Table 2: ENGINEERING CONSTANTS

a) Acceleration of Gravity

Latitude
Deg SI US g/g0
0 9.780 32.088 0.9973
10 9.782 32.093 0.9975
20 9.786 32.108 0.9979
30 9.793 32.130 0.9986
40 9.802 32.158 0.9995

45* 9.80665 32.1740 1

50 9.811 32.187 1.0004

60 9.819 32.215 1.0013
70 9.826 32.238 1.0020
80 9.831 32.253 1.0024
90 9.832 32.258 1.0026

*standard acceleration due to gravity

b) Gravitational Constant

G = 6.673 (10-11) m3/kg-s2 = 3.44 (10-8) ft-4-lb-1-s-4.

c) Coefficients of Static and Kinetic Friction

Coefficients of Static Friction

Aluminum 1.35 Brass 0.3
Copper 2.5 Iron 1.0
Magnesium 0.6 Nickel 0.7
Platinum 1.2 Steel 0.8
Zinc 0.6 Diamond 0.1

Graphite 0.1 Nylon 0.2

Teflon 0.04 Tungsten carbide 0.12

Glass 0.95 Plexi-glass 0.8

Brick 0.65 Wood 0.35
Coefficients of Kinetic Friction

Aluminum – steel 0.47 Automotive brake pad – cast iron 0.35

Brick – brick 0.65 Copper – steel 0.36
Glass – glass 0.4 Ice – ice 0.03
Metal – metal 0.05 Rubber – concrete 0.8
Steel – steel 0.3 Teflon – Teflon 0.04
Wood – wood 0.4

Coefficients of Kinetic Friction used in Construction

Concrete – soil 0.3 Concrete – steel 0.45

Steel – Teflon 0.1 Brick – moist clay 0.33
Brick – dry clay 0.5 Brick – masonry on sand 0.4
Brick – masonry on gravel 0.6 Granite – granite 0.6
Limestone – limestone 0.75 Cement block – cement block 0.65

Cement concrete – dry clay 0.4 Cement concrete – wet clay 0.2
Cement concrete – dry sand 0.5 Cement concrete – wet sand 0.4
Cement concrete – dry gravel 0.5 Cement concrete – dry rock 0.6
Cement concrete – wet rock 0.5

COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
The following friction coefficients shall be considered in calculating the sliding
friction forces :

Concrete to Soil / Rock 0.30

Concrete to Steel 0.45
Steel to Steel 0.30
Steel to Teflon Plate 0.10
Brick Masonry on moist clay 0.33

Brick Masonry on dry clay 0.50

Brick Masonry on sand 0.40

Brick Masonry on gravel 0.60
Brick Masonry to Brick 0.70
Brick Masonry on rock 0.75
Granite on Granite 0.60
Limestone on Limestone 0.75
Cement Blocks on Cement Blocks 0.65
Cement concrete on dry clay 0.40
Cement concrete on wet clay 0.20
Cement concrete on wet sand 0.40
Cement concrete on dry sand 0.50 - 0.60
 Cement concrete on dry gravel 0.50 - 0.60
Cement concrete on dry rock 0.60 - 0.70
Cement concrete on wet rock 0.50
Brick on Brick 0.65
Wood on Wood 0.48
Note: Friction is more on dry surfaces of the same material
compared to wet surface.

d) Strength of Materials

Metal Tensile Strength* [klb/in2] Yield Strength [klb/in2]

Cast Iron 18 – 60 8 – 40
Wrought Iron 45 – 55 25 – 35
Pure Iron, annealed 42 19
Hot rolled 48 30
Cold rolled 100 95

Structural steel 50 – 65 30 – 40
Low alloy 65 – 90 40 – 80
Steel
(SAE1300, annealed) 70 40
Quenched: 1300○F 100 80
Quenched: 1000○F 130 110
Quenched: 700○F 200 180
Quenched: 400○F 240 210
Steel
(SAE 4340, annealed) 80 45
Quenched: 1300○F 130 110
Quenched: 1000○F 190 170
Quenched: 700○F 240 215
Quenched: 400○F 290 260
Steel, cold rolled
(SAE 1112) 84 76
Steel, stainless
(18 – S) 85 – 95 30 – 35

Aluminum, pure rolled 13 – 24 5 – 21

Aluminum-copper alloys, cast 19 – 23 12 – 16
Wrought, heat treated 30 – 60 10 – 50
Aluminum, die castings 30
Aluminum, alloy 17ST 56 34
Aluminum, alloy 51ST 48 40

Copper, annealed 32 5
Copper, hard-drawn 68 60

Silver, cast, annealed 18 8

Titanium, 6 – 4 alloy
Annealed 130 120
*compressive yield strength = tensile yield strength except in cold-rolled metals
e) Mass Densities

Metal mass density averages

[gr/cm3] [lb/ft3] [kg/m3]
Aluminum 2.55 – 2.80 165 2640
Copper , cast rolled 8.8 – 8.95 556 8910
Iron, cast, pig 7.2 450 7207
Iron, slag 2.5 – 3.0 172 2760
Platinum, cast 21.5 1330 21300

Steel, cold drawn 7.83 489 7830

Steel, machine 7.80 487 7800
Steel, tool 7.70 – 7.73 481 7700

Tungsten 19.22 1200 18800

Zinc, cast – rolled 6.9 – 7.2 440 7050

Timber mass density averages

[gr/cm3] [lb/ft3] [kg/m3]
Ash 0.55 34 545
Birch 0.71 – 0.72 44 705
Cedar 0.35 22 352
Cherry 0.43 27 433
Cypress 0.45 – 0.48 29 465
Fir, Douglas 0.48 – 0.55 32 513
Hickory 0.74 – 0.8 48 769
Mahogany 0.56 – 0.85 44 705
Oak, chestnut 0.74 46 737
Oak, red, black 0.64 – 0.71 42 673
Oak, white 0.77 48 770
Pine, Oregon 0.51 32 513
Pine, southern 0.61 – 0.67 40 641
Poplar 0.43 27 433
Redwood, California 0.42 26 417
Spruce 0.45 28 449
Teak, African 0.99 62 994
Teak, Indian 0.66 – 0.88 48 769
Walnut 0.59 37 593
Liquids mass density averages
[gr/cm3] [lb/ft3] [kg/m3]
Alcohol (100% ethyl) 0.789 49 802
Alcohol (100% methyl) 0.796 50 809
Oils, vegetable 0.91 – 0.94 58 930
Oils, mineral, lubricants 0.88 – 0.94 57 914

Water (4○C) 1.0 62.4 1000

Water (100○C) 0.958 59.8 958.1
Water (ice) 0.88 – 0.92 56 897
Water (snow) 0.125 8 128
Water (sea) 1.02 – 1.03 64 1025

Masonry mass density averages

[gr/cm3] [lb/ft3] [kg/m3]
Ashlar
Granite 2.4 – 2.7 159 2550
Limestone 2.1 – 2.8 153 2450
Marble 2.4 – 2.8 162 2600
Sandstone 2.0 – 2.6 143 2290
Rubble
Granite 2.3 – 2.6 153 2450
Limestone 2.0 – 2.7 147 2360
Marble 2.3 – 2.7 156 2500
Sandstone 1.9 – 2.5 137 2190
Brick
Hard 1.8 – 2.3 128 2050
Medium 1.6 – 2.0 112 1790
Soft 1.4 – 1.9 103 1650
Concrete
Cement, stone, sand 2.2 – 2.4 144 2310
Cement, slag, etc. 1.9 – 2.3 130 2080
Cement, cinder, etc. 1.5 – 1.7 100 1600

Earth mass density averages

[gr/cm3] [lb/ft3] [kg/m3]
Clay, dry 1.0 63 1010
Earth, dry, loose 1.2 76 1220
Earth, dry packed 1.5 95 1520
Earth, moist, loose 1.3 78 1250
Earth, moist, packed 1.6 96 1540
Earth, mud 1.7 108 1730