STATICALLY

DETERMINATE
STRESS SYSTEMS
 INTRODUCTION

• A problem is said to be statically

determinate if the stress within
the body can be calculated purely
from the conditions of equilibrium
of the applied loading and internal
forces.
 2.1 AXIALLY LOADED BARS,
STRUT OR COLUMN
2.1 AXIALLY LOADED BARS, STRUT OR COLUMN
The external force applied at the ends of the member is balanced by
internal force which is average stress x cross sectional area.

F F
σX

If the axially loaded bar is cut perpendicular to the axis into two:
F
F = σ x A i . eσ x = (tensile stress)
A
If the bar is cut at an angle to the axis, two components of
stress will be created: one normal to the plane, σ h and the other

parallel to the plane, τ s .

σ h τ s.
τ s.
σh
 2.1.1. Principle of St.
Venant
• It states that the actual distribution of
load over the surface of its application
will not affect the distribution of stress
or strain on sections of the body
which are at an appreciable distance
(> 3 times its greatest width) away
from the load
 Principle of St. Venant Contd.

• e.g. a rod in simple tension may have the

end load applied.
• (a) Centrally concentrated
• (b) Distributed round the circumference of
rod
• (c) Distributed over the end cross-section.
• All are statically equivalent.
Principle of St. Venant Concluded

F F

Uniform stress – stress distribution

not affected by distribution of load but
by its resultant.

Alternatively: The principle states that the stress distribution at sections far removed
from the point of application of concentrated forces depends on stress resultants and not
on the actual distribution of forces.
 Example
• The piston of an engine is 30 cm in
diameter and the piston rod is 5 cm in
diameter. The steam pressure is 100
N/cm2.
• Find (a) the stress on the piston rod
and
• (b) the elongation of a length of 80 cm
when the piston is in instroke.
• (c) the reduction in diameter of the
piston rod (E = 2 x 107 N/cm2; v = 0.3).
 Solution
p = 100 N/cm 2
F σx 30 cm
Piston rod
(dia. = 5 cm)
Piston

(a) For horizontal equilibrium of forces

π x 52 π x ( 30 2 − 52 )
σx = 100 N / cm x 2

4 4
π / 4 (100)( 30 2 − 52 )
σ x = σ rod = = 3500 N / cm 2
π /4 x 5 2

FL σ L 3500 N / cm 2 x 80 cm
(b) Elongation = = = = 0.014 cm
AE E 2 x 10 7 N / cm 2
Change in dia 1 1
εy = = [σ y − ν σ x ] = [ 0 − 0.3( 3500)]
(c) Original dia E 2 x 10 7
= − 5.25 x 10 −5
Change in diameter = 5.25 x 10 -5 x 5 = 0.0002625 cm
 2.2 THIN-WALLED PRESSURE
VESSELS

• Cylindrical and spherical pressure vessels

are commonly used for storing gas and
liquids under pressure.
• A thin cylinder is normally defined as one
in which the thickness of the metal is less
than 1/20 of the diameter of the cylinder.
 THIN-WALLED PRESSURE
VESSELS CONTD
• In thin cylinders, it can be assumed that
the variation of stress within the metal is
negligible, and that the mean diameter,
Dm is approximately equal to the internal
diameter, D.
• At mid-length, the walls are subjected to
hoop or circumferential stress, and a
longitudinal stress, .
Hoop and Longitudinal Stress
2.2.1 Hoop stress in thin
cylindrical shell
 Hoop stress in thin cylindrical
shell Contd.

• The internal pressure, p tends to increase

the diameter of the cylinder and this
produces a hoop or circumferential stress
(tensile).
• If the stress becomes excessive, failure in
the form of a longitudinal burst would
occur.
 Hoop stress in thin cylindrical
shell Concluded

Consider the half cylinder shown. Force due to internal pressure, p is balanced by the
force due to hoop stress, σ h .
i.e. hoop stress x area = pressure x projected area
σh x 2 L t = P x d L

σ h = (P d) / 2 t

Where: d is the internal diameter of cylinder; t is the thickness of wall of cylinder.

2.2.2. Longitudinal stress in thin
cylindrical shell
 Longitudinal stress in thin
cylindrical shell Contd.

The internal pressure, P also produces a tensile stress in

longitudinal direction as shown above.
π d2
Force by P acting on an area is balanced by
4
longitudinal stress, σ L acting over an approximate area,

πdt (mean diameter should strictly be used). That is:

π d2
σL xπ d t = P x
4
Pd
σL =
4t
 Note

• 1. Since hoop stress is twice longitudinal

stress, the cylinder would fail by tearing along a
line parallel to the axis, rather than on a section
perpendicular to the axis.
• The equation for hoop stress is therefore used to
determine the cylinder thickness.
• Allowance is made for this by dividing the
thickness obtained in hoop stress equation by
efficiency (i.e. tearing and shearing efficiency) of
the joint.
Longitudinal stress in thin
cylindrical shell Concluded
 Example

• A cylindrical boiler is subjected to an

internal pressure, p. If the boiler has a
mean radius, r and a wall thickness, t,
derive expressions for the hoop and
longitudinal stresses in its wall. If
Poisson’s ratio for the material is 0.30, find
the ratio of the hoop strain to the
longitudinal strain and compare it with the
ratio of stresses.
 Solution
Hoop stress will cause expansion on the lateral direction and is
equal to σ y while the longitudinal stress is σx
p d p x 2r p r
Hoop stress, σ h = = = ieσ y
2t 2t t
p d p x 2r p r
Longitudinal stress, σL = = = i. e.σ x
4t 4t 2t
(a) Stress ratio = 2
1 1 pr pr 0.2 pr
(b) ε x = [σ x − υ σ y ] = [ − 0.3 ] = ( Longitudinal strain)
E E 2t t E t
1 1 pr pr 0.85 pr
εy = [σ y − υ σ x ] = [ − 0.3 ] = ( Hoop strain)
E E t 2t E t
Hoop strain 0.85
Ratio of strains = = = 4.25
Longitudinal strain 0.2
 2.2.3 Pressure in Spherical
Vessels

2.2.3 Pressure in Spherical Vessels

Problems dealing with spherical vessels follow similar solutions to that for thin cylinders
except that there will be longitudinal stresses in all directions. No hoop or circumferential
stresses are produced.

Pd
i.e σL =
4t
 2.3 STRESSES IN THIN ROTATING
RINGS

• If a thin circular ring or cylinder, is rotated about

its centre, there will be a natural tendency for the
diameter of the ring to be increased.
• A centripetal force is required to maintain a body
in circular motion.
• In the case of a rotating ring, this force can only
arise from the hoop or circumferential stress
created in the ring.
STRESSES IN THIN ROTATING
RING
 STRESSES IN THIN ROTATING
RINGS CONTD.
Consider a thin ring of mean radius, r, density, ρ and
having a cross-sectional area, A, to be rotating about
centre Owith an angular velocity, w(rad/s).
For an elemental length which sustends an angle dθ at O,
as shown in Fig. (a).
Circumferential length of element = rdθ

Volume of element = r A dθ
Mass of element = ρ r A dθ

Centripetal force to maintain circular motion =mass x w2 r = ρ r A dθ w2r

= ρ w2 r2 A dθ
 STRESSES IN THIN ROTATING
RINGS CONTD.

If the hoop stress created in the ring is σ h

Force F acting on cross-section = σ h . A (see diagram b)

Radial component of the force, F = 2 ( σ h . A) sin dθ 2 =

2 ( σ h . A) dθ 2 ( for small dθ )
This radial component of forces, F supplies the required
centripetal force to maintain the element in circular motion. Thus:
2 ( σ h . A) dθ 2 = ρ w2 r2 A dθ

i.e. σ h = ρ w2 r2
Putting velocity, V = wr ; σ h = ρ V2
 STRESSES IN THIN ROTATING
RINGS CONCLUDED

• Hence: Hoop stress created in a

thin rotating ring, or cylinder is
independent of the cross-
sectional area.
• For a given peripheral speed, the
stress is independent of the
radius of the ring.
 EXAMPLE

• A thin steel plate having a tensile strength

of 440 MN/m2 and a density of 7.8 Mg/m3
is formed into a circular drum of mean
diameter 0.8 m.
• Determine the greatest speed at which the
drum can be rotated if there is to be a
safety factor of 8. E = 210 GN/m2.
 SOLUTION

440 MN / m 2
= 55 MN / m 2
Greatest stress to be applied = Factor of safety (8)
ρ = 7.8 Mg / m 3 = 7800 kg / m 3
hoop stress, σ h = ρ V2 = ρ w2 r2
σh 55 x 106 N / m2
w= = = 209.9 rad / s
ρr 2 3 2 2
7800 kg / m x 0.4 (m )

π rad = 1800, rad = 57.2960

In 3600 (1 rev), we have 360/57.296 = 6.283 rad
i.e 209.9 rad /s = 33.407 rev/s = 2004.4 rev/min
 2.4 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
STRESS SYSTEMS

• There is the need to assess the

geometry of deformation and link
stress and strain through modulus
and Poisson’s ratio for the
material.
 2.4.1 Volume Changes

• Example: A pressure cylinder, 0.8 m long

is made out of 5 mm thick steel plate
which has an elastic modulus of 210 x 103
N/mm2 and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.28. The
cylinder has a mean diameter of 0.3 m and
is closed at its ends by flat plates. If it is
subjected to an internal pressure of 3
N/mm2, calculate its increase in volume.
 SOLUTION

Hoop stress, σ h = (P d) / 2 t =

3N / mm2 x 300 mm
= 90N / mm2
2 x 5 mm
Longitudinal stress, σ L = (P d) / 4 t = 45 N/mm2
Longitudinal strain,
1 1
ε L = [σ L − υ σ h ] = 3 2
[45 − 028
. x 90] = 000009429
.
E 210 x 10 N / mm
 SOLUTION CONCLUDED

Hoop strain,
1 1
ε h = [σ h − υ σ L ] = 3 2
[90 − 028
. x 45] = 00003686
.
E 210 x 10 N / mm

Volumetric strain = ε L + 2 ε h = 000083134

. (See Section 1.4)

Original volume of cylinder is equal to :

π x 3002
x 800 = 565487
. x 10−6 mm3
4
Increase in volume = 565487
. x 10−6 x 000083134
. = 47009 mm3
 Example

• The dimensions of an oil storage tank with

hemispherical ends are shown in the
Figure. The tank is filled with oil and the
volume of oil increases by 0.1% for each
degree rise in temperature of 10C. If the
coefficient of linear expansion of the tank
material is 12 x 10-6 per 0C, how much oil
will be lost if the temperature rises by
100C.
 SOLUTION

For 100C rise in temperature:

Volumetric strain of oil = 0.001 x 10 = 0.01
Volumetric strain of tank = 3 α T
= 3 x 12 x 10-6 x 10 = 0.00036
Difference in volumetric strain = 0.01 - 0.00036 = 0.00964
Volume of tank = π x 102 x 100 + 4/3 x π x 103 =
10000 π + 1333.33 π
= 11333.33 π m3

Volume of oil lost = strain difference x volume of tank = 0.00964 x 11333.33 π m3

= 343.2 m3.
 2.4.2 IMPACT LOADS

L W

x = dl
 IMPACT LOADS CONTD.
Consider a weight, W falling through a height, h
on to a collar attached to one end of a uniform bar.
The other end of the bar is fixed.
Let dl be the maximum extension caused
and σ be the stress set up.
Let P be the equivalent static or gradually applied load
which would cause the same extension, dl
Strain energy in the bar at this instant = 1/2 P. dl
Neglecting loss of energy at impact:

L W

x = d l
 IMPACT LOADS CONTD.

Loss of potential energy of weight, W on impact = Gain of strain energy of bar

i.e. W (h + dl) = 1/2 P dl
PL
Recall that : dl =
AE
PL 1 P2 L
i.e W (h + )= ( )
AE 2 AE
L W
PL 1 P 2 L
Wh + W =
AE 2 AE
1 P 2 L WPL h
i. e. − − Wh = 0
2 AE AE
AE x = dl
Multiplying by
L
P2 WhAE
− WP − =0
2 L
 IMPACT LOADS CONTD.

Recall the quadratic equation formula:

−b + b 2 − 4ac
P=
2a
1 WhAE
i. e. P = W + W 2 + 4 x L W
2 L
Using only the positive root:
h
P = W + W + 2WhAE / L
2

2hAE x = dl
= W[1 + 1 + ]
WL

PL P
From which dl = and σ = can be obtained.
AE A
 IMPACT LOADS CONTD.

• Note: 1. For a suddenly applied load , h

= 0 and P = 2 W i.e the stress
produced by a suddenly applied load is
twice the static stress.
• 2. If there is no deformation, ‘ x’ of the
bar, W will oscillate about, and come to
rest in the normal equilibrium position.
 IMPACT LOAD CONCLUDED

• 3. The above analysis assumes that the whole

of the rod attains the same value of maximum
stress at the same instant.
• In actual practice, a wave of stress is set up by
the impact and is propagated along the rod.
• This approximate analysis, however, gives
results on the “safe” side.
 EXAMPLE

• A mass of 100 kg falls 4 cm on to

a collar attached to a bar of steel,
2 cm diameter, 3 m long.
• Find the maximum stress set up.
E = 205,000 N/mm2.
 SOLUTION CONCLUDED

π x 202
Area of bar = = 3142
. mm2
4
W = 100 x 9.81 = 981 N

2 x 40 x 3142
. x 205000
P = 9811
[ + 1+ ] = 4202965
. N
981 x 3000
P 4202965
. N
Stress = = = 13377
. = 134N / mm2

. mm2
A 3142
 ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION

Using Alternative Equation:

2σ Eh 1/ 2
σ ' = σ + (σ 2 + ) By Benham and Crawford (1987)
L
100 x 9.81 981
σ = 2
= = 3122
. N / mm2 ; σ 2 = 9.748
20 314.2
πx
4

2 x 3122
. x 205000 x 40
σ ' = 3122
. + 9.748 +
3000

= 133.80 = 134 N/mm2.