Electromagnetic spectrum

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Freq- Wave-
Class Energy
uency length

300 EHz 1 pm 1.24 MeV

γ Gamma rays

30 EHz 10 pm 124 keV

HX Hard X-rays
3 EHz 100 pm 12.4 keV
Ionizing
radiation
SX Soft X-rays 300 PHz 1 nm 1.24 keV

30 PHz 10 nm 124 eV
Extreme
EUV
ultraviolet
3 PHz 100 nm 12.4 eV
Near
NUV
ultraviolet
Visible 300 THz 1 μm 1.24 eV
NIR Near infrared
30 THz 10 μm 124 meV
 MIR Mid infrared
3 THz 100 μm 12.4 meV
FIR Far infrared
300 GHz 1 mm 1.24 meV
Extremely high
EHF
frequency
30 GHz 1 cm 124 μeV
Super high
SHF
frequency
3 GHz 1 dm 12.4 μeV
Ultra high
UHF
Micro- frequency
waves 300 MHz 1 m 1.24 μeV
Very high
and VHF
frequency
radio 30 MHz 10 m 124 neV
waves High
HF
frequency
3 MHz 100 m 12.4 neV
Medium
MF
frequency
300 kHz 1 km 1.24 neV
Low
LF
frequency
30 kHz 10 km 124 peV
 Very low
VLF
frequency
3 kHz 100 km 12.4 peV
Ultra low
ULF
frequency
300 Hz 1 Mm 1.24 peV
Super low
SLF
frequency
30 Hz 10 Mm 124 feV

Extremely low
ELF 100
frequency 1 Hz 12.4 feV
Mm

Sources: File:Light spectrum.svg [1][2][3]

Legend[1][2][3]
γ= Gamma rays MIR= Mid infrared HF= High freq.
HX= Hard X-rays FIR= Far infrared MF= Medium freq.
SX= Soft X-rays Radio waves LF= Low freq.
EUV= EHF= Extremely high
VLF= Very low freq.
Extreme ultraviolet freq.
NUV= Near ultraviolet SHF= Super high freq. VF/ULF= Voice freq.
Visible light UHF= Ultra high freq. SLF= Super low freq.
ELF= Extremely low
NIR= Near Infrared VHF= Very high freq.
freq.
Freq=Frequency
The electromagnetic spectrum is the collective term for all known frequencies and their linked
wavelengths of the known photons ( electromagnetic radiation ). The "electromagnetic spectrum" of
an object has a different meaning, and is instead the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic
radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular object.[citation needed]
The electromagnetic spectrum extends from below the low frequencies used for
modern radiocommunication to gamma radiation at the short-wavelength (high-frequency) end,
thereby covering wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of
an atom. Visible light lies toward the shorter end, with wavelengths from 400 to 700 nanometres.
The limit for long wavelengths is the size of the universe itself, while it is thought that the short
wavelength limit is in the vicinity of the Planck length.[4] Until the middle of the 20th century it was
believed by most physicists that this spectrum was infinite and continuous.
Nearly all types of electromagnetic radiation can be used for spectroscopy, to study and characterize
matter.[5] Other technological uses are described under electromagnetic radiation.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all types of
EM radiation. Radiation is energy that travels and spreads out as it goes –
the visible light that comes from a lamp in your house and
the radio waves that come from a radio station are two types of
electromagnetic radiation. The other types of EM radiation that make up the
electromagnetic spectrum are microwaves, infrared
light, ultraviolet light, X-rays and gamma-rays.
You know more about the electromagnetic spectrum than you may think. The
image below shows where you might encounter each portion of the EM
spectrum in your day-to-day life.
 The electromagnetic spectrum from lowest
energy/longest wavelength (at the top) to highest
energy/shortest wavelength (at the bottom). (Credit:
NASA's Imagine the Universe)
Radio: Your radio captures radio waves emitted by radio stations, bringing
your favorite tunes. Radio waves are also emitted by stars and gases in
space.
Microwave: Microwave radiation will cook your popcorn in just a few minutes,
but is also used by astronomers to learn about the structure of
nearby galaxies.

Infrared: Night vision goggles pick up the infrared light emitted by our skin
and objects with heat. In space, infrared light helps us map
the dust between stars.

Visible: Our eyes detect visible light. Fireflies, light bulbs, and stars all emit
visible light.

Ultraviolet: Ultraviolet radiation is emitted by the Sun and are the reason skin
tans and burns. "Hot" objects in space emit UV radiation as well.

X-ray: A dentist uses X-rays to image your teeth, and airport security uses
them to see through your bag. Hot gases in the Universe also emit X-
rays.

Gamma ray: Doctors use gamma-ray imaging to see inside your body. The
biggest gamma-ray generator of all is the Universe.

Is a radio wave the same as a gamma ray?

Are radio waves completely different physical objects than gamma-rays? They
are produced in different processes and are detected in different ways, but
they are not fundamentally different. Radio waves, gamma-rays, visible light,
and all the other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are electromagnetic
radiation.

Electromagnetic radiation can be described in terms of a stream of mass-less

particles, called photons, each traveling in a wave-like pattern at
the speed of light. Each photon contains a certain amount of energy.
The different types of radiation are defined by the the amount of energy found
in the photons. Radio waves have photons with low energies, microwave
photons have a little more energy than radio waves, infrared photons have still
more, then visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and, the most energetic of all, gamma-
rays.

Measuring electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation can be expressed in terms of energy, wavelength,

or frequency. Frequency is measured in cycles per second, or Hertz.
Wavelength is measured in meters. Energy is measured in electron
volts. Each of these three quantities for describing EM radiation are related
to each other in a precise mathematical way. But why have three ways of
describing things, each with a different set of physical units?

Comparison of wavelength, frequency and energy for the

electromagnetic spectrum. (Credit: NASA's Imagine the
Universe)
The short answer is that scientists don't like to use numbers any bigger or
smaller than they have to. It is much easier to say or write "two kilometers"
than "two thousand meters." Generally, scientists use whatever units are
easiest for the type of EM radiation they work with.

Astronomers who study radio waves tend to use wavelengths or frequencies.

Most of the radio part of the EM spectrum falls in the range from about 1 cm to
1 km, which is 30 gigahertz (GHz) to 300 kilohertz (kHz) in frequencies. The
radio is a very broad part of the EM spectrum.

Infrared and optical astronomers generally use wavelength. Infrared

astronomers use microns (millionths of a meter) for wavelengths, so their part
of the EM spectrum falls in the range of 1 to 100 microns. Optical astronomers
use both angstroms (0.00000001 cm, or 10-8 cm) and nanometers
(0.0000001 cm, or 10-7 cm). Using nanometers, violet, blue, green, yellow,
orange, and red light have wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers.
(This range is just a tiny part of the entire EM spectrum, so the light our eyes
can see is just a little fraction of all the EM radiation around us.)

The wavelengths of ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray regions of the EM

spectrum are very small. Instead of using wavelengths, astronomers that
study these portions of the EM spectrum usually refer to these photons by
their energies, measured in electron volts (eV). Ultraviolet radiation falls in the
range from a few electron volts to about 100 eV. X-ray photons have energies
in the range 100 eV to 100,000 eV (or 100 keV). Gamma-rays then are all the
photons with energies greater than 100 keV.

Show me a chart of the wavelength, frequency,

and energy regimes of the spectrum
Why do we put telescopes in orbit?

The Earth's atmosphere stops most types of

electromagnetic radiation from space from reaching
Earth's surface. This illustration shows how far into the
atmosphere different parts of the EM spectrum can go
before being absorbed. Only portions of radio and visible
light reach the surface. (Credit: STScI/JHU/NASA)
Most electromagnetic radiation from space is unable to reach the surface of
the Earth. Radio frequencies, visible light and some ultraviolet light makes it to
sea level. Astronomers can observe some infrared wavelengths by putting
telescopes on mountain tops. Balloon experiments can reach 35 km above
the surface and can operate for months. Rocket flights can take instruments
all the way above the Earth's atmosphere, but only for a few minutes before
they fall back to Earth.
For long-term observations, however, it is best to have your detector on an
orbiting satellite and get above it all!

Electromagnetic spectrum
Previous (Electromagnetic radiation)
Next (Electromagnetism)

Legend
γ = Gamma rays
HX = Hard X-rays
SX = Soft X-Rays
EUV = Extreme ultraviolet
NUV = Near ultraviolet
Visible light
NIR = Near infrared
MIR = Mid infrared
FIR = Far infrared

Radio waves
EHF = Extremely high frequency (Microwaves)
SHF = Super high frequency (Microwaves)
UHF = Ultra high frequency
VHF = Very high frequency
HF = High frequency
MF = Medium frequency
LF = Low frequency
VLF = Very low frequency
VF/ULF = Voice frequency
SLF = Super low frequency
ELF = Extremely low frequency[1][2][3]

The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all

possible electromagnetic radiation. The "electromagnetic
spectrum" (or just spectrum) of an object is the
characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation
from that object.
The electromagnetic spectrum, shown in the chart,
extends from just below the frequencies used for modern
radio (at the long-wavelength end) to gamma radiation (at
the short-wavelength end), covering wavelengths from
thousands of kilometers down to fractions of the size of
an atom. In our universe, the short wavelength limit is
likely to be the Planck length, and the long wavelength
limit is the size of the universe itself, though in principle
the spectrum is infinite.
Contents
[hide]

 1 Range of the spectrum

 2 Types of radiation
o 2.1 Radio frequency
o 2.2 Microwaves
 2.2.1 Terahertz radiation
o 2.3 Infrared radiation
o 2.4 Visible radiation (light)
o 2.5 Ultraviolet light
o 2.6 X-rays
o 2.7 Gamma rays
 3 See also
 4 Notes
 5 References
 6 External links
 7 Credits

The most familiar part of the electromagnetic spectrum is

the visible region, which spans the colors of
the rainbow (wavelength range of 400-700 nanometers
(nm)). We are able to see things because our eyes are
sensitive to this region of the spectrum. A variety of
applications have been found for the different parts of the
spectrum. For instance, radio waves are used for the
transmission of data for television, mobile phones, and
wireless networking. X-rays and gamma rays are used in
medicine.

Range of the spectrum

The spectrum covers EM energy having wavelengths
from thousands of kilometers down to fractions of the size
of an atom.
Electromagnetic energy at a particular wavelength λ (in
vacuum) has an
associated frequency f and photon energy E. Thus, the
electromagnetic spectrum may be expressed equally well
in terms of any of these three quantities. They are related
by the equations:
wave speed (c) = frequency x wavelength
or

and

or

where:
 c is the speed of light, 299,792,458 m/s (exact).

 h is Planck's

constant, .
So, high-frequency electromagnetic waves have a short
wavelength and high energy; low-frequency waves have a
long wavelength and low energy.
When light waves (and other electromagnetic waves)
enter a medium, their wavelength is reduced.
Wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, no matter what
medium they are traveling through, are usually quoted in
terms of the vacuum wavelength, although this is not
always explicitly stated.
Generally, EM radiation is classified by wavelength into
electrical energy, radio, microwave, infrared, the visible
region we perceive as light, ultraviolet, X-rays and
gamma rays.
The behavior of EM radiation depends on its wavelength.
Higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths, and lower
frequencies have longer wavelengths. When EM radiation
interacts with single atoms and molecules, its behavior
depends on the amount of energy per quantum it carries.
Electromagnetic radiation can be divided into octaves—as
sound waves are—winding up with eighty-one octaves.[4]
Spectroscopy can detect a much wider region of the EM
spectrum than the visible range of 400 nm to 700 nm. A
common laboratory spectroscope can detect wavelengths
from two nm to 2500 nm. Detailed information about the
physical properties of objects, gases, or even stars can be
obtained from this type of device. It is widely used
in astrophysics. For example, many hydrogen atoms emit
radio waves which have a wavelength of 21.12 cm.
Types of radiation

Electromagnetic spectrum illustration

Electromagnetic Spectrum Image

Although the classification scheme is generally accurate,

there is often some overlap between neighboring types of
electromagnetic energy. For example, SLF radio waves at
60 Hz may be received and studied by astronomers, or
may be ducted along wires as electric power. Also, some
low-energy gamma rays actually have longer wavelengths
than some high-energy X-rays. The reason for this is that
the term "gamma ray" is used for photons generated from
nuclear decay or other nuclear and subnuclear processes,
whereas X-rays are generated by electronic transitions
involving highly energetic inner electrons. Thus the
distinction between gamma rays and X-rays is related to
the radiation source rather than the radiation wavelength.
Generally, nuclear transitions are much more energetic
than electronic transitions, so gamma-rays are usually
more energetic than X-rays. However, there are a few
low-energy nuclear transitions (such as the 14.4-keV
nuclear transition of Fe-57) that produce gamma rays that
are less energetic than some of the higher energy X-rays.

Radio frequency

Plot of Earth's atmospheric transmittance (or opacity) to various

wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.

Radio waves generally are utilized by antennas of

appropriate size (according to the principle of resonance),
with wavelengths ranging from hundreds of meters to
about one millimeter. They are used for transmission of
data, via modulation. Television, mobile phones, wireless
networking and amateur radio all use radio waves.
Radio waves can be made to carry information by varying
a combination of the amplitude, frequency and phase of
the wave within a frequency band. When EM radiation
impinges upon a conductor, it couples to the conductor,
travels along it, and induces an electric current on the
surface of that conductor by exciting the electrons of the
conducting material. This effect (the skin effect) is used in
antennas. EM radiation may also cause certain molecules
to absorb energy and thus to heat up; this is exploited in
microwave ovens.
Use of the radio frequency spectrum is regulated by
governments. This is called frequency allocation.

Microwaves
Main article: Microwave
The super high frequency (SHF) and extremely high
frequency (EHF) of Microwavescome next up the
frequency scale. Microwaves are waves which are
typically short enough to employ tubular metal
waveguides of reasonable diameter. Microwave energy is
produced with klystron and magnetron tubes, and with
solid state diodessuch as Gunn and IMPATT devices.
Microwaves are absorbed by molecules that have a dipole
moment in liquids. In a microwave oven, this effect is
used to heat food. Low-intensity microwave radiation is
used in Wi-Fi.
The average microwave oven in active condition is, in
close range, powerful enough to cause interference with
poorly shielded electromagnetic fields such as those
found in mobile medical devices and cheap consumer
electronics.
Terahertz radiation
Terahertz radiation is a region of the spectrum between
far infrared and microwaves. Until recently, the range was
rarely studied and few sources existed for microwave
energy at the high end of the band (sub-millimeter waves
or so-called terahertz waves), but applications such as
imaging and communications are now appearing.
Scientists are also looking to apply
Terahertz technology in the armed forces, where high
frequency waves might be directed at enemy troops to
incapacitate their electronic equipment.

Infrared radiation
Main article: Infrared
The infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum covers
the range from roughly 300 GHz (1 mm) to 400 THz (750
nm). It can be divided into three parts:
 Far-infrared, from 300 GHz (one mm) to 30 THz

(ten μm). The lower part of this range may also be

 called microwaves. This radiation is typically
absorbed by so-called rotational modes in gas-
phase molecules, by molecular motions in liquids, and
by phonons in solids. The water in the Earth's
atmosphere absorbs so strongly in this range that it
renders the atmosphere effectively opaque. However,
there are certain wavelength ranges ("windows")
within the opaque range which allow partial
transmission, and can be used for astronomy. The
wavelength range from approximately 200 μm up to a
few mm is often referred to as "sub-millimeter" in
astronomy, reserving far infrared for wavelengths
below 200 μm.
 Mid-infrared, from 30 to 120 THz (10 to 2.5 μm).
Hot objects (black-body radiators) can radiate strongly
in this range. It is absorbed by molecular vibrations,
that is, when the different atoms in a molecule vibrate
around their equilibrium positions. This range is
sometimes called the fingerprint region since the mid-
infrared absorption spectrum of a compound is very
specific for that compound.
 Near-infrared, from 120 to 400 THz (2,500 to 750
nm). Physical processes that are relevant for this range
are similar to those for visible light.

Visible radiation (light)

Main article: Light
Above infrared in frequency comes visible light. This is
the range in which the sun and stars similar to it emit most
of their radiation. It is probably not a coincidence that the
human eye is sensitive to the wavelengths that the sun
emits most strongly. Visible light (and near-infrared light)
is typically absorbed and emitted by electrons in
molecules and atoms that move from one energy level to
another. The light we see with our eyes is really a very
small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
A rainbowshows the optical (visible) part of the
electromagnetic spectrum; infrared (if you could see it)
would be located just beyond the red side of the rainbow
with ultraviolet appearing just beyond the violet end.
EM radiation with a wavelength between approximately
400 nm and 700 nm is detected by the human eye and
perceived as visible light. Other wavelengths, especially
nearby infrared (longer than 700 nm) and ultraviolet
(shorter than 400 nm) are also sometimes referred to as
light, especially when the visibility to humans is not
relevant.
If radiation having a frequency in the visible region of the
EM spectrum reflects off of an object, say, a bowl of fruit,
and then strikes our eyes, this results in our visual
perception of the scene. Our brain's visual system
processes the multitude of reflected frequencies into
different shades and hues, and through this not-entirely-
understood psychophysical phenomenon, most people
perceive a bowl of fruit.
At most wavelengths, however, the information carried by
electromagnetic radiation is not directly detected by
human senses. Natural sources produce EM radiation
across the spectrum, and our technology can also
manipulate a broad range of wavelengths. Optical
fibertransmits light which, although not suitable for direct
viewing, can carry data that can be translated into sound
or an image. The coding used in such data is similar to
that used with radio waves.

Ultraviolet light
Main article: Ultraviolet
Next in frequency comes ultraviolet (UV). This is
radiation whose wavelength is shorter than the violet end
of the visible spectrum.
Being very energetic, UV can break chemical bonds,
making molecules unusually reactive or ionizing them, in
general changing their mutual behavior. Sunburn, for
example, is caused by the disruptive effects of UV
radiation on skin cells, which can even cause skin cancer,
if the radiation damages the complex DNA molecules in
the cells (UV radiation is a proven mutagen).
The Sun emits a large amount of UV radiation, which
could quickly turn Earth into a barren desert, but most of
it is absorbed by the atmosphere's ozone layerbefore
reaching the surface.

X-rays
Main article: X-ray
After UV come X-rays. Hard X-rays have shorter
wavelengths than soft X-rays. X-rays are used for seeing
through some things (such as soft tissue) and not others
(such as bone), as well as for high-energy physics and
astronomy. Neutron stars and accretion disks around
black holes emit X-rays, which enable us to study them.
X-rays can penetrate through most substances, and this
property makes them useful in medicine and industry. X-
rays are given off by stars, and strongly by some types of
nebulae. An X-ray machine works by firing a beam of
electrons at a "target." If we fire the electrons with enough
energy, X-rays will be produced.

Gamma rays
Main article: Gamma ray
After hard X-rays come gamma rays. These are the most
energetic photons, having no lower limit to their
wavelength. They are useful to astronomers in the study
of high-energy objects or regions and find a use with
physicists thanks to their penetrative ability and their
production from radioisotopes. The wavelength of gamma
rays can be measured with high accuracy by means
of Compton scattering.
Note that there are no defined boundaries between the
types of electromagnetic radiation. Some wavelengths
have the properties of two regions of the spectrum.