25.97 kg compared to Specimen Y (70:30 CPNS/RH),

which has the highest value having a 37.12 kg., while the Specimen Z (50:50) has a

value of 34.97 kg. Two specimen designs are close to each other mainly because both

have greater contents of rice hull. The screw inserted was bound to crushed pili nut

shell to increase its grip. If the surface of contact with the pili nut shell and the screw

is to be increased, the higher the screw value can be achieved. Most voids are filled

with isocyanate. When the screw is inserted, only a small portion of surface of the pili

nut shell was in contact.

The two-specimen design mixture passed the minimum requirement of the Philippine

National Standard (PNS) which is 30kg but the specimen X (90:10 CPNS/RH) failed

to reach the standard.

 30

4.4. Modulus of Rupture (MOR) Test Result

Figure 4.4. Effects of Pili Nut Shell, Rice Hull, Coconut Fiber, and Isocyanate Particle Board
in Modulus of Rupture

Figure 4.4 shows the relation to the pili nut shell and rice hull results of the Modulus

of Rupture for Specimen X (90:10 CPNS/RH) with the lowest figures, Y (70:30

CPNS/RH), and Z (50:50 CPNS/RH), having the highest, with values of 1.5187 MPa

(15.4811 𝑘𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2), 7.2158 MPa (73.5556 𝑘𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2), and 9.7828 MPa (99.7227

𝑘𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2), respectively. Another factor of the failure of the specimen X is the uneven

distribution of the force in the specimen sample. The isocyanate adhesive was not able

to cover the whole surface of the board, which it should have served as a reinforcement.

The two-specimen design mixture passed the minimum standard set by the

Philippine National Standard (PNS) which is 80 𝑘𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2 (7.848MPa). While Specimen

X failed to reach the minimum requirement.

 31

4.5. Internal Bond (IB) Test Result

Figure 4.5. Effects of Pili Nut Shell, Rice Hull, Coconut Fiber, and Isocyanate Particle Board
in Internal Bond

Figure 4.5 shows the acquired data result in the test of Internal Bond, Specimen Y

(70:30 CPNS/RH) shown the highest result in the test having a value of 2.5361𝑘𝑔𝑠⁄𝑐𝑚2

and the only design mixture to pass the minimum requirements of PNS. The Specimen

X have a value of 1.7733 𝑘𝑔𝑠⁄𝑐𝑚2, almost passed the requirement while the Specimen

Z failed in this test having a value of 1.2956 𝑘𝑔𝑠⁄𝑐𝑚2. Another factor that affects the

test is when the force was applied in surface of the board to break the material apart,

the glue bonded weakly in the pili nut shell and rice hull. The two board mixtures failed

the test.

The Specimen Y is the only design mixture that passed the minimum requirements

of the Philippine National Standard (PNS) which is 2𝑘𝑔𝑠⁄𝑐𝑚2. While the two specimen

X and Z failed to reach the requirements.

 32

4.6. Fire proofing / Fire Testing Result

Table 4.1 Shown the time recorded in the test.

Types of
Particle Board Specimen X Specimen Y Specimen Z
Board
Time 2min 21sec 2min 45sec 3min 43sec 4min 22sec

The board specimens are compared to the standard particle board with a

thickness of 12mm. The particle board are expected to last longer yet the particle board

wins to this comparison. The main reason was the rice hull being a “Class A” thermal

insulating material. The Specimen Z has the highest percentage of rice hull content that

made it stand longer than expected.

 33

4.7. Summary of Results

Table 4.2 Shown the Summary of Results

TEST SPECIMEN X SPECIMEN Y SPECIMEN Z

THICKNESS
SWELLING P P P

WATER
ABSORPTION P P P

SCREW
WITHDRAWAL F P P

MODULUS OF
RUPTURE F P P

INTERNAL BOND
F P F

FIRE PROOFING P P P

Table 4.2. shows the six-testing done in three different design mixtures, it shows

the Passed and Failed results of the test by the standard requirement of the Philippine

National Standard (PNS).

Legend:

P = Passed the standard requirements of the Philippine National Standard (PNS).

F = Failed the standard requirements of the Philippine National Standard (PNS).

Table 4.2 shows the results of the entire test conducted. Physical Property Test

which includes thickness swelling test and water absorption test from the specimen

design X to specimen design Z, all passed the standard requirements of Philippine

National Standard (PNS). There are four mechanical property tests namely Screw

Withdrawal Test, Modulus of Rupture Test, Internal Bond Test and lastly, fire testing.

Specimen Design Y is the only design mixture able to pass all the standard requirements

of the Philippine National Standard (PNS).

 34

Thickness swelling

(𝒅𝒇 − 𝒅𝒊 )
𝑻𝑺 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝒅𝒊
50:50

𝟏𝟐.𝟔𝟗𝟎−𝟏𝟏.𝟗𝟖𝟎
𝑻𝑺𝒂 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 5.9265 %
𝟏𝟏.𝟗𝟖𝟎

𝟏𝟐.𝟔𝟑𝟎−𝟏𝟐.𝟎𝟗𝟎
𝑻𝑺𝒃 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 4.4665 %
𝟏𝟐.𝟎𝟗𝟎

𝟏𝟐.𝟖𝟐𝟎−𝟏𝟐.𝟏𝟗𝟎
𝑻𝑺𝒄 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 5.1682 %
𝟏𝟐.𝟏𝟗𝟎

𝟓.𝟗𝟐𝟔𝟓+𝟒.𝟒𝟔𝟔𝟓+𝟓.𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟐
𝑻𝑺𝟓𝟎:𝟓𝟎𝒂𝒗𝒆 = = 5.1871 %
𝟑

70:30

𝟏𝟐.𝟖𝟓𝟎−𝟏𝟐.𝟐𝟐𝟎
𝑻𝑺𝒂 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 5.1555 %
𝟏𝟐.𝟐𝟐𝟎

𝟏𝟐.𝟕𝟑𝟎−𝟏𝟐.𝟏𝟕𝟎
𝑻𝑺𝒃 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 4.6015 %
𝟏𝟐.𝟏𝟕𝟎

𝟏𝟐.𝟗𝟐𝟎−𝟏𝟐.𝟎𝟖𝟎
𝑻𝑺𝒄 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 6.9536 %
𝟏𝟐.𝟎𝟖𝟎

𝟓.𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟓+𝟒.𝟔𝟎𝟏𝟓+𝟔.𝟗𝟓𝟑𝟔
𝑻𝑺𝟕𝟎:𝟑𝟎𝒂𝒗𝒆 = = 5.5702 %
𝟑

90:10

𝟏𝟐.𝟔𝟒𝟎−𝟏𝟐.𝟎𝟑𝟎
𝑻𝑺𝒂 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 5.0707 %
𝟏𝟐.𝟎𝟑𝟎

𝟏𝟐.𝟖𝟖𝟎−𝟏𝟐.𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝑻𝑺𝒃 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 6.3584 %
𝟏𝟐.𝟏𝟏𝟎

𝟏𝟐.𝟖𝟎𝟎−𝟏𝟐.𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝑻𝑺𝒄 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 5.0903%
𝟏𝟐.𝟏𝟖𝟎

𝟓.𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟕+𝟔.𝟑𝟓𝟖𝟒+𝟓.𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟑
𝑻𝑺𝟗𝟎:𝟏𝟎𝒂𝒗𝒆 = = 5.5065 %
𝟑
 35

Water Absorption

𝑾𝑭 − 𝑾𝑶
𝒘% = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑾𝑶
50:50

𝟐𝟖.𝟒𝟓−𝟐𝟒.𝟗𝟕
𝑾𝒂 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 13.9367 %
𝟐𝟒.𝟗𝟕

𝟑𝟎.𝟏𝟓−𝟐𝟔.𝟕𝟒
𝑾𝒃 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 12.7524 %
𝟐𝟔.𝟕𝟒

𝟐𝟗.𝟓𝟒−𝟐𝟔.𝟐𝟑
𝑾𝒄 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 12.6191 %
𝟐𝟔.𝟐𝟑

𝟏𝟑.𝟗𝟑𝟔𝟕+𝟏𝟐.𝟕𝟓𝟐𝟒+𝟏𝟐.𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟏
𝑾𝟓𝟎:𝟓𝟎𝒂𝒗𝒆 = = 13.1028 %
𝟑

70:30

𝟐𝟖.𝟖𝟔−𝟐𝟐.𝟔𝟒
𝑾𝒂 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 27.4735 %
𝟐𝟐.𝟔𝟒

𝟐𝟕.𝟑𝟏−𝟐𝟒.𝟏𝟑
𝑾𝒃 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 13.1786 %
𝟐𝟒.𝟏𝟑

𝟐𝟓.𝟔𝟎−𝟐𝟏.𝟑𝟕
𝑾𝒄 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 19.7941 %
𝟐𝟏.𝟑𝟕

𝟐𝟕.𝟒𝟕𝟑𝟓+𝟏𝟑.𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟔+𝟏𝟗.𝟕𝟗𝟒𝟏
𝑾𝟕𝟎:𝟑𝟎𝒂𝒗𝒆 = = 20.1487 %
𝟑

90:10

𝟐𝟓.𝟗𝟎−𝟐𝟓.𝟎𝟒
𝑾𝒂 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 3.4345 % -Outlier
𝟐𝟓.𝟎𝟒

𝟑𝟑.𝟖𝟕−𝟑𝟎.𝟒𝟏
𝑾𝒃 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 11.3778 %
𝟑𝟎.𝟒𝟏

𝟑𝟎.𝟎𝟒−𝟐𝟓.𝟖𝟔
𝑾𝒄 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 16.1640 %
𝟐𝟓.𝟖𝟔

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑾𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑾𝒄 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚:

𝟏𝟏.𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟖+𝟏𝟔.𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟎
𝑾𝟗𝟎:𝟏𝟎𝒂𝒗𝒆 = = 13.7709 %
𝟐
 36

Screw withdrawal (SW)

𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐
𝑭=
𝟐

50:50
𝟓𝟏𝟒.𝟎𝟒+𝟑𝟗𝟏.𝟒𝟐
𝑭𝒂 = = 452.73 N
𝟐

𝟑𝟓𝟏.𝟐𝟎+𝟐𝟓𝟎.𝟏𝟔
𝑭𝒃 = = 300.68 N
𝟐

𝟐𝟓𝟓.𝟎𝟔+𝟐𝟗𝟔.𝟐𝟔
𝑭𝒄 = = 275.66 N
𝟐

𝟒𝟓𝟐.𝟕𝟑+𝟑𝟎𝟎.𝟔𝟖+𝟐𝟕𝟓.𝟔𝟔
𝑭𝟓𝟎:𝟓𝟎𝒂𝒗𝒆. = = 343.02 N
𝟑

70:30
𝟑𝟕𝟕.𝟔𝟗+𝟑𝟏𝟎.𝟗𝟖
𝑭𝒂 = = 344.33 N
𝟐

𝟑𝟐𝟓.𝟔𝟗+𝟒𝟒𝟒.𝟑𝟗
𝑭𝒃 = = 385.04 N
𝟐

𝟑𝟏𝟔.𝟖𝟔+𝟒𝟎𝟗.𝟎𝟖
𝑭𝒄 = = 362.97 N
𝟐

𝟑𝟒𝟒.𝟑𝟑+𝟑𝟖𝟓.𝟎𝟒+𝟑𝟔𝟐.𝟗𝟕
𝑭𝟕𝟎:𝟑𝟎𝒂𝒗𝒆. = = 364.11 N
𝟑

90:10

𝟐𝟓𝟑.𝟏𝟎+𝟏𝟗𝟔.𝟐𝟎
𝑭𝒂 = = 224.65 N
𝟐

𝟐𝟓𝟎.𝟏𝟔+𝟐𝟕𝟗.𝟓𝟗
𝑭𝒂 = = 264.87 N
𝟐

𝟏𝟔𝟖.𝟕𝟑+𝟑𝟖𝟎.𝟔𝟑
𝑭𝒂 = = 274.68 N
𝟐

𝟐𝟐𝟒.𝟔𝟓+𝟐𝟔𝟒.𝟖𝟕+𝟐𝟕𝟒.𝟔𝟖
𝑭𝟓𝟎:𝟓𝟎𝒂𝒗𝒆. = = 254.73 N
𝟑
 37

Modulus of Rupture, MOR

𝟑×𝑷×𝑳
𝑴𝑶𝑹 =
𝟐 × 𝒃 × 𝒅𝟐

50:50

𝟑×𝟏𝟔𝟔.𝟖×𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝑶𝑹𝒂 = 𝟐×𝟓𝟎.𝟏𝟒×𝟏𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟐 = 6.5955 MPa

𝟑×𝟐𝟕𝟕.𝟔×𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝑶𝑹𝒃 = 𝟐×𝟓𝟐.𝟑𝟓×𝟏𝟐.𝟑𝟑𝟐 =10.4649 MPa

𝟑×𝟑𝟏𝟐×𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝑶𝑹𝒄 = =12.2879 MPa
𝟐×𝟓𝟎.𝟐𝟔×𝟏𝟐.𝟑𝟏𝟐

𝟔.𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟓+𝟏𝟎.𝟒𝟔𝟒𝟗+𝟏𝟐.𝟐𝟖𝟕𝟗
𝑴𝑶𝑹𝟓𝟎:𝟓𝟎𝒂𝒗𝒆 = =9.7828MPa
𝟑

70:30

𝟑×𝟏𝟖𝟕.𝟒×𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝑶𝑹𝒂 = 𝟐×𝟓𝟏.𝟎𝟑×𝟏𝟐.𝟒𝟔𝟐 = 7.0952MPa

𝟑×𝟏𝟗𝟐.𝟑×𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝑶𝑹𝒃 = 𝟐×𝟒𝟗.𝟓𝟑×𝟏𝟐.𝟑𝟏𝟐 = 7.6853MPa

𝟑×𝟏𝟕𝟔.𝟔×𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝑶𝑹𝒄 = 𝟐×𝟒𝟗.𝟒𝟓×𝟏𝟐.𝟒𝟗𝟐 =6.8671MPa

𝟕.𝟎𝟗𝟓𝟐+𝟕.𝟔𝟖𝟓𝟑+𝟔.𝟖𝟔𝟕𝟏
𝑴𝑶𝑹𝟕𝟎:𝟑𝟎𝒂𝒗𝒆 = =7.2158MPa
𝟑

90:10

𝟑×𝟗𝟏.𝟐×𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝑶𝑹𝒂 = 𝟐×𝟒𝟗.𝟐𝟏×𝟏𝟐.𝟐𝟒𝟐 =3.7124MPa

𝟑×𝟑𝟐.𝟒×𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝑶𝑹𝒃 = 𝟐×𝟓𝟎.𝟖𝟔×𝟏𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟐 =1.2622MPa

𝟑×𝟒𝟓.𝟏×𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝑶𝑹𝒄 = 𝟐×𝟓𝟎.𝟓𝟕×𝟏𝟐.𝟐𝟖𝟐 =1.7752MPa

𝟑.𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟒+𝟏.𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟐+𝟏.𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟐
𝑴𝑶𝑹𝟗𝟎:𝟏𝟎 = =1.5187MPa
𝟑
 38

Internal Bond, IB

𝑭
𝑰𝑩 =
𝑨
50:50
𝟑𝟒
𝑰𝑩𝒂 = 𝟐𝟔.𝟖𝟓𝟖𝟑 =1.2659kgs. /cm²
𝟑𝟏
𝑰𝑩𝒃 = 𝟐𝟔.𝟑𝟔𝟖𝟎= 1.1757kgs. /cm²
𝟑𝟕
𝑰𝑩𝒄 = 𝟐𝟓.𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎=1.4453kgs. /cm²
𝟏.𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟗+𝟏.𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟕+𝟏.𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟑
𝑰𝑩𝟓𝟎:𝟓𝟎𝒂𝒗𝒆 = =1.2956kgs. /cm²
𝟑

70:30
𝟒𝟖
𝑰𝑩𝒂 = 𝟐𝟓.𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟎=1.9052kgs. /cm²
𝟔𝟕
𝑰𝑩𝒃 = 𝟐𝟓.𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎=2.6275kgs. /cm²
𝟖𝟎
𝑰𝑩𝒄 = 𝟐𝟔.𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎=3.0757kgs. /cm²
𝟏.𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟐+𝟐.𝟔𝟐𝟕𝟓+𝟑.𝟎𝟕𝟓𝟕
𝑰𝑩𝟕𝟎:𝟑𝟎𝒂𝒗𝒆 = =2.536kgs. /cm²
𝟑

90:10
𝟒𝟏
𝑰𝑩𝒂 = 𝟐𝟓.𝟎𝟕𝟏𝟐=1.6353kgs. /cm²
𝟑𝟐
𝑰𝑩𝒃 = 𝟐𝟒.𝟕𝟗𝟒𝟎=1.2906kgs. /cm²
𝟔𝟑
𝑰𝑩𝒄 = 𝟐𝟔.𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟎=2.3940kgs. /cm²
𝟏.𝟔𝟑𝟓𝟑+𝟏.𝟐𝟗𝟎𝟔+𝟐.𝟑𝟗𝟒𝟎
𝑰𝑩𝟗𝟎:𝟏𝟎𝒂𝒗𝒆 = =1.7733kgs. /cm²
𝟑
 Chapter 5

Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion

Based on the observations on the research result, the proponents conclude:

1. The Design Mixture of Specimen X, Y, and Z reached the minimum

requirements in accordance to the Philippine National Standards for Particle

Board. In thickness swelling, the design mix of specimen Z has shown a good

performance with values of 5.18%. For the water absorption, the design mix of

specimen X has a good resistance in water absorption with a value of 10.32%.

The ability of rice hull to absorb water is higher than the pili nut shell.

2. The Screw Withdrawal test showed that the two-specimen mixture design

passed the minimum requirement of the Philippine National Standard (PNS)

which is 30kg but the specimen X (90:10 CPNS/RH) failed to reach the

standard. In Modulus of rupture, the design mix of specimen shown, the two-

specimen design mixture passed the minimum standard set by the Philippine

National Standard (PNS) which is 80 𝑘𝑔𝑠/𝑐𝑚2. The Internal bond result shown,

the Specimen Y is the design mixture that passed the minimum requirements of

the Philippine National Standard (PNS) which is 2𝑘𝑔𝑠⁄𝑐𝑚2. Moreover, the Fire

testing of all the board samples surpassed the standard particle board.

3. Specimen Y (70:30 CPNS/RH) passed all the standard requirement set by the

Philippine National Standards (PNS). Specimen Y is the best mixture for this

particle board based on Philippine National Standard and compared with the

commercialized particleboard.
 40

5.2 Recommendation

Based on the analysis of result and data, these are the following recommendations:

1. Hence to commercialize the Pili Nut Shell, Rice Hull and Coconut Fiber using

Isocyanate as particle board, the group recommends Specimen Y (70:30

CPNS/RH) because this passed all the requirements set by the Philippine

National Standards.

2. To produce a high-quality particle board, properly cleaned the materials and sun

dried it thoroughly especially the rice hull to remove the wax/oil present on the

material that affects the adhesive.

3. A study can be conducted to explore other chemicals that can be used as

adhesive. Moreover, to compare the relative strength of adhesives and the most

feasible adhesives that can be used for this product.

4. Future researchers can replicate and validate the present study. Hence,

optimization also is recommended.

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