Unitec Conex I Ones

Diseño de Estructuras de Acero

Agosto - Diciembre de 2010 Carlos Enrique Nungaray Pérez 1
DISEÑO DE
ESTRUCTURAS DE ACERO
CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ

Carlos Enrique Nungaray Pérez
DISEÑO DE CONEXIONES

Diseño de Conexiones
 Conexiones sujetas a corte axial

 Conexiones sujetas a corte excéntrico
 Conexiones sujetas a momento y fuerza
cortante y/o axial

DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTIONS:
a) Welded Connections
b) Bolted Connections
Strength of Structural Welds
(Part of Table J2.5 AISC 2005)

• Welds may be loaded in shear, tension, compression, or a combination of these
• Capacities for welds are given in the AISC Specification Section J2 (2005)
• The strength of a weld is dependent on multiple factors, including: base metal,
filler metal, type of weld, throat and weld size
CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY
AUG-DEC, 2010 PÉREZ 6
Welding Terminology
• Tack Weld (above left): A temporary weld used to hold parts in place while more
extensive, final welds are made
• Continuous Weld: A weld which extends continuously from one end of a joint to
the other
• Stitch Weld (above right): A series of welds of a specified length that are spaced
a specified distance from each other

Welding Terminology
Butt
Lap Corner
Edge
Tee
• Shown above are types of structural joints which are established by positions of
the connected material relative to one another
• Lap, tee, and butt joints are most common (AISC)
Welding Terminology
Fillet Full penetration Partial penetration

single bevel single bevel
groove weld groove weld
Full penetration Partial penetration

Plug double vee single J groove
groove weld weld
• Weld types define the configuration of the weld and its underlying design approach
• Fillet welds and groove welds are most common
• Groove welds fall into two categories
 Full penetration – the entire member cross-section is welded
 Partial penetration – just part of the member cross-section is welded
(AISC)
Fillet Welds
Symbolic Profiles
Actual Profiles
• The most commonly used weld is the fillet weld

• Fillet welds are theoretically triangular in cross-section
• Fillet welds join two surfaces at approximately right angles to each other in
lap, tee, and corner joints
(AISC & NISD 2000)
Groove Welds
• Groove welds are specified when a fillet weld is not appropriate for the job
 The configuration of the pieces may not permit fillet welding
 A strength greater than that provided by a fillet weld is required
• Groove welds are made in the space or groove between the two pieces being welded
(AISC & NISD 2000)

Full Penetration Groove Welds
• The bevel or “J” preparation extends over most of or the entire face of the material being
joined
• Complete fusion takes place
• In some types of full penetration groove welds the material will be beveled from one side
of the plate with a separate plate on the opposite side – called backing or a backing bar
(AISC & NISD 2000)
Partial Penetration Groove Welds
Partial joint penetration welds are used when it is not necessary for the strength of the joint to
develop the full cross section of the members being joined
(AISC & NISD 2000)
Welding Positions
• There are four recognized welding positions:

 Flat: The face of the weld is approximately horizontal and welding is performed from
above the joint
 Horizontal: The axis of the weld is horizontal
 Vertical: The axis is approximately vertical or in the upright position
 Overhead: Welding is performed from below the joint
• The flat position is preferred because it is easier and more efficient to weld in this position
(AISC & NISD 2000)
Weld Size
• The size of a weld must match the size specified on the drawings
• Some welds may meet the required size after a single pass of the welder
• Larger weld sizes may require multiple passes to meet the size requirement
• Common single pass welds include fillet welds up to and including 5/16 inch and thin
plate butt welds with no preparation
• Common multiple pass welds include single bevel full penetration groove welds, single
bevel partial penetration groove welds, and fillet welds over 5/16 inch
• The weld in the above picture is a multiple pass fillet weld
SMAW Welding
• Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) is also known as manual, stick, or hand welding
• An electric arc is produced between the end of a coated metal electrode and the steel
components to be welded
• The electrode is a filler metal covered with a coating
• The electrode’s coating has two purposes:
• It forms a gas shield to prevent impurities in the atmosphere from getting into the
weld
• It contains a flux that purifies the molten metal (AISC & NISD 2000)
GMAW Welding
• Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) is also known as MIG welding

• It is fast and economical
• A continuous wire is fed into the welding gun
• The wire melts and combines with the base metal to form the weld
• The molten metal is protected from the atmosphere by a gas shield which is fed through a
conduit to the tip of the welding gun
• This process may be automated (AISC & NISD 2000)
FCAW Welding
• Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) is similar to the GMAW process

• The difference is that the filler wire has a center core which contains flux
• With this process it is possible to weld with or without a shielding gas
 This makes it useful for exposed conditions where a shielding gas may be affected
by the wind
(AISC & NISD 2000)
SAW Welding
• Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) is only performed by automatic or semiautomatic

methods
• Uses a continuously fed filler metal electrode
• The weld pool is protected from the surrounding atmosphere by a blanket of granular flux
fed at the welding gun
• Results in a deeper weld penetration than the other process
• Only flat or horizontal positions may be used (AISC & NISD 2000)
Welding Equipment
• Equipment used for welding will vary depending on the welding process and whether the
welding is being done in the shop or in the field
• A Flux Cored Arc Welding machine for shop welding is pictured above left
• A Shielded Metal Arc Welding machine for field welding is pictured above right
Weather Impacts on Welding
• Welding in the field is avoided if possible due to welding condition requirements

• Field welding is not to be performed while it is raining, snowing, or below 0° F
• In certain ambient temperatures preheating of the material to be welded is required
• AWS Code D1.1 (2004b) specifies minimum preheat and interpass temperatures, which
are designed to prevent cracking

Welding in Existing Structures
Welding to existing structures during retrofit projects requires careful consideration

of numerous factors:
• Determine weldability – Identify the steel grade to establish a welding procedure
• Select and design the weld – Fillet welds are preferred and avoid over welding
• Surface preparation – Remove contaminants such as paint, oil, and grease
• Loads during retrofit – An engineer should determine the extent to which a member will
be permitted to carry loads while heating, welding, or cutting
• Fire hazards – Follow all governing fire codes, regulations, and safety rules to avoid fires
• For complete details see the AISC Rehabilitation and Retrofit Guide (2002b)

Weld Inspections
• In addition to the erector’s quality control program, tests and inspections are specified by
the Engineer of Record and/or the local building authority
• A local building inspector may request that tests in addition to those specified by the
Engineer of Record be performed
• Some problems that can be found in welds include:
 Lack of fusion  Cracks  Wrong size
 Porosity  Insufficient penetration  Poor workmanship
• There are several weld tests and inspections that are commonly used
Visual Inspection
• Visual inspection is the most frequently used inspection and is the only inspection
required unless the specification calls for a more stringent inspection method
• Inspection is done by the welder before, during, and after welding
• When outside inspection is required it should also be done before, during, and after
welding
• Minor problems can be identified and corrected before the weld is complete
(AISC & NISD 2000)
Dye Penetrant Test
• Dye penetrant testing locates minute surface cracks and porosity

• Dye types that may be used include:
 Color contrast dye - which shows up under ordinary light
 Fluorescent dye – which shows up under black light
• The dye is normally applied by spraying it directly on the weld
(AISC & NISD 2000)
Magnetic Particle Inspection
• Magnetic particle inspection uses powdered magnetic particles to indicate defects in

magnetic materials
• A magnetic field is induced in the part
• The magnetic powder is attracted to and outlines cracks within the material
(AISC & NISD 2000)
Ultrasonic Inspection
• Ultrasonic inspection can be used to detect flaws inside welds

• High frequency sound waves are directed into the metal with a probe held at a specific
angle
• The flaws reflect some energy back to the probe
• Flaws show up as indications on a screen (above) and are subject to interpretation by an
inspector
(AISC & NISD 2000)
Radiographic Inspection
• Radiographic inspection, or X-ray, can also be used to detect flaws inside welds
• Invisible rays penetrate the metal and reveal flaws on an x-ray film or fluorescent screen
(above)
• This is the most costly of the inspection methods
(AISC & NISD 2000)
Welding Cost Considerations
• Fillet weld is less expensive than groove weld

 No special preparation
 No backing required
 Less volume of weld
• Partial penetration groove weld is less expensive than full penetration
groove weld
• Labor represents the majority of the cost associated with welding
Design of Simple Welded Connections
AISC-LRFD Chapter J
Types of Welded Connections

Welding Processes
 Shielded-metal-arc
 Electrode coating creates a gaseous shield that
protects the molten weld metal from the
atmosphere (field weld)
 Submerged-arc
 Arc occurs underneath a previously deposited
fusible powdered flux that blankets the welding
zone (shop weld)

Advantages of Welding
 Simplicity of design details, efficiency, and

minimum weight are achieved because welding
provides the most direct transfer of stress from
one member to another.
 Fabrication costs are reduced because fewer
parts are handled and operations such as
punching, reaming and drilling are eliminated.
 Saving in weight in main tension members since
there is no reduction in area due to rivet or bolt
holes. Additional saving is also achieved
because of the fewer connecting parts required.
 Welding provides the only plate-joining

procedure that is inherently air- and
watertight and hence is ideal for water and oil
storage tanks, ships, and so forth.
 Welding permits the use of fluidly changing
lines that enhance the structural and
arquitectural appearance, as well as reduce
stress concentrations due to local
discontinuities.
 Simple fabrication becomes practicable for

those joints in which a member is joined to a
curved or sloping surface, such as structural
pipe connections.
 Welding simplifies the strengthening and
repair of existing riveted or welded structures.

Welding Symbols
 In the next slide the different weld symbols

are shown.

Fillet Weld Design
 Fillet welds account for more than 80% of the

welds in a structure
 Specifications for design are in Chapter J,
Section 2 of the AISC Manual

Fillet Weld Design
 Failure modes:
 Fracture of the weld metal along the throat plane (Plane 2-2 in
AISC-LRFD Page 339)

 Fracture of the base metal near the fusion plane (Planes 1-1 or 3-
3 in AISC-LRFD Page 339)

 Block shear rupture of the base metal (if applicable)
Reference: AISC Manual

Fillet Welds in Longitudinal Shear
 Critical shear planes for fillet welds loaded in longitudinal

shear (AISC Manual, Commentary to Chapter J, page
339).



Strength of Fillet Welds

Fillet Weld Failure Modes
 Fracture of the weld metal along the throat plane (Plane 2-2 )
Rnw 0.707 S w 0.60 FEXX

Sw weld size
0.75
CARLOS
Reference:ENRIQUE NUNGARAY
AISC Manual
 Fracture of the base metal near the fusion plane (Planes 1-1 or 3-3)
Rnw t 0.6 Fu
t thickness of base metal
0.75
CARLOS
AISC Manual
 Yielding of the base metal near the fusion plane (Planes 1-1 or 3-3)
Rnw t 0.6 Fy
1.00
CARLOS
AISC Manual


Strength of Fillet Welds

 Fracture of the weld metal along the throat plane (Plane 2-2 )
Rnw 0.707 S w 0.60 FEXX

Sw weld size
0.75
CARLOS
AISC Manual
 Fracture of the base metal near the fusion plane (Planes 1-1 or 3-3)
Rnw t 0.6 Fu
0.75
CARLOS
AISC Manual
 Yielding of the base metal near the fusion plane (Planes 1-1 or 3-3)
Rnw t 0.6 Fy
1.00
CARLOS
AISC Manual
Variation of Fillet Weld Strength

= 0°: weld in shear

= 90°: weld in tension



Possible Deffects in Welds
 Incomplete fusion
 Inadequate joint
penetration
Reference: Salmon, Johnson, and

Malhas
 Porosity
 Undercutting

Falhas
 Slag inclusions
 Cracks

Falhas

Minimum Size of Fillet Welds

Maximum Size of Fillet Welds

Maximum Size of Fillet Welds

Example of Welded Connection
 Design a single angle tension member to resist 40 kips

dead load and 20 kips live load and its welded
connection to an A36 gusset plate
 Use E70 electrodes

Fy 36 ksi Fu 58 ksi Required gross area by rupture on the efective area:

Pu 2
yt 0.9 r 0.75 ys 1.0 Ae A e 1.839 in
r Fu
FE70 70 ksi
Assumed value for the shear lag reduction coefficient Ae 2

An An 2.164 in
U
U 0.85
Since there are no holes, the net area is the same as the gross area
PD 40 kip
A gr An
PL 20 kip
2
A gcrit max A gy A gr A gcrit 2.469 in
Pu 1.2 PD 1.6 PL
Based on the required gross area, an L5x3.5x5/16 is selected
Pu 80 kip
Required gross area by yielding on the gross area: 2
A greal 2.57 in
Pu 2
A gy A gy 2.469 in
xbar 0.829 in
yt Fy
Ls 5 in

Design of the fillet welds: By rupture in the base metal:
R nw2 r t 0.6 Fu
5
t in
16 kip
R nw2 8.156
in
3
Swmin in By yielding in the base metal:
16
1 R nw3 ys t 0.6 Fy
Swmax t in
16
kip
R nw3 6.75
Sw Swmin in
kip
R nw min R nw1 R nw2 R nw3 R nw 4.176
By rupture on the throat plane: in
R nw1 r 0.707 Sw 0.6 FE70

The required length of the weld is given by:
kip Pu
R nw1 4.176 Lweld Lweld 19.158 in
in R nw
Use two lines of

Lw 10 in

We now proceed to check block shear rupture strength on the gusset plate
10 in
xbar
Ucalc 1
Lw
5 in
Ucalc 0.917
Since U=0.917>the assumed value of 0.85, the strength is OK
Rn 2 Lw R nw
Rn 83.514 kip
t pl .375in Ubs 1.0

2
A nt Ls t pl A nt 1.875 in
A nv 2 Lw t pl
2
A nv 7.5 in
A gv 2 Lw t pl
2
A gv 7.5 in
R nbs1 r Ubs A nt Fu 0.6 A nv Fu R nbs1 277.313 k
R nbs1 r Ubs A nt Fu 0.6 A nv Fu R nbs1 277.313 kip
R nbs2 r Ubs A nt Fu 0.6 A gv Fy R nbs2 203.063 kip
R nbs min R nbs1 R nbs2
R nbs 203.063 kip

It is evident that block shear rupture of the gusset plate is not a critical ultimate limit state
Another design check is based on the strength of the gusset plate calculated based on the Whitmore Section
bw Ls 2 Lw tan
6
bw 16.547 in
Aw bw t pl
2
Aw 6.205 in
Yielding on the Whitmore Section:

R nyw yt Aw Fy
R nyw 201.046 kip
Rupture on the Whitmore Section:

R nrw r Aw Fu
R nrw 269.923 kip

Whitmore Section
 A Whitmore section identifies a theoretically effective

cross-sectional area at the end of a connection resisting
tension or compression, such as that from a brace-to-
gusset-plate connection or similar fitting.
 As illustrated in the figure, the effective length for the

Whitmore section Lw is determined using a spread-out
angle of 30° along both sides of the connection,
beginning at the start of the connection.
 It is applicable to both welded and bolted connections.

Whitmore Section
 Sometimes the Whitmore section "spills" over the

boundaries of the connected elements as shown in the
attached figure.
 If a "block shear" concept (see "Analytical Models for

Steel Connections" by Ralph M. Richard, Behavior of
Metal Structures, Proceedings of the W.H. Munse
Symposium, ASCE, pp. 128-155, 1983) is used as
shown rather than the Whitmore section, this apparent
dilemma is then circumvented with identical computed
load results.

Whitmore Section

Whitmore Section

Whitmore Section

 Conclusion:
 Use an L5x3.5x5/16 in A36 steel
 Use 3/16 in. Sw E70 electrodes and a 20 in. weld
length in two lines of 10 in. each
 The load carrying capacity is 83.26 kips controlled
by yielding on the gross area of the L-shape

Design of Welded Connections with Weld
Balance
Design of Simple Bolted Connections
Weld Balancing
 When the member is subjected to cyclic

loads the additional bending stresses due to
the eccentricity of the load may lead to a
fatigue type of failure
 In these cases the designer must minimize
the eccentricity of the load by making the
resultant force in the welds coincide with the
centroid of the member

Weld Balancing
 Example. Design the fillet welds for the

example of the previous session minimizing
the eccentricity
 Note: the design process up to the calculation
of the required weld length goes exactly the
same as before, the only difference lies in the
way in which the weld is distributed

Weld Balancing
F1
yy
F2
Moments bottom
0 Forces horizontal
0
F1 L Pu L y 0 F1 F2 Pu
Pu L y
F1 F2 Pu F1
L
F1 F2
Lw1 Lw 2
Rnw Rnw

Weld Balancing
Moments bottom
0 Moments 0
bottom
F1 L Pu L y 0 5 F1 80 5 1.57 0
Pu L y 80 5 1.57
F1 F1 54.88 kips
L 5
Forces horizontal
0 Forces horizontal 0
F1 F2 Pu
F1 F2 Pu
F2 Pu F1
F2 80 54.88 25.12 kips
F1
Lw1 F1 54.88
Rnw Lw1 13.14 in 13.50 in
Rnw 4.176
F2
Lw 2 F2 25.12
Rnw Lw 2 6.02 in 6.50 in
Rnw 4.176

Weld Balancing
F1
1.57 in
L5x3.5x5/16
80 kips
F2
13.50 in
… Do the calculations for end weld also

6.50 in

Design of Bolted Connections
Structural Bolting
• The Research Council on Structural Connections (RCSC) prepares specifications and

documents related to structural connections
• RCSC’s Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts (2000) is a
widely used specification which discusses joints, fasteners, limit states, installation, and
inspections
ASTM Bolt Types
(AISC & NISD 2000)
• A307 – Low carbon steel

 Not commonly used
 Only used for secondary members
• A325 – High-strength medium carbon steel (above left)
 Most common bolts used in building construction
• A490 – High-strength heat treated steel (above right)
 Cost more than A325’s, but are stronger so fewer bolts may be necessary
• Note that the ASTM designation is indicated on the head of the bolts above
Common Bolt Sizes
• A325 and A490 bolts are available in diameters ranging from 1/2” to 1-1/2”
• The most common sizes are 3/4”, 7/8”, and 1”
• High-strength bolts are commonly available in incremental lengths up to 8”
(AISC)
Washers
• Hardened steel washers are used in many structural connections to spread pressure from
the bolt tightening process over a larger area
• Washers may also be used to cover an oversized or slotted hole (RCSC 2000)
• Flat washers are most commonly used
• Tapered washers (above left) are used when the surface being bolted has a sloped
surface, such as the flange of a channel or an S shape
• A325 bolts require a washer under the element (head or nut) being turned to tighten the
bolt (shown under the nut, above right)
• A490 bolts require a washer under both the head and nut (AISC & NISD 2000)
Parts of the Bolt Assembly
Grip Washer
Washer Nut
Face
Shank Thread
Head
Length
• Grip is the distance from behind the bolt head to the back of the nut or washer
 It is the sum of the thicknesses of all the parts being joined exclusive of washers
• Thread length is the threaded portion of the bolt
• Bolt length is the distance from behind the bolt head to the end of the bolt
(AISC & NISD 2000)
Bolting Methods
 Turn of the nut
 Calibrated wrench

Bolting Methods
 Twist – off bolts
 Direct tension
indicator

Direct Tension Indicator

Nominal Bolt Hole Dimensions
(Table 3.1 RCSC 2000)

• Bolts are installed in one of four types of holes (see table above)
• Standard holes can be used anywhere
• Oversized holes may only be used in slip-critical connections
• Short-slotted holes are used with the slot perpendicular to the direction of stress
• Long-slotted holes are primarily used when connecting to existing structures
Types of Connections
 Riveted
 Bolted
 Bearing type connections
 Slip-critical connections

Disadvantages of Rivets
 Driving of rivets requires a crew of 4 or 5
experienced people, while the installation of
bolts (high or normal strength) does not
 Inspection of rivet installation is difficult, even
for the most experienced personnel
 Cutting and replacement of faulty rivets is an
expensive procedure
 Even the heating previous to the installation
of the rivets is critical to develop the
necessary clamping force
Disadvantages of Rivets
 Finally, the economic factor has its impact,
because even with the high cost of the
manpower but with designs that generally
require less bolts than rivets, designing with
bolts is more economic than designing with
rivets

Obsolescence of Rivets
 Availability of high strength bolts
 Development of new welding techniques

Types of Bolts
 A307 (Normal strength)
 A325 (High strength)
 A490 (High strength)

Installation of Bolts
 Method of the turn of the nut (easiest to
apply)
 Use of a calibrated wrench
 Use of special, twist - off bolts
 Direct tension indicator method
(See the previous slides on bolting)

Turn of the Nut Method
Reference: Kulak et al.

A325 and A490 Compared

A325 and A490 Compared

Advantages of High Strength Bolts
 Rigid joints: there is no relative displacement

among the parts, under service loads
 High static resistance due to friction
 Smaller load transmitted in the net section of
the plates
 There are no shear or bearing stresses in the
bolts
 High fatigue strength
 Nut loosening is avoided
Types of Bolted Connections
 There are two types of bolted connections:

 Bearing-type connections. The load transfer
mechanism is by shear in the bolts and bearing in
the plates. Both, normal and high strength bolts
are permitted for use in this type of connections
 Slip-critical connections. The load transfer
mechanism is by friction. Only high strength bolts
are permitted in this type of connections

Bearing Type Connections:
Load Transfer Mechanism
 Shear in bolts
 Bearing in plates
 Shear out between the end fastener and the
end of the plate
 Fracture
 Block shear (not always applicable)

Bearing Type Connections:
Failure Modes
Reference: Salmon & Johnson

Bearing Failure
Taken from Yura’s “Elements for Teaching

LRFD”

End Tear-Out Failure

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY Reference: Huns, Grondin, and Driver

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY Reference: Cai and Driver

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY Reference: Cai and Driver

Strength of the Connection
Rn Rnb N b
0.75
Rnb bolt strength, given by the smallest of the
values in the following slides
Nb number of bolts in the connection

Strength Equations
 Bolt shear
Rnb Ab Fuv N s ; 0.75

Ab bolt area
Fuv shear strength from Table J3.2
Ns number of shear planes

Strength Equations

Strength Equations
 Plate bearing
Rnb 2.4dbtFu N s ; 0.75

db bolt diameter
t plate thickness
Fu plate tensile strength
Ns number of shear planes

Strength Equations
 Shear out failure
Rnb 1.2 Lc tFu 2.4dbtFu ; 0.75

Lc clear distance, in the direction of the force,
between the edge of the hole and the edge of the
adjacent hole or end of the material
If Lc 2db , the full bearing strength can be used

Minimum Edge Distance

CV00-871 DESIGN OF
STEEL MEMBERS
Session 9
Design of Simple Bolted Connections
Example of Bolted Connection
 Determine the load carrying capacity of the

connection between a beam and a much
stiffer column.
 The beam is A992 steel
 The bolts are A325, ¾ in. diameter
 Electrodes are E70
 The shear plate is A36

Ultimate Limit States
 Shear in beam. Normally it is not critical and will be

studied later in this course
 Shear in bolts
 Bearing in plates (beam web and/or shear plate)
 Shear rupture in shear plate
 Shear yielding in shear plate
 Shear out in shear plate
 Block shear rupture in shear plate
 Shear rupture in weld metal

 Shear in beam. From Table 3-2, page 3-18:
V
v nx 140.00 kips

 Shear in bolts. From table 7-15 the bolts have their

thread included in the shear plane
Rnb Fn Ab
2
3
Rnb 0.75 48 15.90 kips bolt
4 4
Rn N b Rnb 4 15.90 63.62 kips
 Bearing in plates (beam web and/or shear plate). In this

case the beam web is not critical since it is thicker and
has higher strength (65 ksi Vs. 58 ksi)
For the bolt at the bottom of the shear plate:
0.75 0.125
Rnb 1.2 LctFu 0.75 1.2 1.5 0.25 58
2
Rnb 13.87 kips
For the remaining bolts:
Rnb 2.4dbtFu 0.75 2.4 0.75 0.25 58
Rnb 19.58 kips
Rn 1 13.87 3 19.58
Rn 72.61 kips
 Shear rupture in shear

plate
12”
7
Anv 12 4 0.25 2.13 in 2
8
Rn Anv 0.6Fu 0.75 2.13 0.6 58
Rn 55.46 kips

 Shear yielding in shear

plate
12”
Agv 12 0.25 3.00 in 2

Rn Agv 0.6Fy 1.00 3.00 0.6 36
Rn 64.80 kips

 Shear out in shear plate. This ultimate limit

state was included in the bearing strength of
the shear plate
 In the beam web, this failure mode is not an
issue

 Block shear rupture in

shear plate: first
possibility 12”
Nb N bs 4
Ant 1.5 0.5 0.875 0.25 0.266 in 2
Anv 10.5 3.5 0.875 0.25 1.859 in 2
Agv 10.5 0.25 2.625
Anv Fu 107.82 Agv Fy 94.50
Rnbs U bs Ant Fu 0.6 Agv Fy ; U bs 1.00
Rnbs 0.75 1.00 0.266 58 0.6 94.5
Rnbs 54.10 kips
4
Rn 54.10 54.10 kips
4

shear plate: second
possibility 12”
Nb 4; Nbs 3
Ant 0.266 in 2
Anv 7.5 2.5 0.875 0.25 1.328 in 2
Agv 7.5 0.25 1.875 in 2
Anv Fu 77.02 Agv Fy 67.50
Rnbs 0.75 1.00 0.266 58 0.6 67.5
Rnbs 41.95 kips
4
Rn 41.95 55.93 kips
3

shear plate: third
possibility 12”
Nb 4; Nbs 2
Ant 0.266 in 2
Anv 4.5 1.5 0.875 0.25 0.797 in 2
Agv 4.5 0.25 1.125 in 2
Rnbs 0.75 1.00 0.266 58 0.6 40.5
Rnbs 29.80 kips
4
Rn 29.80 59.59 kips
2

shear plate: fourth
possibility 12”
Nb 4; N bs 1
Ant 0.266 in 2
Anv 1.5 1.5 0.875 0.25 0.266 in 2
Agv 1.5 0.25 0.375 in 2
Rnbs 0.75 1.00 0.266 58 0.6 13.5
Rnbs 17.65 kips
4
Rn 17.65 70.58 kips
1
 Shear rupture in weld metal. Note that shear rupture of

the shear plate near the fusion plane is not checked
because it was already checked in the net area, which is
more critical
Rnw 2 0.707 S w 0.60 FE 70
3
Rnw 2 0.75 0.707 0.60 70 8.35 kips in
16
Rn Rnw Lw 8.35 12 100.22 kips

Conclusion
 The load carrying capacity of the connection

is 54.10 kips and it is controlled by block
shear rupture strength when all the bolts are
included in the block shear
 Compare with Table 10-9a of the Manual

Additional Topics
 In some cases there may be bolts in two different planes

such as the L-shape shown below
 The net area is calculated by treating the shape as a
plate developed by its center line
 If the thickness changes, use an average value in the
correction term (diagonal)

Design of Slip-Critical Connections
Slip-Critical Connections
 These connections are used when it is

important to prevent slip between the
connected parts
 Slip resistance is proportional to the clamping
force which is equal to the bolt pretension
 Because slip resistance depends on the bolt
pretension, only high strength bolts are
permitted

 The design slip resistance is given by
Rnb Du hscTb N s
1.00 for connections where slip is a serviceability limit state
0.85 for connections designed to prevent slip at the required strength



 Once the number of bolts required to avoid

slip has been determined, the resulting array
of bolts must be checked by all the ultimate
limit states of bearing-type connections
 This is to assure the structural integrity of the
connection in case the slip resistance has
been overwhelmed by an overload
 When this happens, the connection becomes
automatically a bearing-type connection
Conexiones Sujetas a Corte Excéntrico
 Conexiones atornilladas
 Tipo aplastamiento
 Críticas al deslizamiento
 Conexiones soldadas

Conexiones Sujetas a Momento y
Fuerza Cortante
 Conexión con perfil WT
 Conexión con placas
 Diseño de la placa de corte
 Diseño de la placa en la zona de tensión
 Diseño de la placa en la zona de compresión
 Diseño de los atiesadores
 Conexión de tres vigas a una columna

Conexiones Atornilladas Sujetas a Corte
Excéntrico

Excéntrico

Excéntrico

Excéntrico

Excéntrico
Referencia: Salmon & Johnson

Excéntrico

Excéntrico

Excéntrico

Conexiones Soldadas Sujetas a Corte
Excéntrico

Excéntrico
 Para un grupo de soldaduras con carga en su plano
a través de su centro de gravedad
1.5
Rnw 0.6 FEXX 1 0.50sin te

Excéntrico
 Para soldaduras en una configuración sujeta a corte
excéntrico en el plano, analizadas por el método del
centro instantáneo de rotación
0.3
Ri 0.6FEXX 1 0.50sin1.5 i
1.9 0.9 i
te
m m

Excéntrico

Excéntrico

Excéntrico
 Procedimiento de análisis:
 Dividir la soldadura en segmentos (≈1 in por segmento).
 Suponer la localización del centro instantáneo de
rotación.
 Suponer que la fuerza en la soldadura actúa en dirección
perpendicular a la línea radial que va del centro
instantáneo de rotación al centroide del segmento.
 Calcular el ángulo entre la dirección de la fuerza en la
soldadura y el eje de la soldadura.
 Calcular las deformaciones m y u en la soldadura en
función del ángulo.

Excéntrico
 Procedimiento de análisis (continuación)
 Suponer que las deformaciones en los segmentos varían
linealmente con la distancia al centro instantáneo de
rotación.
 Calcular las deformaciones para cada segmento.
 Calcular la resistencia nominal para cada segmento de
soldadura.
 Calcular la carga usando equilibrio.
 Comparar los valores de calculados en el paso anterior.
Si son iguales, la solución es la correcta. Si no son
iguales, repetir el proceso.

Excéntrico
 Si la carga es vertical, las ecuaciones de equilibrio
son las siguientes:
M 0 Pn e ro Ri ri R j rj
Ri ri R j rj
Pn
e ro
Fy 0 Pn Ri y
Rj
y
Pn Ri cos i R j sen j

Excéntrico

Excéntrico

Excéntrico

Excéntrico

Excéntrico

Excéntrico

Excéntrico

DISEÑO DE CONEXIONES
PARA MOMENTO
Carlos Enrique Nungaray Pérez

Ejemplo #1
 Diseña la conexión entre la viga y la columna mostrada.

 Los perfiles son de acero A36 y los tornillos son A325.
 El análisis estructural arroja los siguientes resultados para
cargas de servicio:
Carga Corte Momento

Muerta 7.5 18.0
Viva 17.0 40.0
Viento 5.5 70.0

Ejemplo #1

Ejemplo #1
 Las combinaciones de carga posibles son las

siguientes:
1.2 D 1.6 L
1.2 D 0.5L o 0.8W
1.2 D 0.5L 1.6W
0.9 D 1.6W
Ejemplo #1
 Valores de diseño para la conexión
1.2D 1.6L :
Vu 1.2 7.5 1.6 17 36.20 kips
Mu 1.2 18 1.6 40 85.60 kips - ft
1.2D 0.5L 1.6W :

Vu 1.2 7.5 0.5 17 1.6 5.5 26.30 kips
Mu 1.2 18 0.5 40 1.6 70 153.60 kips ft
Vu 36.20 kips
Mu 153.60 kips ft

Ejemplo #1
 Diseño del perfil “T” con la viga
Mu
P P
d
153.6 12
P 102.40 kips
P 18.00

Ejemplo #1
 Usando tornillos de A325-X de 7/8 in. de diámetro
2
7 kips
Rnb Ab 0.5Fu 0.75 60 27.06
4 8 tornillo
P 102.40
Nb 3.78 4 tornillos
Rub 27.06
Fuerza cortante por tornillo
102.40
25.60 kips
4

Ejemplo #1
 Para no tener problemas de aplastamiento en el

alma del perfil “T”, el espesor mínimo se obtiene de
la ecuación siguiente:
2.4dtw Fu 25.60 kips

25.60 25.60
tw 0.28 in
2.4dFu 7
0.75 2.4 58
8
5
twmin in
16
Ejemplo #1
 Diseño de la conexión del perfil “T” con la columna

 En la figura mostrada, la fuerza “Q” se conoce como fuerza
por acción separadora (prying action) y depende de la
flexibilidad del patín del perfil “T”
Q

Ejemplo #1
 La fuerza por acción separadora se expresa como una

fracción de la fuerza que debe soportar cada tornillo.
 El número mínimo de tornillos en la unión de la T con el patín
de la columna es de 4.
 Por lo tanto, la fuerza en cada tornillo es
P 102.40
Pb 25.60 kips
4 4

Ejemplo #1
 Efecto de la flexibilidad del patín del perfil “T” en la

magnitud de la fuerza por acción separadora
Referencia: Kulak et al.

Ejemplo #1
Referencia: Gaylord, Gaylord & Stallmeyer

Ejemplo #1
 Suponiendo una fuerza por acción separadora del

50% de la fuerza en el tornillo, la fuerza total en el
tornillo será
T Pb Q
Pb 25.60 kips; Q 0.5Pb 12.80 kips
T 38.40 kips
Ejemplo #1
 Usando tornillos A325 de 7/8 in de diámetro (la

revisión final de estos tornillos se hará después de
seleccionar el perfil “T”, para poder calcular el valor
de la fuerza por acción separadora):
3
Rnb Ab Ft Ab Fu
4
2
7 3
Rnb 0.75 120 40.59 kips T 38.40 kips
4 8 4

Ejemplo #1
 Diseño del perfil “T”

 Debemos definir la longitud del perfil
b fcol 10.20 in
b fviga 7.50 in
Además, también se debe tomar en cuenta el gramil recomendado para el perfil de la columna
L 8.5 in

Ejemplo #1
 La fuerza por unidad de longitud en la “T” es
102.40 kips
12.05
8.5 in

Ejemplo #1
 Si se toma b ≈ 2 in, la Tabla 15-1 da un espesor del

perfil T de aproximadamente los valores mostrados
en la parte inferior
7 kips
in Rn 12.4
8 in
b a
15 kips
in Rn 14.2
Perfil "T" 16 in
Para un perfil ST12x53
t f 1.090 in, tw 0.620 in y b f 7.870 in

Ejemplo #1
 Una vez seleccionado el perfil T (ST12x53),

podemos recalcular el valor de la fuerza por acción
separadora. Para poder evaluar esta fuerza,
necesitamos conocer la longitud de patín, paralela
al alma del perfil “T”, tributaria a cada tornillo

Ejemplo #1
L
w p 4.25 in
2
Q 100bd 2 18wt 2f
; tf espesor del patín de la "T".
P 70ad 2 21wt 2f
bf g
a ; b f 7.870 in; g 4.00 in
2
7.87 4.00
a 1.94 in 2t f 2.18 in
2
g tw 1 4.00 0.62 1
b 1.63 in
2 16 2 16
2
7 2
100 1.63 18 4.25 1.09
8
Q 2
Pb
7 2
70 1.94 21 4.25 1.09
8
Q 0.16 P 0.16 25.60 4.13 kips
T Pb Q 25.60 4.13 29.73 kips 40.59 kips
Ejemplo #1
 La revisión final del perfil “T” debe incluir lo

siguiente:
 Flexión en el patín.
 Tensión en el alma (fluencia, fractura y bloque de corte).
 Aplastamiento en el alma (no es necesario en este caso
porque el espesor del alma es mayor que el mínimo
requerido por aplastamiento).
 Desgarramiento, el cual se evita al mantener las distancias
mínimas recomendadas en el Manual entre tornillo y
tornillo o entre tornillo y borde libre en la dirección de la
fuerza.
 De estos tres puntos el más crítico es el de flexión
en el patín, por lo que es el que se revisa en este
ejemplo
Ejemplo #1
a
Q Qa 4.13 1.94 8.01 kips in
T Qa
b Tb Q a b 29.73 1.63 4.13 1.94 1.63
Tb-Q(a+b)
Tb Q a b 33.72 kips in
Mn Mp Z x Fy
tf tf t 2f
Zx w ó p w ó p
2 2 4
2
4.25 1.09
Zx 1.26 in3
4
Mn 0.9 1.26 36 40.82 kips in
Mn 40.82 kips in Mu 33.72 kips in

Ejemplo #1
 Revisión final de la unión del perfil “T” con la

columna
 Esta revisión incluye los tornillos actuando en una
combinación de tensión y cortante.
Vu 36.20
4.53 kips
8 8
4.53
fv 7.53 ksi
0.6013
Ft 117 2.0 f v 90 ; 0.75
Ft 87.75 1.5 f v 67.50 ksi
Ft 87.75 1.5 7.53 76.46 ksi 67.50 ksi
Ft 67.50 ksi
T 29.73
ft 49.44 ksi Ft 67.50 ksi
Ab 0.6013

Ejemplo #1
 Obsérvese que conservadoramente se utilizó la fuerza en el

tornillo de 29.73, debida al momento de 153.60 k-ft, en lugar
de usar las fuerzas en los tornillos producidas por la fuerza
cortante y el momento flector en la viga para la misma
combinación de carga.
Vu 36.20 kips
Combinación A4 2
Mu 85.60 kips ft
Vu 26.30 kips
Combinación A4 4
Mu 153.60 kips ft

Ejemplo #1
 La conexión queda así:


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Diseño de Estructuras de Acero

Diseño de Estructuras de Acero

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY PÉREZ

Diseño de Estructuras de Acero

Diseño de Estructuras de Acero

 Conexiones sujetas a corte axial

Diseño de Estructuras de Acero

(Part of Table J2.5 AISC 2005)

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

Fillet Full penetration Partial penetration

Full penetration Partial penetration

• The most commonly used weld is the fillet weld

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

• There are four recognized welding positions:

• Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) is also known as MIG welding

• Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) is similar to the GMAW process

• Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) is only performed by automatic or semiautomatic

• Welding in the field is avoided if possible due to welding condition requirements

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

Welding to existing structures during retrofit projects requires careful consideration

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

• Dye penetrant testing locates minute surface cracks and porosity

• Magnetic particle inspection uses powdered magnetic particles to indicate defects in

• Ultrasonic inspection can be used to detect flaws inside welds

• Fillet weld is less expensive than groove weld

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

 Simplicity of design details, efficiency, and

 Welding provides the only plate-joining

 Simple fabrication becomes practicable for

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

 In the next slide the different weld symbols

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

 Fillet welds account for more than 80% of the

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

AISC-LRFD Page 339)

3 in AISC-LRFD Page 339)

Reference: AISC Manual

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

 Critical shear planes for fillet welds loaded in longitudinal

Reference: AISC Manual

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

Reference: AISC Manual

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

Rnw 0.707 S w 0.60 FEXX

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

Reference: AISC Manual

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

Rnw 0.707 S w 0.60 FEXX

Reference: AISC Manual

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

= 0°: weld in shear

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

Reference: AISC Manual

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

Reference: AISC Manual

CARLOS ENRIQUE NUNGARAY

Reference: Salmon, Johnson, and

Reference: Salmon, Johnson, and

Reference: Salmon, Johnson, and