Level Code 2017 Names Descriptions Diagnostics Species Tundra

Level Code 2017 Name 2017 Description 2017 Diagnostic Constant
species species
1S Heathland, scrub Non-coastal land which is
and tundra dry or only seasonally
inundated (with the water
table at or above ground
level for less than half of
the year) with greater than
30% vegetation cover.
Tundra is characterised by
the presence of permafrost.
Heathland and scrub are
defined as vegetation
dominated by shrubs or
dwarf shrubs of species
that typically do not exceed
5 m maximum height.
Includes shrub orchards,
vineyards, hedges (which
may have occasional tall
trees). Also includes stands
of climatically-limited dwarf
trees (krummholz) < 3 m
high, such as occur in
extreme alpine conditions.
Includes Salix and Frangula
carrs. Excludes coppice (T4-
7) and Alnus and Populus
swamp forest (T1-5).
2 S1 Tundra Vegetated land with
graminoids, shrubs, mosses
or macrolichens overlying
permafrost. European
tundras are limited to
Spitzbergen and northern
Russia. Vegetation with the
same species also occurs on
boreal mountains and in
the low arctic remote from
the main permafrost
region, notably in
Fennoscandia and Iceland;
these oroboreal and low
arctic habitats are listed
under alpine and subalpine
grassland E4 or arctic,
alpine and subalpine scrub
F2.
3 S1-1 Shrub tundra Tundra with a usually Empetrum Vaccinium

extensive cover of sub- nigrum uliginosum
shrubs or low shrubs over subsp. Empetrum
herbs, mosses and lichens hermaphrodi nigrum
on sporadically permafrost tum subsp.
soils of the southern arctic Cladonia hermaphrodi
and subarctic zones, often amaurocraea tum
grazed into grassy mosaics Cassiope Betula nana
tetragona Hylocomium
Cetraria splendens
nivalis Cladonia
Betula nana arbuscula
Aulacomniu Cetraria
m turgidum nivalis
Pedicularis Rubus
lapponica chamaemoru
Salix polaris s
Cetraria Polytrichum
cucullata strictum
Vaccinium Cladonia
uliginosum uncialis
Thamnolia Cladonia
vermicularis amaurocraea
Stereocaulon Cetraria
paschale islandica
Cetraria Cassiope
ericetorum tetragona
Sphaerophor Vaccinium
us globosus vitis-idaea
Sphenolobus Thamnolia
minutus vermicularis
Rubus Salix polaris
chamaemoru Ptilidium
s ciliare
Carex Polygonum
rariflora viviparum
Cladonia Pedicularis
arbuscula lapponica
4 S1-11 Western shrub
tundra
3 S1-2 Moss and lichen Tundra of the middle and Salix polaris Dryas
tundra northern high arctic zone Dryas octopetala
where permafrost soils, octopetala Salix polaris
often occurring in Cerastium Empetrum
patterned ground, support nigrescens nigrum
a frequently sparse cover of Empetrum subsp.
mosses, lichens and low nigrum hermaphrodi
herbs. subsp. tum
hermaphrodi Vaccinium
tum uliginosum
Cladonia Polygonum
stellaris viviparum
Cetraria Cladonia
cucullata rangiferina
Cetraria Betula nana
nivalis Saxifraga
Orthocaulis oppositifolia
kunzeanus Rubus
Betula nana chamaemoru
Saxifraga s
oppositifolia Ptilidium
Pedicularis ciliare
lapponica Cladonia
Luzula stellaris
confusa Cetraria
Dicranum nivalis
elongatum Cetraria
Cladonia cucullata
rangiferina Cerastium
Sphaerophor nigrescens
us globosus Carex
Ochrolechia bigelowii
frigida Sphaerophor
Carex us globosus
bigelowii Vaccinium
Rubus vitis-idaea
chamaemoru Polytrichum
4 S1-21 Cladonia - espalier s juniperinum
willow tundra
4 S1-22 Moss tundra

2 S2 Arctic, alpine and Scrub occurring north of or
subalpine scrub above the climatic tree
limit, but outside the
permafrost zone. Scrub
occurring close to but
below the climatic tree
limit, where trees are
suppressed either by late-
lying snow or by wind or
repeated browsing.
3 S2-1 Subarctic and Salix-dominated dwarf Salix Polygonum

alpine dwarf Salix scrub, often with abundant herbacea viviparum
scrub bryophytes and lichens, on Salix retusa Salix
skeletal calcareous or Polygonum herbacea
siliceous soils in late snow viviparum Poa alpina
beds with a short growing- Gnaphalium Salix retusa
season, occurring in the supinum Silene acaulis
subarctic north of the Salix Gnaphalium
woodland zone and in the reticulata supinum
high mountains of nemoral Saxifraga Salix
Europe, increasingly local androsacea reticulata
and fragmentary to the Silene acaulis Soldanella
south. Poa alpina alpina
Sibbaldia Bartsia
procumbens alpina
Veronica Veronica
alpina alpina
Ranunculus Sibbaldia
alpestris procumbens
Pritzelago Ranunculus
alpina alpestris
Veronica Myosotis
aphylla alpestris
Potentilla Carex nigra
brauniana Saxifraga
Salix androsacea
serpillifolia Gentiana
Soldanella verna
alpina Saxifraga
Myosotis oppositifolia
alpestris Pritzelago
Saxifraga alpina
oppositifolia Luzula
Carex foetida alpinopilosa
Salix polaris Campanula
scheuchzeri
4 S2-11 Boreo-alpine
acidocline snow-
patch Salix
herbacea scrub
5 S2-111 Alpic acid dwarf

willow snow-patch
communities
5 S2-112 Oroboreal moss-
dwarf willow
snowbed
communities
calcicline snow-
patch Salix polaris
scrub
5 S2-121 Boreo-Alpic
calcicolous espalier
willow snowbed
communities
6 S2-1211 Alpic espalier

willow snowbed
communities
7 S2-12111 Alpide Salix retusa-

reticulata snowbed
communities
7 S2-12112 Carpathian Salix

kitaibeliana
snowbed
communities
6 S2-1212 Scandinavian
espalier willow
snowbed
communities
5 S2-122 Polar willow

snowbed
communities
6 S2-1221 Fenno-Scandian
polar willow
snowbed
communities
6 S2-1222 Spitzbergen polar

willow snowbed
communities
4 S2-13 Ponto-Caucasian
snow-patch dwarf
Salix scrub
3 S2-2 Alpine and Dwarf-shrub vegetation Vaccinium Vaccinium
subalpine ericoid dominated by ericoids and uliginosum myrtillus
heaths other woody species such Loiseleuria Vaccinium
as Dryas octapetala and procumbens uliginosum
Loiseleuria procumbens Rhododendr Vaccinium
(but not Juniperus or on vitis-idaea
genistoids) occurring in high ferrugineum Deschampsia
mountains throughout Juncus flexuosa
Europe, varying in trifidus Calluna
dominants and associates Cetraria vulgaris
according to regional islandica Homogyne
climate, degree of exposure Dryas alpina
and snow lie, soil reaction, octopetala Cetraria
soil depth and moisture. Hieracium islandica
alpinum Rhododendr
Homogyne on
alpina ferrugineum
Juniperus Juncus
communis trifidus
subsp. alpina Juniperus
Festuca communis
airoides subsp. alpina
Empetrum Loiseleuria
nigrum procumbens
subsp. Nardus
hermaphrodi stricta
tum Dryas
Vaccinium octopetala
vitis-idaea Potentilla
Avenula erecta
versicolor Hylocomium
Vaccinium splendens
myrtillus Empetrum
Rhododendr nigrum
on subsp.
myrtifolium hermaphrodi
Campanula tum
4 S2-21 Alpide dwarf alpina
ericoid wind heaths
5 S2-211 Alpide dwarf azalea

heaths
5 S2-212 Alpide dwarf

Vaccinium wind
heaths
6 S2-2121 Alps dwarf

Vaccinium wind
heaths
6 S2-2122 Carpathian dwarf

Vaccinium wind
heaths
5 S2-213 Rhodopide and
Balkan dwarf
Vaccinium wind
heaths
6 S2-2131 Rhodopide dwarf

Vaccinium wind
heaths
6 S2-2132 Balkan Range dwarf

Vaccinium wind
heaths
5 S2-214 Pontic dwarf

Vaccinium heaths
4 S2-22 Alpide acidocline

Rhododendron
heaths
5 S2-221 Alpine rusty

alpenrose heaths
5 S2-222 Pyrenean rusty

alpenrose heaths
5 S2-223 Dinaric rusty

alpenrose heaths
5 S2-224 Carpathian
Rhododendron
kotschyi heaths
5 S2-225 Balkan
Rhododendron
kotschyi heaths
6 S2-2251 Balkan Range

Kotschy's alpenrose
heaths
6 S2-2252 Rila Kotschy's

alpenrose heaths
5 S2-226 Pontic alpenrose
heaths
4 S2-23 Alpigenic high

mountain
Empetrum -
Vaccinium heaths
4 S2-24 Boreo-alpine and

arctic heaths
5 S2-241 Hiberno-Scotian
dwarf mountain
heaths
5 S2-242 Britannic
chionophilous
boreo-montane
heaths
5 S2-243 Fenno-Scandian
boreo-alpine
heaths
5 S2-244 North Atlantic

boreo-alpine
heaths
5 S2-245 Arctic heaths
4 S2-25 Bruckenthalia
heaths
5 S2-251 Anatolian
Bruckenthalia
heaths
5 S2-251 Rhodopide
Bruckenthalia
heaths
5 S2-252 Northwestern
Hellenide
Bruckenthalia
heaths
5 S2-253 Carpatho-Balkanic
Bruckenthalia
heaths
6 S2-2531 Carpathian
Bruckenthalia
heaths
6 S2-2532 Balkan range

Bruckenthalia
heaths
4 S2-26 Alpide
Arctostaphylos uva-
ursi and
Arctostaphylos
alpinus heaths
4 S2-27 Alpide
Rhododendron
hirsutum - Erica
heaths
5 S2-271 Hairy alpenrose

heaths
5 S2-272 Alpine erica heaths
4 S2-28 Dryas octopetala

mats
5 S2-281 Alpigenic high

mountain Dryas
mats
6 S2-2811 Alpine Dryas mats

6 S2-2812 Southwestern high
moutain Dryas
mats
6 S2-2813 Jura Dryas mats
6 S2-2814 Apennine Dryas

mats
6 S2-2815 Carpatho-Balkanide
Dryas mats
7 S2-28151 Western
Carpathian Dryas
mats
7 S2-28152 Southeastern
Carpathian Dryas
mats
7 S2-28153 Balkan Range Dryas

mats
6 S2-2816 Dinaro-Hellenide
Dryas mats
6 S2-2817 Rhodopide
mountain avens
mats
5 S2-282 Hiberno-Britannic
maritime Dryas
mats
5 S2-283 Boreo-alpine Dryas

mats
5 S2-284 Arctic Dryas heaths

4 S2-29 Alpide high
mountain dwarf
Vaccinium heaths
5 S2-291 Central
Mediterranean
subalpine dwarf
bilberry heaths
5 S2-292 Balkano-Hellenic
dwarf bilberry
heaths
5 S2-293 Pontic Range dwarf

bilberry heaths
3 S2-3 Alpine and Juniper-dominated Juniperus Juniperus

subalpine Juniperus vegetation of the montane communis communis
scrub to sub-alpine belts of subsp. alpina subsp. alpina
European mountains, Bruckenthali Vaccinium
occurring as primary a spiculifolia myrtillus
vegetation tolerant of both Brachypodiu Deschampsia
high exposure and snow-lie, m genuense flexuosa
but also a secondary Lerchenfeldia Anthoxanthu
derivative of deforested, flexuosa m odoratum
long-grazed and eroded Genista Vaccinium
ground at high altitides. depressa uliginosum
Daphne Vaccinium
oleoides vitis-idaea
Arctostaphyl Nardus
os uva-ursi stricta
Potentilla Festuca
ternata rubra
Viola Arctostaphyl
eugeniae os uva-ursi
Sesleria Thymus
tenuifolia praecox
Festuca Helianthemu
valida m
Globularia nummulariu
meridionalis m
Viola dacica Calluna
Carlina vulgaris
macrocephal Lotus
a corniculatus
Campanula Potentilla
epigaeae erecta
Agrostis
capillaris
Luzula
luzuloides
Lerchenfeldia
flexuosa
4 S2-31 Southern Daphne
Palaearctic
mountain dwarf
Juniperus scrub
5 S2-311 Mountain Juniperus
nana scrub
5 S2-312 Juniperus sabina

scrub
6 S2-3121 Iberian Juniperus

sabina scrub
6 S2-3122 Alpine Juniperus

sabina scrub
6 S2-3123 Apennine Juniperus

sabina scrub
6 S2-3124 Dinarid Juniperus

sabina scrub
6 S2-3125 Carpatho-Balkanic
Juniperus sabina
scrub
5 S2-313 Juniperus
hemisphaerica
scrub
5 S2-314 Mountain Juniperus

oxycedrus scrub
5 S2-315 Scotian juniper

heaths
3 S2-4 Balkan subalpine Genistoid heath and scrub Genista Genista
genistoid scrub of high mountains in the radiata radiata
Balkans, often in primary Brachypodiu Bromus
grassy mosaics at higher m genuense erectus
altitudes, but also Carex Teucrium
extending below the macrolepis montanum
timberline where wood- Stachys Brachypodiu
cutting and grazing open up alopecuros m genuense
the forest cover and sustain Daphne Teucrium
the vegetation as an oleoides chamaedrys
anthropogenic Carduus Sorbus aria
replacement. nutans agg.
Laserpitium Galium
siler lucidum
Galium Thymus
lucidum praecox
Avenula Stachys
praetutiana alopecuros
Asperula Rosa
purpurea pendulina
Teucrium Carlina
montanum acaulis
Chamaecytis Carex
us macrolepis
spinescens Carduus
Bromus nutans
erectus Laserpitium
Laserpitium siler
peucedanoid Helianthemu
es m
Sesleria nummulariu
tenuifolia m
Cynoglottis Erica
barrelieri herbacea
Viola Daphne
eugeniae oleoides
Rosa Calamagrosti
4 S2-41 Rayed broom pendulina s varia
heaths
4 S2-42 Balkano-Rhodopide
Chamaecytisus
absinthioides
heaths
4 S2-43 Helleno-Balkanic
Chamaecytisus
hirsutus heaths
3 S2-5 Subalpine Low scrub, including Alnus viridis Alnus viridis
deciduous scrub krummholz, dominated by Viola biflora Viola biflora
various deciduous trees and Peucedanum Geranium
shrubs, on moist but free- ostruthium sylvaticum
draining, sometimes quite Adenostyles Vaccinium
fertile, soils on high alliariae myrtillus
mountain slopes Saxifraga Sorbus
throughout Europe, often rotundifolia aucuparia
with long snow-lie and Salix Adenostyles
prone to natural waldsteinian alliariae
disturbance due to a Rubus idaeus
avalanche and scree slides, Salix Saxifraga
after which it is well able to appendiculat rotundifolia
recover and recolonise. a Peucedanum
The associated flora can be Rumex ostruthium
rich in tall mountain herbs. alpestris Solidago
It can also be found as a Salix virgaurea
secondary succession stage helvetica Rumex
in abandoned subalpine Geranium alpestris
pastures and meadows. sylvaticum Homogyne
Athyrium alpina
distentifoliu Veratrum
m album
Achillea Dryopteris
macrophylla filix-mas
Aconitum Salix
napellus appendiculat
Chaerophyllu a
m villarsii Dryopteris
Cicerbita dilatata
alpina Stellaria
Rhododendr nemorum
on hirsutum Oxalis
Polystichum acetosella
lonchitis Deschampsia
Epilobium cespitosa
alpestre Athyrium
4 S2-51 Mountain alder Veratrum filix-femina
brush
5 S2-511 Green alder brush
6 S2-5111 Alpine green alder

scrub
6 S2-5112 Carpathian green

alder scrub
6 S2-5113 Dinaric green alder

scrub
6 S2-5114 Balkan range green
alder brush
6 S2-5115 Rhodopide green

alder brush
5 S2-512 Corsican sweet

alder brush
4 S2-52 Subalpine and

oroboreal Salix
brush
5 S2-521 Alpide willow brush
6 S2-5211 Alpigenous small

willow brush
6 S2-5212 Alpine prostrate

willow brush
6 S2-5213 Alpigenous tall

willow brush
6 S2-5214 Pyreneo-Cantabric
willow brush
6 S2-5215 Hercynio-
Carpathian willow
brush
alpigenous willow
brushes
7 S2-52161 Dinaride willow

brush
7 S2-52162 Balkan Range
willow brush
7 S2-52163 Rhodopide willow

brush
6 S2-5217 Ponto-Caucasian
mountain willow
brush
5 S2-522 Oroboreal Salix

scrub
5 S2-523 Northern British

willow brush
4 S2-53 Subalpine mixed

brushes
5 S2-531 Subalpine Sorbus

brush
5 S2-532 Subalpine birch

brush
5 S2-533 Subalpine bramble

brush
5 S2-534 Subalpine cherry

brush
5 S2-535 Subalpine
ericaceous brush
5 S2-536 Rhodope Potentilla

fruticosa thickets
4 S2-54 Oroboreal Betula
scrub
3 S2-6 Subalpine Pinus Pinus mugo krummholz on Pinus mugo Pinus mugo
mugo scrub mineral soils with long Rhododendr Vaccinium
snow-lie above the tree line on hirsutum myrtillus
through the mountains of Sorbus Vaccinium
central and eastern Europe. chamaemesp vitis-idaea
Woody and herbaceous ilus Homogyne
associates and the Erica alpina
sometimes abundant herbacea Erica
bryophyte layer vary Salix glabra herbacea
according to the base- Homogyne Dicranum
richness of the soils and alpina scoparium
ground moisture. Vaccinium Rhododendr
vitis-idaea on hirsutum
Rhodothamn Sorbus
us aucuparia
chamaecistu Sesleria
s caerulea
Lonicera Picea abies
caerulea Hieracium
Calamagrosti murorum
s villosa Calamagrosti
Salix s villosa
waldsteinian Juniperus
a communis
Juniperus subsp. alpina
communis Deschampsia
subsp. alpina flexuosa
Salix Sorbus
appendiculat chamaemesp
a ilus
Laserpitium Solidago
peucedanoid virgaurea
es Rubus
Clematis saxatilis
alpina Pleurozium
Daphne schreberi
striata Hylocomium
4 S2-61 Inner Alpine Pinus Valeriana splendens
mugo scrub
4 S2-62 Outer Alpine Pinus

mugo scrub
4 S2-63 Southwestern Pinus

mugo scrub
4 S2-64 Apennine Pinus

mugo scrub
4 S2-65 Hercynian Pinus
mugo scrub
4 S2-66 Carpathian Pinus

mugo scrub
5 S2-661 Carpathian
subalpine
mountain pine
scrub
5 S2-662 Carpathian
alpenrose
mountain pine
scrub
4 S2-67 Pelago-Dinaride
Pinus mugoscrub
4 S2-68 Balkano-Rhodopide
Pinus mugo scrub
2 S3 Temperate and Shrub communities of

mediterranean- nemoral affinities. They
montane scrub include deciduous and
evergreen scrubs of the
nemoral zone, and
deciduous scrubs of the
submediterranean and
supramediterranean zones.
Excluded are heathlands
with dominant Ericaceae
S4, and the typically
mediterranean maquis S5,
garrigue S6 and phrygana
S7.
3 S3-1 Lowland to Juniperus communis scrub Juniperus Juniperus
montane on nutrient-poor sandy and communis communis
temperate and calcareous soils through the subsp. subsp.
submediterranean temperate and communis communis
Juniperus scrub submediterranean lowlands Barbilophozi Calluna
and foothills of Europe. a barbata vulgaris
The juniper can be very Palmogloea Deschampsia
patchy in occurrence, often protuberans flexuosa
related to past land-use, Berberis Dicranum
and with a striking variety aetnensis scoparium
of growth forms, the Campylopus Brachypodiu
associated flora being very pyriformis m pinnatum
diverse according to soil Pleurozium
base-status, sharing much schreberi
in common, where the Vaccinium
scrub is open, with local myrtillus
calcicolous grasslands or Rosa canina
heath. agg.
Teucrium
chamaedrys
Potentilla
erecta
Hypnum
jutlandicum
Hieracium
pilosella
Festuca
ovina
Agrostis
capillaris
Sanguisorba
minor
Pseudosclero
podium
purum
Pinus
sylvestris
4 S3-11 Juniper downs Lotus
4 S3-12 Sub-Atlantic juniper

heaths
4 S3-13 Juniper-wood
sorrel forests
4 S3-14 Sub-Mediterranean
common juniper
thickets
4 S3-15 Inland dune juniper

scrubs
3 S3-2 Temperate Rubus Low Rubus-dominated Rubus Rubus
scrub scrub, deciduous or caesius fruticosus
sometimes evergreen, of agg.
successions and ecotones Urtica dioica
in a wide variety of semi- Rubus
natural landscapes through caesius
the Atlantic zone and Rubus idaeus
elsewhere in sub-montane Galium
Europe where a locally aparine
moist climate prevails. Dactylis
Rubus is an enormously glomerata
diverse genus of often Cirsium
apomictic and endemic taxa arvense
with associated floras Elymus
related to soil base-status repens
and moisture. Arrhenather
um elatius
Poa trivialis
Calamagrosti
s epigejos
Agrostis
capillaris
Heracleum
sphondylium
Calystegia
sepium
Galium
mollugo agg.
Festuca
rubra
Epilobium
angustifoliu
m
Sorbus
aucuparia
Holcus
lanatus
3 S3-3 Lowland to Low scrub dominated by Ulex Cytisus
montane various woody legumes on europaeus scoparius
temperate and mostly sharply-draining, Cytisus Ulex
submediterranean nutrient-poor acidic soils scoparius europaeus
genistoid scrub through the temperate and Genista Pteridium
submediterranean lowlands florida aquilinum
and mediterranean foothills Erica cinerea Agrostis
of Europe. To the north the Teucrium capillaris
vegetation is usually found scorodonia Teucrium
in successions or ecotones Genista scorodonia
within pastoral landscapes cinerascens Calluna
and is often rather species- vulgaris
poor; further south, the Potentilla
scrub can occur as a more erecta
persistent or repeatedly Erica cinerea
renewed habitat among Rubus
rocky or unstable hill-slopes ulmifolius
with richer associated Anthoxanthu
floras. m odoratum
Rumex
acetosella
Rubus
fruticosus
agg.
Holcus
lanatus
Dactylis
glomerata
Achillea
millefolium
Hypochaeris
radicata
Holcus mollis
Festuca
ovina
Deschampsia
flexuosa
4 S3-31 Temperate Cytisus Plantago
scoparius fields
5 S3-311 Lowland and hill

broom fields
5 S3-312 Alpine broom fields
5 S3-313 Central Massif

Cytisus scoparius
fields
5 S3-314 Pyrenean Cytisus

scoparius fields
4 S3-32 Ulex europaeus
thickets
4 S3-33 Montane Cytisus

purgans fields
5 S3-331 Cévennes Cytisus

purgans fields
5 S3-332 Pyrenean Cytisus

purgans fields
5 S3-333 Galicio-Cantabrian
Cytisus purgans
fields
5 S3-334 Upper Cordilleran

Cytisus purgans
fields
5 S3-335 Lower Cordilleran

Cytisus purgans
fields
5 S3-336 Galicio-Leonese
Cytisus purgans
fields
5 S3-337 Nevadan Cytisus

purgans fields
4 S3-34 Piornales
5 S3-341 White-flowered
broom fields
Iberian Genista
florida fields
Iberian Cytisus
fields
5 S3-344 Central Iberian

Genista florida
fields
5 S3-345 Upper Cordilleran

Genista cinerea
fields
5 S3-346 Central Iberian

Cytisus fields
5 S3-347 Andalusian broom

fields
4 S3-35 Tyrrhenian broom

fields
4 S3-36 Genista aetnensis

stands
4 S3-37 Canary Island

broom fields
4 S3-38 Moesian broom

fields
3 S3-4 Balkan -Anatolian Open scrub, dominated by Genista lydia Thymus
submontane Genista rumelica (syn G Minuartia sibthorpii
genistoid scrub lydia) endemic to steep hirsuta Rumex
rocky slopes and screes, Allium acetosella
and also degraded forest in guttatum Minuartia
the lowlands and foothills Centaurea hirsuta
of the south-eastern grisebachii Micropyrum
Balkans, on various soils but Hypericum tenellum
especially rich on limey olympicum Koeleria
substrates where Thymus lobata
calcicolous grassland sibthorpii Hypericum
species figure strongly Koeleria olympicum
among the associated flora. lobata Genista lydia
Micropyrum Centaurea
tenellum grisebachii
Asperula Asperula
aristata aristata
Rumex Allium
acetosella guttatum
3 S3-5 Temperate and Scrub dominated by a Prunus Prunus

submediterranean diversity of mostly thorny spinosa spinosa
thorn scrub shrubs, small trees and Rosa canina Crataegus
saplings, in successions and agg. monogyna
ecotones on mesic soils in a Rubus Rosa canina
wide variety of semi-natural ulmifolius agg.
landscapes through the Crataegus Urtica dioica
temperate and monogyna Cornus
submediterranean lowlands sanguinea
of Europe but sometimes Ligustrum
extending to higher vulgare
altitudes, as with the Galium
Balkan šibljak. The aparine
dominants and associated Sambucus
floras vary widely with nigra
differences in regional Rubus
climate and soils. ulmifolius
Euonymus
europaeus
Hedera helix
Rubus
fruticosus
agg.
Dactylis
glomerata
Corylus
avellana
Clematis
vitalba
Rubus
caesius
Glechoma
hederacea
Geum
urbanum
Fraxinus
excelsior
Brachypodiu
4 S3-51 Medio-European
rich-soil thickets
5 S3-511 Blackthorn-
bramble scrub
6 S3-5111 Sub-Atlantic
blackthorn-bramble
scrub
6 S3-5112 Atlantic blackthorn-

bramble scrub
5 S3-512 Blackthorn-privet
scrub
6 S3-5121 Atlantic and medio-

European
blackthorn-privet
scrub
7 S3-51211 Medio-European
blackthorn-privet
scrub
7 S3-51212 Atlantic hawthorn-

ivy scrub
6 S3-5122 Sub-Mediterranean
blackthorn-privet
scrub
6 S3-5123 Rock pear scrub
6 S3-5124 Peri-Alpine sea

buckthorn-barberry
scrub
6 S3-5125 Inner Alpine

barberry scrub
6 S3-5126 Iberian barberry
scrub
4 S3-52 Buxus sempervirens

thickets
4 S3-53 Atlantic poor soil

thickets
5 S3-531 Bramble thickets
5 S3-532 Alder buckthorn,

rowan, honeysuckle
thickets
4 S3-54 Inland dune

thickets
5 S3-541 Inland dune mixed

thickets
4 S3-55 Southwestern sub-

mediterranean
deciduous thickets
5 S3-551 Franco-Iberian sub-

Mediterranean
deciduous thickets
5 S3-552 Western Iberian

sub-Mediterranean
deciduous thickets
5 S3-553 Central Iberian sub-

Mediterranean
deciduous thickets
5 S3-554 Oro-Baetic sub-
Mediterranean
deciduous thickets
5 S3-555 North African sub-

Mediterranean
deciduous thickets
4 S3-56 Tyrrhenian sub-

mediterranean
deciduous thickets
4 S3-57 Subcontinental and

continental
deciduous thickets
5 S3-571 Central European

subcontinental
thickets
6 S3-5711 Northern Central

European ground
cherry scrub
6 S3-5712 Subcontinental
peri-Pannonic
scrub
7 S3-57121 Peri-Pannonic
ground cherry
scrub
dwarf almond
scrub
burnet rose scrub
spiraea scrub
7 S3-57125 Danubian
hawthorn scrub
thickets
5 S3-572 Illyrio-Adriatic
deciduous thickets
oriental hornbeam
thickets
mixed thickets
Christ's thorn brush
5 S3-573 Balkano-Hellenic
deciduous thickets
6 S3-5731 Moesian oriental

hornbeam thickets
7 S3-57311 Thracio-
Macedonian
oriental hornbeam
thickets
7 S3-57312 Central Moesian

oriental hornbeam
thickets
7 S3-57313 Peri-Carpathian
manna ash oriental
hornbeam thickets
7 S3-57314 Peri-Carpathian wig

tree oriental
hornbeam thickets
6 S3-5732 Moesian lilac
thickets
7 S3-57321 Central Moesian

lilac thickets
7 S3-57322 Danubian lilac

thickets
7 S3-57323 Moesio-Hellenic
mixed thickets
7 S3-57324 Spleenwort lilac

chasm thickets
7 S3-57325 Apuseni Syringa

josikaea thickets
6 S3-5733 Moesian Christ's

thorn brush
5 S3-574 Aegean deciduous

thickets
5 S3-575 Eastern
Mediterranean
deciduous thickets
5 S3-576 Mediterraneo-
Euxinian deciduous
thickets
3 S3-6 Low steppic scrub Low scrub, dominated by Prunus Prunus
various, often clonal, shrubs fruticosa fruticosa
frequently forming patches Prunus Galium
in locally mesic and tenella verum
sheltered situations within Spiraea Teucrium
the dry grasslands of the media chamaedrys
steppe zone of central and Caragana Vincetoxicum
eastern Europe. It can form frutex hirundinaria
a persistent natural Phlomis Stachys recta
landscape element or tuberosa Fragaria
develop after abandonment Spiraea viridis
of pasturing. crenata Euphorbia
Thalictrum cyparissias
minus Thalictrum
Melica minus
transsilvanica Elymus
Aconitum repens
anthora Poa
Stachys recta angustifolia
Fragaria Origanum
viridis vulgare
Hylotelephiu Hypericum
m maximum perfoliatum
Geranium Coronilla
sanguineum varia
Rosa Caragana
pimpinellifoli frutex
a Prunus
Artemisia tenella
sericea Medicago
Poa falcata
transbaicalic Geranium
a sanguineum
Salvia Rosa canina
nemorosa agg.
Valeriana Hylotelephiu
rossica m maximum
5 S3-61 Ponto-Sarmatic Linaria Spiraea
deciduous thickets
6 S3-611 Ponto-Sarmatic
steppe brush
pre-steppe thorn
thickets
6 S3-613 Ponto-Thracian
sub-Mediterranean
scrub
7 S3-6131 Western Pontic

jasmine christ's
thorn scrub
7 S3-6132 Thracian christ's
thorn scrub

wigtree scrub
steppe-ravine scrub
6 S3-615 Ponto-Sarmatic pod

thickets
3 S3-7 Corylus avellana Low scrub dominated by Corylus Corylus

scrub Corylus avellana, avellana avellana
permanently maintained by Crataegus
exposure to winds and on monogyna
shallow soils along the Hedera helix
north Atlantic coast and Prunus
locally on rocky slopes and spinosa
cliffs through the Fragaria
Continental region. vesca
Geum
urbanum
Geranium
robertianum
Fraxinus
excelsior
Oxalis
acetosella
Cornus
sanguinea
Lonicera
periclymenu
m
Brachypodiu
m sylvaticum
Stellaria
holostea
Rubus
fruticosus
agg.
Poa
nemoralis
Urtica dioica
Dryopteris
filix-mas
Mercurialis
perennis
Rosa canina
4 S3-71 Corylus thickets agg.
5 S3-711 Atlantic and sub-
Atlantic hazel
thickets
5 S3-712 Sub-boreal hazel

thickets
5 S3-713 Peri-Alpine hazel

thickets
hazel thickets
3 S3-8 Temperate forest Often dense scrub of shrubs Salix caprea Sorbus
clearing scrub and small trees invading Sorbus aucuparia
after natural or aucuparia Rubus idaeus
anthropogenic clearance in Rubus idaeus Salix caprea
forests of the temperate Oxalis
zone. acetosella
Vaccinium
myrtillus
Urtica dioica
Dryopteris
dilatata
Deschampsia
flexuosa
Picea abies
Betula
pendula
Senecio
nemorensis
Rubus
fruticosus
agg.
Fagus
sylvatica
Acer
pseudoplata
nus
Athyrium
filix-femina
Dryopteris
filix-mas
Dryopteris
carthusiana
Polytrichastr
um
formosum
Fragaria
vesca
Epilobium
2 S4 Temperate shrub Shrub communities of
heathland nemoral affinities, in which
Ericaceae are dominant or
at least prominent. Such
heaths are best developed
on acid soils in the Atlantic
zone and also in sub-
Atlantic Europe.
3 S4-1 Wet heath Heath with prominent Erica Erica tetralix Erica tetralix
tetralix on shallow, acid, Sphagnum Calluna
nutrient-poor peats and compactum vulgaris
peaty mineral soils, kept Trichophoru Molinia
moist for much of the year m caerulea agg.
and often seasonally cespitosum Potentilla
waterlogged, through the Calluna erecta
Atlantic and sub-Atlantic vulgaris Trichophoru
lowlands and foothills of Narthecium m
Europe. Typically occurring ossifragum cespitosum
in wet depressions and Juncus Eriophorum
seepage areas within dry squarrosus angustifoliu
heaths or as a marginal Drosera m
zone around bogs where rotundifolia Drosera
drainage of deeper peats Molinia rotundifolia
can increase its extent. In caerulea agg. Narthecium
milder oceanic climates, Sphagnum ossifragum
other Erica and Ulex spp. tenellum Juncus
occur in richer humid Sphagnum squarrosus
heath. Frequently papillosum Hypnum
influenced by burning, Drosera jutlandicum
grazing and sod-cutting. intermedia Sphagnum
Odontoschis papillosum
ma sphagni Sphagnum
Salix repens compactum
Gentiana Carex
pneumonant panicea
he Salix repens
Hypnum Betula
jutlandicum pubescens
Cladonia Sphagnum
portentosa tenellum
Eriophorum Pinus
angustifoliu sylvestris
m Hypnum
Rhynchospor cupressiform
a alba e
4 S4-11 Northern wet Rhynchospor Eriophorum
heaths
4 S4-12 Southern wet

heaths
4 S4-13 Molinia caerulea

wet heaths
3 S4-2 Dry heath Heath dominated by Calluna Calluna
various ericaceous sub- vulgaris vulgaris
shrubs on free-draining, Erica cinerea Deschampsia
nutrient-poor, acid sands Ulex gallii flexuosa
and siliceous soils through Genista Potentilla
the lowlands and foothills anglica erecta
of western and central Hypnum Erica cinerea
Europe, extending jutlandicum Vaccinium
northwards in more oceanic myrtillus
situations and into Dicranum
continental regions at scoparium
higher rainier altitudes. Pleurozium
Very often influenced by schreberi
grazing and burning and Molinia
frequently a secondary caerulea agg.
vegetation type derived by Festuca
clearance of acidophilous ovina
forest and maintained Agrostis
anthropogenically, in many capillaris
cases for centuries. Pteridium
aquilinum
Hypnum
cupressiform
e
Danthonia
decumbens
Hypnum
jutlandicum
Nardus
stricta
Genista
pilosa
Carex
pilulifera
Vaccinium
vitis-idaea
Anthoxanthu
4 S4-21 Submontane m odoratum
Vaccinium - Calluna
heaths
5 S4-211 North Atlantic

Vaccinium -
Empetrum -
Racomitrium
heaths
5 S4-212 Sub-boreal
Vaccinium heaths
5 S4-213 Hercynian
Vaccinium heaths
5 S4-214 Submontane Alpine

Vaccinium heaths
5 S4-215 Submontane
Pyreneo-
Cantabrian
Vaccinium heaths
5 S4-216 Collinar-montane
Carpathian
Vaccinium heaths
6 S4-2161 Submontane
western Carpathian
bilberry-cowberry
heaths
6 S4-2162 Montane eastern

Carpathian
bilberry-ling heaths
4 S4-22 Sub-Atlantic
Calluna - Genista
heaths
5 S4-221 Northern Calluna -

Genista heaths
Calluna - Genista
heaths
5 S4-223 Campino-Flandrian
Calluna - Genista
heaths
5 S4-224 Campino-Flandrian
Erica cinerea
heaths
5 S4-225 Britannic Calluna -

Genista heaths
5 S4-226 Montane Calluna -

Genista heaths
5 S4-227 Southern sub-
boreal Calluna -
Empetrum heaths
5 S4-228 Illyrian heaths
5 S4-229 Po basin heaths
5 S4-22A Genista sagittalis

heaths
5 S4-22B Central European

basicline heaths
5 S4-22C Pontic ling heaths
4 S4-23 Atlantic Erica - Ulex

heaths
5 S4-231 Maritime gorse

heaths
5 S4-232 Hiberno-Britannic
Calluna vulgaris -
Ulex gallii heaths
5 S4-233 Irish Erica

mackaiana heaths
5 S4-234 Northern Erica

vagans heaths
5 S4-235 Anglo-Armorican
Erica cinerea - Ulex
gallii heaths
5 S4-236 Cantabro-Pyrenean
Erica mackaiana -
E. cinerea heaths
5 S4-237 Cantabro-Pyrenean
Erica vagans - E.
cinerea heaths
5 S4-238 Gallo-Britannic
dwarf gorse heaths
5 S4-239 Aquitano-Ligerian
dwarf gorse heaths
4 S4-24 Ibero-Atlantic Erica

- Ulex - Cistus
heaths
5 S4-241 Biscay heaths
6 S4-2411 Aquitanian Erica-

Cistus heaths
6 S4-2412 Gascony-Sologne
arid heaths
6 S4-2413 Northern Iberian

heaths
5 S4-242 Luso-Galician
heaths
collinar heaths
maritime heaths
5 S4-243 Cabreran heaths
6 S4-2431 Cabreran dry whin

heaths
6 S4-2432 Cabreran
mesophile whin
heaths
heaths
Erica aragonensis
heaths
Erica umbellata
heaths
Erica cinerea
heaths
5 S4-245 Oro-Castillan
heaths
6 S4-2451 Western Cordilleran

Erica aragonensis
heaths
6 S4-2452 Ayllon Erica

aragonensis heaths
6 S4-2453 Villuercan Erica

aragonensis heaths
5 S4-246 Sorian heaths

6 S4-2461 Sorian summital
heaths
6 S4-2462 Sorian Erica

aragonensis heaths
6 S4-2463 Sorian Erica vagans

heaths
6 S4-2464 Sorian collinar

heaths
5 S4-247 Cuencan heaths
5 S4-248 Luso-Extremaduran
heaths
5 S4-249 Erica andevalensis

heaths
4 S4-25 Boreo-Atlantic Erica

cinerea heaths
4 S4-26 Inland dune heaths
5 S4-261 Dry sandy heaths

with Empetrum
nigrum
5 S4-262 Dry sandy heaths

with Calluna and
Genista
3 S4-3 Macaronesian Shrubby vegetation on thin insufficient insufficient
heath soils in the Azores, Madeira data data
and Canary Islands, available available
colonising pyroclastic
debris, lava, rock outcrops
and landslips, sometimes
cyclically renewed by
further disturbance or seral
to forest. Floristically
diverse between and within
the archipelagoes.

heaths
5 S4-311 Canary Island Erica

scoparia heaths
5 S4-312 Canary Island Erica

arborea heaths
4 S4-32 Madeiran cloud

heaths
4 S4-33 Madeiran summital

heaths
4 S4-34 Azorean lowland

heaths
4 S4-35 Upland Azorean

Erica azorica and
Juniperus brevifolia
heaths
4 S4-36 Azorean summital

heaths
2 S5 Maquis, Evergreen sclerophyllous or
arborescent lauriphyllous shrub
matorral and vegetation, with a closed or
thermo- nearly closed canopy
Mediterranean structure, having nearly
scrub 100% cover of shrubs, with
few annuals and some
vernal geophytes; trees are
nearly always present,
some of which may be in
shrub form. Shrubs,
sometimes tall, of Arbutus,
Cistus, Cytisus, Erica,
Genista, Lavandula, Myrtus,
Phillyrea, Pistacia, Quercus
and Spartium are typical.
Included is pseudomaquis,
in which the dominants are
mixed deciduous and
evergreen shrubs.
3 S5-1 Mediterranean Evergreen sclerophyllous or Pistacia Rubia
maquis and lauriphyllous shrub lentiscus peregrina
arborescent vegetation forming a dense Erica arborea Pistacia
matorral closed canopy, with or Myrtus lentiscus
without low emergent communis Erica arborea
trees, on a wide variety of Smilax Smilax
substrates and soils through aspera aspera
the thermo- to meso- Arbutus Asparagus
Mediterranean belts. May unedo acutifolius
be permanent primary Cistus Arbutus
vegetation on xeric sites but salvifolius unedo
is usually derived by Asparagus Juniperus
degradation of evergreen acutifolius oxycedrus
deciduous or coniferous Phillyrea Quercus ilex
forest and much influenced latifolia Phillyrea
in structure and Juniperus latifolia
composition by grazing and oxycedrus Cistus
fire Rubia salvifolius
peregrina Brachypodiu
Calicotome m retusum
villosa Myrtus
Cistus communis
monspeliensi Rhamnus
s alaternus
Phillyrea Rubus
angustifolia ulmifolius
Rhamnus Phillyrea
alaternus angustifolia
Lonicera Lonicera
implexa implexa
Brachypodiu Cistus
m retusum monspeliensi
Quercus ilex s
Cistus Calicotome
incanus villosa
Clematis Clematis
flammula flammula
4 S5-11 Evergreen Quercus Pulicaria Daphne
matorral
5 S5-111 Cork-oak matorral
5 S5-112 Acidiphile western

Mediterranean
holm-oak matorral
5 S5-113 Calciphile western

Mediterranean oak
matorral
5 S5-114 Eastern
Mediterranean oak
matorral
5 S5-115 Iberian mixed oak
arborescent
matorral
5 S5-116 Mediterranean
evergreen oak low
forests
6 S5-1161 Quercus ilex and

Quercus
rotundifolia low
forests
6 S5-1162 Quercus coccifera

and Quercus
alnifolia low forests
4 S5-12 Olea europaea and

Pistacia lentiscus
matorral
5 S5-121 Olive arborescent

matorral
5 S5-122 Carob arborescent

matorral
5 S5-123 Lentisc and

phillyrea
arborescent
matorral
5 S5-124 Myrtle arborescent

matorral
5 S5-125 Canary Island olive-

lentisc arborescent
matorral
4 S5-13 Juniper matorral

5 S5-131 Prickly juniper
(Juniperus
oxycedrus)
arborescent
matorral
6 S5-1311 Juniperus
oxycedrus
arborescent
matorral
6 S5-1312 Juniperus
macrocarpa
arborescent
matorral
6 S5-1313 Juniperus
transtagana
arborescent
matorral
5 S5-132 Juniperus
phoenicea and
Juniperus lycia
arborescent
matorral
6 S5-1321 Juniperus
phoenicea
arborescent
matorral
6 S5-1322 Juniperus lycia

arborescent
matorral
5 S5-133 Juniperus excelsa

and Juniperus
foetidissima
arborescent
matorrals
6 S5-1331 Juniperus excelsa

arborescent
matorral
6 S5-1332 Juniperus
foetidissima
arborescent
matorral
5 S5-134 Juniperus
communis
arborescent
matorral
5 S5-135 Juniperus drupacea
arborescent
matorral
5 S5-136 Juniperus thurifera

arborescent
matorral
4 S5-14 Pinus matorral
5 S5-141 Mesogean pine

arborescent
matorral
5 S5-142 Stone pine

arborescent
matorral
5 S5-143 Aleppo pine

arborescent
matorral
5 S5-144 Aegean pine

arborescent
matorral
5 S5-145 Black pine and

scots pine
arborescent
matorral
4 S5-15 Tetraclinis
articulata matorral
4 S5-16 Deciduous Quercus

matorral
4 S5-17 Arid zone matorral
5 S5-171 Iberian arid zone

Ziziphus matorral
4 S5-18 Laurus nobilis
matorral
4 S5-19 Cypress matorral
4 S5-1A Zelkova matorral
4 S5-1B High maquis
5 S5-1B1 Western
Mediterranean
high maquis
5 S5-1B2 Luso-Extremaduran
high maquis
5 S5-1B3 Eastern
Mediterranean
high maquis
4 S5-1C Low ericaceous

maquis
4 S5-1D Tall Cistus maquis
5 S5-1D1 Southwestern
Iberian tall cistus
maquis
5 S5-1D2 Central Iberian tall

cistus maquis
5 S5-1D3 Baetic tall cistus

maquis
5 S5-1D4 Tyrrhenian tall
cistus maquis
4 S5-1E Low Cistus maquis
5 S5-1E1 Cistus
monspeliensis
maquis
5 S5-1E2 Cistus salvifolius

maquis
5 S5-1E3 Cistus populifolius

maquis
5 S5-1E4 Cistus laurifolius

maquis
5 S5-1E5 Cistus psilosepalus

maquis
5 S5-1E6 Cistus crispus

maquis
5 S5-1E7 Cistus incanus

maquis
5 S5-1E8 Cistus albidus

maquis
4 S5-1F Low Cistus -

Lavandula stoechas
maquis
5 S5-1F1 Central
Mediterranean
lavender maquis
5 S5-1F2 Central Iberian
lavender maquis
5 S5-1F3 Western Iberian

lavender maquis
4 S5-1G Low sparse maquis
4 S5-1H Cytisus-dominated
maquis
4 S5-1J Thermo-
Mediterranean
brushes, thickets
and heath-
garrigues
5 S5-1J1 Oleo-lentisc brush
5 S5-1J2 Thermo-
Mediterranean
heath-garrigues
6 S5-1J21 Western Erica

multiflora heath-
garrigues
6 S5-1J22 Western Erica

manipuliflora
heath-garrigues
6 S5-1J23 Eastern Erica

manipuliflora
heath-garrigues
5 S5-1J3 Thorny burnet

brush
5 S5-1J4 Lentisc brush
5 S5-1J5 Calicotome brush
5 S5-1J6 Laurus thickets
5 S5-1J7 Coastal
Helichrysum
garrigues
6 S5-1J71 Iberian thermo-

Mediterranean
kermes oak brush
6 S5-1J72 Tyrrhenian thermo-

Mediterranean
kermes oak brush
6 S5-1J73 Hellenic thermo-

Mediterranean
kermes oak brush
6 S5-1J74 Anatolian thermo-

Mediterranean
kermes oak brush
6 S5-1J75 Cyprian thermo-

Mediterranean
kermes oak brush
6 S5-1J76 Levantine thermo-

Mediterranean
kermes oak brush
6 S5-1J77 North African

thermo-
Mediterranean
kermes oak brush
5 S5-1J8 Myrtle thickets
5 S5-1J9 Thermo-
Mediterranean
kermes oak
brushes
5 S5-1JA Phillyrea thickets
6 S5-1JA1 Minorcan
lentiscares
6 S5-1JA2 Valencian mata
6 S5-1JA3 Western Phillyrea

thickets
6 S5-1JA4 Eastern Phillyrea

thickets
5 S5-1JB Buckthorn-
asparagus brushes
5 S5-1JC Osyris brushes
5 S5-1JD Storax thickets
5 S5-1JE Buxus balearica

box thickets
5 S5-1JF Dwarf oak scrub

5 S5-1JG Tall spiny broom
brush
5 S5-1JH Corema brush
5 S5-1JJ Thermo-
Mediterranean
juniper brushes
5 S5-1JK Thermo-
Mediterranean
wormwood
brushes
5 S5-1JL Thermo-
Mediterranean
Jupiter's beard
brushes
5 S5-1JM Coastal dwarf

leguminous
garrigues
4 S5-1K Euphorbia
dendroides
formations
4 S5-1L Ampelodesmos
mauritanica
-dominated
garrigues
4 S5-1M Chamaerops
humilis brush
4 S5-1N Thermo-
Mediterranean
broom fields
(retamares)
5 S5-1N1 Yellow retama

brush
5 S5-1N2 Ibero-Mauritanian
white retama brush
5 S5-1N3 Genista speciosa
broom fields
5 S5-1N4 Genista valentina

broom fields
5 S5-1N5 Genista retamoides

broom fields
5 S5-1N6 Genista haenseleri

broom fields
5 S5-1N7 Genista
ramosissima broom
fields
5 S5-1N8 Thermo-
mediterranean
Lygos raetam brush
5 S5-1N9 Eolian broomfields
5 S5-1NA Genista
ephedroides
broomfields
5 S5-1NB Ibiza broomfields
5 S5-1NC Genista
pseudoretamoides
broom fields
4 S5-1P Mediterranean
gorse-heaths
5 S5-1P1 Monchique Ulex

argenteus gorse-
heaths
5 S5-1P2 Lusitanian Ulex
densus gorse-
heaths
5 S5-1P3 Morena Ulex

eriocladus gorse
heaths
5 S5-1P4 Ulex parviflorus

gorse-heaths
5 S5-1P5 Stauracanthus
spectabilis gorse-
heaths
5 S5-1P6 Luso-Extremaduran
Genista hirsuta
gorse-heaths
4 S5-1Q Iberian thermo-

Mediterranean
garrigues
5 S5-1Q1 Baetic garrigues
5 S5-1Q2 Ronda Ononis

speciosa garrigues
5 S5-1Q3 Guadalquivir
Genista
equisetiformis
garrigues
5 S5-1Q4 Alboran Genista

equisetiformis
garrigues
5 S5-1Q5 Andalusian
magnesium
garrigues
6 S5-1Q51 Ronda dolomite

garrigues
6 S5-1Q52 Ronda serpentine
and peridotite
garrigues
6 S5-1Q53 Bermeja Ulex

garrigues
5 S5-1Q6 Bermeja Halimium

garrigues
4 S5-1R Stauracanthus
boivinii gorse-
heaths
5 S5-1R1 Aljibe
Stauracanthus
boivinii gorse-
heaths
5 S5-1R2 Algarve
Stauracanthus
boivinii gorse-
heaths
5 S5-1R3 North African

Stauracanthus
boivinii gorse-
heaths
5 S5-1R4 Western
Mediterranean
xero-psammitic
brushes
4 S5-1S Cabo de Sao

Vicente brushes
4 S5-1T Thermo-
Mediterranean
heaths
5 S5-1T1 Dry Andalusian

monte negro
5 S5-1T2 Humid Andalusian

monte negro
3 S5-2 Submediterranean Mixed deciduous and Juniperus Juniperus
pseudomaquis evergreen scrub of shallow, oxycedrus oxycedrus
rocky, mostly calcareous Spartium Teucrium
soils in the lowlands and junceum chamaedrys
foothills of southern Chamaecytis Rubia
Europe, particularly the us peregrina
east. Usually derived by spinescens Buxus
forest degradation and Paliurus semperviren
much affected in structure spina-christi s
and composition by grazing, Osyris alba Asparagus
fire and logging. Cytisus acutifolius
sessilifolius Spartium
Buxus junceum
semperviren Rhamnus
s alaternus
Pistacia Pistacia
terebinthus terebinthus
Lonicera Phillyrea
etrusca latifolia
Rhamnus Osyris alba
alaternus Lonicera
Asparagus etrusca
acutifolius Fraxinus
Phillyrea ornus
latifolia Cytisus
Rubia sessilifolius
peregrina Viola alba
Jasminum Quercus
fruticans pubescens
Viola alba Paliurus
Cephalaria spina-christi
leucantha Brachypodiu
Galium m pinnatum
flavescens Thymus
Saxifraga vulgaris
cuneata Smilax
Jasonia aspera
4 S5-21 Helleno-Balkanic glutinosa Rosmarinus
pseudomaquis
4 S5-22 Italo-French
pseudomaquis
4 S5-23 Iberian
pseudomaquis
4 S5-24 Western Asian

pseudomaquis
3 S5-3 Spartium junceum Scrub dominated by Spartium Spartium
scrub Spartium junceum, typical junceum junceum
of disturbed, open, sunny Rubus Rubus
situations on a wide variety ulmifolius ulmifolius
of soils through the Asparagus Asparagus
Mediterranean and sub- acutifolius acutifolius
Mediterranean, where its Clematis Rubia
rapid establishment is flammula peregrina
favoured by post-fire seed Rosa Brachypodiu
germination, aggressive semperviren m pinnatum
rooting, nitrogen-fixation s Clematis
and unpalatability. Dittrichia vitalba
viscosa Quercus
Paliurus pubescens
spina-christi Crataegus
Rubia monogyna
peregrina Rosa canina
Foeniculum agg.
vulgare Fraxinus
Clematis ornus
vitalba Dactylis
Quercus glomerata
pubescens Clematis
Pyrus flammula
amygdalifor Sanguisorba
mis minor
Centaurea Rosa
aspera semperviren
Psoralea s
bituminosa Ulmus minor
Galactites Teucrium
elegans chamaedrys
Achillea Prunus
ligustica spinosa
Carlina Cornus
corymbosa sanguinea
Fraxinus Hedera helix
3 S5-4 Thermo- Scrub with a usually low ornus
not available Dittrichia
not available
Mediterranean arid and rather open cover of
scrub shrubs with sub-shrubs,
dwarf shrubs and herbs
between, on dry soils of
varied composition through
the thermomediterranean
zone, and of very diverse
local composition. Primary
and permanent in more
arid and exposed situations,
but can be successional to
forest and often much
affected by grazing.
4 S5-41 Mediterranean pre-

desert scrub
5 S5-411 Iberian jujube
brush
5 S5-412 Sicilian jujube

brush
5 S5-413 Maytenus brushes
5 S5-414 Iberian Periploca

scrubs
5 S5-415 Sicilian Channel

Periploca scrubs
5 S5-416 Iberian tall arid

brushes
6 S5-4161 Salsola webbii

brush
6 S5-4162 Sideritis brush
6 S5-4163 Gorse-phlomis
scrub
6 S5-4164 Genista umbellata

garrigues
5 S5-417 Iberian arid

garrigues
6 S5-4171 Murcio-Alicantian
arid garrigues
6 S5-4172 Almerian arid
garrigues
7 S5-41721 Limonium-Anabasis
arid garrigues
7 S5-41722 Cabo de Gata arid

garrigue
7 S5-41723 Tabernas arid

garrigues
7 S5-41724 Coastal Almerian

arid garrigues
4 S5-42 Western Tethyan

xero-psammitic
brushes
5 S5-421 Southern
Andalusian "monte
blanco"
5 S5-422 Guadalquivir xero-

psammitic brushes
5 S5-423 Algarve xero-

psammitic brushes
5 S5-424 Lusitanian xero-

psammitic brushes
2 S6 Garrigue Evergreen sclerophyllous or
lauriphyllous shrub
vegetation, with an open
canopy structure and some
bare ground, usually with
many winter annuals and
vernal geophytes. Low
shrubs of Cistus, Lavandula,
Rosmarinus and Stoechas
are usually present, and
there may be some larger
shrubs and scattered trees.
Garrigue is found mostly in
the Mediterranean,
Macaronesian and Pontic
regions, where it typically
derives from degradation or
regrowth of broad-leaved
evergreen forests (G2), but
it extends into deciduous
forest areas in the supra-
Mediterranean zone and
sub-Mediterranean zones
and into steppe areas in
Anatolia. Includes scrubby
land with mainly
herbaceous vegetation and
a large component of
unpalatable non-vernal
monocots (Asphodelus,
Urginea) and thistles,
provided that shrub cover
exceeds 10%.
3 S6-1 Western Sub-shrub vegetation not available not available

basiphilous dominated by
garrigue nanophanerophytes and
chamaephytes on thin,
base-rich soils through the
western thermo- to
mesomediterranean belts,
very diverse in composition
with differences in local
climate and soils. In rockier
situations, it can be a
permanent coloniser but is
often derived from forest
clearance and is much
affected by grazing and fire.
4 S6-11 Western Quercus
coccifera garrigues
4 S6-12 Western
Rosmarinus
officinalis garrigues
4 S6-13 Western Cistus

garrigues
4 S6-14 Western Euphorbia

garrigues
4 S6-15 Western Juniperus

oxycedrus garrigues
4 S6-16 Western Lavandula

garrigues
4 S6-17 Western Teucrium

and other labiate
garrigues
4 S6-18 Western Genista

garrigues
4 S6-19 Western
Calicotome
garrigues
4 S6-1A Western composite

garrigues
4 S6-1B Western Erica

garrigues
4 S6-1C Western Globularia

garrigues
4 S6-1D Western
Helianthemum and
Fumana garrigues
4 S6-1E Lithodora fruticosa

garrigues
4 S6-1F Western
Thymelaea
garrigues
4 S6-1G Western Ononis

fruticosa garrigues
4 S6-1H Western Anthyllis

cytisoides garrigues
4 S6-1J Western Dictamnus

garrigues
4 S6-1K Lavandula
angustifolia
garrigues
4 S6-1L Genista cinerea

garrigues
4 S6-1M Ibero-Gallic supra-

Mediterranean
dwarf-shrub
garrigues
4 S6-1N Supra-
Mediterranean
Buxus sempervirens
scrub
4 S6-1P Italian supra-

Mediterranean
garrigues
3 S6-2 Western acidic Sub-shrub vegetation not available not available
garrigue dominated by
nanophanerophytes on thin
acidic soils, both hard
silicate and soft sands,
through the western
thermo- to lower
supramediterranean belts,
very diverse in composition
with differences in local
climate and soils. In rockier
situations, it can be a
permanent coloniser but is
often derived from forest
clearance or abandonment
of farm fields and is much
affected by grazing and fire.
4 S6-21 Western
Bupleurum
garrigues
4 S6-22 Western Ulex

garrigues
3 S6-3 Eastern garrigue Low, mostly evergreen Phlomis Phlomis
sclerophyllous scrub on fruticosa fruticosa
diverse soils through the Erica Dactylis
eastern meso-, thermo- and manipuliflora glomerata
occasionally Micromeria Erica
supramediterranean belts, juliana manipuliflora
including around the Black Tordylium Quercus
Sea, where deciduous apulum coccifera
species can prevail. Salvia Micromeria
Derived by forest officinalis juliana
degradation and usually Urginea Asparagus
maintained by grazing and maritima acutifolius
fire, their structure and Cistus Brachypodiu
composition vary greatly incanus m retusum
with local climate and Quercus Cistus
human impacts. coccifera incanus
Convolvulus Tordylium
althaeoides apulum
Thymbra Desmazeria
capitata rigida
Desmazeria Urginea
rigida maritima
Satureja Teucrium
thymbra polium
Genista Phillyrea
acanthoclada latifolia
Asphodeline Cynosurus
lutea echinatus
Briza maxima Cistus
Crepis rubra salvifolius
Carlina Carlina
corymbosa corymbosa
Cynosurus Briza maxima
echinatus Thymbra
Fumana capitata
ericoides Salvia
Leontodon officinalis
4 S6-31 Eastern Quercus tuberosus Convolvulus
coccifera garrigues
4 S6-32 Eastern Rosmarinus

4 S6-33 Eastern Cistus

garrigues
4 S6-34 Eastern Euphorbia

garrigues
4 S6-35 Eastern Juniperus

oxycedrus garrigues
4 S6-36 Eastern Lavandula
garrigues
4 S6-37 Eastern Teucrium

and other labiates
garrigues
5 S6-371 Eastern tree

germander
garrigues
5 S6-372 Jerusalem sage

garrigues
5 S6-373 Eastern Salvia and

Stachys garrigues
5 S6-374 Eastern dwarf

labiate garrigues
4 S6-38 Eastern Paliurus

spina-christi
garrigues
4 S6-39 Eastern broom

garrigues
4 S6-3A Ebenus cretica

brushes
4 S6-3B Eastern
Helichrysum and
other composite
garrigues
4 S6-3C Eastern Erica

garrigues
4 S6-3D Arbutus andrachne

garrigues
4 S6-3E Eastern Globularia
garrigues
4 S6-3F Eastern
Helianthemum and
Fumana garrigues
4 S6-3G Eastern Thymelaea

garrigues
4 S6-3H Eastern Bupleurum

garrigues
4 S6-3J East Mediterranean

pre-desert scrub
4 S6-3K Illyrian Quercus

coccifera garrigues
4 S6-3L Illyrian Rosmarinus

4 S6-3M Illyrian Cistus

garrigues
5 S6-3M1 Illyrian Cistus

incanus garrigues

salvifolius garrigues

monspeliensis
garrigues
4 S6-3N Illyrian Euphorbia

garrigues
4 S6-3P Illyrian Juniperus
oxycedrus garrigues
4 S6-3Q Illyrian Teucrium

and other labiates
garrigues
4 S6-3R Illyrian Paliurus

spina-christi
garrigues
4 S6-3S Illyrian broom

garrigues
4 S6-3T Illyrian Helichrysum

and other
composite
garrigues
4 S6-3U Illyrian Erica

garrigues
4 S6-3V Crimean garrigues
4 S6-3X South-Euxinian
garrigues
4 S6-3Y Thracian garrigues
4 S6-3Z Balkan peninsula

supra-
Mediterranean
garrigues
5 S6-3Z1 Balkan peninsula

supra-
Mediterranean
shrub garrigues
5 S6-3Z2 Balkan peninsula
supra-
Mediterranean
subshrub garrigues
3 S6-4 Mediterranean Open chamaephyte scrub Herniaria Herniaria

gypsum scrub with a lichen crust and fruticosa fruticosa
rainy-spring annual herb Helianthemu Helianthemu
flora, on gypsum-rich m syriacum m syriacum
substrates in areas with a Ononis Thymus
dry to semi-arid tridentata vulgaris
mediterranean climate in Helianthemu Brachypodiu
the Iberian peninsula. The m m retusum
extreme climatic and squamatum Ononis
edaphic conditions Launaea tridentata
maintain the habitat as pumila Helianthemu
naturally stable but it can Atractylis m
bear some light grazing. humilis squamatum
Fumana Koeleria
ericoides vallesiana
Plantago Helichrysum
albicans stoechas
Thymus Teucrium
vulgaris polium
Helichrysum Rosmarinus
stoechas officinalis
Genista Genista
scorpius scorpius
Koeleria Fumana
vallesiana ericoides
Rosmarinus Launaea
officinalis pumila
Brachypodiu Atractylis
m retusum humilis
Santolina Plantago
chamaecypar albicans
issus Linum
Lepidium suffruticosu
subulatum m
Stipa Santolina
parviflora chamaecypar
Lygeum issus
4 S6-41 Central Iberian spartum Coris
gypsum scrubs
5 S6-411 Meseta gypsum

scrubs
5 S6-412 Eastern Andalusian

gypsum scrubs
5 S6-413 Dueran gypsum

scrubs
4 S6-42 Ebro gypsum
scrubs
5 S6-421 Gypsophila
hispanica garrigues
5 S6-422 Helianthemum
squamatum
garrigues
5 S6-423 Ononis tridentata

garrigues
Iberian gypsum
scrubs
3 S6-5 Mediterranean Perennial scrubby Atriplex Atriplex

nitrophilous scrub vegetation with halimus halimus
nitrophilous and salt- Artemisia Daucus
tolerant associates in often arborescens carota
artificially-disturbed places Artemisia Artemisia
through the semi-arid herba-alba herba-alba
thermo- and Salsola Artemisia
inframediterranean belts vermiculata arborescens
where the dry climate slows Santolina Piptatherum
the decomposition of litter chamaecypar miliaceum
and aids precipitation of issus Salsola
salt from the soil Bromus vermiculata
rubens Asparagus
Piptatherum acutifolius
miliaceum Santolina
Suaeda chamaecypar
braun- issus
blanquetii Dittrichia
Ptilostemon viscosa
casabonae Eryngium
Herniaria campestre
cinerea Bromus
Foeniculum rubens
vulgare Hordeum
Suaeda vera murinum
Dittrichia Dactylis
viscosa glomerata
Anacyclus subsp.
clavatus hispanica
Asphodelus Pistacia
fistulosus lentiscus
Sonchus Foeniculum
tenerrimus vulgare
Plantago Carlina
lagopus corymbosa
Lygeum Sonchus
spartum oleraceus
Anagyris Helichrysum
4 S6-51 Canary Island xero-
halophilous scrubs

coastal scrub

Zygophyllum dry
scrubs

Salsola longifolia
dry scrubs
5 S6-514 Selvagen woody

seablite scrubs
4 S6-52 Mediterranean
halo-nitrophilous
scrubs
5 S6-521 Ebro sisallares
5 S6-522 Manchegan
sisallares
5 S6-523 Catalano-Valencian
halo-nitrophilous
scrubs
Iberian matojares
5 S6-525 Sicilian halo-

nitrophilous scrubs
4 S6-53 Interior Iberian salt

scrubs
5 S6-531 Interior woody
seablite scrubs
5 S6-532 Interior glaucous

glasswort scrubs
5 S6-533 Interior creeping

glasswort scrubs
3 S6-6 Caspian halo- Perennial scrubby Artemisia Artemisia

nitrophilous scrub vegetation with lerchiana lerchiana
nitrophilous and salt- Trigonella Alyssum
tolerant associates in often orthoceras turkestanicu
artificially-disturbed places Artemisia m
around the Caspian Sea tschernievian Trigonella
where the dry climate slows a orthoceras
the decomposition of litter Alyssum Poa bulbosa
and aids precipitation of linifolium Eremopyrum
salt from the soil. Alyssum triticeum
turkestanicu Eremopyrum
m orientale
Ceratocarpus Ceratocarpus
arenarius arenarius
Alhagi Artemisia
pseudalhagi tschernievian
Eremopyrum a
orientale Alyssum
Eremopyrum linifolium
triticeum Alhagi
Leymus pseudalhagi
ramosus Bromus
Neotorularia tectorum
contortuplica Bromus
ta squarrosus
Ceratocephal Leymus
a testiculata ramosus
Centaurea Holosteum
arenaria umbellatum
Senecio Centaurea
noeanus arenaria
Salsola kali Tragopogon
subsp. tragus dubius
Xanthoparm Salsola kali
elia ryssolea subsp. tragus
Bromus Neotorularia
tectorum contortuplica
2 S7 Spiny Shrublands with dominant Bromus ta
Mediterranean low spiny shrubs,
heaths (phrygana, widespread in
hedgehog-heaths Mediterranean and
and related coastal Anatolian regions with a
cliff vegetation) summer-dry climate,
occurring from sea level to
high altitudes on dry
mountains.
3 S7-1 Western Low scrub of often spiny, Genista Helichrysum
Mediterranean cushion-forming plants on corsica italicum
coastal garrigue thin soils on wind-exposed Helichrysum Genista
and spray-splashed tops of italicum corsica
rocky cliffs on the Balearic Astragalus Cistus
Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, massiliensis monspeliensi
Pantelleria and in the Gulf Cistus s
of Taranto. monspeliensi Rosmarinus
s officinalis
Stachys Reichardia
glutinosa picroides
Teucrium Pistacia
marum lentiscus
Rosmarinus Cistus
officinalis salvifolius
Euphorbia Carlina
pithyusa corymbosa
Reichardia Brachypodiu
picroides m retusum
Carlina Astragalus
corymbosa massiliensis
Genista Asparagus
sardoa acutifolius
Pallenis Rubia
maritima peregrina
Cistus Daucus
salvifolius carota
Lagurus Teucrium
ovatus polium
Armeria Lagurus
pungens ovatus
Pistacia Dactylis
lentiscus glomerata
Brachypodiu Teucrium
m retusum marum
Calicotome Stachys
villosa glutinosa
4 S7-11 West Anchusa Phillyrea
Mediterranean
mainland clifftop
phrygana
5 S7-111 Calcareous
Provence phrygana
5 S7-112 Crystalline
Provence phrygana
5 S7-113 West-
Mediterranean
Anthyllis phrygana
5 S7-114 Straits of Bonifacio

phrygana
5 S7-115 Cabo de Creus
phrygana
5 S7-116 Cabo de Sao

Vicente phrygana
4 S7-12 Balearic clifftop

phrygana
4 S7-13 Sardinian
Centaurea horrida
phrygana
4 S7-14 Sardinian Genista

acanthoclada
phrygana
4 S7-15 Corsican and

Sardinian Genista
phrygana
4 S7-16 Pantelleria
phrygana
4 S7-17 Central
Mediterranean
Sarcopoterium
phrygana
4 S7-18 Hypericum
aegyptiacum
phrygana
3 S7-2 Eastern Low scrub dominated by Thymbra Thymbra
Mediterranean thorny hemispherical capitata capitata
spiny heath chamaephytes on various Sarcopoteriu Sarcopoteriu
(Phrygana) base-rich and acidic m spinosum m spinosum
substrates in the thermo-, Genista Genista
meso- and acanthoclada acanthoclada
supramediterranean belts Leontodon Brachypodiu
of mainland Greece, tuberosus m retusum
Anatolia, the Aegean and Hypochaeris Leontodon
Ionian islands, Crete, achyrophoru tuberosus
Cyprus and the north-east s Carlina
Mediterranean coast. Can Phagnalon corymbosa
be of primary origin or graecum Hypochaeris
result from clearance of Satureja achyrophoru
evergreen sclerophyll thymbra s
forest. Valantia Asphodelus
hispida ramosus
Crepis cretica Linum
Carlina strictum
corymbosa Dactylis
Paronychia glomerata
macrosepala Urginea
Bromus maritima
intermedius Asparagus
Euphorbia acutifolius
acanthotham Teucrium
nos polium
Centaurea Lagurus
raphanina ovatus
Allium Desmazeria
rubrovittatu rigida
m Calicotome
Phagnalon villosa
rupestre Trifolium
Urginea campestre
maritima Quercus
Medicago coccifera
4 S7-21 Aegean phrygana coronata Pistacia
5 S7-211 Aegean
Sarcopoterium
phrygana
5 S7-212 Maritime
Centaurea spinosa
phrygana
5 S7-213 Lesbian Centaurea

spinosa phrygana
5 S7-214 Cycladian
Centaurea
phrygana
5 S7-215 Aegean Erica
manipuliflora
phrygana
5 S7-216 Aegean Thymus

capitatus phrygana
5 S7-217 Aegean Genista

acanthoclada
phrygana
5 S7-218 Aegean Satureja

thymbra phrygana
5 S7-219 Aegean Euphorbia

acanthothamnos
phrygana
5 S7-21A Aegean
Lithospermum
hispidulum
phrygana
5 S7-21B Aegean Anthyllis

hermanniae
phrygana
4 S7-22 Mid-elevation
phrygana of Crete
4 S7-23 Thracian phrygana
5 S7-231 Thracian
Sarcopoterium
phrygana
5 S7-232 Northern Thracian

collinar Astragalus
thracicus phrygana
4 S7-24 East Mediterranean
bathas
5 S7-241 Cyprian phrygana
5 S7-242 Sarcopoterium
bathas
5 S7-243 Thymus capitatus

bathas
5 S7-244 Salvia triloba and

Satureja thymbra
bathas
5 S7-245 Lithospermum
hispidulum bathas
3 S7-3 Western Heath of often spiny Cytisus Cytisus
Mediterranean hedgehog sub-shrubs on balansae balansae
mountain base-rich and acidic soils in Genista Deschampsia
hedgehog heath the cold and droughty cinerascens flexuosa
upper supra- and Senecio Calluna
oromediterranean belts of adonidifolius vulgaris
the Iberian Peninsula, Festuca Genista
historically sustaining summilusitan cinerascens
transhumance pastoralism a Teucrium
but often extending down Arenaria scorodonia
from crests and steep querioides Cytisus
slopes due to grazing and Carduus scoparius
burning. carpetanus Agrostis
Luzula lactea capillaris
Echinospartu Rumex
m acetosella
lusitanicum Rubus idaeus
Orobanche Pteridium
rapum- aquilinum
genistae Jasione
Festuca eskia montana
Echinospartu Senecio
m ibericum adonidifolius
Festuca Juniperus
elegans communis
Jasione subsp.
crispa communis
Ornithogalu Arrhenather
m um elatius
concinnum Vaccinium
Linaria myrtillus
repens Thymus
Koeleria praecox
crassipes Gentiana
Anarrhinum lutea
bellidifolium Thymus
Stipa pulegioides
4 S7-31 Pyrenean gigantea Linaria
hedgehog-heaths
4 S7-32 Cordilleran
hedgehog-heaths
5 S7-321 Gredos hedgehog-

heaths
5 S7-322 Bejar-Peña de
Francia hedgehog-
heaths
5 S7-323 Estrela hedgehog-

heaths
5 S7-324 Western Cordilleran
secondary
hedgehog-heaths
4 S7-33 Nevadan
hedgehog-heaths
5 S7-331 Lower Nevadan

hedgehog-heaths
5 S7-332 Middle Nevadan

hedgehog-heaths
5 S7-333 Upper Nevadan

hedgehog-heaths
5 S7-334 Nevadan dwarf

cushion-heaths
6 S7-3341 Siliceous Nevadan

dwarf cushion-
heaths
6 S7-3342 Calcareous
Nevadan dwarf
cushion-heaths
5 S7-335 Nevadan Genista

hedgehog-heaths
4 S7-34 Franco-Iberian
hedgehog-heaths
5 S7-341 Erinacea
hedgehog-heaths
6 S7-3411 Baetic Erinacea-
Vella hedgehog-
heaths
6 S7-3412 Iberian Range

Erinacea
hedgehog-heaths
6 S7-3413 Maestrazgo
Erinacea-Genista
hedgehog-heaths
Erinacea
hedgehog-heath
Daphne hedgehog-
heaths
5 S7-342 Peri-Nevadan dwarf

cushion-heaths
6 S7-3421 Cazorla dwarf

cushion-heaths
6 S7-3422 Baza-Tejeda-Ronda
dwarf cushion-
heaths
6 S7-3423 Magina dwarf

cushion-heaths
6 S7-3424 Maria-Maimon
dwarf cushion-
heaths
5 S7-343 Echinospartum
boissieri hedgehog-
heaths
6 S7-3431 Alcaraz
Echinospartum
hedgehog-heaths
6 S7-3432 Gador
Echinospartum
hedgehog-heaths
6 S7-3433 Baetic
Echinospartum
hedgehog-heaths
5 S7-344 Catalano-Valencian
Erinacea
hedgehog-heaths
5 S7-345 Genista cushion-

heaths
6 S7-3451 Pyreneo-
Cantabrian
cushion-heaths
6 S7-3452 Genista
sanabrensis
cushion-heaths
6 S7-3453 Genista pumila

cushion-heaths
6 S7-3454 Genista scorpius

cushion-heaths
6 S7-3455 Genista
pseudopilosa
cushion-heaths
6 S7-3456 Genista lobelii and

G. pulchella
cushion-heaths
5 S7-346 Collinar Astragalus

hedgehog-heaths
6 S7-3461 Dueran Astragalus
hedgehog-heaths
6 S7-3462 Southern Mesetan

Astragalus
hedgehog-heaths
5 S7-347 Summital Balearic

labiate hedgehog-
heaths
6 S7-3471 Mallorcan
hedgehog-heaths
6 S7-3472 Menorcan
hedgehog-heaths
3 S7-4 Central Heath of often spiny Chamaecytis Chamaecytis

Mediterranean hedgehog sub-shrubs on us us
mountain base-rich and acidic soils in spinescens spinescens
hedgehog heath windy and sunny situations Armeria Helianthemu
in the supra- and brutia m
oromediterranean belts of Centaurea nummulariu
Corsica, Sardinia, Elba, Sicily sarfattiana m
and the southern mainland Astragalus Thymus
Mountains of Italy. calabrus longicaulis
Downslope expansion Festuca Bromus
below the timberline can circummedit erectus
follow clearance and erranea Anthyllis
grazing. Anthemis vulneraria
cretica Teucrium
Thymus montanum
longicaulis Festuca
Sesleria circummedit
tenuifolia erranea
Phleum Teucrium
ambiguum chamaedrys
Genista Sesleria
michelii tenuifolia
Genista Plantago
desoleana maritima
Hypericum subsp.
calabricum serpentina
Bromopsis Phleum
caprina ambiguum
Festuca Petrorhagia
curvula saxifraga
Koeleria Koeleria
lobata lobata
Erysimum Helianthemu
pseudorhaeti m
cum oelandicum
Avenula Galium
praetutiana lucidum
Globularia Dianthus
4 S7-41 Cyrno-Sardinian
hedgehog-heaths
4 S7-42 Mount Etna

hedgehog-heaths
4 S7-43 Madonie and

Apennine
hedgehog-heaths
3 S7-5 Eastern Heath of often spiny Astragalus Astragalus

Mediterranean hedgehog sub-shrubs on angustifolius angustifolius
mountain mostly base-rich soils in dry Astragalus Eryngium
hedgehog-heath mountains of the supra- creticus amethystinu
and oromediterranean Marrubium m
belts of the east velutinum Astragalus
Mediterranean. Downslope Daphne creticus
expansion below the oleoides Daphne
timberline can follow Eryngium oleoides
clearance and grazing. amethystinu Marrubium
m velutinum
Poa thessala Dactylis
Carduus glomerata
tmoleus Melica ciliata
Asyneuma Poa thessala
limonifolium Carduus
Cerastium tmoleus
candidissimu Asyneuma
m limonifolium
Festuca varia Festuca varia
Phleum Sanguisorba
montanum minor
Cirsium Minuartia
hypopsilum verna
Prunus Cerastium
prostrata candidissimu
Campanula m
spatulata Thymus
Centaurea longicaulis
affinis Stipa
Festuca pennata
polita Phleum
Lepidium montanum
hirtum Poa bulbosa
Galium Koeleria
thymifolium lobata
Koeleria Cerastium
4 S7-51 Helleno-Balkanic lobata brachypetalu
sylvatic Astragalus
hedgehog-heaths
5 S7-511 Southern Hellenic

montane hedgehog
heaths
5 S7-512 Moesian Astragalus
angustifolius
hedgehog-heaths
4 S7-52 Hellenic oro-

Mediterranean
hedgehog-heaths
5 S7-521 Hellenic tragacanth

hedgehog-heaths
6 S7-5211 Southern
Peloponnese
tragacanth
hedgehog-heaths
6 S7-5212 Kyllini-Chelmos
tragacanth
hedgehog-heaths
6 S7-5213 Hellenic mainland

tragacanth
hedgehog-heaths
5 S7-522 Oro-Hellenic
Astragalus
angustifolius
hedgehog-heaths
5 S7-523 Hellenic cushion-

heaths
4 S7-53 Hellenic alti-

Mediterranean
hedgehog-heaths
4 S7-54 Cretan hedgehog-

heaths
4 S7-55 Aegean summital

hedgehog-heaths
4 S7-56 Southern Hellenic
Genista
acanthoclada
hedgehog-heaths
4 S7-57 Astragalus
sempervirens
hedgehog-heaths
4 S7-58 Cyprian hedgehog-

heaths
Anatolian
hedgehog-heaths
4 S7-5A Western central

Eurasian hedgehog-
heaths
5 S7-5A1 Northern Thracian

tragacanth
hedgehog-heath
5 S7-5A2 Central Anatolian

hedgehog-heaths
3 S7-6 Canarian mountain Heath of hedgehog sub- insufficient insufficient

hedgehog-heath shrubs on screes and data data
volcanic soils in the available available
subalpine semi-desert belt
of Tenerife and la Palma.

cushion-heaths
5 S7-611 Tenerife cushion-

heaths
5 S7-612 La Palma cushion-

heaths
2 S8 Thermo-Atlantic Xerophytic scrub formations
xerophytic scrub of the lower slopes of the
Canary Islands and
Madeira, rich in succulents,
in particular cactiform or
dendroid spurges
Euphorbia spp., rosette-
forming Aeonium spp. and
composites.
3 S8-1 Canary Island Open scrub of insufficient insufficient

xerophytic scrub sclerophyllous shrubs and data data
succulent herbs on rocky available available
substrates with skeletal
soils in the arid lowlands
and on deeper soils in the
moister foothills of the
Canary Islands.
4 S8-11 Western Canary

Island Euphorbia
communities
5 S8-111 Cardonales
5 S8-112 Spurge tabaibales
5 S8-113 Kleinia tabaibales
5 S8-114 Dragon tree

communities
5 S8-115 Cneorum cushion

communities
5 S8-116 Plocama
communities
Island saxicolous
formations

Island saxicolous
labiate
communities
5 S8-122 Cardoncillo
communities

Island crassulid
communities
4 S8-13 Eastern Canary

Island xerophytic
communities

Launaea scrub
3 S8-2 Madeiran Diverse scrub of insufficient insufficient

xerophytic scrub sclerophyllous shrubs, small data data
trees and succulent herbs available available
on usually thin soils of
rocky outcrops, cliffs and
abandoned fields in the
arid lowlands of Madeira.
4 S8-21 Madeiran
Euphorbia
formations
4 S8-22 Madeiran
saxicolous
formations
4 S8-23 Desertas dry scrub

2 S9 Riverine and fen Riversides, lakesides, fens
scrubs and marshy floodplains
dominated by woody
vegetation less than 5 m
high.
3 S9-1 Arctic, boreal and Scrub of Salix spp. and Salix Salix
alpine riparian Myricaria germanica lapponum lapponum
scrub establishing on unsorted Salix Deschampsia
mineral sediments phylicifolia cespitosa
deposited in turbulent Salix lanata Trientalis
seasonal streams and flood- Salix glauca europaea
prone permanent rivers Stellaria Polygonum
through the uplands of the borealis viviparum
arctic, boreal and alpine Betula nana Salix
zones. More or less Trientalis phylicifolia
permanent where kept wet, europaea Deschampsia
re-establishing after Carex flexuosa
seasonal flooding or bigelowii Rumex
succeeding to thorn scrub Polygonum acetosa
where the sediments viviparum Ranunculus
stabilise. Lophozia acris
longiflora Betula nana
Salix hastata Solidago
Rhodiola virgaurea
rosea Anthoxanthu
Pedicularis m odoratum
lapponica Vaccinium
Rubus myrtillus
chamaemoru Carex
s bigelowii
Salix borealis Caltha
Cerastium palustris
alpinum Salix lanata
Saussurea Salix glauca
alpina Rubus
Epilobium chamaemoru
anagallidifoli s
um Potentilla
Harpanthus palustris
flotovianus Filipendula
Cerastium ulmaria
glabratum Viola
4 S9-11 Orogenous riverine palustris
brush
5 S9-111 Pre-Alpine willow-

tamarisk brush
5 S9-112 Pre-Alpine willow

and sea-buckthorn
brush
willow-tamarisk
scrub
5 S9-114 Boreal riverine
willow scrub
4 S9-12 Montane river

gravel low brush
4 S9-13 Gravel bank

thickets and forests
3 S9-2 Temperate riparian Scrub of Salix spp Salix Urtica dioica

scrub developed on the mineral purpurea Salix
sediments of shoals and Salix triandra purpurea
banks of lowland rivers Salix Rubus
through the temperate viminalis caesius
zone, re-establishing after Hippophae Solanum
seasonal flooding or rhamnoides dulcamara
succeeding to riparian and Salix Salix triandra
gallery forest where the elaeagnos Phalaris
sediments stabilise. Solanum arundinacea
dulcamara Galium
Rubus aparine
caesius Calystegia
Calystegia sepium
sepium Poa trivialis
Urtica dioica Salix
Salix fragilis viminalis
Ranunculus
repens
Salix
elaeagnos
Agrostis
stolonifera
Hippophae
rhamnoides
Glechoma
hederacea
Angelica
sylvestris
Lythrum
salicaria
Symphytum
officinale
Sambucus
nigra
Lysimachia
vulgaris
4 S9-21 Lowland and
collinar riverine
Salix scrub
5 S9-211 Almond willow-

osier scrub
5 S9-212 Western
Mediterranean
purple willow scrub
5 S9-213 Balkan riverine

willow scrub
5 S9-214 Ibero-montane
riverine willow
scrub
5 S9-215 Cantabrian willow

scrub
5 S9-216 Iberian sage-leaved

willow scrub
5 S9-217 Pedicellated willow

scrub
6 S9-2171 Andalusian willow

scrub
6 S9-2172 Sardinian
pedicellated willow
scrub
6 S9-2173 Sicilian pedicellated

willow scrub
6 S9-2174 Calabrian
pedicellated willow
scrub
5 S9-218 Continental riverine

willow scrub
6 S9-2181 Pannonic riverine

willow scrub
riverine willow
scrub
6 S9-2183 Central Eurasian

riverine willow
scrub
3 S9-3 Salix fen scrub Scrub dominated by Salix cinerea Salix cinerea
various Salix spp. on peaty Salix repens Lysimachia
and mineral soils Solanum vulgaris
maintained in a dulcamara Galium
permanently waterlogged Salix palustre
state by high ground water atrocinerea Solanum
in floodplain backwaters, Myrica gale dulcamara
around lakes and ponds, Calamagrosti Urtica dioica
among mires and dunes, s canescens Phragmites
and in abandoned wet australis
meadows and pastures, Lycopus
occurring through the europaeus
lowlands of atlantic, boreal Iris
and continental Europe and pseudacorus
extending into the Molinia
mediterranean region at caerulea agg.
higher altitudes. Associated Frangula
floras vary according to the alnus
base status of the ground Filipendula
waters and soils. ulmaria
Lythrum
salicaria
Juncus
effusus
Calamagrosti
s canescens
Mentha
aquatica
Cirsium
palustre
Calliergonell
a cuspidata
Salix repens
Poa trivialis
Angelica
sylvestris
4 S9-31 Grey willow carrs
5 S9-311 Western grey

willow carrs
5 S9-312 Central European

grey willow carrs
5 S9-313 Intra-Carpathian
grey willow carrs
4 S9-32 Sphagnum willow

carrs
4 S9-33 Bay willow carrs
4 S9-34 Dwarf willow mire

scrubs
4 S9-35 Boreal sedge

willow carrs
willow fen scrubs
3 S9-4 Mediterranean Usually open scrub of Nerium Nerium
riparian scrub Tamarix spp., Nerium oleander oleander
oleander, Vitex agnus- Vitex agnus- Vitex agnus-
castus and similar shrubs castus castus
and small trees on Tamarix Rubus
seasonally droughted and gallica ulmifolius
irregularly flooded Tamarix Tamarix
riverbeds, streamsides and africana gallica
depressions through the Tamarix Tamarix
thermo- and canariensis africana
mesomediterranean belts. Oxalis pes- Galium
caprae aparine
Juncus Smilax
acutus aspera
Tamarix Solanum
hampeana dulcamara
Suaeda Asparagus
braun- acutifolius
blanquetii Pistacia
Atriplex lentiscus
halimus Piptatherum
Piptatherum miliaceum
miliaceum Phragmites
Rubus australis
sanctus Juncus
Hypericum acutus
hircinum Arisarum
Parietaria vulgare
cretica Tamarix
Dracunculus canariensis
vulgaris Atriplex
Arisarum prostrata
vulgare
Rubus
ulmifolius
Sarcopoteriu
m spinosum
4 S9-41 Nerium oleander, Phlomis
Vitex agnus-castus
and Tamarix
galleries
5 S9-411 Oleander galleries
5 S9-412 Chaste tree thickets
Macaronesian
tamarisk thickets
6 S9-4131 West
Mediterranean
tamarisk thickets
6 S9-4132 Macaronesian
tamarisk thickets

tamarisk thickets
7 S9-41322 Madeiran tamarisk

thickets
6 S9-4133 East Mediterranean

tamarisk thickets
6 S9-4134 Hyper-saline
Mediterranean
tamarisk stands
7 S9-41341 Iberian Tamarix

boveana stands
7 S9-41342 Saline Tamarix

canariensis stands
7 S9-41343 Saline eastern

tamarisk stands
5 S9-414 Irano-Turanian
tamarisk thickets
6 S9-4141 Pontic tamarisk

stands

fresh water
Tamarix smyrnensis
stands
coastal Tamarix
smyrensis stands
7 S9-41413 Central and eastern

Pontic tamarisk
stands
4 S9-42 Southwestern
Iberian tamujares,
formed by
Securinega
tinctoria
4 S9-43 Lauriphyllous
galleries of the
Cordillera Oretana
4 S9-44 Myrica gale - Salix

scrub of the
Cordillera Oretana
4 S9-45 Riparian stands of

invasive shrubs
2 SA Hedgerows Woody vegetation forming

strips within a matrix of
grassy or cultivated land or
along roads, typically used
for controlling livestock,
marking boundaries or
providing shelter.
Hedgerows differ from lines
of trees (G5.1) in being
composed of shrub species,
or if composed of tree
species then being regularly
cut to a height less than 5
m.
3 SA-1 Hedgerows of non- Hedges planted with No data No data
native species species not native in the
vicinity. They may be
exotics such as Ligustrum
ovalifolium or European
species outside their native
range.
3 SA-2 Highly-managed Regularly clipped hedges No data No data

hedgerows of composed of native species
native species that were planted as a
hedge.
3 SA-3 Species-rich Hedgerows composed No data No data

hedgerows of mainly of native species,
native species with on average at least five
native woody species per
25 m length, excluding
undershrubs such as Rubus
fruticosus or climbers such
as Clematis vitalba or
Hedera helix. In western
Europe, many such hedges
are thought to be medieval
in origin.
3 SA-4 Species-poor Hedgerows composed No data No data

hedgerows of mainly of native species,
native species not neatly clipped or
obviously planted as a
hedge, with on average less
than five woody species per
25 m length, excluding
undershrubs such as Rubus
fruticosus or climbers such
as Clematis vitalba or
Hedera helix.
2 SB Shrub plantations Plantations of dwarf trees,
shrubs, espaliers or
perennial woody climbers,
mostly cultivated for fruit or
flower production, either
intended to have
permanent cover of woody
plants when mature, or else
for wood or small tree
production with a regular
whole-plant harvesting
regime.
3 SB-1 Shrub plantations Includes shrub nurseries. No data No data

for whole-plant Excludes tree nurseries and
harvesting plantations of Christmas
trees (T4.7).
3 SB-2 Shrub plantations Includes tea Camellia No data No data

for leaf or branch sinensis plantations, and
harvest osier Salix viminalis beds
grown for basket-making.
4 SB-21 Tea plantations
4 SB-22 Osier beds
3 SB-3 Shrub plantations Plantations of dwarf trees, No data No data

for ornamental shrubs, espaliers or
purposes or for perennial woody climbers
fruit, other than other than grapevines,
vineyards cultivated for fruit or flower
production. They include,
among others, berry-
bearing bushes of Ribes and
Rubus.
4 SB-31 Shrub and low-

stem tree orchards
4 SB-32 Ornamental shrub
plantations
3 SB-4 Vineyards Plantations of grapevine No data No data

Vitis vinifera.
4 SB-41 Traditional
vineyards
4 SB-42 Intensive vineyards

Dominant Old code Old name (scientific) Old Name (english) Relationship
species
F Heathland, scrub and tundra Heathland, scrub and same
tundra
F1 Tundra Tundra same
Empetrum F1.1 Shrub tundra Shrub tundra same

nigrum
subsp.
hermaphrodi
tum
Pleurozium
schreberi
Empetrum
nigrum
Cassiope
tetragona
Stereocaulon
paschale
Rubus
chamaemoru
s
Ptilidium
ciliare
Ochrolechia
frigida
Drepanoclad
us uncinatus
Cladonia
arbuscula
Aulacomniu
m palustre
Arctostaphyl
os alpinus
F1.11 Western shrub tundra Western shrub tundra same
Empetrum F1.2 Moss and lichen tundra Moss and lichen tundra same
nigrum
subsp.
hermaphrodi
tum
Cladonia
stellaris
Racomitrium
lanuginosum
Cetraria
nivalis
Betula nana
F1.21 Cladonia - espalier willow Reindeer moss - espalier same

tundra willow tundra
F1.22 Moss tundra Moss tundra same

F2 Arctic, alpine and subalpine Arctic, alpine and same
scrub subalpine scrub
Salix F2.1 Subarctic and alpine dwarf Subarctic and alpine same
herbacea willow scrub dwarf willow scrub
Salix retusa
Salix
reticulata
Salix
serpillifolia
F2.11 Boreo-alpine acidocline Boreo-alpine acidocline same

snow-patch Salix herbacea snow-patch dwarf willow
scrub scrub
F2.111 Alpic acid dwarf willow Alpic acid dwarf willow same
snow-patch communities snow-patch communities
F2.112 Oroboreal moss-dwarf Oroboreal moss-dwarf same
willow snowbed willow snowbed
communities communities
F2.12 Boreo-alpine calcicline Boreo-alpine calcicline same

snow-patch Salix polaris snow-patch dwarf willow
scrub scrub
F2.121 Boreo-Alpic calcicolous Boreo-Alpic calcicolous same

espalier willow snowbed espalier willow snowbed
F2.1211 Alpic espalier willow Alpic espalier willow same

snowbed communities snowbed communities
F2.12111 Alpide Salix retusa-reticulata Alpide Salix retusa- same

snowbed communities reticulata snowbed
communities
F2.12112 Carpathian Salix kitaibeliana Carpathian Salix same

snowbed communities kitaibeliana snowbed
communities
F2.1212 Scandinavian espalier willow Scandinavian espalier same

snowbed communities willow snowbed
communities
F2.122 Polar willow snowbed Polar willow snowbed same

F2.1221 Fenno-Scandian polar willow Fenno-Scandian polar same

snowbed communities willow snowbed
communities
F2.1222 Spitzbergen polar willow Spitzbergen polar willow same

snowbed communities snowbed communities
F2.13 Ponto-Caucasian snow-patch Ponto-Caucasian snow- same

dwarf Salix scrub patch dwarf willow scrub
Vaccinium F2.2 Evergreen alpine and Evergreen alpine and narrower
myrtillus subalpine heath and scrub subalpine heath and
Vaccinium scrub
uliginosum
Calluna
vulgaris
Loiseleuria
procumbens
Dryas
octopetala
Rhododendr
on
ferrugineum
Empetrum
nigrum
subsp.
hermaphrodi
tum
F2.21 Alpide dwarf ericoid wind Alpide dwarf ericoid wind same
heaths heaths
F2.211 Alpide dwarf azalea heaths Alpide dwarf azalea same

heaths
F2.212 Alpide dwarf Vaccinium Alpide dwarf Vaccinium same

wind heaths wind heaths
F2.2121 Alps dwarf Vaccinium wind Alps dwarf Vaccinium same

heaths wind heaths
F2.2122 Carpathian dwarf Vaccinium Carpathian dwarf same

wind heaths Vaccinium wind heaths
F2.213 Rhodopide and Balkan dwarf Rhodopide and Balkan same
Vaccinium wind heaths dwarf Vaccinium wind
heaths
F2.2131 Rhodopide dwarf Vaccinium Rhodopide dwarf same

wind heaths Vaccinium wind heaths
F2.2132 Balkan Range dwarf Balkan Range dwarf same

Vaccinium wind heaths Vaccinium wind heaths
F2.214 Pontic dwarf Vaccinium Pontic dwarf Vaccinium same

heaths heaths
F2.22 Alpide acidocline Alpide acidocline same

Rhododendron heaths alpenrose heaths
F2.221 Alpine rusty alpenrose Alpine rusty alpenrose same

heaths heaths
F2.222 Pyrenean rusty alpenrose Pyrenean rusty alpenrose same

heaths heaths
F2.223 Dinaric rusty alpenrose Dinaric rusty alpenrose same

heaths heaths
F2.224 Carpathian Rhododendron Carpathian Kotschy's same

kotschyi heaths alpenrose heaths
F2.225 Balkan Rhododendron Balkan Kotschy's same

kotschyi heaths alpenrose heaths
F2.2251 Balkan Range Kotschy's Balkan Range Kotschy's same

alpenrose heaths alpenrose heaths
F2.2252 Rila Kotschy's alpenrose Rila Kotschy's alpenrose same

heaths heaths
F2.226 Pontic alpenrose heaths Pontic alpenrose heaths same
F2.24 Alpigenic high mountain Alpigenic high mountain same

Empetrum - Vaccinium crowberry - heather
heaths heaths
F2.25 Boreo-alpine and arctic Boreo-alpine and arctic same

heaths heaths
F2.251 Hiberno-Scotian dwarf Hiberno-Scotian dwarf same

mountain heaths mountain heaths
F2.252 Britannic chionophilous Britannic chionophilous same

boreo-montane heaths boreo-montane heaths
F2.254 Fenno-Scandian boreo- Fenno-Scandian boreo- same

alpine heaths alpine heaths
F2.255 North Atlantic boreo-alpine North Atlantic boreo- same

heaths alpine heaths
F2.256 Arctic heaths Arctic heaths same
F2.26 Bruckenthalia heaths Heaths of spike heath same

(Bruckenthalia)
F2.264 Anatolian Bruckenthalia Anatolian Bruckenthalia same

heaths heaths
F2.261 Rhodopide Bruckenthalia Rhodopide Bruckenthalia same

heaths heaths
F2.262 Northwestern Hellenide Northwestern Hellenide same
Bruckenthalia heaths Bruckenthalia heaths
F2.263 Carpatho-Balkanic Carpatho-Balkanic same

Bruckenthalia heaths Bruckenthalia heaths
F2.2632 Carpathian Bruckenthalia Carpathian Bruckenthalia same

heaths heaths
F2.2631 Balkan range Bruckenthalia Balkan range same

heaths Bruckenthalia heaths
F2.27 Alpide Arctostaphylos uva- Alpide bearberry same

ursi and Arctostaphylos (Arctostaphylos) heaths
alpinus heaths
F2.28 Alpide Rhododendron Alpide hairy alpenrose - same

hirsutum - Erica heaths Erica heaths
F2.281 Hairy alpenrose heaths Hairy alpenrose heaths same
F2.282 Alpine erica heaths Alpine erica heaths same
F2.29 Dryas octopetala mats Mountain avens mats same
F2.291 Alpigenic high mountain Alpigenic high mountain same

Dryas mats Dryas mats
F2.2911 Alpine Dryas mats Alpine Dryas mats same

F2.2912 Southwestern high moutain Southwestern high same
Dryas mats moutain Dryas mats
F2.2913 Jura Dryas mats Jura Dryas mats same
F2.2914 Apennine Dryas mats Apennine Dryas mats same
F2.2915 Carpatho-Balkanide Dryas Carpatho-Balkanide Dryas same

mats mats
F2.29151 Western Carpathian Dryas Western Carpathian same

mats Dryas mats
F2.29152 Southeastern Carpathian Southeastern Carpathian same

Dryas mats Dryas mats
F2.29153 Balkan Range Dryas mats Balkan Range Dryas mats same
F2.2916 Dinaro-Hellenide Dryas mats Dinaro-Hellenide Dryas same

mats
F2.2917 Rhodopide mountain avens Rhodopide mountain same

mats avens mats
F2.292 Hiberno-Britannic maritime Hiberno-Britannic same

Dryas mats maritime Dryas mats
F2.293 Boreo-alpine Dryas mats Boreo-alpine Dryas mats same
F2.294 Arctic Dryas heaths Arctic Dryas heaths same

F2.2A Alpide high mountain dwarf Alpide high mountain same
Vaccinium heaths dwarf bilberry heaths
F2.2A1 Central Mediterranean Central Mediterranean same

subalpine dwarf bilberry subalpine dwarf bilberry
heaths heaths
F2.2A2 Balkano-Hellenic dwarf Balkano-Hellenic dwarf same

bilberry heaths bilberry heaths
F2.2A3 Pontic Range dwarf bilberry Pontic Range dwarf same

heaths bilberry heaths
Juniperus F2.2 Evergreen alpine and Evergreen alpine and narrower

communis subalpine heath and scrub subalpine heath and
subsp. alpina scrub
Arctostaphyl
os uva-ursi
Deschampsia
flexuosa
F2.23 Southern Palaearctic Southern Palaearctic same

mountain dwarf Juniperus mountain dwarf Juniperus
scrub scrub
F2.231 Mountain Juniperus nana Mountain Juniperus nana same
scrub scrub
F2.232 Juniperus sabina scrub Juniperus sabina scrub same
F2.2321 Iberian Juniperus sabina Iberian Juniperus sabina same

scrub scrub
F2.2322 Alpine Juniperus sabina Alpine Juniperus sabina same

scrub scrub
F2.2323 Apennine Juniperus sabina Apennine Juniperus same

scrub sabina scrub
F2.2324 Dinarid Juniperus sabina Dinarid Juniperus sabina same

scrub scrub
F2.2325 Carpatho-Balkanic Juniperus Carpatho-Balkanic same

sabina scrub Juniperus sabina scrub
F2.233 Juniperus hemisphaerica Juniperus hemisphaerica same

scrub scrub
F2.234 Mountain Juniperus Mountain Juniperus same

oxycedrus scrub oxycedrus scrub
F2.253 Scotian juniper heaths Scotian juniper heaths same

Genista F2.2B Alpide high mountain Alpide high mountain same
radiata Genista and Chamaecytisus greenweed heaths
Eryngium heaths
alpinum
Erica
herbacea
Brachypodiu
m genuense
F2.2B1 Rayed broom heaths Rayed broom heaths same
F2.2B2 Balkano-Rhodopide Balkano-Rhodopide same

Chamaecytisus absinthioides Chamaecytisus
heaths absinthioides heaths
F2.2B3 Helleno-Balkanic Helleno-Balkanic same

Chamaecytisus hirsutus Chamaecytisus hirsutus
heaths heaths
Alnus viridis F2.3 Subalpine decidious scrub Subalpine decidious scrub same
Salix
helvetica
Rhamnus
alpinus
Adenostyles
alliariae
Salix
waldsteinian
a
Salix silesiaca
Salix
appendiculat
a
F2.31 Mountain Alnus brush Mountain alder brush same
F2.311 Green alder brush Green alder brush same
F2.3111 Alpine green alder scrub Alpine green alder scrub same
F2.3112 Carpathian green alder Carpathian green alder same

scrub scrub
F2.3113 Dinaric green alder scrub Dinaric green alder scrub same
F2.3114 Balkan range green alder Balkan range green alder same
brush brush
F2.3115 Rhodopide green alder Rhodopide green alder same

brush brush
F2.312 Corsican sweet alder brush Corsican sweet alder same

brush
F2.32 Subalpine and oroboreal Subalpine and oroboreal same

Salix brush willow brush
F2.321 Alpide willow brush Alpide willow brush same
F2.3211 Alpigenous small willow Alpigenous small willow same

brush brush
F2.3212 Alpine prostrate willow Alpine prostrate willow same

brush brush
F2.3213 Alpigenous tall willow brush Alpigenous tall willow same

brush
F2.3214 Pyreneo-Cantabric willow Pyreneo-Cantabric willow same

brush brush
F2.3215 Hercynio-Carpathian willow Hercynio-Carpathian same

brush willow brush
F2.3216 Southeastern alpigenous Southeastern alpigenous same

willow brushes willow brushes
F2.32161 Dinaride willow brush Dinaride willow brush same

F2.32162 Balkan Range willow brush Balkan Range willow same
brush
F2.32163 Rhodopide willow brush Rhodopide willow brush same
F2.3217 Ponto-Caucasian mountain Ponto-Caucasian same

willow brush mountain willow brush
F2.322 Oroboreal Salix scrub Oroboreal willow scrub same
F2.323 Northern British willow Northern British willow same

brush brush
F2.33 Subalpine mixed brushes Subalpine mixed brushes same
F2.331 Subalpine Sorbus brush Subalpine Sorbus brush same
F2.332 Subalpine birch brush Subalpine birch brush same
F2.333 Subalpine bramble brush Subalpine bramble brush same
F2.334 Subalpine cherry brush Subalpine cherry brush same
F2.335 Subalpine ericaceous brush Subalpine ericaceous same

brush
F2.336 Rhodope Potentilla fruticosa Rhodope Potentilla same

thickets fruticosa thickets
F2.34 Oroboreal Betula scrub Oroboreal birch scrub same
Pinus mugo F2.4 Conifer scrub close to the Conifer scrub close to the same
Vaccinium tree limit tree limit
myrtillus
Erica
herbacea
Rhododendr
on hirsutum
Rhododendr
on
ferrugineum
F2.41 Inner Alpine Pinus mugo Inner Alpine dwarf same

scrub mountain pine scrub
F2.42 Outer Alpine Pinus mugo Outer Alpine dwarf same

F2.43 Southwestern Pinus mugo Southwestern dwarf same

F2.44 Apennine Pinus mugo scrub Apennine dwarf same

mountain pine scrub
F2.45 Hercynian Pinus mugo scrub Hercynian dwarf same
mountain pine scrub
F2.46 Carpathian Pinus mugo Carpathian dwarf same

F2.461 Carpathian subalpine Carpathian subalpine same

mountain pine scrub mountain pine scrub
F2.462 Carpathian alpenrose Carpathian alpenrose same

mountain pine scrub mountain pine scrub
F2.47 Pelago-Dinaride Pinus mugo Pelago-Dinaride dwarf same

F2.48 Balkano-Rhodopide Pinus Balkano-Rhodopide dwarf same

mugo scrub mountain pine scrub
F3 Temperate and Temperate and same

mediterranean-montane mediterranean-montane
scrub scrub
Juniperus F3.16 Juniperus communis scrub Common juniper scrub same
communis
subsp.
communis
Brachypodiu
m pinnatum
Calluna
vulgaris
Festuca
rubra
F3.161 Juniper downs Juniper downs same
F3.162 Sub-Atlantic juniper heaths Sub-Atlantic juniper same

heaths
F3.163 Juniper-wood sorrel Juniper-wood sorrel same

woodland woodland
F3.164 Sub-Mediterranean Sub-Mediterranean same

common juniper thickets common juniper thickets
F3.181 Inland dune juniper scrubs Inland dune juniper same

scrubs
Rubus F3.1 ; Temperate thickets and Temperate thickets and complex
fruticosus F3.2 scrub ; scrub ;
agg. Submediterranean Submediterranean
Rubus deciduous thickets and deciduous thickets and
caesius scrub scrub
Rubus idaeus
Cytisus F3.1 ; Temperate thickets and Temperate thickets and complex
scoparius F3.2 scrub ; scrub ;
Ulex Submediterranean Submediterranean
europaeus deciduous thickets and deciduous thickets and
Pteridium scrub scrub
aquilinum
Genista
florida
Agrostis
capillaris
F3.14 Temperate Cytisus scoparius Temperate broom fields same

fields
F3.141 Lowland and hill broom Lowland and hill broom same
fields fields
F3.142 Alpine broom fields Alpine broom fields same
F3.143 Central Massif Cytisus Central Massif Cytisus same

scoparius fields scoparius fields
F3.144 Pyrenean Cytisus scoparius Pyrenean Cytisus same

fields scoparius fields
F3.15 Ulex europaeus thickets Gorse thickets same
F3.21 Montane Cytisus purgans Montane fields of same

fields Pyrenean broom (Cytisus
purgans)
F3.211 Cévennes Cytisus purgans Cévennes Cytisus purgans same

fields fields
F3.212 Pyrenean Cytisus purgans Pyrenean Cytisus purgans same

fields fields
F3.213 Galicio-Cantabrian Cytisus Galicio-Cantabrian Cytisus same

purgans fields purgans fields
F3.214 Upper Cordilleran Cytisus Upper Cordilleran Cytisus same

F3.215 Lower Cordilleran Cytisus Lower Cordilleran Cytisus same

F3.216 Galicio-Leonese Cytisus Galicio-Leonese Cytisus same

F3.217 Nevadan Cytisus purgans Nevadan Cytisus purgans same

fields fields
F3.25 Piornales Piornales same
F3.251 White-flowered broom fields White-flowered broom same

fields
F3.252 Northwestern Iberian Northwestern Iberian same

Genista florida fields Genista florida fields
F3.253 Northwestern Iberian Northwestern Iberian same
Cytisus fields Cytisus fields
F3.254 Central Iberian Genista Central Iberian Genista same

florida fields florida fields
F3.255 Upper Cordilleran Genista Upper Cordilleran Genista same

cinerea fields cinerea fields
F3.256 Central Iberian Cytisus fields Central Iberian Cytisus same

fields
F3.257 Andalusian broom fields Andalusian broom fields same
F3.26 Tyrrhenian broom fields Tyrrhenian broom fields same
F3.27 Genista aetnensis stands Genista aetnensis stands same
F3.28 Canary Island broom fields Canary Island broom same

fields
F3.29 Moesian broom fields Moesian broom fields same

Genista lydia F3.1 ; Temperate thickets and Temperate thickets and complex
F3.2 scrub ; scrub ;
Submediterranean Submediterranean
deciduous thickets and deciduous thickets and
scrub scrub
Prunus F3.1 ; Temperate thickets and Temperate thickets and complex

spinosa F3.2 scrub ; scrub ;
Crataegus Submediterranean Submediterranean
monogyna deciduous thickets and deciduous thickets and
Rubus scrub scrub
ulmifolius
Sambucus
nigra
Cornus
sanguinea
Ligustrum
vulgare
F3.11 Medio-European rich-soil Medio-European rich-soil same
thickets thickets
F3.111 Blackthorn-bramble scrub Blackthorn-bramble scrub same
F3.1111 Sub-Atlantic blackthorn- Sub-Atlantic blackthorn- same

bramble scrub bramble scrub
F3.1112 Atlantic blackthorn-bramble Atlantic blackthorn- same

scrub bramble scrub
F3.112 Blackthorn-privet scrub Blackthorn-privet scrub same
F3.1121 Atlantic and medio- Atlantic and medio- same

European blackthorn-privet European blackthorn-
scrub privet scrub
F3.11211 Medio-European Medio-European same

blackthorn-privet scrub blackthorn-privet scrub
F3.11212 Atlantic hawthorn-ivy scrub Atlantic hawthorn-ivy same

scrub
F3.1122 Sub-Mediterranean Sub-Mediterranean same

blackthorn-privet scrub blackthorn-privet scrub
F3.1123 Rock pear scrub Rock pear scrub same
F3.1124 Peri-Alpine sea buckthorn- Peri-Alpine sea same

barberry scrub buckthorn-barberry scrub
F3.1125 Inner Alpine barberry scrub Inner Alpine barberry same

scrub
F3.1126 Iberian barberry scrub Iberian barberry scrub same
F3.12 Buxus sempervirens thickets Box thickets same
F3.13 Atlantic poor soil thickets Atlantic poor soil thickets same
F3.131 Bramble thickets Bramble thickets same
F3.132 Alder buckthorn, rowan, Alder buckthorn, rowan, same

honeysuckle thickets honeysuckle thickets
F3.18 Inland dune thickets Inland dune thickets same
F3.182 Inland dune mixed thickets Inland dune mixed same

thickets
F3.22 Southwestern sub- Southwestern sub- same

mediterranean deciduous mediterranean deciduous
thickets thickets
F3.221 Franco-Iberian sub- Franco-Iberian sub- same

Mediterranean deciduous Mediterranean deciduous
thickets thickets
F3.222 Western Iberian sub- Western Iberian sub- same

thickets thickets
F3.223 Central Iberian sub- Central Iberian sub- same

thickets thickets
F3.224 Oro-Baetic sub- Oro-Baetic sub- same
thickets thickets
F3.225 North African sub- North African sub- same

thickets thickets
F3.23 Tyrrhenian sub- Tyrrhenian sub- same

mediterranean deciduous mediterranean deciduous
thickets thickets
F3.24 Subcontinental and Subcontinental and same

continental deciduous continental deciduous
thickets thickets
F3.241 Central European Central European same

subcontinental thickets subcontinental thickets
F3.2411 Northern Central European Northern Central same

ground cherry scrub European ground cherry
scrub
F3.2412 Subcontinental peri- Subcontinental peri- same

Pannonic scrub Pannonic scrub
F3.24121 Peri-Pannonic ground cherry Peri-Pannonic ground same

scrub cherry scrub
F3.24122 Peri-Pannonic dwarf almond Peri-Pannonic dwarf same

scrub almond scrub
F3.24123 Peri-Pannonic burnet rose Peri-Pannonic burnet rose same

scrub scrub
F3.24124 Peri-Pannonic spiraea scrub Peri-Pannonic spiraea same

scrub
F3.24125 Danubian hawthorn scrub Danubian hawthorn scrub same

F3.2413 Peri-Pannonic thickets Peri-Pannonic thickets same
F3.242 Illyrio-Adriatic deciduous Illyrio-Adriatic deciduous same

thickets thickets
F3.2421 Illyrio-Adriatic oriental Illyrio-Adriatic oriental same

hornbeam thickets hornbeam thickets
F3.2422 Illyrio-Adriatic mixed Illyrio-Adriatic mixed same

thickets thickets
F3.2423 Illyrio-Adriatic Christ's thorn Illyrio-Adriatic Christ's same

brush thorn brush
F3.243 Balkano-Hellenic deciduous Balkano-Hellenic same

thickets deciduous thickets
F3.2431 Moesian oriental hornbeam Moesian oriental same

thickets hornbeam thickets
F3.24311 Thracio-Macedonian Thracio-Macedonian same

oriental hornbeam thickets oriental hornbeam
thickets
F3.24312 Central Moesian oriental Central Moesian oriental same

hornbeam thickets hornbeam thickets
F3.24313 Peri-Carpathian manna ash Peri-Carpathian manna same

oriental hornbeam thickets ash oriental hornbeam
thickets
F3.24314 Peri-Carpathian wig tree Peri-Carpathian wig tree same

oriental hornbeam thickets oriental hornbeam
thickets
F3.2432 Moesian lilac thickets Moesian lilac thickets same
F3.24321 Central Moesian lilac Central Moesian lilac same

thickets thickets
F3.24322 Danubian lilac thickets Danubian lilac thickets same
F3.24323 Moesio-Hellenic mixed Moesio-Hellenic mixed same

thickets thickets
F3.24324 Spleenwort lilac chasm Spleenwort lilac chasm same

thickets thickets
F3.24325 Apuseni Syringa josikaea Apuseni Syringa josikaea same

thickets thickets
F3.2433 Moesian Christ's thorn brush Moesian Christ's thorn same

brush
F3.244 Aegean deciduous thickets Aegean deciduous same

thickets
F3.245 Eastern Mediterranean Eastern Mediterranean same

deciduous thickets deciduous thickets
F3.246 Mediterraneo-Euxinian Mediterraneo-Euxinian same

deciduous thickets deciduous thickets
Prunus F3.1 ; Temperate thickets and Temperate thickets and complex
fruticosa F3.2 scrub ; scrub ;
Prunus Submediterranean Submediterranean
tenella deciduous thickets and deciduous thickets and
Spiraea scrub scrub
media
Caragana
frutex
F3.247 Ponto-Sarmatic deciduous Ponto-Sarmatic same

thickets deciduous thickets
F3.2471 Ponto-Sarmatic steppe brush Ponto-Sarmatic steppe same

brush
F3.2472 Ponto-Sarmatic pre-steppe Ponto-Sarmatic pre- same

thorn thickets steppe thorn thickets
F3.2473 Ponto-Thracian sub- Ponto-Thracian sub- same

Mediterranean scrub Mediterranean scrub
F3.24731 Western Pontic jasmine Western Pontic jasmine same

christ's thorn scrub christ's thorn scrub
F3.24732 Thracian christ's thorn scrub Thracian christ's thorn same
scrub
F3.24733 Western Pontic wigtree Western Pontic wigtree same

scrub scrub
F3.2474 Ponto-Sarmatic steppe- Ponto-Sarmatic steppe- same

ravine scrub ravine scrub
F3.2475 Ponto-Sarmatic pod thickets Ponto-Sarmatic pod same

thickets
Corylus F3.1 ; Temperate thickets and Temperate thickets and complex

avellana F3.2 scrub ; scrub ;
Hedera helix Submediterranean Submediterranean
deciduous thickets and deciduous thickets and
scrub scrub
F3.17 Corylus thickets Hazel thickets same

F3.171 Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Atlantic and sub-Atlantic same
hazel thickets hazel thickets
F3.172 Sub-boreal hazel thickets Sub-boreal hazel thickets same
F3.173 Peri-Alpine hazel thickets Peri-Alpine hazel thickets same
F3.174 Subcontinental hazel Subcontinental hazel same

thickets thickets
Sorbus F3.1 ; Temperate thickets and Temperate thickets and complex

aucuparia F3.2 scrub ; scrub ;
Salix caprea Submediterranean Submediterranean
Sambucus deciduous thickets and deciduous thickets and
racemosa scrub scrub
Vaccinium
myrtillus
Urtica dioica
F4 Temperate shrub heathland Temperate shrub same
heathland
Erica tetralix F4.1 Wet heaths Wet heaths same

Calluna
vulgaris
Molinia
caerulea agg.
Sphagnum
papillosum
Sphagnum
compactum
F4.11 Northern wet heaths Northern wet heaths same
F4.12 Southern wet heaths Southern wet heaths same
F4.13 Molinia caerulea wet heaths Purple moorgrass same

(Molinia) wet heaths
Calluna F4.2 Dry heaths Dry heaths same
vulgaris
Vaccinium
myrtillus
Erica cinerea
Pleurozium
schreberi
Ulex gallii
Hypnum
jutlandicum
F4.21 Submontane Vaccinium - Submontane Vaccinium - same

Calluna heaths heather heaths
F4.211 North Atlantic Vaccinium- North Atlantic Vaccinium- same

Empetrum-Racomitrium Empetrum-Racomitrium
heaths heaths
F4.212 Sub-boreal Vaccinium Sub-boreal Vaccinium same

heaths heaths
F4.213 Hercynian Vaccinium heaths Hercynian Vaccinium same

heaths
F4.214 Submontane Alpine Submontane Alpine same

Vaccinium heaths Vaccinium heaths
F4.215 Submontane Pyreneo- Submontane Pyreneo- same
Cantabrian Vaccinium Cantabrian Vaccinium
heaths heaths
F4.216 Collinar-montane Carpathian Collinar-montane same

Vaccinium heaths Carpathian Vaccinium
heaths
F4.2161 Submontane western Submontane western same

Carpathian bilberry- Carpathian bilberry-
cowberry heaths cowberry heaths
F4.2162 Montane eastern Carpathian Montane eastern same

bilberry-ling heaths Carpathian bilberry-ling
heaths
F4.22 Sub-Atlantic Calluna - Sub-Atlantic heather - same

Genista heaths Genista heaths
F4.221 Northern Calluna-Genista Northern Calluna-Genista same

heaths heaths
F4.222 Subcontinental Calluna- Subcontinental Calluna- same

Genista heaths Genista heaths
F4.223 Campino-Flandrian Calluna- Campino-Flandrian same

Genista heaths Calluna-Genista heaths
F4.224 Campino-Flandrian Erica Campino-Flandrian Erica same

cinerea heaths cinerea heaths
F4.225 Britannic Calluna-Genista Britannic Calluna-Genista same

heaths heaths
F4.226 Montane Calluna-Genista Montane Calluna-Genista same

heaths heaths
F4.227 Southern sub-boreal Southern sub-boreal same
Calluna-Empetrum heaths Calluna-Empetrum heaths
F4.228 Illyrian heaths Illyrian heaths same
F4.229 Po basin heaths Po basin heaths same
F4.22A Genista sagittalis heaths Genista sagittalis heaths same
F4.22B Central European basicline Central European same

heaths basicline heaths
F4.22C Pontic ling heaths Pontic ling heaths same
F4.23 Atlantic Erica - Ulex heaths Atlantic Erica - gorse same

heaths
F4.231 Maritime gorse heaths Maritime gorse heaths same
F4.232 Hiberno-Britannic Calluna Hiberno-Britannic Calluna same

vulgaris-Ulex gallii heaths vulgaris-Ulex gallii heaths
F4.233 Irish Erica mackaiana heaths Irish Erica mackaiana same

heaths
F4.234 Northern Erica vagans Northern heaths of same

heaths Cornish heath
F4.235 Anglo-Armorican Erica Anglo-Armorican Erica same

cinerea-Ulex gallii heaths cinerea-Ulex gallii heaths
F4.236 Cantabro-Pyrenean Erica Cantabro-Pyrenean Erica same
mackaiana-E. cinerea heaths mackaiana-E. cinerea
heaths
F4.237 Cantabro-Pyrenean Erica Cantabro-Pyrenean Erica same

vagans-E. cinerea heaths vagans-E. cinerea heaths
F4.238 Gallo-Britannic dwarf gorse Gallo-Britannic dwarf same

heaths gorse heaths
F4.239 Aquitano-Ligerian dwarf Aquitano-Ligerian dwarf same

gorse heaths gorse heaths
F4.24 Ibero-Atlantic Erica - Ulex - Ibero-Atlantic Erica - Ulex same

Cistus heaths - Cistus heaths
F4.241 Biscay heaths Biscay heaths same
F4.2411 Aquitanian Erica-Cistus Aquitanian Erica-Cistus same

heaths heaths
F4.2412 Gascony-Sologne arid heaths Gascony-Sologne arid same

heaths
F4.2413 Northern Iberian heaths Northern Iberian heaths same
F4.242 Luso-Galician heaths Luso-Galician heaths same
F4.2421 Luso-Galician collinar heaths Luso-Galician collinar same

heaths
F4.2422 Luso-Galician maritime Luso-Galician maritime same

heaths heaths
F4.243 Cabreran heaths Cabreran heaths same
F4.2431 Cabreran dry whin heaths Cabreran dry whin heaths same
F4.2432 Cabreran mesophile whin Cabreran mesophile whin same

heaths heaths
F4.244 Galicio-Leonese heaths Galicio-Leonese heaths same
F4.2441 Galicio-Leonese Erica Galicio-Leonese Erica same

aragonensis heaths aragonensis heaths

umbellata heaths umbellata heaths

cinerea heaths cinerea heaths
F4.245 Oro-Castillan heaths Oro-Castillan heaths same
F4.2451 Western Cordilleran Erica Western Cordilleran Erica same

aragonensis heaths aragonensis heaths
F4.2452 Ayllon Erica aragonensis Ayllon Erica aragonensis same

heaths heaths
F4.2453 Villuercan Erica aragonensis Villuercan Erica same

heaths aragonensis heaths
F4.246 Sorian heaths Sorian heaths same

F4.2461 Sorian summital heaths Sorian summital heaths same
F4.2462 Sorian Erica aragonensis Sorian Erica aragonensis same

heaths heaths
F4.2463 Sorian Erica vagans heaths Sorian Erica vagans same

heaths
F4.2464 Sorian collinar heaths Sorian collinar heaths same
F4.247 Cuencan heaths Cuencan heaths same
F4.248 Luso-Extremaduran heaths Luso-Extremaduran same

heaths
F4.249 Erica andevalensis heaths Erica andevalensis heaths same
F4.25 Boreo-Atlantic Erica cinerea Boreo-Atlantic bell same

heaths heather heaths
F4.26 Inland dune heaths Inland dune heaths same
F4.261 Dry sandy heaths with Dry sandy heaths with same
Empetrum nigrum crowberry
F4.262 Dry sandy heaths with Dry sandy heaths with same
Calluna and Genista heather and Genista
insufficient F4.3 Macaronesian heaths Macaronesian heaths same
data
available
F4.31 Canary Island heaths Canary Island heaths same
F4.311 Canary Island Erica scoparia Canary Island Erica same

heaths scoparia heaths
F4.312 Canary Island Erica arborea Canary Island Erica same

heaths arborea heaths
F4.32 Madeiran cloud heaths Madeiran cloud heaths same
F4.33 Madeiran summital heaths Madeiran summital same

heaths
F4.34 Azorean lowland heaths Azorean lowland heaths same
F4.35 Upland Azorean Erica Upland Azorean Erica same

azorica and Juniperus azorica and Juniperus
brevifolia heaths brevifolia heaths
F4.36 Azorean summital heaths Azorean summital heaths same

F5 Maquis, arborescent Maquis, arborescent same
matorral and thermo- matorral and thermo-
Mediterranean brushes Mediterranean brushes
Erica arborea F5.1 ; Arborescent matorral ; Arborescent matorral ; wider
Juniperus F5.2 Maquis Maquis
oxycedrus
Myrtus
communis
Arbutus
unedo
Calicotome
villosa
Pistacia
lentiscus
Phillyrea
latifolia
Brachypodiu
m retusum
F5.11 Evergreen Quercus matorral Evergreen oak matorral same
F5.111 Cork-oak matorral Cork-oak matorral same
F5.112 Acidiphile western Acidiphile western same

Mediterranean holm-oak Mediterranean holm-oak
matorral matorral
F5.113 Calciphile western Calciphile western same

Mediterranean oak matorral Mediterranean oak
matorral
F5.114 Eastern Mediterranean oak Eastern Mediterranean same

matorral oak matorral
F5.115 Iberian mixed oak Iberian mixed oak same
arborescent matorral arborescent matorral
F5.116 Mediterranean evergreen Mediterranean evergreen same

oak low woods oak low woods
F5.1161 Quercus ilex and Quercus Quercus ilex and Quercus same
rotundifolia low woods rotundifolia low woods
F5.1162 Quercus coccifera and Quercus coccifera and same

Quercus alnifolia low woods Quercus alnifolia low
woods
F5.12 Olea europaea and Pistacia Olive and lentisc matorral same
lentiscus matorral
F5.121 Olive arborescent matorral Olive arborescent same

matorral
F5.122 Carob arborescent matorral Carob arborescent same

matorral
F5.123 Lentisc and phillyrea Lentisc and phillyrea same

F5.124 Myrtle arborescent matorral Myrtle arborescent same

matorral
F5.125 Canary Island olive-lentisc Canary Island olive-lentisc same

F5.13 Juniper matorral Juniper matorral same

F5.131 Prickly juniper (Juniperus Prickly juniper same
oxycedrus) arborescent arborescent matorral
matorral
F5.1311 Juniperus oxycedrus Juniperus oxycedrus same

F5.1312 Juniperus macrocarpa Juniperus macrocarpa same

F5.1313 Juniperus transtagana Juniperus transtagana same

F5.132 Juniperus phoenicea and Phoenician and Lycian same

Juniperus lycia arborescent juniper arborescent
matorral matorral
F5.1321 Juniperus phoenicea Juniperus phoenicea same

F5.1322 Juniperus lycia arborescent Juniperus lycia same

matorral arborescent matorral
F5.133 Juniperus excelsa and Grecian and stinking same

Juniperus foetidissima juniper arborescent
arborescent matorrals matorrals
F5.1331 Juniperus excelsa Juniperus excelsa same

F5.1332 Juniperus foetidissima Juniperus foetidissima same

F5.134 Juniperus communis Common juniper same

F5.135 Juniperus drupacea Syrian juniper (Juniperus same
arborescent matorral drupacea) arborescent
matorral
F5.136 Juniperus thurifera Spanish juniper same

arborescent matorral (Juniperus thurifera)
arborescent matorral
F5.14 Pinus matorral Pine matorral same
F5.141 Mesogean pine arborescent Mesogean pine same

matorral arborescent matorral
F5.142 Stone pine arborescent Stone pine arborescent same

matorral matorral
F5.143 Aleppo pine arborescent Aleppo pine arborescent same

matorral matorral
F5.144 Aegean pine arborescent Aegean pine arborescent same

matorral matorral
F5.145 Black pine and scots pine Black pine and scots pine same
F5.15 Tetraclinis articulata Arbor-vitae (Tetraclinis) same

matorral matorral
F5.16 Deciduous Quercus matorral Deciduous oak matorral same
F5.17 Arid zone matorral Arid zone matorral same
F5.171 Iberian arid zone Ziziphus Iberian arid zone jujube same
matorral (Ziziphus) matorral
F5.18 Laurus nobilis matorral European laurel matorral same
F5.19 Cupressus matorral Cypress matorral same
F5.1A Zelkova matorral Zelkova matorral same
F5.21 High maquis High maquis same
F5.211 Western Mediterranean high Western Mediterranean same

maquis high maquis
F5.212 Luso-Extremaduran high Luso-Extremaduran high same

maquis maquis
F5.213 Eastern Mediterranean high Eastern Mediterranean same

maquis high maquis
F5.22 Low ericaceous maquis Low ericaceous maquis same
F5.23 Tall Cistus maquis Tall cistus maquis same
F5.231 Southwestern Iberian tall Southwestern Iberian tall same

cistus maquis cistus maquis
F5.232 Central Iberian tall cistus Central Iberian tall cistus same
maquis maquis
F5.233 Baetic tall cistus maquis Baetic tall cistus maquis same
F5.234 Tyrrhenian tall cistus maquis Tyrrhenian tall cistus same
maquis
F5.24 Low Cistus maquis Low cistus maquis same
F5.241 Cistus monspeliensis maquis Cistus monspeliensis same

maquis
F5.242 Cistus salvifolius maquis Cistus salvifolius maquis same
F5.243 Cistus populifolius maquis Cistus populifolius maquis same
F5.244 Cistus laurifolius maquis Cistus laurifolius maquis same
F5.245 Cistus psilosepalus maquis Cistus psilosepalus same

maquis
F5.246 Cistus crispus maquis Cistus crispus maquis same
F5.247 Cistus incanus maquis Cistus incanus maquis same
F5.248 Cistus albidus maquis Cistus albidus maquis same
F5.25 Low Cistus - Lavandula Low cistus - French same

stoechas maquis lavender maquis
F5.251 Central Mediterranean Central Mediterranean same

lavender maquis lavender maquis
F5.252 Central Iberian lavender Central Iberian lavender same
maquis maquis
F5.253 Western Iberian lavender Western Iberian lavender same

maquis maquis
F5.26 Low sparse maquis Low sparse maquis same
F5.27 Cytisus-dominated maquis Broom-dominated same

maquis
F5.51 Thermo-Mediterranean Thermo-Mediterranean same

brushes, thickets and heath- brushes, thickets and
garrigues heath-garrigues
F5.511 Oleo-lentisc brush Oleo-lentisc brush same

heath-garrigues heath-garrigues
F5.5121 Western Erica multiflora Western Erica multiflora same

heath-garrigues heath-garrigues
F5.5122 Western Erica manipuliflora Western Erica same

heath-garrigues manipuliflora heath-
garrigues
F5.5123 Eastern Erica manipuliflora Eastern Erica same

heath-garrigues manipuliflora heath-
garrigues
F5.513 Thorny burnet brush Thorny burnet brush same

F5.514 Lentisc brush Lentisc brush same
F5.515 Calicotome brush Calicotome brush same
F5.516 Laurus thickets Laurus thickets same
F5.517 Coastal Helichrysum Coastal curry plant same

garrigues (Helichrysum) garrigues
F5.5171 Iberian thermo- Iberian thermo- same

Mediterranean kermes oak Mediterranean kermes
brush oak brush
F5.5172 Tyrrhenian thermo- Tyrrhenian thermo- same

brush oak brush
F5.5173 Hellenic thermo- Hellenic thermo- same

brush oak brush
F5.5174 Anatolian thermo- Anatolian thermo- same

brush oak brush
F5.5175 Cyprian thermo- Cyprian thermo- same

brush oak brush
F5.5176 Levantine thermo- Levantine thermo- same

brush oak brush
F5.5177 North African thermo- North African thermo- same

brush oak brush
F5.518 Myrtle thickets Myrtle thickets same

kermes oak brushes kermes oak brushes
F5.51A Phillyrea thickets Phillyrea thickets same
F5.51A1 Minorcan lentiscares Minorcan lentiscares same
F5.51A2 Valencian mata Valencian mata same
F5.51A3 Western Phillyrea thickets Western Phillyrea thickets same
F5.51A4 Eastern Phillyrea thickets Eastern Phillyrea thickets same
F5.51B Buckthorn-asparagus Buckthorn-asparagus same

brushes brushes
F5.51C Osyris brushes Osyris brushes same
F5.51D Storax thickets Storax thickets same
F5.51E Buxus balearica box thickets Buxus balearica box same

thickets
F5.51F Dwarf oak scrub Dwarf oak scrub same

F5.51G Tall spiny broom brush Tall spiny broom brush same
F5.51H Corema brush Corema brush same
F5.51I Thermo-Mediterranean Thermo-Mediterranean same

juniper brushes juniper brushes
F5.51J Thermo-Mediterranean Thermo-Mediterranean same

wormwood brushes wormwood brushes
F5.51K Thermo-Mediterranean Thermo-Mediterranean same

Jupiter's beard brushes Jupiter's beard brushes
F5.51L Coastal dwarf leguminous Coastal dwarf leguminous same

garrigues garrigues
F5.52 Euphorbia dendroides Tree-spurge (Euphorbia same

formations dendroides) formations
F5.53 Ampelodesmos mauritanica Ampelodesmos same

-dominated garrigues -dominated garrigues
F5.54 Chamaerops humilis brush Palmetto brush same

broom fields (retamares) broom fields (retamares)
F5.561 Yellow retama brush Yellow retama brush same
F5.562 Ibero-Mauritanian white Ibero-Mauritanian white same

retama brush retama brush
F5.563 Genista speciosa broom Genista speciosa broom same
fields fields
F5.564 Genista valentina broom Genista valentina broom same

fields fields
F5.565 Genista retamoides broom Genista retamoides same

fields broom fields
F5.566 Genista haenseleri broom Genista haenseleri broom same

fields fields
F5.567 Genista ramosissima broom Genista ramosissima same

fields broom fields
F5.568 Thermo-mediterranean Thermo-mediterranean same

Lygos raetam brush Lygos raetam brush
F5.569 Eolian broomfields Eolian broomfields same
F5.56A Genista ephedroides Genista ephedroides same

broomfields broomfields
F5.56B Ibiza broomfields Ibiza broomfields same
F5.56C Genista pseudoretamoides Genista same

broom fields pseudoretamoides broom
fields
F5.57 Mediterranean gorse-heaths Mediterranean gorse- same

heaths
F5.571 Monchique Ulex argenteus Monchique Ulex same

gorse-heaths argenteus gorse-heaths
F5.572 Lusitanian Ulex densus Lusitanian Ulex densus same
gorse-heaths gorse-heaths
F5.573 Morena Ulex eriocladus Morena Ulex eriocladus same

gorse heaths gorse heaths
F5.574 Ulex parviflorus gorse- Ulex parviflorus gorse- same

heaths heaths
F5.575 Stauracanthus spectabilis Stauracanthus spectabilis same

gorse-heaths gorse-heaths
F5.576 Luso-Extremaduran Genista Luso-Extremaduran same

hirsuta gorse-heaths Genista hirsuta gorse-
heaths
F5.58 Iberian thermo- Iberian thermo- same

Mediterranean garrigues Mediterranean garrigues
F5.581 Baetic garrigues Baetic garrigues same
F5.582 Ronda Ononis speciosa Ronda Ononis speciosa same

garrigues garrigues
F5.583 Guadalquivir Genista Guadalquivir Genista same

equisetiformis garrigues equisetiformis garrigues
F5.584 Alboran Genista Alboran Genista same

equisetiformis garrigues equisetiformis garrigues
F5.585 Andalusian magnesium Andalusian magnesium same

garrigues garrigues
F5.5851 Ronda dolomite garrigues Ronda dolomite garrigues same

F5.5852 Ronda serpentine and Ronda serpentine and same
peridotite garrigues peridotite garrigues
F5.5853 Bermeja Ulex garrigues Bermeja Ulex garrigues same
F5.586 Bermeja Halimium garrigues Bermeja Halimium same

garrigues
F5.59 Stauracanthus boivinii gorse- Stauracanthus boivinii same

heaths gorse-heaths
F5.591 Aljibe Stauracanthus boivinii Aljibe Stauracanthus same

gorse-heaths boivinii gorse-heaths
F5.592 Algarve Stauracanthus Algarve Stauracanthus same

boivinii gorse-heaths boivinii gorse-heaths
F5.593 North African Stauracanthus North African same

boivinii gorse-heaths Stauracanthus boivinii
gorse-heaths
F5.5A5 Western Mediterranean Western Mediterranean same

xero-psammitic brushes xero-psammitic brushes
F5.5B Cabo de Sao Vicente brushes Cabo de Sao Vicente same

brushes
F5.5C Thermo-Mediterranean Thermo-Mediterranean same

heaths heaths
F5.5C1 Dry Andalusian monte negro Dry Andalusian monte same

negro
F5.5C2 Humid Andalusian monte Humid Andalusian monte same

negro negro
Juniperus F5.3 Pseudomaquis Pseudomaquis same
oxycedrus
Buxus
semperviren
s
Cytisus
sessilifolius
Pistacia
lentiscus
Paliurus
spina-christi
Juniperus
phoenicea
Hedera helix
Spartium
junceum
Rhamnus
alaternus
Phillyrea
latifolia
Cornus mas
Brachypodiu
m retusum
Asparagus
acutifolius
F5.31 Helleno-Balkanic Helleno-Balkanic same

pseudomaquis pseudomaquis
F5.32 Italo-French pseudomaquis Italo-French same

pseudomaquis
F5.33 Iberian pseudomaquis Iberian pseudomaquis same
F5.34 Western Asian Western Asian same

pseudomaquis pseudomaquis
Spartium F5.4 Spartium junceum fields Spanish-broom (Spartium same
junceum junceum) fields
Brachypodiu
m pinnatum
not available F5.5 Thermo-Mediterranean Thermo-Mediterranean narrower

scrub scrub
F5.55 Mediterranean pre-desert Mediterranean pre- same

scrub desert scrub
F5.551 Iberian jujube brush Iberian jujube brush same
F5.552 Sicilian jujube brush Sicilian jujube brush same
F5.553 Maytenus brushes Maytenus brushes same
F5.554 Iberian Periploca scrubs Iberian Periploca scrubs same
F5.555 Sicilian Channel Periploca Sicilian Channel Periploca same

scrubs scrubs
F5.556 Iberian tall arid brushes Iberian tall arid brushes same
F5.5561 Salsola webbii brush Salsola webbii brush same
F5.5562 Sideritis brush Sideritis brush same
F5.5563 Gorse-phlomis scrub Gorse-phlomis scrub same
F5.5564 Genista umbellata garrigues Genista umbellata same

garrigues
F5.557 Iberian arid garrigues Iberian arid garrigues same
F5.5571 Murcio-Alicantian arid Murcio-Alicantian arid same

garrigues garrigues
F5.5572 Almerian arid garrigues Almerian arid garrigues same
F5.55721 Limonium-Anabasis arid Limonium-Anabasis arid same

garrigues garrigues
F5.55722 Cabo de Gata arid garrigue Cabo de Gata arid same

garrigue
F5.55723 Tabernas arid garrigues Tabernas arid garrigues same
F5.55724 Coastal Almerian arid Coastal Almerian arid same

garrigues garrigues
F5.5A Western Tethyan xero- Western Tethyan xero- same

psammitic brushes psammitic brushes
F5.5A1 Southern Andalusian Southern Andalusian same

"monte blanco" "monte blanco"
F5.5A2 Guadalquivir xero-psammitic Guadalquivir xero- same

brushes psammitic brushes
F5.5A3 Algarve xero-psammitic Algarve xero-psammitic same

brushes brushes
F5.5A4 Lusitanian xero-psammitic Lusitanian xero- same

brushes psammitic brushes
F6 Garrigue Garrigue same
not available F6.1 ; Western garrigues ; Western garrigues ; complex

F6.6 (part) Supra-Mediterranean Supra-Mediterranean
garrigue garrigue
F6.11 Western Quercus coccifera Western kermes oak same
garrigues garrigues
F6.12 Western Rosmarinus Western rosemary same

officinalis garrigues garrigues
F6.13 Western Cistus garrigues Western cistus garrigues same
F6.14 Western Euphorbia Western spurge garrigues same

garrigues
F6.15 Western Juniperus oxycedrus Western prostrate juniper same

garrigues (Juniperus oxycedrus)
garrigues
F6.16 Western Lavandula Western lavender same

garrigues garrigues
F6.17 Western Teucrium and other Western garrigues same

labiate garrigues dominated by sage and
other labiates
F6.18 Western Genista garrigues Western genista garrigues same
F6.19 Western Calicotome Western calicotome same

garrigues garrigues
F6.1A Western composite Western composite same

garrigues garrigues
F6.1B Western Erica garrigues Western erica garrigues same
F6.1C Western Globularia Western globularia same

garrigues garrigues
F6.1D Western Helianthemum and Western rock-rose and same
Fumana garrigues fumana garrigues
F6.1E Lithodora fruticosa garrigues Lithodora fruticosa same

garrigues
F6.1F Western Thymelaea Western thymelaea same

garrigues garrigues
F6.1I Western Ononis fruticosa Western shrubby same

garrigues restharrow (Ononis
fruticosa) garrigues
F6.1J Western Anthyllis cytisoides Western Anthyllis same

garrigues cytisoides garrigues
F6.1K Western Dictamnus Western burning bush same

garrigues (Dictamnus) garrigues
F6.61 Lavandula angustifolia Common lavender same

garrigues garrigues
F6.62 Genista cinerea garrigues Genista cinerea garrigues same
F6.63 Ibero-Gallic supra- Ibero-Gallic supra- same

Mediterranean dwarf-shrub Mediterranean dwarf-
garrigues shrub garrigues
F6.64 Supra-Mediterranean Buxus Supra-Mediterranean box same

sempervirens scrub scrub
F6.65 Italian supra-Mediterranean Italian supra- same

garrigues Mediterranean garrigues
not available F6.1 ; Western garrigues ; Western garrigues ; complex
F6.6 (part) Supra-Mediterranean Supra-Mediterranean
garrigue garrigue
F6.1G Western Bupleurum Western shrubby hare's same

garrigues ear (Bupleurum) garrigues
F6.1H Western Ulex garrigues Western gorse garrigues same

Phlomis F6.2 ; Eastern garrigues ; Eastern garrigues ; complex
fruticosa F6.3 ; Illyrian garrigues ; Illyrian garrigues ;
Erica F6.4 ; Black Sea garrigues ; Black Sea garrigues ;
manipuliflora F6.6 (part) Supra-Mediterranean Supra-Mediterranean
Urginea garrigue garrigue
maritima
Cistus
salvifolius
Cistus
incanus
Brachypodiu
m retusum
F6.21 Eastern Quercus coccifera Eastern kermes oak same

garrigues garrigues
F6.22 Eastern Rosmarinus Eastern rosemary same

F6.23 Eastern Cistus garrigues Eastern cistus garrigues same
F6.24 Eastern Euphorbia garrigues Eastern spurge garrigues same
F6.25 Eastern Juniperus oxycedrus Eastern prostrate juniper same

garrigues
F6.26 Eastern Lavandula garrigues Eastern lavender same
garrigues
F6.27 Eastern Teucrium and other Eastern garrigues same

labiates garrigues dominated by sage and
other labiates
F6.271 Eastern tree germander Eastern tree germander same

garrigues garrigues
F6.272 Jerusalem sage garrigues Jerusalem sage garrigues same
F6.273 Eastern Salvia and Stachys Eastern Salvia and same

garrigues Stachys garrigues
F6.274 Eastern dwarf labiate Eastern dwarf labiate same

garrigues garrigues
F6.28 Eastern Paliurus spina-christi Eastern Christ's thorn same

garrigues garrigues
F6.29 Eastern broom garrigues Eastern broom garrigues same
F6.2A Ebenus cretica brushes Ebenus cretica brushes same
F6.2B Eastern Helichrysum and Eastern curry-plant same

other composite garrigues Helichrysum and other
composite garrigues
F6.2C Eastern Erica garrigues Eastern Erica garrigues same
F6.2D Arbutus andrachne Cyprus strawberry tree same

garrigues (Arbutus) garrigues
F6.2E Eastern Globularia garrigues Eastern shrubby same
globularia garrigues
F6.2F Eastern Helianthemum and Eastern rock-rose and same

Fumana garrigues fumana garrigues
F6.2G Eastern Thymelaea garrigues Eastern thymelaea same

garrigues
F6.2H Eastern Bupleurum garrigues Eastern shrubby hare's same

ear garrigues
F6.2I East Mediterranean pre- East Mediterranean pre- same

desert scrub desert scrub
F6.31 Illyrian Quercus coccifera Illyrian kermes oak same

garrigues garrigues
F6.32 Illyrian Rosmarinus Illyrian rosemary same

F6.33 Illyrian Cistus garrigues Illyrian cistus garrigues same
F6.331 Illyrian Cistus incanus Illyrian Cistus incanus same

garrigues garrigues
F6.332 Illyrian Cistus salvifolius Illyrian Cistus salvifolius same

garrigues garrigues
F6.333 Illyrian Cistus monspeliensis Illyrian Cistus same

garrigues monspeliensis garrigues
F6.34 Illyrian Euphorbia garrigues Illyrian spurge garrigues same

F6.35 Illyrian Juniperus oxycedrus Illyrian prostrate juniper same
garrigues
F6.36 Illyrian Teucrium and other Illyrian garrigues same

labiates garrigues dominated by sage and
other labiates
F6.37 Illyrian Paliurus spina-christi Illyrian Christ's thorn same

garrigues garrigues
F6.38 Illyrian broom garrigues Illyrian broom garrigues same
F6.39 Illyrian Helichrysum and Illyrian garrigues same

other composite garrigues dominated by
Helichrysum and other
composites
F6.3A Illyrian Erica garrigues Illyrian Erica garrigues same
F6.41 Crimean garrigues Crimean garrigues same
F6.42 South-Euxinian garrigues South-Euxinian garrigues same
F6.43 Thracian garrigues Thracian garrigues same
F6.66 Balkan peninsula supra- Balkan peninsula supra- same

Mediterranean garrigues Mediterranean garrigues

Mediterranean shrub Mediterranean shrub
garrigues garrigues
Mediterranean subshrub Mediterranean subshrub
garrigues garrigues
Rosmarinus F6.7 Mediterranean gypsum Mediterranean gypsum same

officinalis scrubs scrubs
Brachypodiu
m retusum
F6.71 Central Iberian gypsum Central Iberian gypsum same

scrubs scrubs
F6.711 Meseta gypsum scrubs Meseta gypsum scrubs same
F6.712 Eastern Andalusian gypsum Eastern Andalusian same

scrubs gypsum scrubs
F6.713 Dueran gypsum scrubs Dueran gypsum scrubs same

F6.72 Ebro gypsum scrubs Ebro gypsum scrubs same
F6.721 Gypsophila hispanica Gypsophila hispanica same

garrigues garrigues
F6.722 Helianthemum squamatum Helianthemum same

garrigues squamatum garrigues
F6.723 Ononis tridentata garrigues Ononis tridentata same

garrigues
F6.73 Southeastern Iberian Southeastern Iberian same

gypsum scrubs gypsum scrubs
Atriplex F6.8 Xero-halophile scrub Xero-halophile scrub narrower

halimus
Artemisia
arborescens
Santolina
chamaecypar
issus
Salsola
vermiculata
Artemisia
herba-alba
Santolina
rosmarinifoli
a
F6.81 Canary Island xero- Canary Island xero- same
halophilous scrubs halophilous scrubs
F6.811 Canary Island coastal scrub Canary Island coastal same

scrub
F6.812 Canary Island Zygophyllum Canary Island same

dry scrubs Zygophyllum dry scrubs
F6.813 Canary Island Salsola Canary Island Salsola same

longifolia dry scrubs longifolia dry scrubs
F6.814 Selvagen woody seablite Selvagen woody seablite same

scrubs scrubs
F6.82 Mediterranean halo- Mediterranean halo- same

nitrophilous scrubs nitrophilous scrubs
F6.821 Ebro sisallares Ebro sisallares same
F6.822 Manchegan sisallares Manchegan sisallares same
F6.823 Catalano-Valencian halo- Catalano-Valencian halo- same

nitrophilous scrubs nitrophilous scrubs
F6.824 Southeastern Iberian Southeastern Iberian same

matojares matojares
F6.825 Sicilian halo-nitrophilous Sicilian halo-nitrophilous same

scrubs scrubs
F6.83 Interior Iberian salt scrubs Interior Iberian salt same

scrubs
F6.831 Interior woody seablite Interior woody seablite same
scrubs scrubs
F6.832 Interior glaucous glasswort Interior glaucous same

scrubs glasswort scrubs
F6.833 Interior creeping glasswort Interior creeping same

scrubs glasswort scrubs
Artemisia F6.8 Xero-halophile scrub Xero-halophile scrub narrower

lerchiana
Artemisia
tschernievian
a
F7 Spiny Mediterranean heaths Spiny Mediterranean same

(phrygana, hedgehog-heaths heaths (phrygana,
and related coastal cliff hedgehog-heaths and
vegetation) related coastal cliff
vegetation)
Genista F7.1 ; West Mediterranean spiny West Mediterranean wider
corsica F7.2 heaths ; spiny heaths ;
Astragalus Central Mediterranean spiny Central Mediterranean
massiliensis heaths spiny heaths
Genista
sardoa
Armeria
pungens
Rosmarinus
officinalis
F7.11 West Mediterranean West Mediterranean same

mainland clifftop phrygana mainland clifftop
phrygana
F7.111 Calcareous Provence Calcareous Provence same

phrygana phrygana
F7.112 Crystalline Provence Crystalline Provence same

phrygana phrygana
F7.113 West-Mediterranean West-Mediterranean same

Anthyllis phrygana Anthyllis phrygana
F7.114 Straits of Bonifacio phrygana Straits of Bonifacio same

phrygana
F7.115 Cabo de Creus phrygana Cabo de Creus phrygana same
F7.116 Cabo de Sao Vicente Cabo de Sao Vicente same

phrygana phrygana
F7.12 Balearic clifftop phrygana Balearic clifftop phrygana same
F7.21 Sardinian Centaurea horrida Sardinian Centaurea same

phrygana horrida phrygana
F7.22 Sardinian Genista Sardinian Genista same

acanthoclada phrygana acanthoclada phrygana
F7.23 Corsican and Sardinian Corsican and Sardinian same

Genista phrygana genista phrygana
F7.24 Pantelleria phrygana Pantelleria phrygana same
F7.25 Central Mediterranean Central Mediterranean same

Sarcopoterium phrygana thorny burnet
(Sarcopoterium) phrygana
F7.26 Hypericum aegyptiacum Hypericum aegyptiacum same

phrygana phrygana
Thymbra F7.3 East Mediterranean East Mediterranean same
capitata phrygana phrygana
Sarcopoteriu
m spinosum
Genista
acanthoclada
Euphorbia
acanthotham
nos
F7.31 Aegean phrygana Aegean phrygana same
F7.311 Aegean Sarcopoterium Aegean thorny burnet same

phrygana (Sarcopoterium) phrygana
F7.312 Maritime Centaurea spinosa Maritime Centaurea same

phrygana spinosa phrygana
F7.313 Lesbian Centaurea spinosa Lesbian Centaurea same

phrygana spinosa phrygana
F7.314 Cycladian Centaurea Cycladian Centaurea same

phrygana phrygana
F7.315 Aegean Erica manipuliflora Aegean heather phrygana same
phrygana
F7.316 Aegean Thymus capitatus Aegean thyme phrygana same

phrygana
F7.317 Aegean Genista Aegean Genista same

acanthoclada phrygana acanthoclada phrygana
F7.318 Aegean Satureja thymbra Aegean savory (Satureja) same

phrygana phrygana
F7.319 Aegean Euphorbia Aegean spiny spurge same

acanthothamnos phrygana (Euphorbia
acanthothamnos)
phrygana
F7.31A Aegean Lithospermum Aegean gromwell same

hispidulum phrygana (Lithospermum) phrygana
F7.31B Aegean Anthyllis Aegean Anthyllis same

hermanniae phrygana hermanniae phrygana
F7.32 Mid-elevation phrygana of Mid-elevation phrygana same

Crete of Crete
F7.33 Thracian phrygana Thracian phrygana same
F7.331 Thracian Sarcopoterium Thracian thorny burnet same

phrygana (Sarcopoterium) phrygana
F7.332 Northern Thracian collinar Northern Thracian same

Astragalus thracicus collinar Astragalus
phrygana thracicus phrygana
F7.34 East Mediterranean bathas East Mediterranean same
bathas
F7.341 Cyprian phrygana Cyprian phrygana same
F7.342 Sarcopoterium bathas Thorny burnet same

(Sarcopoterium) bathas
F7.343 Thymus capitatus bathas Thyme bathas same
F7.344 Salvia triloba and Satureja Sage bathas same

thymbra bathas
F7.345 Lithospermum hispidulum Gromwell same

bathas (Lithospermum) bathas
Cytisus F7.4 Hedgehog-heaths Hedgehog-heaths narrower
balansae
Echinospartu
m ibericum
F7.41 Pyrenean hedgehog-heaths Pyrenean hedgehog- same

heaths
F7.42 Cordilleran hedgehog- Cordilleran hedgehog- same

heaths heaths
F7.421 Gredos hedgehog-heaths Gredos hedgehog-heaths same
F7.422 Bejar-Peña de Francia Bejar-Peña de Francia same

hedgehog-heaths hedgehog-heaths
F7.423 Estrela hedgehog-heaths Estrela hedgehog-heaths same

F7.424 Western Cordilleran Western Cordilleran same
secondary hedgehog-heaths secondary hedgehog-
heaths
F7.43 Nevadan hedgehog-heaths Nevadan hedgehog- same

heaths
F7.431 Lower Nevadan hedgehog- Lower Nevadan same

heaths hedgehog-heaths
F7.432 Middle Nevadan hedgehog- Middle Nevadan same

F7.433 Upper Nevadan hedgehog- Upper Nevadan same

F7.434 Nevadan dwarf cushion- Nevadan dwarf cushion- same

heaths heaths
F7.4341 Siliceous Nevadan dwarf Siliceous Nevadan dwarf same

cushion-heaths cushion-heaths
F7.4342 Calcareous Nevadan dwarf Calcareous Nevadan same

cushion-heaths dwarf cushion-heaths
F7.435 Nevadan Genista hedgehog- Nevadan Genista same

F7.44 Franco-Iberian hedgehog- Franco-Iberian hedgehog- same

heaths heaths
F7.441 Erinacea hedgehog-heaths Erinacea hedgehog- same

heaths
F7.4411 Baetic Erinacea-Vella Baetic Erinacea-Vella same
F7.4412 Iberian Range Erinacea Iberian Range Erinacea same

F7.4413 Maestrazgo Erinacea- Maestrazgo Erinacea- same

Genista hedgehog-heaths Genista hedgehog-heaths
F7.4414 Southeastern Erinacea Southeastern Erinacea same

hedgehog-heath hedgehog-heath
F7.4415 Southeastern Daphne Southeastern Daphne same

F7.442 Peri-Nevadan dwarf cushion- Peri-Nevadan dwarf same

heaths cushion-heaths
F7.4421 Cazorla dwarf cushion- Cazorla dwarf cushion- same

heaths heaths
F7.4422 Baza-Tejeda-Ronda dwarf Baza-Tejeda-Ronda dwarf same

F7.4423 Magina dwarf cushion- Magina dwarf cushion- same

heaths heaths
F7.4424 Maria-Maimon dwarf Maria-Maimon dwarf same

F7.443 Echinospartum boissieri Echinospartum boissieri same

F7.4431 Alcaraz Echinospartum Alcaraz Echinospartum same

F7.4432 Gador Echinospartum Gador Echinospartum same
F7.4433 Baetic Echinospartum Baetic Echinospartum same

F7.444 Catalano-Valencian Erinacea Catalano-Valencian same

hedgehog-heaths Erinacea hedgehog-
heaths
F7.445 Genista cushion-heaths Genista cushion-heaths same
F7.4451 Pyreneo-Cantabrian Pyreneo-Cantabrian same

F7.4452 Genista sanabrensis Genista sanabrensis same

F7.4453 Genista pumila cushion- Genista pumila cushion- same

heaths heaths
F7.4454 Genista scorpius cushion- Genista scorpius cushion- same

heaths heaths
F7.4455 Genista pseudopilosa Genista pseudopilosa same

F7.4456 Genista lobelii and G. Genista lobelii and G. same

pulchella cushion-heaths pulchella cushion-heaths
F7.446 Collinar Astragalus Collinar Astragalus same

F7.4461 Dueran Astragalus Dueran Astragalus same
F7.4462 Southern Mesetan Southern Mesetan same

Astragalus hedgehog-heaths Astragalus hedgehog-
heaths
F7.447 Summital Balearic labiate Summital Balearic labiate same

F7.4471 Mallorcan hedgehog-heaths Mallorcan hedgehog- same

heaths
F7.4472 Menorcan hedgehog-heaths Menorcan hedgehog- same

heaths
Astragalus F7.4 Hedgehog-heaths Hedgehog-heaths narrower

calabrus
Plantago
maritima
subsp.
serpentina
Chamaecytis
us
spinescens
Genista
michelii
Genista
desoleana
Festuca
circummedit
erranea
Thymus
longicaulis
Teucrium
montanum
Silene italica
Potentilla
cinerea
Phleum
ambiguum
Globularia
meridionalis
Fumana
procumbens
Brachypodiu
m retusum
F7.45 Cyrno-Sardinian hedgehog- Cyrno-Sardinian same
F7.46 Mount Etna hedgehog- Mount Etna hedgehog- same

heaths heaths
F7.47 Madonie and Apennine Madonie and Apennine same

Astragalus F7.4 Hedgehog-heaths Hedgehog-heaths narrower

creticus
Astragalus
angustifolius
F7.48 Helleno-Balkanic sylvatic Helleno-Balkanic sylvatic same

Astragalus hedgehog-heaths milk-vetch (Astragalus)
hedgehog-heaths
F7.481 Southern Hellenic montane Southern Hellenic same

hedgehog heaths montane hedgehog
heaths
F7.482 Moesian Astragalus Moesian Astragalus same
angustifolius hedgehog- angustifolius hedgehog-
heaths heaths
F7.49 Hellenic oro-Mediterranean Hellenic oro- same

hedgehog-heaths Mediterranean
hedgehog-heaths
F7.491 Hellenic tragacanth Hellenic tragacanth same

F7.4911 Southern Peloponnese Southern Peloponnese same

tragacanth hedgehog-heaths tragacanth hedgehog-
heaths
F7.4912 Kyllini-Chelmos tragacanth Kyllini-Chelmos same

hedgehog-heaths tragacanth hedgehog-
heaths
F7.4913 Hellenic mainland Hellenic mainland same

tragacanth hedgehog-heaths tragacanth hedgehog-
heaths
F7.492 Oro-Hellenic Astragalus Oro-Hellenic Astragalus same

angustifolius hedgehog- angustifolius hedgehog-
heaths heaths
F7.493 Hellenic cushion-heaths Hellenic cushion-heaths same
F7.4A Hellenic alti-Mediterranean Hellenic alti- same

hedgehog-heaths Mediterranean
hedgehog-heaths
F7.4B Cretan hedgehog-heaths Cretan hedgehog-heaths same
F7.4C Aegean summital hedgehog- Aegean summital same

F7.4D Southern Hellenic Genista Southern Hellenic Genista same
acanthoclada hedgehog- acanthoclada hedgehog-
heaths heaths
F7.4E Astragalus sempervirens Astragalus sempervirens same

F7.4G Cyprian hedgehog-heaths Cyprian hedgehog-heaths same
F7.4H Mediterraneo-Anatolian Mediterraneo-Anatolian same

F7.4I Western central Eurasian Western central Eurasian same

F7.4I1 Northern Thracian Northern Thracian same

tragacanth hedgehog-heath tragacanth hedgehog-
heath
F7.4I2 Central Anatolian hedgehog- Central Anatolian same

insufficient F7.4 Hedgehog-heaths Hedgehog-heaths narrower

data
available
F7.4F Canary Island cushion- Canary Island cushion- same

heaths heaths
F7.4F1 Tenerife cushion-heaths Tenerife cushion-heaths same
F7.4F2 La Palma cushion-heaths La Palma cushion-heaths same

F8 Thermo-Atlantic xerophytic Thermo-Atlantic same
scrub xerophytic scrub
insufficient F8.1 Canary Island xerophytic Canary Island xerophytic same

data scrub scrub
available
F8.11 Western Canary Island Western Canary Island same

Euphorbia communities spurge communities
F8.111 Cardonales Cardonales same
F8.112 Spurge tabaibales Spurge tabaibales same
F8.113 Kleinia tabaibales Kleinia tabaibales same
F8.114 Dragon tree communities Dragon tree communities same
F8.115 Cneorum cushion Cneorum cushion same

F8.116 Plocama communities Plocama communities same

saxicolous formations saxicolous formations

saxicolous labiate saxicolous labiate
F8.122 Cardoncillo communities Cardoncillo communities same

crassulid communities crassulid communities
F8.13 Eastern Canary Island Eastern Canary Island same

xerophytic communities xerophytic communities
F8.14 Canary Island Launaea scrub Canary Island Launaea same

scrub
insufficient F8.2 Madeiran xerophytic scrub Madeiran xerophytic same

data scrub
available
F8.21 Madeiran Euphorbia Madeiran spurge same

formations formations
F8.22 Madeiran saxicolous Madeiran saxicolous same

F8.23 Desertas dry scrub Desertas dry scrub same

F9 Riverine and fen scrubs Riverine and fen scrubs same
Salix F9.1 Riverine scrub Riverine scrub narrower

lapponum
Salix
phylicifolia
Salix glauca
Salix lanata
Betula nana
Salix hastata
Rumex
acetosa
F9.11 Orogenous riverine brush Orogenous riverine brush same
F9.111 Pre-Alpine willow-tamarisk Pre-Alpine willow- same

brush tamarisk brush
F9.112 Pre-Alpine willow and sea- Pre-Alpine willow and same

buckthorn brush sea-buckthorn brush
F9.113 Boreo-alpine willow- Boreo-alpine willow- same

tamarisk scrub tamarisk scrub
F9.129 Boreal riverine willow scrub Boreal riverine willow same
scrub
F9.13 Montane river gravel low Montane river gravel low same
brush brush
F9.14 Gravel bank thickets and Gravel bank thickets and same
woods woods
Salix F9.1 Riverine scrub Riverine scrub narrower

purpurea
Salix triandra
Hippophae
rhamnoides
Salix
viminalis
Salix
elaeagnos
Urtica dioica
F9.12 Lowland and collinar riverine Lowland and collinar same

Salix scrub riverine willow scrub
F9.121 Almond willow-osier scrub Almond willow-osier same

scrub
F9.122 Western Mediterranean Western Mediterranean same
purple willow scrub purple willow scrub
F9.123 Balkan riverine willow scrub Balkan riverine willow same

scrub
F9.124 Ibero-montane riverine Ibero-montane riverine same

willow scrub willow scrub
F9.125 Cantabrian willow scrub Cantabrian willow scrub same
F9.126 Iberian sage-leaved willow Iberian sage-leaved same

scrub willow scrub
F9.127 Pedicellated willow scrub Pedicellated willow scrub same
F9.1271 Andalusian willow scrub Andalusian willow scrub same
F9.1272 Sardinian pedicellated Sardinian pedicellated same

F9.1273 Sicilian pedicellated willow Sicilian pedicellated same

scrub willow scrub
F9.1274 Calabrian pedicellated Calabrian pedicellated same

F9.128 Continental riverine willow Continental riverine same

scrub willow scrub
F9.1281 Pannonic riverine willow Pannonic riverine willow same

scrub scrub
F9.1282 Ponto-Sarmatic riverine Ponto-Sarmatic riverine same
F9.1283 Central Eurasian riverine Central Eurasian riverine same

Salix cinerea F9.2 Salix carr and fen scrub Willow carr and fen scrub same
Salix repens
Salix
atrocinerea
Myrica gale
Salix aurita
Molinia
caerulea agg.
Frangula
alnus
F9.21 Grey willow carrs Grey willow carrs same
F9.211 Western grey willow carrs Western grey willow carrs same
F9.212 Central European grey Central European grey same

willow carrs willow carrs
F9.213 Intra-Carpathian grey willow Intra-Carpathian grey same
carrs willow carrs
F9.22 Sphagnum willow carrs Sphagnum willow carrs same
F9.23 Bay willow carrs Bay willow carrs same
F9.24 Dwarf willow mire scrubs Dwarf willow mire scrubs same
F9.25 Boreal sedge willow carrs Boreal sedge willow carrs same
F9.26 Boreo-alpine willow fen Boreo-alpine willow fen same

scrubs scrubs
Nerium F9.3 Southern riparian galleries Southern riparian same
oleander and thickets galleries and thickets
Tamarix
gallica
Vitex agnus-
castus
Tamarix
africana
Tamarix
canariensis
Tamarix
hampeana
F9.31 Nerium oleander, Vitex Oleander, chaste tree same

agnus-castus and Tamarix (Vitex agnus-castus) and
galleries tamarisk galleries
F9.311 Oleander galleries Oleander galleries same
F9.312 Chaste tree thickets Chaste tree thickets same
F9.313 Mediterraneo-Macaronesian Mediterraneo- same

tamarisk thickets Macaronesian tamarisk
thickets
F9.3131 West Mediterranean West Mediterranean same

tamarisk thickets tamarisk thickets
F9.3132 Macaronesian tamarisk Macaronesian tamarisk same
thickets thickets
F9.31321 Canary Island tamarisk Canary Island tamarisk same

thickets thickets
F9.31322 Madeiran tamarisk thickets Madeiran tamarisk same

thickets
F9.3133 East Mediterranean tamarisk East Mediterranean same

thickets tamarisk thickets
F9.3134 Hyper-saline Mediterranean Hyper-saline same

tamarisk stands Mediterranean tamarisk
stands
F9.31341 Iberian Tamarix boveana Iberian Tamarix boveana same

stands stands
F9.31342 Saline Tamarix canariensis Saline Tamarix same

stands canariensis stands
F9.31343 Saline eastern tamarisk Saline eastern tamarisk same

stands stands
F9.314 Irano-Turanian tamarisk Irano-Turanian tamarisk same

thickets thickets
F9.3141 Pontic tamarisk stands Pontic tamarisk stands same
F9.31411 Western Pontic fresh water Western Pontic fresh same

Tamarix smyrnensis stands water Tamarix smyrnensis
stands
F9.31412 Western Pontic coastal Western Pontic coastal same
Tamarix smyrensis stands Tamarix smyrensis stands
F9.31413 Central and eastern Pontic Central and eastern same

tamarisk stands Pontic tamarisk stands
F9.32 Southwestern Iberian Southwestern Iberian same

tamujares, formed by tamujares
Securinega tinctoria
F9.33 Lauriphyllous galleries of the Lauriphyllous galleries of same

Cordillera Oretana the Cordillera Oretana
F9.34 Myrica gale - Salix scrub of Bog-myrtle - willow scrub same

the Cordillera Oretana of the Cordillera Oretana
F9.35 Riparian stands of invasive Riparian stands of same

shrubs invasive shrubs
FA Hedgerows Hedgerows same

No data FA.1 Hedgerows of non-native Hedgerows of non-native same
species species
No data FA.2 Highly-managed hedgerows Highly-managed same

of native species hedgerows of native
species
No data FA.3 Species-rich hedgerows of Species-rich hedgerows same

native species of native species
No data FA.4 Species-poor hedgerows of Species-poor hedgerows same

native species of native species
FB Shrub plantations Shrub plantations same
No data FB.1 Shrub plantations for whole- Shrub plantations for same
plant harvesting whole-plant harvesting
No data FB.2 Shrub plantations for leaf or Shrub plantations for leaf same
branch harvest or branch harvest
FB.21 Tea plantations Tea plantations same
FB.22 Osier beds Osier beds same
No data FB.3 Shrub plantations for Shrub plantations for same

ornamental purposes or for ornamental purposes or
fruit, other than vineyards for fruit, other than
vineyards
FB.31 Shrub and low-stem tree Shrub and low-stem tree same
orchards orchards
FB.32 Ornamental shrub Ornamental shrub same
plantations plantations
No data FB.4 Vineyards Vineyards same
FB.41 Traditional vineyards Traditional vineyards same
FB.42 Intensive vineyards Intensive vineyards same

comment Source
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
new Schaminée
description et al 2015
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
new Schaminée
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
new name Schaminée

and et al 2015
description
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
split Schaminée
et al 2015,
edited
ETC/BD 2017
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
split Schaminée
et al 2015
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
level Schaminée
changed et al 2015
(F2.2 split)
level EUNIS
changed habitat
classification
2012
level EUNIS
changed habitat
classification
2012
level EUNIS
changed habitat
classification
2012
new Schaminée
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
new name Schaminée

and et al 2015
description
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
level Schaminée
changed et al 2015
(F3.1 & F3.2
merged then
split)
level EUNIS
changed habitat
classification
2012
level EUNIS
changed habitat
classification
2012
level EUNIS
changed habitat
classification
2012
level EUNIS
changed habitat
classification
2012
level EUNIS
changed habitat
classification
2012
merged & Schaminée
split et al 2015
merged & Schaminée
split et al 2015
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
merged & Schaminée
split et al 2015
merged & Schaminée

split et al 2015
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
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habitat
classification
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habitat
classification
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habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
merged & Schaminée
split et al 2015
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
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classification
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habitat
classification
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habitat
classification
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classification
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classification
2012
merged & Schaminée

split et al 2015
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
merged & Schaminée

split et al 2015
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
new Schaminée
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
new Schaminée
description et al 2015 ,
edited
ETC/BD 2017
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
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new Schaminée
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classification
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name change EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
merged Schaminée
et al 2015
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classification
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new name Schaminée
and et al 2015
description
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
new name Schaminée
and et al 2015
description
new name & Schaminée

EUNIS
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classification
2012
merged then Schaminée

split et al 2015
EUNIS
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
EUNIS
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classification
2012
merged then Schaminée
split et al 2015
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
merge and Schaminée
split et al 2015
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
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new Schaminée
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split includes Schaminée

part of et al 2015
former E1.4
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habitat
classification
2012
split includes Schaminée

part of et al 2015
former E1.4
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
merged Schaminée
et al 2015
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
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et al 2015
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et al 2015
EUNIS
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split Schaminée
et al 2015
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et al 2015
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split Schaminée
et al 2015
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et al 2015
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classification
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new name Schaminée
and et al 2015
description
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
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EUNIS
habitat
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2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
Level Code 2017 Name 2017 Description 2017 Diagnostic Constant
species species
1T Forest and other Forest and recently cleared
wooded land or burnt land where the
dominant vegetation is, or
was until very recently,
trees with a canopy cover
of at least 10%. Trees are
defined as woody plants,
typically single-stemmed,
that can reach a height of
at least 5 m at maturity
unless stunted by poor
climate or soil. Includes
lines of trees, coppices,
regularly tilled tree
nurseries. Includes Alnus
and Populus swamp forest
and riverine Salix forest.
Excludes Corylus avellana
scrub and Salix and
Frangula carrs. Excludes
stands of climatically-
limited dwarf trees
(krummholz) < 3m high,
such as occur at the arctic
or alpine tree limit.
Excludes parkland and
dehesa with canopy less
than 10%, which are listed
under sparsely wooded
grasslands E7.
2 T1 Broadleaved Forest, including

deciduous forest plantations, dominated by
summer-green non-
coniferous trees that lose
their leaves in winter.
Includes forest with mixed
evergreen and deciduous
broadleaved trees,
provided that the
deciduous cover exceeds
that of evergreens.
3 T1-1 Temperate and Willow- and poplar- (Salix Salix alba Urtica dioica
boreal Salix and and Populus) dominated Populus nigra Rubus
Populus riparian forest of periodically Rubus caesius
forest inundated terraces and caesius Phalaris
shoals with deposition of Salix arundinacea
nutrient-rich alluvium in purpurea Glechoma
the active floodplains of Calystegia hederacea
rivers through the lowlands sepium Calystegia
of the boreal, nemoral, Impatiens sepium
submediterranean and glandulifera Sambucus
steppe zones Solanum nigra
dulcamara Solanum
Salix dulcamara
viminalis Cornus
Salix x sanguinea
rubens Crataegus
Salix fragilis monogyna
Populus alba Populus alba
Humulus Salix alba
lupulus Galium
Urtica dioica aparine
Salix triandra Populus nigra
Symphytum Poa trivialis
officinale Salix fragilis
Phalaris Humulus
arundinacea lupulus
Galium Ranunculus
aparine repens
Symphytum
officinale
Alnus
glutinosa
Lycopus
europaeus
4 T1-11 Temperate and Willow (Salix ) dominated

boreal riverine Salix forest of periodically
forest inundated terraces and
shoals with deposition of
nutrient-rich alluvium in
the active floodplains of
rivers through the lowlands
of the boreal, nemoral,
submediterranean and
steppe zones
5 T1-111 Middle European

Salix alba forests
6 T1-1111 Western European

white willow forests
6 T1-1112 Eastern European
poplar-willow
forests
5 T1-112 Continental Salix

galleries
6 T1-1121 Pannonic willow

and poplar-willow
galleries
6 T1-1122 Ponto-Sarmatic
steppe willow
galleries
7 T1-11221 Lower Danube

willow galleries
7 T1-11222 Northern Thracian

willow galleries
7 T1-11223 Eastern Ponto-

Sarmatic steppe
willow galleries
4 T1-12 Boreo-alpine
riparian galleries
5 T1-121 Montane Alnus

incana galleries
6 T1-1211 Alpine grey alder

galleries
6 T1-1212 Apennine grey

alder galleries
6 T1-1213 Hercynio-
Carpathian grey
alder galleries
7 T1-12131 Hercynio-
Carpathian sage
grey alder galleries
7 T1-12132 Hercynio-
Carpathian caltha
6 T1-1214 Eastern Carpathian

6 T1-1215 Montenegrine grey

alder galleries
6 T1-1216 Balkan Range grey

alder galleries
6 T1-1217 Rhodopide grey

alder galleries
5 T1-122 Dealpine Alnus

incana galleries
5 T1-123 Boreal Alnus incana

galleries
5 T1-124 Boreal Alnus

glutinosa galleries
5 T1-125 Western Siberian

Betula and pine
galleries
5 T1-126 Eastern boreal

riverine galleries
5 T1-127 Ponto-Caucasian
montane Alnus
galleries
3 T1-2 Riparian Alnus Riparian and land-upheaval Alnus Alnus
forest forests dominated by Alnus glutinosa glutinosa
glutinosa and/or A. incana, Carex remota Fraxinus
and sometimes Fraxinus Impatiens excelsior
excelsior, typically without noli-tangere Athyrium
many softwood willows in Urtica dioica filix-femina
the canopy and occurring Chaerophyllu Deschampsia
throughout Europe along m hirsutum cespitosa
streams and small to Cardamine Stachys
medium rivers. The field amara sylvatica
layer can be quite species- Alnus incana Aegopodium
rich, especially in moister Stachys podagraria
situations, when more sylvatica Brachypodiu
nutrient demanding herbs Festuca m sylvaticum
such as Urtica dioica and gigantea Oxalis
Filipendula ulmaria may be Chrysospleni acetosella
abundant. um Impatiens
alternifolium noli-tangere
Athyrium Caltha
filix-femina palustris
Fraxinus Urtica dioica
excelsior Filipendula
ulmaria
Ranunculus
repens
Geum
urbanum
Galium
aparine
Lamiastrum
galeobdolon
Sambucus
nigra
Angelica
sylvestris
Corylus
avellana
4 T1-21 Riverine Fraxinus - Rubus idaeus
Alnus forest, wet at
high but not at low
water
5 T1-211 Fraxinus - Alnus

forests of rivulets
and springs
6 T1-2111 Sedge ash-alder

forests

forests of fast-
flowing rivers
6 T1-2113 Cabbage thistle

ash-alder forests
6 T1-2114 Hillside spring ash-
alder forests
6 T1-2115 Great horsetail ash-

alder forests
6 T1-2116 Dacio-Moesian ash-

alder forests

forests of fast-
flowing rivers
6 T1-2121 Collinar stream ash-

alder forests
7 T1-21211 Stitchwort ash-

alder forests
7 T1-21212 Northeastern
stream spruce-ash-
alder forests
6 T1-2122 Submontane
Hercynian stream
ash-alder forests
6 T1-2123 Pre-Carpathian
stream ash-alder
forests

forests of slow
rivers
6 T1-2131 Central European

slow river
floodplain forests

slow river ash-alder
forests
spruce-alder forests
7 T1-21313 Moravian oak-

Fagus-alder riverine
forests
6 T1-2132 West European tall

herb ash-alder
forests
6 T1-2133 Ponto-Pannonic tall

herb ash-alder
forests
6 T1-2134 Eastern Baltic slow

river floodplain
forests
7 T1-21341 Eastern Baltic

enchanter's
nightshade ash-
alder forests
7 T1-21342 Eastern Baltic slow

river spruce-birch-
alder forests
6 T1-2135 Sarmatic ash-alder

forests
5 T1-214 Northern Iberian

Alnus galleries
6 T1-2141 Galicio-Cantabrian
alder galleries
6 T1-2142 Eume near-natural

alder galleries
7 T1-21421 Semi-natural
Galicio-Cantabrian
alder galleries
7 T1-21422 Pyreneo-Cantabrian
alder galleries
6 T1-2143 Pyreneo-Catalonian
alder galleries
4 T1-22 Boreal and

boreonemoral
Alnus forests
5 T1-221 Boreal Alnus

glutinosa forests
5 T1-222 Boreal Alnus incana

forests
3 T1-3 Temperate and Mixed broadleaved forests Ranunculus Fraxinus

boreal hardwood typical of less-frequently ficaria excelsior
riparian forest flooded, well-aerated Fraxinus Urtica dioica
mineral soils on floodplains excelsior Corylus
of the middle and lower Stachys avellana
reaches of major European sylvatica Deschampsia
rivers. The canopy in high- Festuca cespitosa
forest stands can be very gigantea Stachys
tall and multi-layered and is Carex sylvatica
typically dominated by sylvatica Brachypodiu
various mixtures of Rubus m sylvaticum
Fraxinus excelsior, F. caesius Geum
angustifoliae, Alnus Plagiomnium urbanum
glutinosa with A. incana undulatum Circaea
towards the upper reaches Anemone lutetiana
of rivers outside the nemorosa Ranunculus
Atlantic zone, Populus alba, Ulmus minor ficaria
P. tremula, P. nigra, P. Quercus Quercus
canescens, Acer robur robur
pseudoplatanus, Quercus Circaea Glechoma
robur, Prunus avium, Ulmus lutetiana hederacea
glabra, U. minor and U. Geum Anemone
laevis. There is typically an urbanum nemorosa
abundant and varied Prunus Euonymus
understorey, again often padus europaeus
structurally complex, with a Euonymus Hedera helix
range of small trees, shrubs europaeus Lamiastrum
and lianes that are more Adoxa galeobdolon
typical of mesic deciduous moschatellin Rubus
forests (such as T1-E a caesius
Carpinus and Quercus Rumex Carex
mesic deciduous forest) . sanguineus sylvatica
Glechoma Galium
hederacea aparine
Carex remota Aegopodium
Alnus podagraria
glutinosa Crataegus
Corylus monogyna
4 T1-31 Mixed Quercus -
Ulmus - Fraxinus
forest of great
rivers
5 T1-311 Great medio-

European fluvial
forests
5 T1-312 Residual medio-

European fluvial
forests
5 T1-313 Southeast
European Fraxinus -
Quercus - Alnus
forests
6 T1-3131 Illyrian ash-oak-

alder forests
7 T1-31311 Illyrian snow-flake

ash-oak forests
7 T1-31312 Illyrian greenweed

oak-ash forests
7 T1-31313 Illyrian riparian oak-

hornbeam forests
6 T1-3132 Helleno-Balkanic
ash-oak-alder
forests
7 T1-31321 Hellenic ash-oak-

alder forests
7 T1-31322 Coastal Bulgarian

longos forests
7 T1-31323 Central Balkan ash-
oak-alder forests
7 T1-31324 Albanian ash-oak-

alder forests
7 T1-31325 Montenegrine ash-

oak-alder forests
7 T1-31326 Istrian ash-oak-

alder forests
6 T1-3133 Pannonic ash-oak-

alder forests
6 T1-3134 Getic oak-elm-ash

forests
5 T1-314 Po Quercus -
Fraxinus - Alnus
forests
5 T1-315 Sarmatic riverine

oak forests
3 T1-4 Mediterranean and Deciduous broadleaved Platanus Platanus
Macaronesian forests, most commonly orientalis orientalis
riparian forest dominated by poplars Populus alba Brachypodiu
(Populus), willows (Salix), Rubus m sylvaticum
oriental plane (Platanus ulmifolius Clematis
orientalis) or Liquidambar, Nerium vitalba
on periodically flooded oleander Populus nigra
alluvium or gravel terraces Arum Galium
and streamsides in humid italicum aparine
localities in the Vitex agnus- Dactylis
mediterranean zone and castus glomerata
Macaronesia. Also includes Clematis Ulmus minor
streamside Rhododendron vitalba Cornus
ponticum and birch (Betula Symphytum sanguinea
pendula var.fontqueri) bulbosum Rubia
forests in Spain. Scirpoides peregrina
holoschoenu Pteridium
s aquilinum
Cercis Rubus
siliquastrum ulmifolius
Rubus Hedera helix
sanctus Salix alba
Salix alba Populus alba
Populus nigra Urtica dioica
Ficus carica Crataegus
Carex monogyna
pendula Arum
Melissa italicum
officinalis Carex
Piptatherum pendula
miliaceum Alnus
Dracunculus glutinosa
vulgaris Tamus
Cirsium communis
creticum
subsp.
creticum
4 T1-41 Mediterranean and Willow (Salix ) dominated Brachypodiu
Macaronesian Salix forest of periodically
forest inundated terraces and
shoals with deposition of
nutrient-rich alluvium in
the active floodplains of
rivers through the lowlands
of the mediterranean and
zone.
5 T1-411 Mediterranean tall

Salix galleries
6 T1-4111 Mediterranean
white willow
galleries
7 T1-41111 Central Iberian Salix
neotricha galleries
7 T1-41112 Eumediterranean
white and crack
willow galleries
6 T1-4112 Olive-leaved and

ashy willow riparian
forests
7 T1-41121 Iberian olive-leaved

willow forests
7 T1-41122 Andalusian olive-

leaved willow
forests
7 T1-41123 Sardinian olive-

leaved willow
forests
7 T1-41124 Italo-Hellenic ashy

willow riparian
forests
5 T1-412 Canary Island Salix

galleries
riparian Populus
forests
5 T1-421 Iberian poplar

galleries
5 T1-422 Provenço-
Languedocian
poplar galleries
5 T1-423 Cyrno-Sardinian
poplar galleries
5 T1-424 Italic poplar
galleries
5 T1-425 East Mediterranean

poplar galleries
6 T1-4251 Nestos riparian

forests
6 T1-4252 Hellenic white

poplar riparian
forests
6 T1-4253 Northern Hellenic

black poplar
riparian forests
6 T1-4254 Hellenic downy

poplar riparian
forests
6 T1-4255 Rhodopide
Mediterranean
poplar galleries
6 T1-4256 Paeonian poplar

galleries
6 T1-4257 East Adriatic poplar

galleries
riparian Ulmus
forests
riparian Fraxinus
forests
5 T1-441 Iberian supra-

Mediterranean ash
galleries
5 T1-442 Iberian meso-
Mediterranean ash
galleries
5 T1-443 Baetic ash-maple

galleries
5 T1-444 Tyrrhenian ash-

alder galleries
5 T1-445 Italic ash galleries
5 T1-446 Hellenic ash

galleries
riverine Ostrya
carpinifolia galleries
4 T1-46 Mediterraneo-
Pontic riverine
Fraxinus forests
mixed Populus
riverine forests
5 T1-471 Western Pontic

poplar galleries

white poplar
galleries

white-black poplar
galleries
5 T1-472 Danube delta

galleries
periploca-poplar-
oak-ash galleries

Hippophae
-Populus canescens
galleries
5 T1-473 Southern Sarmatic

poplar and elm
galleries
5 T1-474 Central and eastern

Pontic poplar
forests

poplar galleries
4 T1-48 Irano-Anatolian
mixed riverine
forests
4 T1-49 Platanus orientalis

forests
riparian plane
forests
5 T1-492 Hellenic slope

plane forests
5 T1-493 Sicilian plane tree

canyons
5 T1-494 Anatolian plane

forests
5 T1-495 Cyprian plane
forests
5 T1-496 Levantine plane

forests
4 T1-4A Liquidambar
orientalis forests
4 T1-4B Southern Alnus and

Betula galleries
5 T1-4B1 Southern Alnus

glutinosa galleries
6 T1-4B11 Iberian meso-

Mediterranean
alder galleries
6 T1-4B12 Iberian supra-

Mediterranean
alder galleries
6 T1-4B13 Western
Mediterranean
alder and ash-alder
galleries
6 T1-4B14 Aegean alder

galleries
5 T1-4B2 Rhododendron -
Alnus galleries
5 T1-4B3 Corsican Alnus

cordata and Alnus
glutinosa galleries
5 T1-4B4 Relict Betula

galleries of
Cordillera Oretana
3 T1-5 Broadleaved Deciduous broadleaved Carex Alnus
swamp forest on forests, commonly elongata glutinosa
non-acid peat dominated by alder (Alnus Solanum Solanum
glutinosa and A. incana), dulcamara dulcamara
oak (Quercus robur) or Carex Lycopus
aspen (Populus tremula) on acutiformis europaeus
non-acid peat with ground Calamagrosti Frangula
water at or seasonally s canescens alnus
above the surface in Lycopus Iris
swamps through the europaeus pseudacorus
lowlands of the nemoral Ribes nigrum Carex
and boreal zones. Galium acutiformis
palustre Carex
Carex elongata
paniculata Juncus
Frangula effusus
alnus Lythrum
Carex salicaria
pseudocyper Fraxinus
us excelsior
Alnus Lysimachia
glutinosa vulgaris
Thelypteris Galium
palustris palustre
Peucedanum Dryopteris
palustre carthusiana
Lysimachia Urtica dioica
vulgaris Filipendula
Iris ulmaria
pseudacorus Deschampsia
Dryopteris cespitosa
carthusiana Athyrium
Mnium filix-femina
hornum Peucedanum
Scutellaria palustre
galericulata Caltha
Humulus palustris
4 T1-51 Alnus swamp lupulus Calamagrosti
forests not on acid
peat
5 T1-511 Meso-eutrophic
swamp alder
forests
6 T1-5111 Atlantic greater

tussock-sedge alder
forests
6 T1-5112 Elongated-sedge
swamp alder
forests
6 T1-5113 East European

swamp alder
forests
6 T1-5114 Sub-boreal swamp
alder forests

Alnus glutinosa
swamp forests
alder swamp
forests
7 T1-51152 Intra-Carpathian
elongated sedge
alder swamp
forests
5 T1-512 Oligotrophic swamp

alder forests
5 T1-513 Southern Helleno-

Balkanic swamp
alder forests
5 T1-514 Steppe swamp

Alnus glutinosa
forests
6 T1-5141 Pannonic swamp

alder-ash forests
6 T1-5142 Sarmatic swamp

alder forests
5 T1-515 Boreal swamp alder

forests
4 T1-52 Quercus swamp

forests
4 T1-53 Populus tremula

swamp forests
4 T1-54 Wet-ground forest
of the Black and
Caspian Seas
3 T1-6 Broadleaved Deciduous broadleaved or Betula Betula

swamp forest on mixed forest on acid peat pubescens pubescens
acid peat on or around active bogs Sphagnum Frangula
and poor fens with fimbriatum alnus
nutrient-poor ground Polytrichum Sorbus
waters occurring through commune aucuparia
the atlantic and boreal Sphagnum Dryopteris
zones and locally, where squarrosum carthusiana
ground conditions permit, Salix aurita Sphagnum
in the continental zone. Sphagnum palustre
Usually dominated by birch palustre Pinus
(Betula pubescens) but with Molinia sylvestris
increasing amounts of caerulea agg. Deschampsia
Scot’s pine (Pinus sylvestris) Frangula flexuosa
towards the boreal zone. alnus Juncus
Betula effusus
pendula Aulacomniu
Aulacomniu m palustre
m palustre Dryopteris
dilatata
Molinia
caerulea agg.
Betula
pendula
Quercus
robur
Vaccinium
myrtillus
Rubus
fruticosus
agg.
Polytrichum
commune
Calluna
vulgaris
Salix cinerea
Lonicera
4 T1-61 Sphagnum Betula periclymenu
forests
5 T1-611 Cottonsedge
sphagnum birch
forests
5 T1-612 Sedge sphagnum

birch forests
5 T1-613 Meso-acidophilous
birch swamp forests
4 T1-62 Alnus swamp
forests on acid peat
3 T1-7 Fagus forest on Beech- (Fagus sylvatica and Fagus Fagus

non-acid soils F. orientalis) dominated sylvatica sylvatica
forests of base-rich to Galium Galium
neutral, oligotrophic to odoratum odoratum
mesotrophic, mineral soils Viola Viola
occurring through the reichenbachi reichenbachi
atlantic and continental ana ana
zones, and reaching into Lamiastrum Oxalis
the alpine and, at higher galeobdolon acetosella
altitudes, the Mycelis Lamiastrum
submediterranean region. muralis galeobdolon
Associated trees, including Mercurialis Acer
evergreen conifers like fir perennis pseudoplata
(Abies alba) and spruce Cardamine nus
(Picea abies) which figures bulbifera Dryopteris
at the altitudinal limit, are Prenanthes filix-mas
always subordinate in cover purpurea Mercurialis
and usually in height, Acer perennis
though broadleaved pseudoplata Mycelis
associates are more nus muralis
extensive and diverse on Oxalis Fraxinus
richer soils and, like the acetosella excelsior
usually sparse shrub layer, Hedera helix
show regional climate- Athyrium
related variation. The field filix-femina
layer can be species-rich. Anemone
nemorosa
Poa
nemoralis
Carex
sylvatica
Rubus
fruticosus
agg.
Prenanthes
purpurea
Picea abies
4 T1-71 Medio-European Euphorbia
neutrophile Fagus
forests
5 T1-711 Medio-European
collinar neutrophile
beech forests
wood barley beech
forests
woodruff and hairy
sedge beech forests
5 T1-712 Atlantic neutrophile
beech forests
6 T1-7121 Calcicline bluebell

beech forests
6 T1-7122 Neutrocline
bluebell beech
forests
montane
neutrophile beech
forests
6 T1-7131 Jura bittercress

beech forests
6 T1-7132 Western Alps

bittercress beech
forests
6 T1-7133 Austro-Bavarian
Alps bittercress
beech forests
6 T1-7134 Southeastern
Alpine bittercress
beech forests
6 T1-7135 Vosges bittercress

beech forests
6 T1-7136 Black Forest

bittercress beech
forests
6 T1-7137 Northern Hercynian

bittercress beech
forests
6 T1-7138 Bohemian
Quadrangle
bittercress beech
forests
6 T1-7139 Western Carpathian
bittercress beech
forests
5 T1-714 Bohemian lime-

beech forests
5 T1-715 Pannonic
neutrophile Fagus
forests
6 T1-7151 Sub-Pannonic
Fagus forests
6 T1-7152 Pannonic
neutrophile collinar
Fagus forests
6 T1-7153 Pannonic
neutrophile
montane Fagus
forests
neutrophile Fagus
forests
5 T1-721 Hygrophile
Pyrenean beech
forests
5 T1-722 Mesophile
Pyrenean beech
forests
5 T1-723 Sub-humid oro-

Cantabrian beech
forests
5 T1-724 Humid Central

Massif fir-beech
forests
subalpine Fagus
forests
limestone Fagus
forests

dry-slope limestone
Fagus forests
dry slope sedge
Fagus forests
steep slope yew
Fagus forests
blue moorgrass
Fagus forests
naked basiphile
Fagus forests
6 T1-7415 Pannonic limestone

Fagus forests
5 T1-742 Northwestern
Iberian xerophile
Fagus forests
4 T1-75 Southern medio-

European Fagus
forests
5 T1-751 Alpino-Apennine
neutrophile Fagus
forests
5 T1-752 Sub-Mediterranean
calcicolous Fagus
forests
6 T1-7521 Box Fagus forests

6 T1-7522 Androsace Fagus
forests
6 T1-7523 Lavender Fagus

forests
6 T1-7524 Sainte-Baume
Fagus forest
5 T1-753 Pre-Alpine hop-

hornbeam Fagus
forests
4 T1-76 Southern Italian

Fagus forests
5 T1-761 Gargano Fagus

forest
5 T1-762 Campano-Lucanian
Fagus forests
5 T1-763 Pollino Fagus

forests
5 T1-764 Sila Fagus forests
5 T1-765 Aspromonte Fagus

forests
5 T1-766 Northern Sicilian

Fagus forests
5 T1-767 Etna Fagus forests

4 T1-77 Moesian Fagus
forests
5 T1-771 Southwestern
Moesian Fagus
forests
Moesian
neutrophile Fagus
forests
Moesian bedstraw-
Fagus forests
Moesian fir-Fagus
forests
Moesian Fagus-
hornbeam forests
Moesian subalpine
Fagus forests
Moesian Fagus
forests
Moesian woodrush-
Fagus forests
Moesian
neutrophile Fagus
forests
Moesian bedstraw-
Fagus forests
Moesian fir-Fagus
forests
Moesian Fagus-
hornbeam forests
Moesian subalpine
Fagus forests
Moesian Ostrya
-Fagus forests
5 T1-773 Balkan Range Fagus

forests
6 T1-7731 Balkan Range

neutrophile Fagus
forests

bedstraw-Fagus
forests
7 T1-77312 Balkan Range fir-

Fagus forests

Fagus-hornbeam
forests

subalpine Fagus
forests

thermophile Fagus
forests

Ostrya -Fagus
forests
7 T1-77332 Moesian
Constantinople
hazel Fagus forests
5 T1-774 South-Dinaric
Fagus forests
4 T1-78 Hellenic Fagus

forests
5 T1-781 Pindus Hellenic

Fagus forests
5 T1-782 Olympian Hellenic

Fagus forests
4 T1-79 Mediterraneo-
Moesian Fagus
forests
4 T1-7A Illyrian Fagus Fagus sylvatica forests of

forests on non acid the Dinarides and of
soils associated ranges and hills,
with outliers and
irradiations in the
southeastern Alps and in
the mid-Pannonic hills on
non-acidic soils. In these
areas they are in contact
with, or interspersed
among, medio-European
beech forests. Typical herb
species are Dentaria spp.,
Cyclamen purpurascens,
Hacquetia epipactis,
Lamium orvala and others.
5 T1-7A1 Illyrian neutrophile

Fagus forests
6 T1-7A11 Illyrian collinar

neutrophile Fagus
forests
6 T1-7A12 Illyrian montane fir-
Fagus forests
7 T1-7A122 Illyrian low-

montane
neutrophile fir-
Fagus forests
7 T1-7A123 Illyrian high-

montane fir-Fagus
forests
5 T1-7A2 Illyrian thermophile

Fagus forests
6 T1-7A21 Illyrian coastal

Fagus forests
6 T1-7A22 Illyrian inland

calciphile Fagus
forests
7 T1-7A221 Illyrian hop-

hornbeam Fagus
forests
7 T1-7A222 Illyrian Helleborus

odorus Fagus
forests
7 T1-7A223 Illyrian Acer

obtusatum Fagus
forests
5 T1-7A3 Illyrian subalpine

Fagus forests
4 T1-7B Dacian Fagus

forests
5 T1-7B1 East Carpathian

neutrophile Fagus
forests
6 T1-7B11 Dacian Symphytum
Fagus forests
7 T1-7B111 Dacian Dentaria

glandulosa Fagus
forests
7 T1-7B112 Dacian Pulmonaria

rubra fir-Fagus
forests
6 T1-7B12 Dacian hairy sedge

Fagus-hornbeam
forests

subalpine Fagus
forests
6 T1-7B21 Dacian subalpine

Fagus-spruce forest
6 T1-7B22 Dacian subalpine

gooseberry Fagus
forests

calciphile Fagus
forests
5 T1-7B4 South Carpathian

thermophilous
Fagus forests

Aremonia Fagus
forests

Corylus colurna
Fagus forests

Helleborus odorus
Fagus forests
4 T1-7C Pontic Fagus forests
5 T1-7C1 Western Pontic

Fagus forests
6 T1-7C11 Eastern Balkan

Range oriental
Fagus forests
6 T1-7C12 Stranja oriental

Fagus forests
7 T1-7C121 Stranja bearberry

tree-oriental Fagus
forests
7 T1-7C122 Stranja
rhododendron-
oriental Fagus
forests

rhododendron-
oriental Fagus
forests

calciphile Fagus
forests

neutrocline fir-
Fagus forests

calciphile fir-Fagus
forests
5 T1-7C2 Western sub-Pontic

Fagus-oak forests
4 T1-7D Dobrogea Fagus

forest
4 T1-7E Crimean Fagus
forests
4 T1-7F Caucasian Fagus

forests
4 T1-7G Caspian Fagus

forests
4 T1-7H Eastern oro-

Mediterranean
Fagus forests
3 T1-8 Fagus forest on Beech (Fagus sylvatica and Fagus Fagus

acid soils F. orientalis) dominated sylvatica sylvatica
forests of oligotrophic, Polytrichastr Deschampsia
base-poor mineral soils um flexuosa
through the atlantic and formosum Vaccinium
continental zones, into the Luzula myrtillus
alpine and, at higher luzuloides Polytrichastr
altitudes, the Deschampsia um
submediterranean zone. flexuosa formosum
Associated broadleaved Dicranella Sorbus
trees are few and always heteromalla aucuparia
subordinate in cover, Vaccinium Pteridium
though oaks may be co- myrtillus aquilinum
dominant. Evergreen Oxalis
conifers like fir (Abies alba) acetosella
and, at the altitudinal limit, Luzula
spruce (Picea abies) can luzuloides
figure as minority canopy Quercus
components. The field layer petraea
is generally species-poor. Picea abies
Hieracium
murorum
aquifolium
Prenanthes
purpurea
Athyrium
filix-femina
Abies alba
Dicranum
scoparium
Rubus
fruticosus
agg.
Poa
nemoralis
Hedera helix
Acer
4 T1-81 Medio-European pseudoplata
acidophilous Fagus
forests
collinar woodrush
Fagus forests
6 T1-8111 Western Hercynian

collinar woodrush
Fagus forests
6 T1-8112 Hercyno-Jurassian
collinar woodrush
Fagus forests
6 T1-8113 Peri-Alpine collinar

woodrush Fagus
forests
6 T1-8114 Western sub-

Pannonic collinar
woodrush Fagus
forests
6 T1-8115 Pannonic collinar

woodrush Fagus
forests
montane woodrush
Fagus forests
6 T1-8121 Hercyno-Alpine
montane woodrush
Fagus forests
6 T1-8122 Western medio-

European montane
woodrush Fagus
forests
4 T1-82 Atlantic
acidophilous Fagus
forests
5 T1-821 Germano-Baltic
acidophilous Fagus
forests
5 T1-822 Sub-Atlantic
acidophilous Fagus
forests
5 T1-823 Armorican
acidophilous Fagus
forests
acidophilous Fagus
forests
5 T1-825 Western Cantabrian

acidophilous Fagus
forests
5 T1-826 Galician
acidophilous Fagus
forests
5 T1-827 Humid Iberian

acidophilous Fagus
forests
5 T1-828 Hyper-humid
Iberian
acidophilous Fagus
forests
5 T1-829 Ayllon acidophilous

Fagus forests
4 T1-83 Acidophilous Acidophilous Fagus

southern medio- sylvatica forests of the
European Fagus southern flanks of the Alps
forests and the western
Mediterranean mountains
with an often species-rich
herb layer composed of an
admixture of medio-
European, Mediterranean
and local endemic species.
acidophilous Fagus
forests
5 T1-832 Pyreneo-Cevennian
acidophilous Fagus
forest
5 T1-833 Corsican Fagus

forests
4 T1-84 Illyrian Fagus Acidocline Fagus sylvatica

forests on acidic forests of the Dinarides and
soils of associated ranges and
hills, with outliers and
irradiations in the
southeastern Alps and in
the mid-Pannonic hills.
5 T1-841 Illyrian woodrush-

Fagus forests
5 T1-842 Illyrian low-

montane acidocline
fir-Fagus forests

Moesian Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca
forests forests of the Balkan
Range, the southern
Dinarides, the Moeso-
Macedonian mountains,
the Pelagonids, the
Rhodope, the Thessalian
mountains, reaching their
southern limits in the
Vermion, the Vernon, the
border ranges of northern
Macedonia, the Chalkidiki,
Greek Thrace, the Olympus
group, Ossa and Pelion.
Fagus sylvatica is
accompanied, at the higher
altitudes and latitudes, by
Abies alba and Picea abies.
Dacian Fagus sylvatica, or, locally, Fagus
forests orientalis, Fagus moesiaca,
Fagus taurica, forests of the
Romanian, Ukrainian and
eastern Serbian
Carpathians, east of the Uz
and the Stry, and of the
west Ukrainian pre-
Carpathic hills and
plateaux.
5 T1-861 East Carpathian

acidophile Fagus
forests
6 T1-8611 Dacian woodrush-

Fagus forests
6 T1-8612 Dacian Galium

kitaibelianum
Fagus forests
6 T1-8613 Dacian Galium

rotundifolium Fagus
forests
7 T1-86131 Dacian
Leucanthemum
Fagus forests
6 T1-8614 South Carpathian

Festuca drymeja
Fagus forests
5 T1-862 Acidophilous Acidophilous Moesian

Southwestern Fagus sylvatica or Fagus
Moesian Fagus moesiaca forests of the
forests Pelagonids and the
Thessalian mountains south
to, in Greece, the Voras-
Tzena-Pakon complex, the
Vermion massive, the
Olympus group, the Ossa
and the Pelion.
Moesian woodrush-
Fagus forests

acidophile Fagus
forests

woodrush-Fagus
forests

cherry-laurel Fagus
forests

Festuca drymeja
Fagus forests
3 T1-9 Temperate and These thermophilous Quercus Crataegus

submediterranean broadleaved deciduous pubescens monogyna
thermophilous forests form a wide, but Quercus Quercus
deciduous forest interrupted, belt across the cerris pubescens
submediterranean zone of Fraxinus Hedera helix
Europe, with milder winters ornus Fraxinus
and warmer drought-prone Buglossoides ornus
summers than sustain the purpurocaer Ligustrum
broadleaved temperate ulea vulgare
forests, but colder, Cornus mas Acer
intermittently frosty and Carpinus campestre
snowy winters than are orientalis Brachypodiu
typical for the evergreen Quercus m pinnatum
broadleaved forests and frainetto Brachypodiu
scrub of the Crataegus m sylvaticum
Mediterranean. To the monogyna Teucrium
north, they tend to occupy Ostrya chamaedrys
lower altitude, drier and carpinifolia Prunus
warmer sites, to the south, Ligustrum spinosa
rainier sites at higher vulgare Quercus
altitudes. Acer cerris
The canopy, rarely very tall, monspessula Cornus
is dominated by num sanguinea
thermophilous and Sorbus Rubia
drought-resistant domestica peregrina
deciduous (and some Tamus Clinopodium
evergreen) trees, among communis vulgare
which oaks are the Sorbus Quercus
commonest contributors to torminalis petraea
the forest canopy. The light Lathyrus Dactylis
shade cast by the oaks and niger glomerata
over trees allows a dense Viola alba Cornus mas
shrub layer to develop Tanacetum Tamus
including some evergreen corymbosum communis
Mediterranean species. The Viburnum
herb layer is rich with sub- lantana
Mediterranean species Fragaria
making a prominent vesca
4 T1-91 Western Quercus
pubescens forests
and related
communities

pubescens forests
Quercus pubescens
forests
6 T1-9112 Northern Quercus

pubescens forests
5 T1-912 Sub-Mediterranean
Quercus petraea-Q.
robur forests
5 T1-913 Quercus palensis

forests
5 T1-914 Eu-Mediterranean
white oak forests
4 T1-92 Cyrno-Sardinian
Quercus pubescens
forests
4 T1-93 Eastern Quercus

pubescens forests
5 T1-931 Northern Italic

Quercus pubescens
forests
5 T1-932 Italo-Sicilian
Quercus pubescens
forests
5 T1-933 Hellenic Quercus
pubescens forests
5 T1-934 Aegean Quercus

anatolica forests
5 T1-935 Aegean Quercus

brachyphylla
forests
5 T1-936 Dalmatian white

oak forests
5 T1-937 Eastern sub-

Mediterranean
white oak forests
6 T1-9371 Thracian white oak-

oriental hornbeam
forests
6 T1-9372 Moesian white oak

forests
7 T1-93721 Moesian white oak-

oriental hornbeam
forests
7 T1-93722 Lydian greenweed-

white oak forests
7 T1-93723 Moesian Paeonia

peregrina - white
oak forests
7 T1-93724 Moesian Galium

dasypodium -white
oak forests
7 T1-93725 Acanthus white oak

forests
7 T1-93726 Moesian Echinops -
white oak forests
6 T1-9373 Intra-Carpathian
insular Quercus
virgiliana forests
6 T1-9374 Pannonian Quercus

pubescens forests
7 T1-93741 Pannonian white

oak-manna tree
forests
7 T1-93742 Pannonian karst

white oak low
forests
6 T1-9375 Illyrian white oak

forests
7 T1-93751 Illyrian hop-

hornbeam white
oak forests
7 T1-93752 Illyrian oriental

hornbeam white
oak forests
5 T1-938 Euxinian white oak

forests
4 T1-94 Italo-Illyrian Ostrya

carpinifolia sub-
thermophilous
Quercus forests
5 T1-941 Northern Italian

Quercus cerris
forests
5 T1-942 Dalmatian
thermophile turkey
oak-sessile oak
forests
6 T1-9421 Dalmatian Quercus

cerris forests
6 T1-9422 Dalmatian Quercus

petraea forests
5 T1-943 Illyrian thermophile

turkey oak-sessile
oak forests
6 T1-9431 Illyrian hop-

hornbeam mixed
oak forests
6 T1-9432 Illyrian black pea

sessile oak forests
4 T1-95 Southeastern sub-

thermophilous
Quercus forests
5 T1-951 Southern Italic

subthermophilous
oak forests

Quercus cerris
forests

Quercus frainetto
forests

Quercus petraea
forests
5 T1-952 Southern Hellenic
subthermophilous
oak forests

Quercus cerris
forests

Quercus frainetto
forests
5 T1-953 Eastern
Mediterranean
subthermophilous
oak forests
4 T1-96 Balkano-Anatolian
thermophilous
Quercus forests
5 T1-961 Helleno-Moesian
Quercus cerris
forests
Quercus frainetto
forests
Quercus
dalechampii
forests.
montane oak
forests
Quercus petraea
forests
6 T1-9642 Rila Quercus

protoroburoides
forests
Quercus virgiliana
forests
Quercus
pedunculiflora
forests
Quercus polycarpa
forests
5 T1-968 Moesio-Danubian
thermophilous oak
forests
xerothermal oak
forests
Quercus frainetto -
Quercus cerris
forests
oriental hornbeam
Quercus cerris
forests
mixed oak Quercus
frainetto forests
oriental hornbeam-
durmast oak forests
7 T1-96821 Central Moesian

Quercus
dalechampii
-oriental hornbeam
forests
bedstraw sessile
oak forests
6 T1-9683 Dobrogean oriental
hornbeam-lime-oak
forests
7 T1-96831 Dobrogean paeonia

sessile oak forests
7 T1-96832 Dobrogean sessile

oak-lime-oriental
hornbeam-ash
forests
7 T1-96833 Dobrogean Quercus

pedunculiflora
-lime-oriental
hornbeam forests
5 T1-969 Getic sub-

continental
thermophilous oak
forests
6 T1-9691 Getic white

cinquefoil Quercus
cerris forests
6 T1-9692 Getic early sedge

Quercus frainetto
forests
6 T1-9693 Getic crocus

Quercus frainetto -
Quercus cerris
forests
6 T1-9694 Getic Quercus

frainetto - Q. cerris
- Q. petraea forests
6 T1-9695 Getic Quercus

frainetto - Quercus
petraea s.l. forests
Quercus cerris -
Quercus petraea
s.l. forests
5 T1-96A Thracian sub-
continental
thermophilous oak
forests
6 T1-96A1 Euxino-Thracian
Quercus frainetto -
Quercus cerris
forests
7 T1-96A11 Thracian Quercus

frainetto - Quercus
cerris forests
7 T1-96A12 Sub-Euxinian
Quercus frainetto -
Quercus cerris
forests

frainetto - Quercus
virgiliana forests

pedunculiflora
forests
6 T1-96A4 Stranja Quercus

polycarpa forests
7 T1-96A41 Stranja Primula

rosea - Quercus
polycarpa forests
7 T1-96A42 Stranja Fagus

orientalis - Quercus
polycarpa forests
6 T1-96A5 Southeastern
Thracian
thermophilous oak
forests
5 T1-96B Western Anatolian

sub-continental
thermophilous oak
forests
4 T1-97 Afro-Iberian
thermophilous
Quercus forests
5 T1-971 Spanish Quercus

faginea forests
6 T1-9711 Western Spanish

Quercus faginea
forests
6 T1-9712 Central Spanish

Quercus faginea
forests
6 T1-9713 Eastern Spanish

Quercus faginea
forests
6 T1-9714 Baetic Quercus

faginea forests
6 T1-9715 Valencian Quercus

faginea forests
5 T1-972 Portuguese
Quercus faginea
forests
5 T1-973 Andalusian Quercus

canariensis forests
5 T1-974 Catalonian Quercus

canariensis stands
5 T1-975 Balearic Quercus

faginea forests
4 T1-98 Quercus trojana

forest
Trojan oak forests
5 T1-982 Apulian Trojan oak

forests
4 T1-99 Steppe Quercus

forests
5 T1-991 Euro-Siberian
steppe Quercus
forests
6 T1-9911 White cinquefoil

oak forests
7 T1-99111 Western white

cinquefoil sessile
oak forests
7 T1-99112 Pannonic turkey

oak-sessile oak
forests
7 T1-99113 Pannonic hairy

greenweed sessile
oak forests
7 T1-99114 Sarmatic cinquefoil

oak forests
7 T1-99115 Getic
thermophilous
sessile oak forests
7 T1-99116 Moravian
serpentine oak
forests
8 T1-991161 Getic-pre-Carpathic
Festuca drymeia
oak forests
8 T1-991162 Getic-pre-Carpathic
Aremonia oak
forests
6 T1-9912 Tartar maple steppe

oak forests
7 T1-99121 Pannonic steppe

oak forests
steppe oak forests
8 T1-991221 Pannonic loess

steppe oak forests
8 T1-991222 Pannonic alkali

steppe oak forests
8 T1-991223 Pannonic sand

steppe oak forests
7 T1-99123 Getic tartar maple

steppe oak forests
8 T1-991231 Pontic Acer

tataricum - Q.
pedunculiflora
steppe forests

tataricum - Quercus
pubescens steppe
forests

tataricum - Quercus
cerris - Q.
pedunculiflora
steppe forests
8 T1-991234 Sarmatic Acer
tataricum - Quercus
robur steppe
forests
8 T1-991235 Sarmatic Acer

tataricum - Q. robur
- Q. petraea steppe
forests
6 T1-9913 Sub-Euxinian
steppe forests
5 T1-992 Irano-Anatolian
steppe Quercus
forests
4 T1-9A Quercus pyrenaica

forest
5 T1-9A1 Central Iberian

Quercus pyrenaica
forests
6 T1-9A11 Sub-Atlantic Iberian

Quercus pyrenaica
forests
7 T1-9A111 Sub-Atlantic sub-

humid Quercus
pyrenaica forests
7 T1-9A112 Sub-Atlantic humid

Quercus pyrenaica
forests
6 T1-9A12 Iberian sub-

continental
Quercus pyrenaica
forests
7 T1-9A121 Sub-continental
sub-humid Quercus
pyrenaica forests
7 T1-9A122 Sub-continental
humid Quercus
pyrenaica forests
6 T1-9A13 Mariano-Oretanian
Quercus pyrenaica
forests
7 T1-9A131 Lower Mariano-

Oretanian Quercus
pyrenaica forests
7 T1-9A132 Upper Mariano-

Oretanian Quercus
pyrenaica forests
5 T1-9A2 Cantabrian Quercus

pyrenaica forests
5 T1-9A3 Maestrazgan
Quercus pyrenaica
forests
5 T1-9A4 Baetic Quercus

pyrenaica forests
5 T1-9A5 French Quercus

pyrenaica forests
4 T1-9B Mixed
thermophilous
forest
5 T1-9B1 Ostrya carpinifolia

forests
6 T1-9B11 Mesomediterranea
n Gallo-Italic hop-
hornbeam forests
6 T1-9B12 Supra-
Mediterranean
hop-hornbeam
forests
7 T1-9B121 Southwestern
Alpine supra-
Mediterranean
hop-hornbeam
forests
7 T1-9B122 Southeastern
Alpine supra-
Mediterranean
hop-hornbeam
forests
7 T1-9B123 Eastern Adriatic

supra-
Mediterranean
hop-hornbeam
forests
7 T1-9B124 Apennine supra-

Mediterranean
hop-hornbeam
forests
7 T1-9B125 Corsican supra-

Mediterranean
hop-hornbeam
forests
7 T1-9B126 Southern
Tyrrhenian supra-
Mediterranean
hop-hornbeam
forests
6 T1-9B13 Montane hop-

hornbeam forests
6 T1-9B14 Illyrian hop-

hornbeam forests
7 T1-9B141 Illyrian white oak

hop-hornbeam
forests
7 T1-9B142 Illyrian spring heath

hop-hornbeam
forests
6 T1-9B15 Anatolian hop-

hornbeam forests
5 T1-9B2 Carpinus orientalis
forests
6 T1-9B21 Inner Illyrian

oriental hornbeam
forests
6 T1-9B22 Helleno-Balkanic
oriental hornbeam
forests
7 T1-9B221 Helleno-Pelagonide
oriental hornbeam
forests
7 T1-9B222 Moesian oriental

hornbeam forests
7 T1-9B223 Lilac oriental

hornbeam forests
7 T1-9B224 Oryzopsis oriental

hornbeam forests
7 T1-9B225 Eastern Adriatic

oriental hornbeam
forests
6 T1-9B23 Anatolio-Caucasian
oriental hornbeam
forests
5 T1-9B3 Thermophilous
Acer forests
6 T1-9B31 Andalusian Acer

granatense forests
6 T1-9B32 Balearic Acer
granatense forests
6 T1-9B33 North African Acer

monspessulanum
forests
6 T1-9B34 Moesian
thermophilous
maple forests
5 T1-9B4 Thermophilous Tilia

forests
6 T1-9B41 Silver lime forests
7 T1-9B411 Moesian silver lime

forests
7 T1-9B412 Silver lime-

hornbeam forests
7 T1-9B413 Voivodinian sand

steppe lime forests
6 T1-9B42 Oro-Pannonic
steppe ash-lime
forests
5 T1-9B5 Celtis australis

forests
5 T1-9B6 Thermophilous
Fraxinus forests
6 T1-9B61 Sicilian narrow-

leaved ash forests
6 T1-9B62 Iberian narrow-
leaved ash forests
6 T1-9B63 Manna tree forests
5 T1-9B7 Pannonic Juniperus

- Populus steppe
forests
6 T1-9B71 Pannonic privet

juniper-poplar
steppe forests
6 T1-9B72 Pannonic sedge

juniper-poplar
steppe forests
6 T1-9B73 Pannonic
gypsophila juniper-
poplar steppe
forests
5 T1-9B8 Sub-Mediterranean
and Pannonic
mixed forests
6 T1-9B81 Sub-Mediterranean
mixed forests
6 T1-9B82 Pannonic mixed

karstic forests
5 T1-9B9 Western Asian wild

fruit tree steppe
forests
5 T1-9BA Southern
Mediterranean
chasm forests
4 T1-9C Castanea sativa
forest
5 T1-9C1 Helleno-Balkanic
Castanea sativa
forests
5 T1-9C2 Aegean Castanea

sativa forests
5 T1-9C3 Eastern Adriatic

Castanea sativa
forests
5 T1-9C4 Illyrian Castanea

sativa forests
5 T1-9C5 Liguro-Insubrian
Castanea sativa
forests
5 T1-9C6 Italo-Sicilian
Castanea sativa
forests
5 T1-9C7 Cyrno-Sardinian
Castanea sativa
forests
5 T1-9C8 Galloprovincial
Castanea sativa
forests
5 T1-9C9 Gallo-Iberian
Castanea sativa
forests
5 T1-9CA Euxinian Castanea

sativa forests
3 T1-A Mediterranean Mediterranean deciduous Quercus Quercus
thermophilous forests usually dominated ithaburensis ithaburensis
deciduous forest by Quercus ithaburensis ssp Asphodelus Dactylis
macroleptis forming open ramosus glomerata
forest, the canopy may be Sarcopoteriu Asphodelus
pure or with other oaks. m spinosum ramosus
Stands are mostly on Rumex Galium
shallow soil at usually at tuberosus aparine
altitudes less than 700m. Theligonum Briza maxima
cynocrambe Trifolium
Briza maxima campestre
Veronica Sarcopoteriu
cymbalaria m spinosum
Hymenocarp Asparagus
os acutifolius
circinnatus Sherardia
Tordylium arvensis
apulum Avena
Urospermum barbata
picroides Theligonum
Lagoecia cynocrambe
cuminoides Cynosurus
Ranunculus echinatus
Trifolium Urospermum
uniflorum picroides
Anthemis Urginea
chia maritima
Leontodon Trifolium
tuberosus stellatum
Trifolium Tordylium
stellatum apulum
Avena Rumex
barbata tuberosus
Urginea Quercus
maritima coccifera
Gagea graeca Cistus
Carduus incanus
4 T1-A1 Hellenic Quercus pycnocephal Ranunculus
macrolepis forests
4 T1-A2 Apulian valonia oak

forests
3 T1-B Acidophilous Oak-dominated forest Lonicera Quercus
Quercus forest (mainly Quercus robur and periclymenu petraea
Q. petraea but also other m Deschampsia
regional species) of Quercus flexuosa
impoverished acid soils petraea Pteridium
through the atlantic and Pteridium aquilinum
continental zones, where aquilinum Lonicera
beech (Fagus sylvatica) is a Teucrium periclymenu
potential competitor and scorodonia m
extending northwards into Deschampsia Sorbus
the boreal zone where flexuosa aucuparia
Scot’s pine (Pinus sylvestris) Melampyru Fagus
increasingly figures in the m pratense sylvatica
canopy. Associated floras Polytrichastr Quercus
are generally rather poor um robur
but show some regional formosum Vaccinium
distinctiveness and towards Castanea myrtillus
the very humid western sativa Polytrichastr
Atlantic seaboard have Ilex um
extraordinary richness of aquifolium formosum
ferns and cryptogams. Frangula Frangula
alnus alnus
Holcus mollis Rubus
fruticosus
agg.
Teucrium
scorodonia
Melampyru
m pratense
Hedera helix
Corylus
avellana
Betula
pendula
Ilex
aquifolium
Holcus mollis
4 T1-B1 Atlantic Quercus Hypnum
robur - Betula
forests
4 T1-B2 Atlantic
acidophilous Fagus
- Quercus forests
5 T1-B21 Sub-Atlantic sessile

oak forests
5 T1-B22 Armorican
acidophile oak
forests
5 T1-B23 Northern dune oak

forests
4 T1-B3 Atlantic Quercus
petraea forests
5 T1-B31 Irish sessile oak

forests
5 T1-B32 British sessile oak

forests
4 T1-B4 Aquitano-Ligerian
Quercus forests on
podsols
4 T1-B5 Aquitano-Ligerian
Quercus forests on
leached or acid
soils
4 T1-B6 Ibero-Atlantic
acidophilous
Quercus forests
5 T1-B61 Pyrenean
acidophilous oak
forests
5 T1-B62 Cantabrian
acidophilous oak
forests
6 T1-B621 Eastern Cantabrian

acidophilous oak
forests
6 T1-B622 Western Cantabrian

acidophilous oak
forests
6 T1-B623 Oro-Cantabrian
acidophilous oak
forests
5 T1-B63 Luso-Galician
collinar
acidophilous oak
forests
6 T1-B631 Mesophile Luso-

Galician collinar oak
forests
6 T1-B632 Humid Luso-

Galician collinar oak
forests
5 T1-B64 Luso-Galician
montane
acidophilous oak
forests
4 T1-B7 Medio-European
acidophilous
Quercus forests
5 T1-B71 Woodrush oak

forests
6 T1-B711 Western Hercynian

woodrush-
hawksbeard oak
forests
6 T1-B712 Central European

dyer's greenweed
oak forests
7 T1-B7121 Central Hercynian

dyer's greenweed
oak forests
7 T1-B7122 Peri-Bohemian
dyer's greenweed
oak forests
7 T1-B7123 Dacian dyer's

greenweed oak
forests
6 T1-B713 Pre-Carpathian
Fagus-sessile oak
forests
6 T1-B714 Central European

hygrophile
acidophilous oak
forests
7 T1-B7141 Peri-Bohemian
giant moorgrass
sessile oak forest
quaking sedge-
pedunculate oak
forests
purple moorgrass-
pedunculate oak
forests
5 T1-B72 Western Hercynian

thermophile
acidophilous oak
forests
5 T1-B73 Illyro-Pannonic
thermophile
acidophilous oak
forests
6 T1-B731 Black broom-oak

forests
6 T1-B732 Wild service tree-

oak forests
6 T1-B733 Illyro-Pannonic
chestnut-sessile
oak forests
chestnut-sessile
oak forests
7 T1-B7332 Illyrian chestnut-
sessile oak forests
6 T1-B734 Illyrian birch-sessile

oak acidophilous
forests
4 T1-B8 Insubrian
acidophilous
Quercus forests
4 T1-B9 Portuguese
Quercus robur
forests
4 T1-BA Continental
Quercus petraea
forests
3 T1-C Boreal-nemoral Open, low canopy climax Betula Vaccinium

mountain Betula birch forest (Betula pubescens myrtillus
forest on mineral pubescens ssp.czerepanovii subsp. Betula
soils = B. tortuosa or carpatica pubescens
ssp.carpatica) with a Dicranum subsp.
heathy or herb-rich field majus carpatica
layer in the boreal region Rhytidiadelp Deschampsia
and nemoral mountains. hus loreus flexuosa
Vaccinium Sorbus
myrtillus aucuparia
Betula Pleurozium
pubescens schreberi
subsp. Vaccinium
tortuosa vitis-idaea
Plagiotheciu Melampyru
m m pratense
undulatum Hylocomium
Melampyru splendens
m pratense Picea abies
Prunus Oxalis
padus subsp. acetosella
borealis Rhytidiadelp
Vaccinium hus loreus
vitis-idaea Polytrichastr
Pleurozium um
schreberi formosum
Agrostis Galium
vinealis saxatile
Hylocomium Thuidium
splendens tamariscinu
Sphagnum m
robustum Luzula
Salix silesiaca sylvatica
Oreopteris Dicranum
limbosperma scoparium
Calluna
Galium vulgaris
saxatile Anthoxanthu
4 T1-C1 Birch forest not on
marshy terrain
5 T1-C11 Atlantic lowland

and collinar Betula
forests
6 T1-C111 Humid birch forests
7 T1-C1111 Northern humid

birch forests
7 T1-C1112 Aquitano-Ligerian
humid birch forests
6 T1-C112 Medio-European
dry acidophilous
birch forests
6 T1-C113 Heavy-metal birch

forests
6 T1-C114 Dune birch forests
6 T1-C115 Illyrian birch forests
5 T1-C12 British sub-boreal

Betula forests
5 T1-C13 Hercynio-Alpine
Betula forests
6 T1-C131 Alpine timberline

birch forests
6 T1-C132 Birch block forests
6 T1-C133 Illyro-Moesian
montane birch
forests
7 T1-C1331 Balkano-Rhodopide
birch forests
7 T1-C1332 Dinaro-Pelagonide
birch forests
6 T1-C134 Carpathian birch

forests
7 T1-C1341 Carpathian rowan

birch forests
7 T1-C1342 Carpathian aspen

birch forests
6 T1-C135 Intra-Carpathian
dune oak-birch
forests
5 T1-C14 Oroboreal Betula

forests and thickets
6 T1-C141 Boreo-Atlantic birch

forests and thickets
7 T1-C1411 Boreo-Atlantic
crowberry-bog
bilberry birch
forests
small fern birch
forests
7 T1-C1413 Icelandic bog
bilberry-hairgrass
birch forests
cranesbill birch
forests
6 T1-C142 Oro-Scandian birch

forests
7 T1-C1421 Oro-Scandian
crowberry-lichen
birch forests
bilberry-hairgrass
birch forests
bilberry-dwarf
cornel birch forests
small-fern birch
forests
cranesbill-stone
bramble birch
forests
7 T1-C1426 Oro-Scandian tall-

herb birch forests
7 T1-C1427 Oro-Scandian tall-

fern birch forests
5 T1-C15 Eurasian boreal

Betula forests
5 T1-C16 Siberian steppe

Betula forests
5 T1-C17 Ponto-Caspian
Betula forests
4 T1-C2 Populus tremula

forest
5 T1-C21 Inner Alpine

Populus tremula
forests
5 T1-C22 Lowland nemoral

Populus tremula
forests
5 T1-C23 Montane Populus

tremula stands
5 T1-C24 Boreal Populus

tremula forests
5 T1-C25 Anatolian Populus

tremula forests
4 T1-C3 Sorbus aucuparia

forest
4 T1-C4 Inland dune

Quercus - Betula
forests
4 T1-C5 Populus tremula

and Betula forests
with Sambucus
3 T1-D Mediterranean and Diverse climax forests Betula Betula
sub-Mediterranean dominated by birch (Betula pubescens pubescens
mountain Betula pubescens and its subsp. subsp.
and Populus vicariants) or aspen celtiberica celtiberica
tremula forests on (Populus tremula) on Erica arborea Vaccinium
mineral soils usually acidic mineral soils Saxifraga myrtillus
in humid ravines and spathularis Erica arborea
gorges in the sub-alpine Crepis Sorbus
zones of mountains such as lampsanoide aucuparia
the Pyrenees, Corsica, the s Pteridium
Apennines and, Sicily, with Genista aquilinum
associated floras florida Stellaria
characteristic of the local Blechnum holostea
climatic conditions. spicant Deschampsia
Salix flexuosa
atrocinerea Teucrium
Daboecia scorodonia
cantabrica Blechnum
Cytisus spicant
balansae Lonicera
Dryopteris periclymenu
affinis m
Teucrium Corylus
scorodonia avellana
Omphalodes Ilex
nitida aquifolium
Betula Frangula
pendula alnus
subsp. Poa
fontqueri nemoralis
Quercus Luzula
pyrenaica sylvatica
Stellaria 28.0 Quercus
holostea robur
Luzula Rubus
sylvatica fruticosus
Vaccinium agg.
4 T1-D1 Iberian myrtillus Melampyru
acidophilous birch
forests
4 T1-D2 Insubrian
acidophilous birch
forests
4 T1-D3 Pyrenean birch

forests
4 T1-D4 Apennine birch

forests
4 T1-D5 Sub-Mediterranean
Populus tremula
stands
4 T1-D6 Corsican Betula
forests
4 T1-D7 Montane Betula

celtiberica forests
5 T1-D71 Cantabrian Betula

celtiberica forests
5 T1-D72 Western Betula

celtiberica forests
5 T1-D73 Sorian and

Guadarraman
Betula celtiberica
forests
4 T1-D8 Mount Etna Betula

stands
3 T1-E Carpinus and Deciduous broadleaved Carpinus Carpinus
Quercus mesic forests typical of somewhat betulus betulus
deciduous forest to strongly impeded brown Quercus Quercus
earth soils and gleys of petraea petraea
quite low, moderate to high Acer Corylus
base-status and moderate campestre avellana
to high nutrient content Polygonatum Viola
across the lowlands and multiflorum reichenbachi
foothills of the temperate Viola ana
zone of western, central reichenbachi Acer
and southern Europe, with ana campestre
local extensions into Stellaria Poa
regions of sub- holostea nemoralis
Mediterranean, Pannonian Anemone Lamiastrum
and Boreal climate. Partially nemorosa galeobdolon
this includes alluvial Poa Anemone
Quercus/ Carpinus- nemoralis nemorosa
dominated forests in Lamiastrum Hedera helix
mountain valleys with galeobdolon Fagus
infrequent indundation. Prunus sylvatica
The canopy is typically of avium Polygonatum
mixed composition with multiflorum
oaks figuring prominently, Crataegus
notably Quercus robur and monogyna
Q. petraea but with Stellaria
regional contributions from holostea
other oaks, along with Quercus
Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus robur
excelsior, F. angustifolia, Prunus
Acer pseudoplatanus, A. avium
campestre, A. platanoides, Fraxinus
Ulmus glabra, Tilia cordata excelsior
and T. tomentosa. Typically, Galium
Fagus sylvatica is at most a odoratum
minor component. The Fragaria
canopy can have a complex, vesca
multi-layered structure Brachypodiu
4 T1-E1 Quercus - Fraxinus - including shrubs and lianes m sylvaticum
Carpinus betulus
forest on eutrophic
and mesotrophic
soils
5 T1-E11 Mixed Atlantic

Quercus forests
with Hyacinthoides
non-scripta
5 T1-E12 Aquitanian Fraxinus

- Quercus and
Quercus - Carpinus
betulus forests
5 T1-E13 Sub-Atlantic
Fraxinus - Quercus
forests with
Primula elatior
6 T1-E131 Arum ash-oak

forests
6 T1-E132 Corydalis ash-oak

forests
6 T1-E133 Garlic ash-oak

forests
Quercus - Carpinus
betulus forests with
Stellaria
6 T1-E141 Northwestern oak-

hornbeam forests
6 T1-E142 Lorraine marl oak-

hornbeam forests
6 T1-E143 Burgundy collinar

oak-hornbeam
forests
6 T1-E144 Burgundy plain oak-

hornbeam forests
5 T1-E15 Famennian Quercus

- Carpinus betulus
forests
5 T1-E16 Sub-continental
Quercus - Carpinus
betulus forests
6 T1-E161 Wood bedstraw
oak-hornbeam
forests
6 T1-E162 Mixed lime-oak-

hornbeam forests
6 T1-E163 Boreonemoral
spruce-lime-oak-
hornbeam forests
6 T1-E164 Peri-Carpathian
lime-oak-hornbeam
forests
6 T1-E165 Bohemian oak-

hornbeam and oak-
lime forests
6 T1-E166 Carpathian hairy

sedge oak-
hornbeam forests
6 T1-E167 Sub-Pannonic
primrose oak-
hornbeam forests
6 T1-E168 Central sub-

Carpathian oak-
hornbeam forests
7 T1-E1681 Waldsteinia oak-

hornbeam forests
7 T1-E1682 Scorpion-vetch oak-

hornbeam forests
6 T1-E169 Western boreal

mixed deciduous
forests
6 T1-E16A Northern middle

Russian oak-lime
forests
calciphile Quercus -
Carpinus betulus
forests
calciphile privet
oak-hornbeam
forests
xerophile
Anthericum oak-
hornbeam forests
calciphile squill ash-
oak forests
5 T1-E18 Southern Alpine

Quercus - Carpinus
betulus forests
5 T1-E19 Pyreneo-Cantabrian
Quercus - Fraxinus
forests
5 T1-E1A Illyrian Quercus -

Carpinus betulus
forests
6 T1-E1A1 Illyrian sessile oak-

hornbeam forests
7 T1-E1A11 Illyrian calcicline

sessile oak-
hornbeam forests
7 T1-E1A12 Illyrian neutrocline

sessile oak-
hornbeam forests
7 T1-E1A13 Illyrian acidocline

sessile oak-
hornbeam forests
6 T1-E1A2 Illyrian pedunculate
oak-hornbeam
forests
6 T1-E1A3 Illyrian sub-

Mediterranean oak-
hornbeam forests
5 T1-E1B Pannonic Quercus -

Carpinus betulus
forests
6 T1-E1B1 Pannonic
hygrophile ash-oak-
hornbeam forests
6 T1-E1B2 Peri-Pannonic
acidophile oak-
hornbeam forests
5 T1-E1C Southeastern
European Quercus -
Carpinus betulus
forests
6 T1-E1C1 Dacian oak-

hornbeam forests
7 T1-E1C11 Dacian
Melampyrum
biharense oak-
hornbeam forests
7 T1-E1C12 Dacian Lathyrus

hallersteinii oak-
hornbeam forests
7 T1-E1C13 Dacian tatar maple

oak-hornbeam
forests
6 T1-E1C2 Moldo-Muntenian
oak-lime-hornbeam
forests
6 T1-E1C3 Moesian oak-
hornbeam forests
7 T1-E1C31 Moesian mesophile

oak-hornbeam
forests
7 T1-E1C32 Moesian
thermophile oak-
hornbeam forests
8 T1-E1C331 Pre-Moesian
Galium
kitaibelianum oak-
hornbeam forests
8 T1-E1C332 Moesian Quercus

cerris oak-
hornbeam forests
6 T1-E1C4 Southern Sarmatic

oak-lime-hornbeam
forests
7 T1-E1C41 Podolic
pedunculated oak-
hornbeam forests
7 T1-E1C42 Moldavian spindle

oak-hornbeam
forests
4 T1-E2 Non-riverine
Fraxinus forest
5 T1-E21 Fraxinus - Sorbus

aucuparia -
Mercurialis
perennis forests
5 T1-E22 British Fraxinus -

Acer campestre -
Mercurialis
perennis forests
5 T1-E23 Pyreneo-Cantabrian
Fraxinus forests
5 T1-E24 Baltic Fraxinus -

Acer
pseudoplatanus
forests with Adoxa
moschatellina
5 T1-E25 Mixed Atlantic

Fraxinus forests
with Hyacinthoides
non-scripta
5 T1-E26 Aquitanian Fraxinus

forests
Fraxinus forests
5 T1-E28 Lutetian calciphile

Fraxinus forests
5 T1-E29 Post-cultural
Fraxinus forests
4 T1-E3 Carpinus betulus

forest
5 T1-E31 Western Carpinus

betulus forest
5 T1-E32 Eastern Carpinus

betulus forest
6 T1-E321 Illyrian hornbeam

forests
6 T1-E322 Dacio-Moesian
hornbeam forests
6 T1-E323 Sarmatic hornbeam

forests
4 T1-E4 Tilia forest
5 T1-E41 Western Tilia

forests
5 T1-E42 Sub-boreal Tilia

forests
5 T1-E43 East-European Tilia

forests
5 T1-E44 Trans-Volgan Tilia

forests
5 T1-E45 Crimean Tilia

forests
4 T1-E5 Non-riverine Ulmus

forest
5 T1-E51 Ulmus minor

forests
6 T1-E511 Sweet violet elm

forests
6 T1-E512 Thermo-Atlantic
elm forests
6 T1-E513 British suckering
elm forests
6 T1-E514 Sub-continental
field elm forests
5 T1-E52 Ulmus glabra and

Ulmus laevis forests
4 T1-E6 Mixed deciduous

forest of the Black
and Caspian Seas
5 T1-E61 Euxinian mixed

mesic forests
6 T1-E611 Western Euxinian

mixed forests
7 T1-E6111 Thracio-Euxinian
mixed forests
5 T1-E62 Sub-Euxinian mixed

Quercus - Carpinus
betulus forests
5 T1-E63 Caucasian Quercus

- Carpinus betulus
forests
5 T1-E64 Hyrcanian mixed

mesic forests
4 T1-E7 Eurosiberian Acer

forests
3 T1-F Ravine forest Forests on steep slopes, Acer Fraxinus
frequently in ravines, pseudoplata excelsior
where deep, well drained nus Acer
and fertile soils develop Fraxinus pseudoplata
which allow trees such as excelsior nus
Fraxinus excelsior, Acer Ulmus glabra Lamiastrum
pseudoplatanus, A. Lamiastrum galeobdolon
platanoides, Ulmus glabra galeobdolon Corylus
and, Tilia platyphyllos and Mercurialis avellana
Tilia cordata to outcompete perennis Mercurialis
trees such as Fagus Dryopteris perennis
sylvatica and Quercus spp. filix-mas Dryopteris
The herb layer is dominated Tilia filix-mas
by luxuriant nitrophilous platyphyllos Fagus
herbs such as Urtica diocia, Lunaria sylvatica
Aegopodium podagraria rediviva Urtica dioica
and Impatiens noli-tangere, Asplenium Galium
moisture-loving vernal scolopendriu odoratum
plants like Allium ursinum m Geranium
and, on the typically base- Galium robertianum
rich soils, Mercurialis odoratum Oxalis
perennis, Geranium Corylus acetosella
robertiamum, avellana Hedera helix
Brachypodium sylvaticum Geranium Ulmus glabra
and Circaea lutetiana. In robertianum Sambucus
the southern part of its Actaea nigra
distribution thermophilous spicata Viola
species such as Cotoneaster Sambucus reichenbachi
integerrimus, Sesleria nigra ana
caerulea, Athericum Acer Polygonatum
ramosum and platanoides multiflorum
Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Athyrium
appear. filix-femina
Aegopodium
podagraria
Poa
nemoralis
4 T1-F1 Medio-European Geum
ravine forests
5 T1-F11 Calcicline ash-

sycamore ravine
forests
6 T1-F111 Hartstongue ash-

sycamore ravine
forests
6 T1-F112 Honesty ash-

sycamore ravine
forests
6 T1-F113 Corydalis ash-

sycamore ravine
forests
6 T1-F114 Goatsbeard ash-
sycamore ravine
forests
6 T1-F115 Alpine hepatica-

sycamore ravine
forests
5 T1-F12 Acidophile ash-

sycamore-lime
ravine forests
5 T1-F13 Tall herb mixed

sycamore forests
4 T1-F2 Hercynian slope

forests
4 T1-F3 Peri-Alpine mixed

Fraxinus - Acer
pseudoplatanus
slope forests
4 T1-F4 Pyreneo-Cantabrian
mixed Ulmus -
Quercus forests
4 T1-F5 Thermophilous
Alpine and peri-
Alpine mixed Tilia
forests
5 T1-F51 Northern Alpine

föhn ash-lime
forests
5 T1-F52 Dealpine mixed

thermophile oak-
maple-lime forests
5 T1-F53 Southern Alpine

mixed lime forests
5 T1-F54 Sub-Pannonic
mixed lime slope
forests
mixed ash-lime
slope forests
mixed whitebeam-
lime forests
4 T1-F6 Southeastern
European ravine
forests
5 T1-F61 Hellenic ravine and

slope forests
5 T1-F62 Moesian ravine and

slope forests
6 T1-F621 Moesian Fagus-ash-

sycamore ravine
forests
6 T1-F622 Moesian horse-

chestnut ravine
forests
7 T1-F6221 Moesian Geranium

macrorrhizum
ravine forests
7 T1-F6222 Moesian Fagus-

hornbeam-ostrya
ravine forests
7 T1-F6223 Moesian ash-

sycamore ravine
forests
6 T1-F623 Moesian ash-oak

slope forests
7 T1-F6231 Balkan Range
horse-chestnut
ravine forests
7 T1-F6232 Pelagonid horse-

chestnut ravine
forests
7 T1-F6241 Balkan ash-oak

slope forests
7 T1-F6242 Rhodopid ash-oak-

ostrya slope forests
5 T1-F63 Illyrian ravine

forests
5 T1-F64 Eastern Carpathian

ravine forests
6 T1-F641 Dacian Phyllitis

Fagus ravine forests
6 T1-F642 Dacian ash-

sycamore ravine
forests
6 T1-F643 Dacian Geranium

macrorrhizum
Fagus ravine forests
4 T1-F7 Euxinian ravine

forests
3 T1-G Non-riverine Alnus Temperate nonriparian,

forest nonmarshy forest
dominated by Alnus spp.
4 T1-G1 Alnus cordata Broadleaved deciduous, Alnus Alnus
forest non-riparian forests cordata cordata
dominated by Alnus Polystichum Pteridium
cordata, subendemic to setiferum aquilinum
Corsica and southern-Italy Cyclamen Brachypodiu
(Campania, Basilicata and repandum m sylvaticum
Calabria Regions). The Chaerophyllu Geranium
dominant species is a relict m temulum robertianum
from the Tertiary period Helleborus Polystichum
and is also present in other lividus subsp. setiferum
areas, where it is not corsicus Hedera helix
considered native. Alnus Ranunculus Ranunculus
cordata tends to form lanuginosus lanuginosus
forests, either pure or Bryonia Crataegus
mixed with other cretica monogyna
deciduous species such as Lathyrus Castanea
Quercus cerris, Castanea venetus sativa
sativa or, at higher Potentilla Clematis
altitudes, Fagus sylvatica, micrantha vitalba
frequently on steep slopes Pteridium Rubus
and sides of deep valleys. aquilinum ulmifolius
Geranium Rubus
versicolor fruticosus
Castanea agg.
sativa Mycelis
Anemone muralis
apennina Chaerophyllu
Acer m temulum
cappadocicu Fragaria
m vesca
Digitalis lutea Festuca
Calystegia heterophylla
silvatica Stachys
Hypericum sylvatica
hircinum Potentilla
Daphne micrantha
laureola Poa trivialis
4 T1-G2 Nemoral Alnus Rumex Lathyrus
forests
5 T1-G21 Atlantic Alnus

glutinosa forests
5 T1-G22 Central European

dry alder forests
5 T1-G23 Sarmatic dry alder

forests
5 T1-G24 Rhodopide grey

alder forests
3 T1-H Broadleaved Cultivated deciduous
deciduous planted broadleaved tree
forests of non site- formations planted for the
native trees production of wood,
composed of exotic species
or of native species out of
their natural range
4 T1-H1 Populus plantations
5 T1-H11 Poplar plantations

with megaphorb
herb layer
5 T1-H12 Other poplar

plantations
4 T1-H2 Deciduous exotic

Quercus plantations
4 T1-H3 Robinia plantations
4 T1-H4 Other broadleaved

deciduous
plantations
3 T1-J Deciduous self- Non planted stands

sown forests of non dominated by non native
site-native trees species such as Robinia
pseudoacacia.
4 T1-J1 Castanea sativa

plantations
4 T1-J2 Juglans groves
4 T1-J3 Prunus amygdalus

groves
4 T1-J4 Fruit orchards
4 T1-J5 Other high-stem

orchards
2 T2 Broadleaved Temperate forests

evergreen forest dominated by broad-leaved
sclerophyllous or
laurophyllous evergreen
trees, or by palms. They are
characteristic of the
Mediterranean and warm-
temperate humid zones.
3 T2-1 Mediterranean Forest dominated by Quercus Rubia

evergreen Quercus evergreen broadleaved rotundifolia peregrina
forest oaks (most widely Quercus Rubia Quercus ilex
ilex but also with Quercus peregrina Smilax
alnifolia, Quercus coccifera, Quercus ilex aspera
Quercus rotundifolia, Smilax Ruscus
Quercus suber) with aspera aculeatus
associated sclerophyllous Asplenium Asparagus
and laurophyllous trees and onopteris acutifolius
shrubs in the summer- Arbutus Hedera helix
drought climate of the unedo Quercus
mediterranean lowlands Quercus rotundifolia
and foothills. The tree suber Phillyrea
canopy is often low and Asparagus latifolia
much modified, with acutifolius Arbutus
widespread transitions to Phillyrea unedo
scrubby maquis/matorral latifolia Crataegus
and open dehesa/montado Carex monogyna
wood pasture. distachya Erica arborea
Ruscus Rubus
aculeatus ulmifolius
Daphne Pistacia
gnidium lentiscus
Lonicera Asplenium
implexa onopteris
Rhamnus Tamus
alaternus communis
Viburnum Quercus
tinus pubescens
Erica arborea Daphne
Pistacia gnidium
lentiscus Rhamnus
Rosa alaternus
semperviren Lonicera
s implexa
Pistacia Quercus
terebinthus suber
4 T2-11 Quercus suber Osyris alba
forest
5 T2-111 Tyrrhenian Quercus
suber forests
6 T2-1111 Provençal cork-oak

forest
6 T2-1112 Corsican cork-oak

forest
6 T2-1113 Sardinian cork-oak

forests
6 T2-1114 Central Italian cork-

oak forests
6 T2-1115 Southern Italian

cork-oak forests
6 T2-1116 Catalan cork-oak

forest
6 T2-1117 Valencian cork-oak

forest
6 T2-1118 Balearic cork-oak

forest
Iberian Quercus
suber forests
6 T2-1121 Thermo-
Mediterranean
cork-oak forest
6 T2-1122 Aljibian cork-oak

forests
6 T2-1123 Eastern Andalusian
cork-oak forest
6 T2-1124 Extremaduran cork-

oak forest
Iberian Quercus
suber forest
5 T2-114 Aquitanian Quercus

suber forest
4 T2-12 Quercus ilex and Q.

rotundifolia forest
5 T2-121 Meso-
Mediterranean
Quercus ilex forests
Iberian holm-oak
forests
6 T2-1212 Catalo-Provençal
lowland holm-oak
forest
6 T2-1213 Catalo-Provencal
hill holm-oak forest
6 T2-1214 Balearic holm-oak

forests
6 T2-1215 Corsican lowland

holm-oak forest
6 T2-1216 Corsican hill holm-

oak forest
6 T2-1217 Sardinian holm-oak
forests
6 T2-1218 Northern and

central Italian
holm-oak forests
6 T2-1219 Illyrian holm-oak

forest
6 T2-121A Southern Italian

holm-oak forests
6 T2-121B Pantellerian and

Maltese holm-oak
forest
6 T2-121C Greek holm-oak

forest
6 T2-121D Cretan holm-oak

forest
5 T2-122 Supra-
Mediterranean
Quercus ilex forests
5 T2-123 Aquitanian Quercus

ilex forest
5 T2-124 Spanish Quercus

ilex forest
6 T2-1241 Continental
Quercus
rotundifolia forest
7 T2-12411 Meso-
Mediterranean
continental
encinares
7 T2-12412 Supra-
Mediterranean
Iberian continental
encinares
7 T2-12413 Northern supra-

Mediterranean
continental
encinares
7 T2-12414 Oro-Cantabrian
encinares

rotundifolia forest
7 T2-12421 Luso-Extremaduran
encinares
7 T2-12422 Castilian encinares
7 T2-12423 Cordilleran
encinares
7 T2-12424 Villuercan
encinares
6 T2-1243 Andalusian Quercus

rotundifolia forest
7 T2-12431 Meso-
Mediterranean
basophilous
Andalusian
encinares
7 T2-12432 Supra-
Mediterranean
basophilous
Andalusian
encinares
7 T2-12433 Silicicolous
Andalusian
encinares
Quercus
rotundifolia forest
7 T2-12441 Basophilous
southwestern
encinares
7 T2-12442 Silicicolous
southwestern
encinares
6 T2-1245 Valencian Quercus

rotundifolia forest
6 T2-1246 Balearic Quercus

rotundifolia forest
4 T2-13 Quercus coccifera

and Quercus
alnifolia forest
5 T2-131 Greek Quercus

coccifera forests
5 T2-132 Italian Quercus

coccifera forest
5 T2-133 Portuguese
Quercus coccifera
forest
5 T2-134 Cyprian Quercus

coccifera forest
5 T2-135 Anatolian Quercus

coccifera forest
5 T2-136 Cyprian Quercus
alnifolia forests
3 T2-2 Mainland Evergreen laurophyllous Laurus Laurus

laurophyllous forest short-stature forest, often nobilis nobilis
dominant by bay (Laurus Celtis Hedera helix
nobilis) or strawberry tree australis Ruscus
(Arbutus unedo) in warm Ruscus aculeatus
temperate oceanic and aculeatus Smilax
hyper-humid situations, Rhamnus aspera
now surviving as small alaternus Rubus
relics in sheltered situations Smilax ulmifolius
like ravines along the aspera Rubia
Atlantic coast of Portugal Quercus ilex peregrina
and Spain and in Sardinia, Rubus Quercus ilex
southern Italy and Sicily. ulmifolius Rhamnus
Typically species-poor with Orobanche alaternus
an associated flora similar hederae Tamus
to T2-1. Rosa communis
semperviren Rosa
s semperviren
Acanthus s
mollis Clematis
Rubia vitalba
peregrina Celtis
Hedera helix australis
Asplenium Corylus
onopteris avellana
Tamus Asplenium
communis onopteris
Viburnum Asparagus
tinus acutifolius
Prunus x Phillyrea
fruticans latifolia
Chamaerops Lonicera
humilis periclymenu
Arum m
italicum Viburnum
Phillyrea tinus
latifolia Ulmus minor
4 T2-21 Mediterraneo- Trachycarpus Sambucus
Atlantic Laurus -
Quercus forest
4 T2-22 Ponto-Hyrcanian
sclerophyllous
forests
3 T2-3 Macaronesian Evergreen laurophyllous Laurus Laurus
laurophyllous forest forest on deep soils in the azorica azorica
hyper-humid, frostfree, fog Ilex Ilex
belt of the Macaronesian canariensis canariensis
hills. The tree and shrub
canopy is very diverse and
rich in endemics, with
striking differences related
to climatic conditions
across the different island
groups, local topography
and long isolation of the
floras. Genera such as
Picconia, Semele,
Gesnouinia,
Lactucosonchus and
Ixanthus are entirely
endemic to these
communities, while others,
such as Isoplexis, Visnea
and Phyllis reach in them
their maximum
development
4 T2-31 Azorean laurisilvas
4 T2-32 Madeiran laurisilvas
4 T2-33 Canary Island

laurisilvas
5 T2-331 Laurisilvas of La
Gomera
5 T2-332 Laurisilvas of
Tenerife
5 T2-333 Laurisilvas of La
Palma
5 T2-334 Laurisilvas of Hierro
5 T2-335 Laurisilvas of Gran

Canaria
3 T2-4 Olea europea Olive (Olea europea), carob insufficient insufficient

-Ceratonia siliqua (Ceratonia siliqua) and data data
forest mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) available available
forest with a tall, closed
tree canopy in the drought-
prone lowlands and
foothills of the
Mediterranean and
Macaronesia.
4 T2-41 Wild Olea europaea

forest
4 T2-42 Ceratonia siliqua

forest
4 T2-43 Canary Island Olea

europaea forest
3 T2-5 South-Aegean Forests with the palm tree Phoenix Phoenix
Phoenix groves Phoenix theophrasti, found theophrasti theophrasti
on the island of Crete and Oxalis pes- Oxalis pes-
south-western Anatolia. caprae caprae
The habitat may be either Nerium Nerium
riparian (with the palm oleander oleander
forming temporarily Leontodon Leontodon
inundated gallery forest tuberosus tuberosus
along permanent fresh or Phlomis Arisarum
brackish waters), or related lanata vulgare
to seasonally or Salvia triloba Urginea
episodically flooded coastal Tordylium maritima
valleys. apulum Tordylium
Arisarum apulum
vulgare Sarcopoteriu
Sarcopoteriu m spinosum
m spinosum Salvia triloba
Ceratonia Pistacia
siliqua lentiscus
Arum Phlomis
concinnatum lanata
Ballota Ceratonia
pseudodicta siliqua
mnus Anagallis
Crepis arvensis
commutata Urtica
Urtica pilulifera
pilulifera Urospermum
Urginea picroides
maritima Torilis
Anthemis nodosa
chia Thymbra
Satureja capitata
thymbra Theligonum
Theligonum cynocrambe
cynocrambe Satureja
Urospermum thymbra
picroides Reichardia
3 T2-6 Canarian Phoenix Sparse Phoenix canariensis insufficient insufficient
groves groves (palmares) of data data
colluvial deposits, mostly available available
on flat midslope sites or at
the base of irregular
temporary streams.
Endemic to the Canary
Islands, they are dependent
on brief, temporary water-
tables present in sporadic
torrential flows during the
winter. Thus, they are
azonal in the dry to arid
bioclimatic belts of the
infra-thermomediterranean
where the zonal
vegetation is F8.1 Canary
Island xerophytic scrub.
3 T2-7 Anatolian Phoenix Relict Phoenix theophrasti No No

theophrasti groves forests of western Anatolia, information information
restricted to a few coastal
valleys.
3 T2-8 Ilex aquifolium Holly (Ilex aquifolium) Ilex Ilex
forest dominated forest occurring aquifolium aquifolium
in scattered localities across Lonicera Hedera helix
Europe and probably an periclymenu Lonicera
arborescent survival of T3- m periclymenu
D Taxus forest at middle Rosa gr. m
altitudes in the canina Pteridium
Mediterranean zone and of Hedera helix aquilinum
T1-7 and T1-8 beech forests Rubus
and T1-B oak forests in the fruticosus
nemoral lowlands. agg.
Crataegus
monogyna
Fagus
sylvatica
Corylus
avellana
Vaccinium
myrtillus
Sorbus
aucuparia
Quercus
petraea
Deschampsia
flexuosa
Oxalis
acetosella
Sanicula
europaea
Rubus
ulmifolius
Polytrichastr
um
formosum
Hypnum
cupressiform
e
3 T2-9 Macaronesian Small-stature forest insufficient Tamus
insufficient
heathy forest variously dominated by data data
arborescent ericoids, available available
laurels (Laurus spp.),
strawberry tree (Arbutus
unedo) and Canarian holly
(Ilex canariensis) in
situations that range from
cold and hyper-humid
slopes and exposed fog-
bound outcrops to sub-
humid and dry foothills of
Madeira and the Canaries.
4 T2-91 Canary Island fayal-

brezal
4 T2-92 Visnea - Arbutus
forests
4 T2-93 Hierran fayal
3 T2-A Broadleaved Cultivated evergreen broad- insufficient insufficient

evergreen leaved tree formations data data
plantations of non planted for the production available available
site-native trees of wood, composed of
exotic species, of native
species out of their natural
range, or of native species
planted in clearly unnatural
stands, often as
monocultures.
4 T2-A1 Eucalyptus
plantations
4 T2-A2 Evergreen exotic

Quercus plantations
4 T2-A3 Other evergreen

broadleaved tree
plantations
2 T3 Coniferous forest Forest, including

plantations dominated by
coniferous trees, mainly
evergreen (Abies, Cedrus,
Picea, Pinus, Taxus,
Cupressaceae) but also
deciduous Larix. Includes
forest with mixed
coniferous and deciduous
broadleaved trees,
provided that the cover by
coniferous trees exceeds
that of deciduous trees.
3 T3-1 Temperate Evergreen coniferous forest Melampyru Picea abies
mountain Picea dominated by spruce (Picea m sylvaticum Vaccinium
forest abies and, in the Dinaric Picea abies myrtillus
mountains, relict P. Homogyne Oxalis
omorika), often with some alpina acetosella
fir (Abies alba) on usually Luzula Sorbus
acidic, even very luzulina aucuparia
oligotrophic, wet, cold or Calamagrosti Hieracium
rocky soils in the montane s villosa murorum
and sub-alpine belts of Hieracium Dicranum
nemoral mountains. murorum scoparium
Veronica Solidago
urticifolia virgaurea
Vaccinium Homogyne
myrtillus alpina
Gymnocarpiu Hylocomium
m dryopteris splendens
Oxalis Prenanthes
acetosella purpurea
Luzula Deschampsia
sylvatica flexuosa
Lycopodium Vaccinium
annotinum vitis-idaea
Prenanthes Athyrium
purpurea filix-femina
Hylocomium Melampyru
splendens m sylvaticum
Dicranum Luzula
scoparium sylvatica
Rhytidiadelp Abies alba
hus Rhytidiadelp
triquetrus hus
Lonicera triquetrus
nigra Maianthemu
Larix decidua m bifolium
Viola biflora Fragaria
Valeriana vesca
4 T3-11 Alpine and tripteris Polytrichastr
Carpathian
subalpine Picea
forests
5 T3-111 Bilberry spruce

forests
5 T3-112 Tall herb subalpine

spruce forests
6 T3-1121 Adenostyles glabra

subalpine spruce
forests
6 T3-1122 Adenostyles
alliariae subalpine
spruce forests
5 T3-113 Moist subalpine
spruce forests
5 T3-114 Xerophile subalpine

spruce forests
5 T3-115 Cold station spruce

forests
5 T3-116 Carpathian spruce

forests

subalpine spruce
forests

acidophilous spruce
forests
7 T3-11612 Carpathian holly-

fern spruce forests

subalpine spruce
forests
7 T3-11621 Carpathian
subalpine
rhododenron
spruce forests
subalpine
Bruckenthalia
spruce forests
7 T3-11623 Carpathian high

montane Hieracium
spruce forests
7 T3-11624 Carpathian high

montane Bazzania
spruce forests
Leucanthemum
high montane
spruce forests
4 T3-12 Inner range

montane Picea
forests
5 T3-121 Acidophile
montane inner
Alpine spruce
forests
5 T3-122 Calciphile montane

inner Alpine spruce
forests
5 T3-123 Bedstraw montane

inner Alpine spruce
forests
5 T3-124 Tall herb montane

inner Alpine spruce
forests
5 T3-125 Peatmoss montane

inner Alpine spruce
forests
5 T3-126 Inner Carpathian

spruce forests
4 T3-13 Hercynian
subalpine Picea
forests
5 T3-131 Subalpine spruce

forests of the
Bayerischer Wald

forests of the Harz
and Erzgebirge

forests of the
Sudeten
4 T3-14 Southern European
Picea abies forests
Moesian Picea
abies forests
6 T3-1411 Aegeo-Rhodopean
spruce forests
6 T3-1412 Central Rhodopide

spruce forests
6 T3-1413 Moeso-
Macedonian spruce
forests
5 T3-142 Apennine spruce

forests
5 T3-143 Montenegrine
Picea abies forests
5 T3-144 Pelagonide Picea

abies forests
5 T3-145 Balkan Range Picea

abies forests
4 T3-15 Enclave Picea abies

forests
5 T3-151 Subalpine Jura

spruce forests
5 T3-152 Subalpine Black

Forest spruce
forests
5 T3-153 Peri-Alpine
bazzania spruce
forests
5 T3-154 Hercynio-Alpine
montane spruce
forests
montane spruce
forests
6 T3-1542 Illyrio-Alpine
montane Fagus
spruce forests
6 T3-1543 Dacian Fagus-

spruce forests
5 T3-155 Dinaric spruce

forests
6 T3-1551 Illyro-Dinaric cold

station spruce
forests
6 T3-1552 Dinaric dolomite

spruce forests
6 T3-1553 Dinaric
acidophilous spruce
forests
6 T3-1554 Moeso-Dinaric
spruce forests
4 T3-16 Picea omorika

forests
4 T3-17 Picea orientalis

forests
3 T3-2 Temperate Forests of fir (Abies alba) in Abies alba Abies alba
mountain Abies nemoral mountains, often Prenanthes Oxalis
forest with beech (Fagus purpurea acetosella
sylvatica) towards the sub- Lonicera Fagus
montane limit, spruce nigra sylvatica
(Picea abies) where site Oxalis Picea abies
conditions are harsher at acetosella Sorbus
higher altitudes. On Picea abies aucuparia
generally acidic soils Galium Prenanthes
though extending on to rotundifoliu purpurea
more base-rich and m Dryopteris
mesotrophic soils where Festuca filix-mas
distinctive contingents of altissima Athyrium
herbs augment or replace Dryopteris filix-femina
the usually heathy field filix-mas Hieracium
layer. Fagus murorum
sylvatica Vaccinium
Hieracium myrtillus
murorum Rubus idaeus
Sorbus Viola
aucuparia reichenbachi
Polygonatum ana
verticillatum Fragaria
Athyrium vesca
filix-femina Acer
Luzula nivea pseudoplata
Senecio nus
nemorensis Galium
Rubus idaeus odoratum
Mycelis Mycelis
muralis muralis
Dryopteris Senecio
dilatata nemorensis
Galium Rubus
odoratum fruticosus
Epilobium agg.
montanum Lamiastrum
4 T3-21 Neutrophile medio- galeobdolon
European Abies
forests
5 T3-211 Inner Alpine

neutrophile fir
forests
6 T3-2111 Sorrel fir forests
6 T3-2112 Tall herb fir forests
6 T3-2113 Trochischantes fir

forests
5 T3-212 Neutrophile
Hercynio-Alpine fir
forests
neutrophile fir
forests
neutrophile spruce
fir forests
neutrophile Fagus
fir forests
6 T3-2122 Illyrian neutrophile

fir forests

spruce fir forests

Fagus fir forests
6 T3-2123 Dacian neutrophile

montane fir forests
5 T3-213 Pyrenean fir forests

high montane fir
forests
4 T3-22 Calciphilous Abies

alba forests

calcicolous fir
forests
5 T3-222 Outer Alpine
calcicolous fir
forests
5 T3-223 Jurasso-Hercynian
calcicolous fir
forests
5 T3-224 Dinaric calcareous

block fir forests
4 T3-23 Acidophilous Abies

alba forests

acidophile fir
forests
5 T3-232 Acidophile
Hercynio-Alpine fir
forests
acidophile fir
forests
6 T3-2322 Illyrian acidophile

fir forests
6 T3-2323 Dacian acidophile

Fagus fir forests
5 T3-233 Alpenrose fir

forests
6 T3-2331 Pyrenean alpenrose

fir forest
6 T3-2332 Alpine alpenrose fir

forests
6 T3-2333 Block alpenrose fir
forests
5 T3-234 Holy Cross fir

forests
5 T3-235 Bazzania fir forests
4 T3-24 Corsican Abies alba

forests
4 T3-25 Moesian Abies alba

forests
5 T3-251 Rhodopide fir

forests
6 T3-2511 Falakron silver fir

forests
6 T3-2512 Rhodope fir forests
6 T3-2513 Western Rhodopide

fir forests
5 T3-252 Moeso-
Macedonian fir
forests
5 T3-253 Balkan Range fir

forests
5 T3-254 Pelagonide silver fir

forests
4 T3-26 Abies reforestation
5 T3-261 Abies alba

reforestation
5 T3-262 Abies borisii-regis

reforestation
5 T3-263 Abies cephalonica

reforestation
5 T3-264 Abies pinsapo

reforestation
5 T3-265 Abies nebrodensis

reforestation
4 T3-27 Picea abies

reforestation
4 T3-28 Serpentine Abies

alba forests
3 T3-3 Mediterranean Evergreen coniferous Abies Abies
mountain Abies forests of more sunless or pinsapo pinsapo
forest fog-bound slopes and Daphne Daphne
gullies in the lower to mid latifolia latifolia
altitudinal belts of Abies Rubia
mediterranean mountains cephalonica peregrina
where firs of very limited Ononis Helleborus
distribution dominate in reuteri foetidus
highly distinctive relic Bryopsida Geranium
stands: Spanish fir (Abies Geranium purpureum
pinsapo), Greek fir (A. purpureum Berberis
cephalonica), King Boris’s fir Cerastium vulgaris
(A. borisiiregis), Apennine gibraltaricum Pinus nigra
or Sicilian stands of silver fir Rosa sicula Crataegus
(A. alba) and Sicilian fir (A. Carum monogyna
nebrodensis). graecum Aremonia
Hyacinthoide agrimonoide
s hispanica s
Doronicum Abies
plantagineu cephalonica
m Bryopsida
Hieracium Silene italica
pannosum Ruscus
Piptatherum aculeatus
paradoxum Rosa sicula
Paeonia Rosa
broteroi micrantha
Berberis Quercus
vulgaris rotundifolia
Rosa Quercus
micrantha faginea
Daphne Pteridium
oleoides aquilinum
Helleborus Piptatherum
foetidus paradoxum
Hieracium Paeonia
cymosum broteroi
4 T3-31 Southern Apennine Quercus
Abies alba forests
4 T3-32 Balkano-Pontic
Abies forests
5 T3-321 King Boris's fir

forests
5 T3-322 Bornmueller's fir

forests
5 T3-323 Nordmann's fir

forests
4 T3-33 Aegean Abies
forests
5 T3-331 Grecian fir forests
5 T3-332 Trojan fir forests
4 T3-34 Abies pinsapo

forests
5 T3-341 Ronda pinsapo fir

forests
5 T3-342 Bermeja pinsapo fir

forests
4 T3-35 Relict Abies

nebrodensis stands
3 T3-4 Temperate Coniferous, in part Larix decidua Vaccinium
subalpine Larix, deciduous, forest of larch Rhododendr myrtillus
Pinus cembra and (Larix decidua), Arolla pine on Larix decidua
Pinus uncinata (Pinus cembra) or ferrugineum Vaccinium
forests Mountain pine (Pinus Pinus cembra vitis-idaea
uncinata) in the mid sub- Pinus Rhododendr
alpine belt of temperate uncinata on
mountains in the central Homogyne ferrugineum
Alps and Carpathians with alpina Picea abies
long but shallow snow-lie Festuca Homogyne
and a short growing flavescens alpina
season. Dwarf mountain Calamagrosti Sorbus
pine (P. mugo), spruce s villosa aucuparia
(Picea abies), fir (Abies Sorbus Deschampsia
alba), rhododendrons and chamaemesp flexuosa
other sub-shrubs are never ilus Hieracium
more than subordinate but Melampyru murorum
various whitebeams m sylvaticum Dicranum
(Sorbus spp.) are Lonicera scoparium
characteristic associates. caerulea Hylocomium
Vaccinium splendens
vitis-idaea Solidago
Juniperus virgaurea
communis Calamagrosti
subsp. alpina s villosa
Valeriana Pinus cembra
tripteris Oxalis
Rhododendr acetosella
on hirsutum Rhytidiadelp
Alnus viridis hus
Vaccinium triquetrus
myrtillus Melampyru
Rosa m sylvaticum
pendulina Geranium
Campanula sylvaticum
scheuchzeri Pinus
Geranium uncinata
4 T3-41 Eastern Alpine sylvaticum Luzula
siliceous Larix and
Pinus cembra
forests
4 T3-42 Eastern Alpine

calcicolous Larix
and Pinus cembra
forests
4 T3-43 Western Larix,

mountain pine and
Pinus cembra
forests
4 T3-44 Alpine secondary

Larix formations
4 T3-45 Carpathian Larix

and Pinus cembra
forests
larch and arolla
forests
5 T3-452 Inner Carpathian

larch and arolla
forests

larch and arolla
forests

larch forests

arolla forests
4 T3-46 Larix polonica

forests
4 T3-47 Pinus uncinata

forests with
Rhododendron
ferrugineum

alpenrose
mountain pine
forests
5 T3-472 Jura alpenrose

mountain pine
forests
5 T3-473 Pyrenean alpenrose

mountain pine
forests
4 T3-48 Xerocline Pinus

uncinata forests
mountain pine
forests

juniper-bearberry
mountain pine
forests
5 T3-483 Ventoux mountain

pine forests
5 T3-484 Pyrenean adret

mountain pine
forests
6 T3-4841 Speedwell
mountain pine
forests
6 T3-4842 Pyrenean bearberry

mountain pine
forests
5 T3-485 Pasqueflower
mountain pine
forests
5 T3-486 Mountain pine

forests of the
Iberian Range
6 T3-4861 Urbion mountain

pine forests
6 T3-4862 Gudar mountain

pine forests
4 T3-49 Pinus uncinata

reforestation
3 T3-5 Temperate Forests dominated by pine Pinus Pinus
continental Pinus (Pinus sylvestris), often with sylvestris sylvestris
sylvestris forest some birch (Betula pendula Pleurozium Deschampsia
and B. pubescens), aspen schreberi flexuosa
(Populus tremula), juniper Dicranum Pleurozium
(Juniperus communis) and polysetum schreberi
various whitebeams Betula Vaccinium
(Sorbus spp.), on acidic to pendula myrtillus
base-rich soils through the Deschampsia Sorbus
north nemoral zone and flexuosa aucuparia
into the hemi-boreal. Quercus Betula
robur pendula
Dicranum Quercus
scoparium robur
Vaccinium Calluna
myrtillus vulgaris
Frangula Frangula
alnus alnus
Dicranum
scoparium
Vaccinium
vitis-idaea
Picea abies
Rubus
fruticosus
agg.
Molinia
caerulea agg.
Festuca
ovina
Hypnum
cupressiform
e
Quercus
petraea
Polytrichastr
um
4 T3-51 Caledonian forest formosum
5 T3-511 Heather Caledonian

forest
5 T3-512 Bilberry Caledonian

forest
5 T3-513 Moss Caledonian

forest
5 T3-514 Woodrush
Caledonian forest
5 T3-515 Peatmoss
Caledonian forest

Pinus sylvestris
forests
5 T3-521 Subcontinental
Pinus sylvestris
forests

Pinus sylvestris
forests
moss Pinus
sylvestris forests
lichen Pinus
sylvestris forests
moorgrass Pinus
sylvestris forests
saw-wort Pinus
sylvestris forests
6 T3-5212 Western lowland

Pinus sylvestris
forests
5 T3-522 Hercynian Pinus

sylvestris forests
6 T3-5221 Eastern Hercynian

Pinus sylvestris
forests
6 T3-5222 Black Forest Pinus

sylvestris forests
6 T3-5223 Vosges Pinus
sylvestris forests
6 T3-5224 Luxembourg
sandstone Pinus
sylvestris forests
6 T3-5225 Pale hawkweed

Pinus sylvestris
forests
6 T3-5226 Lower Austrian

block heath pine
forests
5 T3-523 Western Eurasian

steppe pine forests
6 T3-5231 Rhine steppe pine

forests
6 T3-5232 Sarmatic steppe

Pinus sylvestris
forests
6 T3-5233 Carpathian steppe

Pinus sylvestris
forests
6 T3-5234 Pannonic steppe

Pinus sylvestris
forests
5 T3-524 Baltic dune Pinus

sylvestris forests
5 T3-525 Eastern Alpine

acidophilous Pinus
sylvestris forests
4 T3-53 Inner-Alpine Ononis

steppe forests
4 T3-54 Spring heath Pinus
sylvestris forests
5 T3-541 Alpine spring heath

Pinus sylvestris
forests
5 T3-542 Carpathian relict

calcicolous Pinus
sylvestris forests

Minuartia laricifolia
steppe forests
4 T3-56 Pyrenean
mesophile Pinus
sylvestris forests
5 T3-561 Pyrenean
calcicolous
mesophile Pinus
sylvestris forests
5 T3-562 Pyrenean siliceous

mesophile Pinus
sylvestris forests
4 T3-57 Central Massif

Pinus sylvestris
forests
Alpine mesophile
Pinus sylvestris
forests
4 T3-59 European Pinus

sylvestris
reforestation
3 T3-6 Temperate and Evergreen coniferous Amelanchier Pinus
submediterranean forests, generally ovalis sylvestris
montane Pinus dominated by either Scot’s Polygala Sorbus aria
sylvestris-nigra pine (Pinus sylvestris) or chamaebuxu agg.
forest black pine (P. nigra and, s Juniperus
towards the southern limit, Epipactis communis
various subspecies), less atrorubens subsp.
commonly with some Sorbus aria communis
spruce (Picea abies) and agg. Amelanchier
deciduous associates, often Calamagrosti ovalis
in isolated and small stands s varia Polygala
on base-rich soils through Erica chamaebuxu
the mountains of the south herbacea s
temperate and sub- Berberis Hieracium
mediterranean zones. vulgaris murorum
Pinus Teucrium
sylvestris chamaedrys
Juniperus Brachypodiu
communis m pinnatum
subsp. Carex humilis
communis Epipactis
Cotoneaster atrorubens
tomentosus Viburnum
Goodyera lantana
repens Calamagrosti
Carex humilis s varia
Buphthalmu Lotus
m corniculatus
salicifolium Picea abies
Chamaecytis Berberis
us purpureus vulgaris
Arctostaphyl Erica
os uva-ursi herbacea
Pinus nigra Euphorbia
Viscum cyparissias
album Sesleria
Globularia caerulea
4 T3-61 Southeastern cordifolia Campanula
European Pinus
sylvestris forests
5 T3-611 Thessalo-
Macedonian Pinus
sylvestris forests
5 T3-612 Rhodopide Pinus

sylvestris forests
5 T3-613 Balkan Range Pinus

sylvestris forests
Moesian Pinus
sylvestris forests
6 T3-6141 Moeso-
Macedonian Pinus
sylvestris forests
6 T3-6142 Pelagonian Pinus

sylvestris forests
5 T3-615 Dinaric spring

heath Pinus
sylvestris forests
6 T3-6151 Dinaric dolomite

Pinus sylvestris
forests
6 T3-6152 Dinaric serpentine

Pinus sylvestris
forests
5 T3-616 Dinaric calcicole

Pinus sylvestris
forests
5 T3-617 Dinaric acidophile

Pinus sylvestris
forests

Sesleria Pinus
sylvestris forests

bilberry Pinus
sylvestris forests
5 T3-61A East Carpathian

Daphne blagayana
Pinus sylvestris
forests
4 T3-62 Po terrace Pinus

sylvestris forests
4 T3-63 Ponto-Caucasian
Pinus sylvestris
forests
4 T3-64 Supra-
Mediterranean
Pinus sylvestris
forests
Pinus nigra forests
5 T3-651 Southern Alpine

Pinus nigra forests
5 T3-652 Apennine Pinus

nigra forests
5 T3-653 Lower Austrian

Pinus nigra forests
Adriatic Pinus nigra
forests
4 T3-66 Western Balkanic

Pinus nigra forests
5 T3-661 Dinaro-Pelagonian
Pinus nigra forests
6 T3-6611 Moeso-Hellenic
montane Pinus
nigra forests
6 T3-6612 Illyrian serpentine

Pinus nigra forests
6 T3-6613 Illyrian limestone

Pinus nigra forests
6 T3-6614 Illyrian dolomite

Pinus nigra forests
6 T3-6615 Illyrian sub-
Mediterranean
Pinus nigra forests
5 T3-662 Pinus dalmatica

forests
4 T3-67 Pinus pallasiana

and Pinus banatica
forests
Pallas' pine forests
6 T3-6711 Taygetos Pallas'

pine forests
6 T3-6712 Parnon Pallas' pine

forests
6 T3-6713 Northern
Peloponnese Pallas'
pine forests
6 T3-6714 Southern Pindus

6 T3-6715 Olympian Pallas'

pine forests
6 T3-6716 Central Pindus

6 T3-6717 Pelagonide Pallas'

pine forests
6 T3-6718 Rhodopide Pallas'

pine forests
6 T3-671A Moeso-
Macedonian Pallas'
pine forests
6 T3-671B Aegean Pallas' pine

forests
5 T3-672 Banat pine forests
6 T3-6721 Moeso-
Macedonian Pallas'
pine forests
6 T3-6722 Aegean Pallas' pine

forests
5 T3-673 Banat pine forests
5 T3-674 Cyprian Pallas' pine

forests
5 T3-675 Anatolian Pallas'

pine forests
4 T3-68 Pinus nigra

reforestation
3 T3-7 Mediterranean Evergreen coniferous forest Festuca Pinus
montane Pinus of more drought-prone iberica sylvestris
sylvestris-nigra situations at scattered Pinus Juniperus
forest localities through the sylvestris communis
mountains of the Avenula subsp.
mediterranean zone, marginata communis
dominated by black pine Buxus Cruciata
(Pinus nigra) and, except on semperviren glabra
Mediterranean islands, s Festuca
sometimes with Cruciata iberica
subordinate Scots pine glabra Hepatica
(Pinus sylvestris), both trees Juniperus nobilis
often occurring as vicariant communis Deschampsia
forms in different localities. subsp. flexuosa
communis Hieracium
Hepatica murorum
nobilis Buxus
Polygala semperviren
calcarea s
Cytisus Veronica
balansae officinalis
Luzula lactea Fragaria
Quercus vesca
cerrioides Calluna
Berberis vulgaris
aetnensis Vaccinium
Vicia myrtillus
pyrenaica Fagus
Arctostaphyl sylvatica
os uva-ursi aria agg.
Amelanchier Pteridium
ovalis aquilinum
Viola Hylocomium
willkommii splendens
Veronica Sorbus
officinalis aucuparia
Galium Viola canina
4 T3-71 Iberian calcareous rotundifoliu Avenula
Pinus sylvestris
forests
5 T3-711 Pyrenean
hedgehog-heath
Pinus sylvestris
forests
5 T3-712 Savin Pinus

sylvestris forests
6 T3-7121 Iberian-Range
calcicolous Pinus
sylvestris forests
6 T3-7122 Baetic calcicolous

Pinus sylvestris
forests
4 T3-72 Iberian silicicolous
Pinus sylvestris
forests
5 T3-721 Pyrenean xerophile

Pinus sylvestris
forests
5 T3-722 Iberian-Range
silicicolous Pinus
sylvestris forests
silicicolous Pinus
sylvestris forests
6 T3-7231 Summital
Guadarraman
silicicolous Pinus
sylvestris forests
6 T3-7232 Lower Cordilleran

silicicolous Pinus
sylvestris forests
5 T3-724 Cantabrian Pinus

sylvestris forests
4 T3-73 Pinus salzmannii

forests
5 T3-731 Causses Salzmann's

pine forests
5 T3-732 Pre-Pyrenean
Salzmann's pine
forests
5 T3-733 Northern-Iberian
Salzmann's pine
forests
Salzmann's pine
forests
5 T3-735 Southern-Iberian
Salzmann's pine
forests
5 T3-736 Baetic Salzmann's

pine forests
6 T3-7361 Supra-
Mediterranean
Baetic Salzmann's
pine forests
6 T3-7362 Oro-Mediterranean
Baetic Salzmann's
pine forests
4 T3-74 Corsican Pinus

laricio forests
4 T3-75 Calabrian Pinus

laricio forests
3 T3-8 Mediterranean and Evergreen coniferous forest Pinus Pinus
Balkan subalpine of timberlines in the heldreichii heldreichii
Pinus heldreichii- mountains of the Balkans Pinus peuce Vaccinium
peucis forest and southern Italy, Daphne myrtillus
dominated by Bosnian pine blagayana Fagus
(Pinus heldreichii) on base- Minuartia sylvatica
rich soils in more sunny and baldaccii Pinus peuce
drought-prone situations or Daphne Fragaria
by Macedonian pine (P. oleoides vesca
peuce) on siliceous soils. Moehringia Euphorbia
pendula amygdaloide
Sesleria s
robusta Juniperus
Hieracium communis
pannosum subsp. alpina
Juniperus Calamagrosti
communis s
subsp. alpina arundinacea
Bornmueller Veronica
a tymphaea chamaedrys
Wulfenia Picea abies
carinthiaca Luzula
Thymus sylvatica
rechingeri Aremonia
Aremonia agrimonoide
agrimonoide s
s Abies alba
Asperula Juniperus
aristata communis
Crocus subsp.
veluchensis communis
Lerchenfeldia Hieracium
flexuosa murorum
Festuca Dryopteris
valida filix-mas
Luzula Daphne
luzulina oleoides
4 T3-81 Pinus leucodermis Acinos Daphne
forests
5 T3-811 Italian white-

barked pine forests
5 T3-812 Pindus white-

barked pine forests
5 T3-813 Olympus white-

barked pine forests
5 T3-814 Pelagonide white-

barked pine forests
5 T3-815 South Dinaric
white-barked pine
forests
5 T3-816 Rhodopide white-

barked pine forests
4 T3-82 Pinus peuce forests
5 T3-821 Pelagonide
Macedonian pine
forests
5 T3-822 Southern Dinaric

Macedonian pine
forests
5 T3-823 Rila and Pirin

Macedonian pine
forests
5 T3-824 Rhodope
Macedonian pine
forests
5 T3-825 Balkan Macedonian

pine forests
3 T3-9 Mediterranean Evergreen coniferous forest Pinus Pinus
lowland to dominated by various halepensis halepensis
submontane Pinus thermophilous pines: Pinus Rubia
forest Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster peregrina
pinaster in eastern Cistus Pistacia
mediterranean and warm salvifolius lentiscus
atlantic zones), Aleppo pine Pistacia Quercus ilex
(P. halepensis) and Stone lentiscus Pinus
pine (P. pinea all around Pinus brutia pinaster
the southern European Juniperus Cistus
coast) and Aegean pine (P. oxycedrus salvifolius
brutia in Greece, Aegean Quercus ilex Juniperus
islands and Cyprus), the Phillyrea oxycedrus
first three often favouring angustifolia Brachypodiu
unstable substrates or Arbutus m retusum
preclimax situations. unedo Smilax
Brachypodiu aspera
m retusum Asparagus
Lonicera acutifolius
implexa Arbutus
Smilax unedo
aspera Quercus
Quercus coccifera
coccifera Quercus
Rubia pubescens
peregrina Phillyrea
Rosmarinus angustifolia
officinalis Lonicera
Asparagus implexa
acutifolius Dactylis
Phillyrea glomerata
latifolia Phillyrea
Myrtus latifolia
communis Erica arborea
Pinus pinea Thymus
Cistus vulgaris
incanus Rosmarinus
4 T3-91 Maritime Pinus officinalis
pinaster ssp.
atlantica forests
5 T3-911 Charente Pinus

pinaster ssp.
atlantica - Quercus
ilex forests
5 T3-912 Aquitanian Pinus

pinaster ssp.
atlantica - Quercus
suber forests
5 T3-913 Landes maritime

pine plantations
5 T3-914 Iberian Pinus
pinaster ssp.
atlantica forests
4 T3-92 Pinus pinaster ssp.

pinaster (Pinus
mesogeensis)
forests
5 T3-921 Iberian mesogean

pine forests
6 T3-9211 Northern-Iberian
mesogean pine
forests
mesogean pine
forests
6 T3-9213 Southern-Iberian
mesogean pine
forests
6 T3-9214 Cazorlan mesogean

pine forests
6 T3-9215 Southern
Andalusian
mesogean pine
forests
6 T3-9216 Leonese mesogean

pine forests
6 T3-9217 Catalonian
mesogean pine
forests
5 T3-922 Corbières
mesogean pine
forests
5 T3-923 Franco-Italian
mesogean pine
forests
5 T3-924 Corsican mesogean

pine forests
5 T3-925 Sardinian
mesogean pine
forests
5 T3-926 Pantellerian
mesogean pine
forests
4 T3-93 Pinus pinea forests
5 T3-931 Iberian stone pine

forests
6 T3-9311 Western
Andalusian stone
pine forests
6 T3-9312 Lusitanian stone

pine forests
6 T3-9313 Castilian stone pine

forests
6 T3-9314 Cordilleran stone

pine forests
6 T3-9315 Catalonian stone

pine forests
6 T3-9316 Morena stone pine

forests
6 T3-9317 Manchegan stone
pine forests
5 T3-932 Balearic stone pine

forests
5 T3-933 Provence stone

pine forests
5 T3-934 Corsican stone pine

forests
5 T3-935 Sardinian stone

pine forests
5 T3-936 Sicilian stone pine

forests
5 T3-937 Italic stone pine

forests
5 T3-938 Hellenic stone pine

forests
5 T3-939 Albanian stone pine

forests
5 T3-93A Dalmatian stone

pine forests
5 T3-93B Pontic stone pine

forests
5 T3-93C Mediterranean
Anatolian stone
pine forests
4 T3-94 Pinus halepensis
forests
5 T3-941 Iberian Pinus

halepensis forests
5 T3-942 Balearic Aleppo

pine forests
5 T3-943 Provenço-Ligurian
Pinus halepensis
forests
5 T3-944 Corsican Pinus

halepensis forests
5 T3-945 Sardinian Pinus

halepensis forests
5 T3-946 Sicilian Pinus

halepensis forests
5 T3-947 Italic Pinus

halepensis forests
6 T3-9471 Gargano Pinus

halepensis forests
6 T3-9472 Metapontine Pinus

halepensis forests
6 T3-9473 Umbrian Pinus

halepensis forests
5 T3-948 Hellenic Pinus

halepensis forests
5 T3-949 East Mediterranean
Pinus halepensis
forests
5 T3-949 Illyrian Pinus

halepensis forests
4 T3-95 Pinus brutia forests
3 T3-A Pinus canariensis Forest of endemic Canarian insufficient insufficient

forest pine (Pinus canariensis) data data
occurring mostly at high available available
altitudes in dry sunny
situations above the fog
belt, locally on foothill rock
outcrops and old lava flows,
in the western Canary
Islands.
4 T3-A1 Pinus canariensis -

Cistus
symphytifolius
forests
5 T3-A11 Tenerife pine-

rockrose forests
5 T3-A12 La Palma pine-

rockrose forests
5 T3-A13 Gran Canaria pine-

rockrose forests
5 T3-A14 Hierro pine-

rockrose forests

dry scrub forests
5 T3-A21 Tenerife pine-dry
scrub forests
5 T3-A22 La Palma pine-dry

scrub forests

dry scrub forests
5 T3-A24 Hierro pine-dry

scrub forests

heath forests
5 T3-A31 Tenerife pine-heath

forests

heath forests

heath forests
5 T3-A34 Hierro pine-heath

forests

Adenocarpus
viscosus forests

broom forests

broom forests
Juniperus cedrus
forests

juniper forests

juniper forests
3 T3-B Mediterranean Forests dominated by insufficient insufficient

montane Cedrus Cedrus atlantica or C libani data data
forest found on mountains of available available
North Africa, Lebanon,
Syria, Asiatic Turkey and
Cyprus.
4 T3-B1 Cedrus libani

forests
5 T3-B11 Lycian Taurus

Cedrus libani
forests
5 T3-B12 Central Taurus

Cedrus libani
forests
5 T3-B13 Paphlagonian
Cedrus libani
forests
4 T3-B2 Cedrus brevifolia

forests
3 T3-C Taxus baccata Evergreen forests Taxus Taxus
forest overwhelmingly dominated baccata baccata
by yew (Taxus baccata), Arenaria Hedera helix
sometimes with holly (Ilex balearica Ilex
aquifolium), whitebeam Cymbalaria aquifolium
(Sorbus aria) and box aequitriloba Fagus
(Buxus sempervirens), Cyclamen sylvatica
maybe in halted repandum Viola
successions or as senescent Ilex reichenbachi
survivals, occurring very aquifolium ana
locally on base-rich soils in Stachys Mercurialis
the mediterranean zone corsica perennis
and in the British Isles. Glechoma Corylus
sardoa avellana
Hedera helix Sorbus aria
Daphne agg.
laureola Fraxinus
Geranium excelsior
lucidum Quercus ilex
Acer Mycelis
monspessula muralis
num Daphne
Ribes laureola
multiflorum Crataegus
Geranium monogyna
lanuginosum Tamus
Asplenium communis
onopteris Sambucus
Hypochaeris nigra
robertia Hepatica
Rhamnus nobilis
alpinus Cyclamen
repandum
Acer
pseudoplata
nus
Rubus
4 T3-C1 Western Palaearctic fruticosus
Taxus baccata
forests
5 T3-C11 Atlantic Taxus

baccata forests
5 T3-C12 Corsican yew

forests
5 T3-C13 Sardinian yew

forests
5 T3-C14 Italic yew forests

5 T3-C15 Iberian yew forests
5 T3-C16 Provence yew

forests
5 T3-C17 Alpino-Carpathian
yew forests
5 T3-C18 Dinaric yew forests
5 T3-C19 Baltic yew forests
5 T3-C1A Vitosha yew forests

3 T3-D Mediterranean Evergreen forests of cypress Cupressus Dactylis
Cupressaceae (Cupressus sempervirens), semperviren glomerata
forest junipers (Juniperus excelsa, s Cupressus
J. foetidissima, J. drupacea, Juniperus semperviren
J. thurifera) or alerce foetidissima s
(Tetraclinis articulata) with Juniperus Quercus
a usually open canopy with thurifera coccifera
scrubby understorey and Quercus Juniperus
grassy field layer, on coccifera oxycedrus
shallow, usually base-rich Centaurea Juniperus
soils, in dry rocky situations raphanina foetidissima
scattered through the Festuca Melica ciliata
mediterranean zone. jeanpertii Juniperus
Pinus brutia thurifera
Juniperus Teucrium
excelsa polium
Astragalus Teucrium
creticus chamaedrys
Hypericum Poa bulbosa
empetrifoliu Urginea
m maritima
Urginea Centaurea
maritima raphanina
Daphne Brachypodiu
oleoides m retusum
Salvia triloba Asparagus
Stipa acutifolius
bromoides Stipa
Crepis fraasii bromoides
Ballota Pistacia
acetabulosa lentiscus
Campanula Eryngium
spatulata campestre
Juniperus Cerastium
drupacea brachypetalu
Juniperus m
oxycedrus Trifolium
4 T3-D1 Western Palaearctic Phlomis campestre
Cupressus forests
4 T3-D2 Tetraclinis
articulata forests
4 T3-D3 Hyrcanian
Platycladus
orientalis (Thuja
orientalis) forests
4 T3-D4 Juniperus oxycedrus

forests
4 T3-D5 Juniperus
phoenicea forests
4 T3-D6 Spanish Juniperus
thurifera forests
5 T3-D61 Iberian Spanish

juniper forests
5 T3-D62 Guadarraman
Spanish juniper
forests
calciphilous Spanish
juniper forests
silicicolous Spanish
juniper forests
5 T3-D63 Cantabrian Spanish

juniper forests
5 T3-D64 Monegros Spanish

juniper forests
5 T3-D65 Manchegan
Spanish juniper
forests
5 T3-D66 Baetic Spanish

juniper forests
5 T3-D67 Pyrenean Spanish

juniper forests
5 T3-D68 Southern Alpine

Spanish juniper
forests
5 T3-D69 Isère Spanish

juniper forests
5 T3-D6A Corsican Spanish
juniper forests
4 T3-D7 Greek Juniperus

excelsa forests
5 T3-D71 Northern Hellenic

Grecian juniper
forests
5 T3-D72 Peri-Rhodopide
Grecian juniper
forests
5 T3-D73 Paeonian Grecian

juniper forests
5 T3-D74 Cyprian Grecian

juniper forests
5 T3-D75 Anatolian Grecian

juniper forests
4 T3-D8 Juniperus
foetidissima forests
4 T3-D9 Juniperus drupacea

forests
3 T3-E Macaronesian Evergreen forests of insufficient insufficient
Juniperus forest endemic macaronesian data data
junipers (Juniperus available available
turbinata ssp. canariensis,
J. cedrus ssp. cedrus and
ssp. maderensis, J.
brevifolia) in diverse
habitats as sometimes very
small isolated populations,
each with distinctive
associated floras.
4 T3-E1 Canary Island

juniper forests
4 T3-E2 Azorean juniper

forests
4 T3-E3 Macaronesian
Phoenician juniper
forests
3 T3-F Picea taiga forest Forest naturally dominated Brachytheciu Sorbus
by spruce but frequently m aucuparia
with an admixture of some oedipodium Picea abies
Scot’s pine (Pinus sylvestris) Trientalis Vaccinium
and birch (Betula pendula europaea myrtillus
and B. pubescens) on more Plagiotheciu Pleurozium
mesic soils through the m schreberi
north-eastern continental curvifolium Maianthemu
and boreal regions, often Dicranum m bifolium
with a subordinate polysetum Hylocomium
deciduous broadleaf Eurhynchium splendens
component in the canopy angustirete Oxalis
and understorey and rich Pleurozium acetosella
and varied field-layer, schreberi Luzula pilosa
mosses and lichens. Hylocomium Trientalis
splendens europaea
Ptilium Pinus
crista- sylvestris
castrensis Brachytheciu
Maianthemu m
m bifolium oedipodium
Luzula pilosa Frangula
Lycopodium alnus
annotinum Rubus idaeus
Plagiomnium Dryopteris
affine carthusiana
Lophocolea Quercus
heterophylla robur
Tetraphis Dicranum
pellucida scoparium
Rubus Vaccinium
saxatilis vitis-idaea
Picea abies Plagiomnium
Calamagrosti affine
s Calamagrosti
arundinacea s
Dicranum arundinacea
4 T3-F1 Vaccinium myrtillus majus Betula
western Picea taiga
5 T3-F11 Subcontinental
bilberry western
spruce taiga
5 T3-F12 Suboceanic bilberry

western spruce
taiga
5 T3-F13 Continental bilberry

western spruce
taiga
5 T3-F14 Boreo-nemoral
bilberry western
spruce taiga
4 T3-F2 Fern western Picea
taiga
5 T3-F21 Small fern western

spruce taiga
small fern western
spruce taiga
6 T3-F212 Suboceanic small

fern western spruce
taiga
6 T3-F213 Continental small

fern western spruce
taiga
5 T3-F22 Tall fern western

spruce taiga
4 T3-F3 Small-herb western

Picea taiga
small-herb western
spruce taiga
5 T3-F32 Suboceanic small-

herb western
spruce taiga
5 T3-F33 Continental small-

herb western
spruce taiga
5 T3-F34 Boreo-nemoral
small-herb western
spruce taiga
4 T3-F4 Tall-herb western

Picea taiga
5 T3-F41 Northern
subcontinental tall-
herb spruce taiga
5 T3-F42 Southern
subcontinental tall-
herb spruce taiga
5 T3-F43 Oceanic tall-herb

birch-spruce taiga
5 T3-F44 Continental tall-

herb western
spruce taiga
4 T3-F5 Pretundra Picea

obovata taiga
3 T3-G Pinus sylvestris Forest naturally dominated Empetrum Pinus

taiga forest by Scot’s pine (Pinus nigrum sylvestris
sylvestris) but often with subsp. Vaccinium
some birch (Betula pendula hermaphrodi vitis-idaea
and B. pubescens) and tum Betula
spruce (Picea abies and P. Vulpicidia pubescens
obovata) on lithomorphic pinastri Vaccinium
and podsolized soils of dry Ptilidium myrtillus
and barren situations pulcherrimu Empetrum
through the north-eastern m nigrum
continental and boreal Picea subsp.
regions with a generally obovata hermaphrodi
heathy field layer but, Orthodicranu tum
when on eskers, a m Pleurozium
specialised herb flora. montanum schreberi
Parmelia Solidago
sulcata virgaurea
Evernia Deschampsia
mesomorpha flexuosa
Abies sibirica Rubus
Vaccinium saxatilis
vitis-idaea Hylocomium
Hypnum splendens
pallescens Vulpicidia
Pinus pinastri
sylvestris Hypogymnia
Hypogymnia physodes
physodes Sorbus
Pseudevernia aucuparia
furfuracea Calamagrosti
Seseli krylovii s
Parmeliopsis arundinacea
hyperopta Parmelia
Hypocenomy sulcata
ce scalaris Vaccinium
Betula uliginosum
pubescens Ptilidium
Ptilium pulcherrimu
4 T3-G1 Calluna vulgaris -
Empetrum western
taiga
5 T3-G11 Ling-crowberry
birch-spruce-pine
taiga
5 T3-G12 Barbilophozia birch-

pine taiga
5 T3-G13 Oceanic Bazzania

pine taiga
4 T3-G2 Vaccinium vitis-

idaea Pinus and
Picea - Pinus taiga
4 T3-G3 Herb-rich and

grassy pine taiga
4 T3-G4 Lichen Pinus taiga
5 T3-G41 Maritime lichen

pine taiga
5 T3-G42 Southern boreal

continental lichen
pine taiga
5 T3-G43 Northern boreal

lichen pine taiga
3 T3-H Larix taiga forest Deciduous coniferous forest Hypocenomy Vulpicidia
of Siberian larch (Larix ce scalaris pinastri
sibirica) which extends Stellaria Pseudevernia
west from its extensive bungeana furfuracea
realm in European Russia Larix sibirica Parmelia
as small stands with an Valeriana sulcata
open, low-stature canopy wolgensis Hypogymnia
on patches of moist, Hieracium tubulosa
nutrient-poor sandy soils pseuderectu Hypogymnia
among spruce and pine m physodes
taiga in the Boreal zone. Cladonia Hypocenomy
digitata ce scalaris
Cicerbita Veratrum
uralensis lobelianum
Cacalia Valeriana
hastata wolgensis
Hypogymnia Stellaria
tubulosa holostea
Pseudevernia Stellaria
furfuracea bungeana
Brachytheciu Sanionia
m reflexum uncinata
Evernia Rubus
mesomorpha saxatilis
Vulpicidia Rubus idaeus
pinastri Paris
Abies sibirica quadrifolia
Orthodicranu Oxalis
m acetosella
montanum Orthodicranu
Parmelia m
sulcata montanum
Aconogonon Myosotis
alpinum sylvatica
Sanionia Milium
uncinata effusum
Hypogymnia Lathyrus
4 T3-H1 Larix russica taiga physodes vernus
5 T3-H44 Boreal rock-outcrop

pine forest
3 T3-J Pinus bog forest Evergreen coniferous Eriophorum Pinus
forest, often open and low- vaginatum sylvestris
growing, dominated by Ledum Vaccinium
pines and sometimes palustre myrtillus
forming extensive stands Vaccinium Eriophorum
on peaty soils on or around oxycoccos vaginatum
ombrotrophic bogs or in Sphagnum Vaccinium
depressions kept moist by magellanicu oxycoccos
high ground water table, m Vaccinium
throughout the Boreal zone Vaccinium uliginosum
and locally elsewhere. uliginosum Calluna
Pinus sylvestrisis most Polytrichum vulgaris
common but there are strictum Pleurozium
subtypes with Pinus mugo Sphagnum schreberi
sl (including Pinus uncinata fallax Vaccinium
ssp. uliginosa = P. Pinus mugo vitis-idaea
rotundata, Pinus x rhaetica, Andromeda Sphagnum
Pinus mugo s.str., Pinus x polifolia magellanicu
ascendens). The field layer Sphagnum m
has dwarf shrubs including capillifolium Molinia
Vaccinium spp and peat Pinus caerulea agg.
forming Sphagnum spp. sylvestris Betula
There is a large variation in Vaccinium pubescens
understorey vegetation. vitis-idaea Picea abies
Pleurozium Polytrichum
schreberi strictum
Aulacomniu Andromeda
m palustre polifolia
Pinus Aulacomniu
uncinata var. m palustre
rotundata Ledum
Sphagnum palustre
fuscum Sphagnum
Betula capillifolium
pubescens Sphagnum
Vaccinium fallax
myrtillus Drosera
4 T3-J1 Boreal Pinus Sphagnum rotundifolia
sylvestris bog
forests
5 T3-J11 Boreal Labrador tea

Pinus sylvestris bog
forests
5 T3-J12 Boreal heath Pinus

sylvestris bog
forests
6 T3-J121 Boreal ling Pinus

sylvestris bog
forests
6 T3-J122 Boreal cowberry

forests
6 T3-J123 Boreal bog
rosemary Pinus
sylvestris bog
forests
5 T3-J13 Boreal cottonsedge

forests
4 T3-J2 Boreal sphagnum

Pinus sylvestris fen
forests
5 T3-J21 Boreal globe sedge

forests
5 T3-J22 Boreal dwarf scrub

forests
6 T3-J221 Boreal leatherleaf

forests
6 T3-J222 Boreal bog bilberry

forests
5 T3-J23 Boreal neutrocline

sphagnum Pinus
sylvestris fen
forests
4 T3-J3 Boreal brown moss

forests
4 T3-J4 Pinus mugo bog

forests
4 T3-J5 Nemoral Pinus

sylvestris mire
forests
5 T3-J51 Northern bilberry
Pinus sylvestris mire
forests
6 T3-J511 Inland northern

bilberry Pinus
sylvestris mire
forests
6 T3-J512 Coastal northern

bilberry Pinus
sylvestris mire
forests
5 T3-J52 Hercynian Pinus

sylvestris mire
forests
5 T3-J53 Small reed Pinus

sylvestris mire
forests
4 T3-J6 Balkan Pinus

sylvestris mire
forests
5 T3-J61 Illyrian Pinus

sylvestris mire
forests
5 T3-J62 Moesian Pinus

sylvestris mire
forests
4 T3-J7 Steppe Pinus

sylvestris mire
forests
3 T3-K Picea mire forest Evergreen coniferous Sphagnum Picea abies
forest, often open and low- girgensohnii Vaccinium
growing, dominated by Picea abies myrtillus
Picea abies) and sometimes Bazzania Vaccinium
forming extensive stands trilobata vitis-idaea
on peaty soils. Picea bog Polytrichum Sorbus
forest can occur on commune aucuparia
ombrotrophic active bog Calamagrosti Polytrichum
surface on deep peat, but is s villosa commune
more often found on Vaccinium Pleurozium
minerotrophic peats or on vitis-idaea schreberi
shallower peaty soils at Vaccinium Dicranum
mire margins, though in myrtillus scoparium
drier regions being more Lycopodium Sphagnum
extensive on the bog annotinum girgensohnii
surface. Although Picea Sphagnum Deschampsia
abies tends to be the magellanicu flexuosa
canopy dominant other m Hylocomium
tree species are often Lepidozia splendens
present, sometimes Abies reptans Calamagrosti
alba is (co-)dominant in Sphagnum s villosa
more minerotrophic capillifolium Polytrichastr
conditions south of the Plagiotheciu um
Boreal region. Betula m formosum
pubescens, Pinus sylvestris undulatum Oxalis
and Salix spp. are common Listera acetosella
associates sometimes with cordata Eriophorum
Alnus glutinosa and A. Sphagnum vaginatum
incana in somewhat less russowii Dryopteris
oligotrophic situations. Pleurozium dilatata
There is a large variation in schreberi Maianthemu
understorey vegetation, as Dicranodonti m bifolium
the situations range from um Sphagnum
eutrophic to oligotrophic denudatum magellanicu
and ombrotrophic. Tetraphis m
pellucida Sphagnum
Eriophorum capillifolium
4 T3-K1 Boreal Picea and vaginatum Molinia
Picea - Betula fen
and bog forests
5 T3-K11 Boreal acidophile

sphagnum spruce
forests
5 T3-K12 Boreal neutrocline

sphagnum spruce
forests
5 T3-K13 Boreal brown moss

spruce fen forests
4 T3-K2 Boreal Picea swamp

forests
5 T3-K21 Boreal fern spruce
swamp forests
5 T3-K22 Boreal tall-herb

spruce swamp
forests
5 T3-K23 Boreal sedge-

sphagnum spruce
swamp forests
5 T3-K24 Boreal heath-

horsetail spruce
swamp forests
6 T3-K241 Boreal northern

bilberry spruce
swamp forests
6 T3-K242 Boreal cloudberry

spruce swamp
forests
6 T3-K243 Boreal horsetail

spruce swamp
forests
4 T3-K3 Nemoral peatmoss

Picea forests
5 T3-K31 Peri-Alpine
peatmoss spruce
forests
5 T3-K32 Sub-boreal fen

spruce forests
4 T3-K4 Nemoral bog Picea

forests
3 T3-L Coniferous planted Cultivated stands of
forests of non site- coniferous trees planted for
native trees the production of wood,
composed of exotic conifer
species or of European
conifers out of their natural
range
4 T3-L1 Exotic spruce, fir,

larch, douglas fir,
deodar plantations
4 T3-L2 Exotic pine

plantations
4 T3-L3 Other exotic conifer

plantations
3 T3-M Coniferous planted Cultivated stands of

forests of site- coniferous trees planted for
native trees the production of wood,
composed of site native
conifer species
4 T3-M1 Native fir, spruce,

larch, cedar
plantations
4 T3-M2 Native pine

plantations
4 T3-M3 Native cypress,

juniper, yew
plantations
2 T4 Lines of trees, small Stands of trees greater than
anthropogenic 5 m in height or with the
forests, recently potential to achieve this
felled forest, early- height, either in more or
stage forest and less continuous narrow
coppice strips or in small (less than
about 0.5 ha) plantations or
small (less than about 0.5
ha) intensively-managed
forests. Forests and coppice
that is temporarily in a
successional or non-forest
stage but which can be
expected to develop into
forest in the future.
Excludes parkland (E7.1,
E7.2).
3 T4-1 Lines of trees More or less continuous

lines of trees forming strips
within a matrix of grassy or
cultivated land or along
roads, typically used for
shelter or shading. Lines of
trees differ from hedgerows
(SA) in being composed of
species that can grow to at
least 5 m in height and are
not regularly cut down to a
height below 5 m.
3 T4-2 Small broadleaved Plantations and small

deciduous intensively-managed
anthropogenic forests of deciduous
forests broadleaved trees less than
about 0.5 ha in area. If
evergreen broadleaved
species are present, they
have a lower canopy cover
than deciduous species.
3 T4-3 Small broadleaved Plantations and small
evergreen intensively-managed
anthropogenic forests of broadleaved
forests evergreen trees less than
about 0.5 ha in area. If
deciduous broadleaved
species are present, they
have a lower canopy cover
than evergreen species.
3 T4-4 Small coniferous Plantations and small

anthropogenic intensively-managed
forests forests of coniferous trees
less than about 0.5 ha in
area. If broadleaved species
present, they have canopy
cover less than 25%.
3 T4-5 Small mixed Plantations and small

broadleaved and intensively-managed
coniferous forests less than about 0.5
anthropogenic ha in area, with mixed of
forests coniferous and broadleaved
trees. The proportion of
conifers is in the range 25-
75%.
3 T4-6 Early-stage natural Early stages of forest

and semi-natural regrowth or newly-
forests and colonizing forest composed
regrowth predominantly of young
individuals of high-forest
species that are still less
than 5 m in height. Includes
young native forest
replanted with indigenous
trees and naturally-
colonizing stands of non-
native trees.
4 T4-61 Deciduous scrub

forest
4 T4-62 Mixed scrub forest
4 T4-63 Coniferous scrub

forest
4 T4-64 Raised bog pre-

forests
3 T4-7 Coppice and early- Forest treated as coppice

stage plantations without standards.
Plantations with a
dominant canopy of young
trees that are still less than
5 m in height. Plantations
of dwarf trees or shrubs
cultivated for wood or
small-tree production, with
a regular whole-plant
harvesting regime,
including short-rotation
Salix beds for biomass
production, Christmas tree
crops, tree nurseries.
4 T4-71 Coppice
4 T4-72 Early-stage
broadleaved
deciduous
plantations
4 T4-73 Early-stage
broadleaved
evergreen
plantations
4 T4-74 Early-stage
coniferous
plantations
4 T4-75 Early-stage mixed
broadleaved and
coniferous
plantations
4 T4-76 Trees planted for

early whole-tree
harvesting
3 T4-8 Recently felled Land that recently has

areas supported deciduous or
coniferous forest after the
trees have been clear-felled
or burnt. Includes forest
with successional
vegetation dominated by
shrubs provided that these
will soon be overtopped by
a tree canopy. Clearings
with herbaceous vegetation
are considered part of E5
Woodland fringes and
clearings and tall forb
stands although that may
be a temporary stage
before tree cover returns
4 T4-81 Recently felled

areas, formerly
broadleaved trees

areas, formerly
coniferous trees

areas, formerly
mixed broadleaved
and coniferous
trees
4 T4-84 Shrubby clearings

Dominant Old code Old name (scientific) Old Name (english) Relationship comment
species
G Woodland, forest and other Woodland, forest and other same code & name
wooded land wooded land changed
G1 Broadleaved deciduous Broadleaved deciduous wider includes part

woodland woodland of former G4
Salix alba G1.1 Riparian and gallery Riparian and gallery narrower Now only
Salix fragilis woodland, with dominant woodland, with dominant Temperate &
Populus alba Alnus, Betula, Populus or alder, birch, poplar or Boreal; code
Phalaris Salix willow & name
arundinacea changed
Urtica dioica
Populus nigra
Rubus
caesius
G1.11 Riverine Salix woodland Riverine willow woodland narrower Now only
Temperate &
Boreal; code
& name
changed;
Mediterrane
an types are
now T1-41
G1.111 Middle European Salix alba Middle European white same

forests willow forests
G1.1111 Western European white Western European white same

willow forests willow forests
G1.1112 Eastern European poplar- Eastern European poplar- same
willow forests willow forests
G1.114 Continental Salix galleries Continental willow galleries same
G1.1141 Pannonic willow and Pannonic willow and same

poplar-willow galleries poplar-willow galleries
G1.1142 Ponto-Sarmatic steppe Ponto-Sarmatic steppe same

willow galleries willow galleries
G1.11421 Lower Danube willow Lower Danube willow same

galleries galleries
G1.11422 Northern Thracian willow Northern Thracian willow same

galleries galleries
G1.11423 Eastern Ponto-Sarmatic Eastern Ponto-Sarmatic same

steppe willow galleries steppe willow galleries
G1.12 Boreo-alpine riparian Boreo-alpine riparian same

galleries galleries
G1.121 Montane Alnus incana Montane grey alder same

galleries galleries
G1.1211 Alpine grey alder galleries Alpine grey alder galleries same
G1.1212 Apennine grey alder Apennine grey alder same

galleries galleries
G1.1213 Hercynio-Carpathian grey Hercynio-Carpathian grey same

alder galleries alder galleries
G1.12131 Hercynio-Carpathian sage Hercynio-Carpathian sage same
grey alder galleries grey alder galleries
G1.12132 Hercynio-Carpathian caltha Hercynio-Carpathian caltha same

grey alder galleries grey alder galleries
G1.1214 Eastern Carpathian grey Eastern Carpathian grey same

alder galleries alder galleries
G1.1215 Montenegrine grey alder Montenegrine grey alder same

galleries galleries
G1.1216 Balkan Range grey alder Balkan Range grey alder same
galleries galleries
G1.1217 Rhodopide grey alder Rhodopide grey alder same

galleries galleries
G1.122 Dealpine Alnus incana Dealpine grey alder same

galleries galleries
G1.123 Boreal Alnus incana Boreal grey alder galleries same

galleries
G1.124 Boreal Alnus glutinosa Boreal black alder galleries same

galleries
G1.125 Western Siberian Betula Western Siberian birch and same

and pine galleries pine galleries
G1.126 Eastern boreal riverine Eastern boreal riverine same

galleries galleries
G1.127 Ponto-Caucasian montane Ponto-Caucasian montane same

Alnus galleries alder galleries
Alnus G1.2 Mixed riparian floodplain Mixed riparian floodplain narrower split into
glutinosa and gallery woodland and gallery woodland Alnus
Urtica dioica dominated &
Ranunculus non Alnus
ficaria dominated
Alnus incana types
Fraxinus
excelsior
G1.21 Riverine Fraxinus - Alnus Riverine ash - alder same

woodland, wet at high but woodland, wet at high but
not at low water not at low water
G1.211 Fraxinus - Alnus woods of Ash - alder woods of same

rivulets and springs rivulets and springs
G1.2111 Sedge ash-alder woods Sedge ash-alder woods same
G1.2112 Fraxinus - Alnus woods of Fontinal ash-alder woods same

fast-flowing rivers
G1.2113 Cabbage thistle ash-alder Cabbage thistle ash-alder same

woods woods
G1.2114 Hillside spring ash-alder Hillside spring ash-alder same
woods woods
G1.2115 Great horsetail ash-alder Great horsetail ash-alder same

woods woods
G1.2116 Dacio-Moesian ash-alder Dacio-Moesian ash-alder same

woods woods
G1.212 Fraxinus - Alnus woods of Ash - alder woods of fast- same

fast-flowing rivers flowing rivers
G1.2121 Collinar stream ash-alder Collinar stream ash-alder same

woods woods
G1.21211 Stitchwort ash-alder woods Stitchwort ash-alder woods same
G1.21212 Northeastern stream Northeastern stream same

spruce-ash-alder woods spruce-ash-alder woods
G1.2122 Submontane Hercynian Submontane Hercynian same

stream ash-alder woods stream ash-alder woods
G1.2123 Pre-Carpathian stream ash- Pre-Carpathian stream ash- same

alder woods alder woods
G1.213 Fraxinus - Alnus woods of Ash - alder woods of slow same

slow rivers rivers
G1.2131 Central European slow river Central European slow river same
floodplain woods floodplain woods
G1.21311 Central European slow river Central European slow river same
ash-alder woods ash-alder woods
G1.21312 Central European spruce- Central European spruce- same
G1.21313 Moravian oak-beech-alder Moravian oak-beech-alder same

riverine woods riverine woods
G1.2132 West European tall herb West European tall herb same
G1.2133 Ponto-Pannonic tall herb Ponto-Pannonic tall herb same

G1.2134 Eastern Baltic slow river Eastern Baltic slow river same
floodplain woods floodplain woods
G1.21341 Eastern Baltic enchanter's Eastern Baltic enchanter's same

nightshade ash-alder nightshade ash-alder
woods woods
G1.21342 Eastern Baltic slow river Eastern Baltic slow river same
spruce-birch-alder woods spruce-birch-alder woods
G1.2135 Sarmatic ash-alder woods Sarmatic ash-alder woods same
G1.214 Northern Iberian Alnus Northern Iberian alder same

galleries galleries
G1.2141 Galicio-Cantabrian alder Galicio-Cantabrian alder same

galleries galleries
G1.21411 Eume near-natural alder Eume near-natural alder same

galleries galleries
G1.21412 Semi-natural Galicio- Semi-natural Galicio- same

Cantabrian alder galleries Cantabrian alder galleries
G1.2142 Pyreneo-Cantabrian alder Pyreneo-Cantabrian alder same
galleries galleries
G1.2143 Pyreneo-Catalonian alder Pyreneo-Catalonian alder same

galleries galleries
G1.B3 Boreal and boreonemoral Boreal and boreonemoral same

Alnus woods alder woods
G1.B31 Boreal Alnus glutinosa Boreal Alnus glutinosa same

woods woods
G1.B32 Boreal Alnus incana woods Boreal Alnus incana woods same
Fraxinus G1.2 Mixed riparian floodplain Mixed riparian floodplain narrower split into
excelsior and gallery woodland and gallery woodland Alnus
Ranunculus dominated &
ficaria non Alnus
Anemone dominated
nemorosa types
Hedera helix
Lamiastrum
galeobdolon
Quercus
robur
Corylus
avellana
Aegopodium
podagraria
Prunus
padus
Carpinus
betulus
Urtica dioica
Rubus
caesius
Alnus
glutinosa
Ulmus minor
Mercurialis
perennis
Acer
pseudoplata
nus
G1.22 Mixed Quercus - Ulmus - Mixed oak - elm - ash same
Fraxinus woodland of great woodland of great rivers
rivers
G1.221 Great medio-European Great medio-European same

fluvial forests fluvial forests
G1.222 Residual medio-European Residual medio-European same

fluvial forests fluvial forests
G1.223 Southeast European Southeast European ash - same

Fraxinus - Quercus - Alnus oak - alder forests
forests
G1.2231 Illyrian ash-oak-alder Illyrian ash-oak-alder same

forests forests
G1.22311 Illyrian snow-flake ash-oak Illyrian snow-flake ash-oak same

forests forests
G1.22312 Illyrian greenweed oak-ash Illyrian greenweed oak-ash same

forests forests
G1.22313 Illyrian riparian oak- Illyrian riparian oak- same

hornbeam forests hornbeam forests
G1.2232 Helleno-Balkanic ash-oak- Helleno-Balkanic ash-oak- same

alder forests alder forests
G1.22321 Hellenic ash-oak-alder Hellenic ash-oak-alder same

forests forests
G1.22322 Coastal Bulgarian longos Coastal Bulgarian longos same

forests forests
G1.22323 Central Balkan ash-oak- Central Balkan ash-oak- same
G1.22324 Albanian ash-oak-alder Albanian ash-oak-alder same

forests forests
G1.22325 Montenegrine ash-oak- Montenegrine ash-oak- same

G1.22326 Istrian ash-oak-alder forests Istrian ash-oak-alder forests same
G1.2233 Pannonic ash-oak-alder Pannonic ash-oak-alder same

forests forests
G1.2234 Getic oak-elm-ash forests Getic oak-elm-ash forests same
G1.224 Po Quercus - Fraxinus - Po oak - ash - alder forests same

Alnus forests
G1.225 Sarmatic riverine Quercus Sarmatic riverine oak same

forests forests
Platanus G1.3 Mediterranean riparian Mediterranean riparian same name &
orientalis woodland woodland description
Populus alba changed
Populus nigra
Rubus
ulmifolius
Salix alba
Hedera helix
G1.11 Riverine Salix woodland Riverine Salix woodland narrower split into
Mediterrane
an (T1-41) &
boreal/temp
erate (T1-11)
G1.112 Mediterranean tall Salix Mediterranean tall willow same

galleries galleries
G1.1121 Mediterranean white Mediterranean white same

willow galleries willow galleries
G1.11211 Central Iberian Salix Central Iberian Salix same
neotricha galleries neotricha galleries
G1.11212 Eumediterranean white Eumediterranean white same

and crack willow galleries and crack willow galleries
G1.1122 Olive-leaved and ashy Olive-leaved and ashy same

willow riparian woods willow riparian woods
G1.11221 Iberian olive-leaved willow Iberian olive-leaved willow same

woods woods
G1.11222 Andalusian olive-leaved Andalusian olive-leaved same

willow woods willow woods
G1.11223 Sardinian olive-leaved Sardinian olive-leaved same

willow woods willow woods
G1.11224 Italo-Hellenic ashy willow Italo-Hellenic ashy willow same

riparian woods riparian woods
G1.113 Canary Island Salix galleries Canary Island willow same

galleries
G1.31 Mediterranean riparian Mediterranean riparian same

Populus forests poplar forests
G1.311 Iberian poplar galleries Iberian poplar galleries same
G1.312 Provenço-Languedocian Provenço-Languedocian same

poplar galleries poplar galleries
G1.313 Cyrno-Sardinian poplar Cyrno-Sardinian poplar same

galleries galleries
G1.314 Italic poplar galleries Italic poplar galleries same
G1.315 East Mediterranean poplar East Mediterranean poplar same

galleries galleries
G1.3151 Nestos riparian forests Nestos riparian forests same
G1.3152 Hellenic white poplar Hellenic white poplar same

riparian forests riparian forests
G1.3153 Northern Hellenic black Northern Hellenic black same

poplar riparian forests poplar riparian forests
G1.3154 Hellenic downy poplar Hellenic downy poplar same

riparian forests riparian forests
G1.3155 Rhodopide Mediterranean Rhodopide Mediterranean same

G1.3156 Paeonian poplar galleries Paeonian poplar galleries same
G1.3157 East Adriatic poplar East Adriatic poplar same

galleries galleries
G1.32 Mediterranean riparian Mediterranean riparian elm same

Ulmus forests forests
G1.33 Mediterranean riparian Mediterranean riparian ash same

Fraxinus woods woods
G1.331 Iberian supra- Iberian supra- same

Mediterranean ash Mediterranean ash
galleries galleries
G1.332 Iberian meso- Iberian meso- same
Mediterranean ash Mediterranean ash
galleries galleries
G1.333 Baetic ash-maple galleries Baetic ash-maple galleries same
G1.334 Tyrrhenian ash-alder Tyrrhenian ash-alder same

galleries galleries
G1.335 Italic ash galleries Italic ash galleries same
G1.336 Hellenic ash galleries Hellenic ash galleries same
G1.34 Mediterranean riverine Mediterranean riparian same

Ostrya carpinifolia galleries hop-hornbeam galleries
G1.35 Mediterraneo-Pontic Mediterraneo-Pontic same

riverine Fraxinus forests riverine ash forests
G1.36 Ponto-Sarmatic mixed Ponto-Sarmatic mixed same

Populus riverine forests poplar riverine forests
G1.361 Western Pontic poplar Western Pontic poplar same

galleries galleries
G1.3611 Western Pontic white Western Pontic white same

G1.3612 Western Pontic white-black Western Pontic white-black same

G1.362 Danube delta galleries Danube delta galleries same

G1.3621 Danube delta periploca- Danube delta periploca- same
poplar-oak-ash galleries poplar-oak-ash galleries
G1.3622 Danube delta Hippophae- Danube delta Hippophae- same

Populus canescens galleries Populus canescens galleries
G1.363 Southern Sarmatic poplar Southern Sarmatic poplar same

and elm galleries and elm galleries
G1.364 Central and eastern Pontic Central and eastern Pontic same
poplar forests poplar forests
G1.365 Central European poplar Central European poplar same

galleries galleries
G1.37 Irano-Anatolian mixed Irano-Anatolian mixed same

riverine forests riverine forests
G1.38 Platanus orientalis woods Oriental plane woods same
G1.381 Helleno-Balkanic riparian Helleno-Balkanic riparian same

plane forests plane forests
G1.382 Hellenic slope plane woods Hellenic slope plane woods same
G1.383 Sicilian plane tree canyons Sicilian plane tree canyons same
G1.384 Anatolian plane forests Anatolian plane forests same

G1.385 Cyprian plane forests Cyprian plane forests same
G1.386 Levantine plane forests Levantine plane forests same
G1.39 Liquidambar orientalis Sweet gum woods same

woods
G1.13 Southern Alnus and Betula Southern alder and birch same
galleries galleries
G1.131 Southern Alnus glutinosa Southern black alder same

galleries galleries
G1.1311 Iberian meso- Iberian meso- same

Mediterranean alder Mediterranean alder
galleries galleries
G1.1312 Iberian supra- Iberian supra- same

Mediterranean alder Mediterranean alder
galleries galleries
G1.1313 Western Mediterranean Western Mediterranean same

alder and ash-alder alder and ash-alder
galleries galleries
G1.1314 Aegean alder galleries Aegean alder galleries same
G1.132 Rhododendron - Alnus Rhododendron - alder same

galleries galleries
G1.133 Corsican Alnus cordata and Corsican black and cordate same
Alnus glutinosa galleries alder galleries
G1.134 Relict Betula galleries of Relict birch galleries of same

Cordillera Oretana Cordillera Oretana
Alnus G1.4 Broadleaved swamp Broadleaved swamp same name &
glutinosa woodland not on acid peat woodland not on acid peat description
Carex changed
acutiformis
Carex
elongata
Thelypteris
palustris
Fraxinus
excelsior
Carex
paniculata
G1.41 Alnus swamp woods not on Alder swamp woods not on same
acid peat acid peat
G1.411 Meso-eutrophic swamp Meso-eutrophic swamp same

G1.4111 Atlantic greater tussock- Atlantic greater tussock- same

sedge alder woods sedge alder woods
G1.4112 Elongated-sedge swamp Elongated-sedge swamp same

G1.4113 East European swamp alder East European swamp alder same
woods woods
G1.4114 Sub-boreal swamp alder Sub-boreal swamp alder same
woods woods
G1.4115 Eastern Carpathian Alnus Eastern Carpathian alder same

glutinosa swamp woods swamp woods
G1.41151 Pre-Carpathian alder Pre-Carpathian alder same

swamp woods swamp woods
G1.41152 Intra-Carpathian elongated Intra-Carpathian elongated same

sedge alder swamp woods sedge alder swamp woods
G1.412 Oligotrophic swamp alder Oligotrophic swamp alder same

woods woods
G1.413 Southern Helleno-Balkanic Southern Helleno-Balkanic same

swamp alder woods swamp alder woods
G1.414 Steppe swamp Alnus Steppe swamp alder woods same

glutinosa woods
G1.4141 Pannonic swamp alder-ash Pannonic swamp alder-ash same

woods woods
G1.4142 Sarmatic swamp alder Sarmatic swamp alder same

woods woods
G1.415 Boreal swamp alder woods Boreal swamp alder woods same
G1.42 Quercus swamp woods Oak swamp woods same
G1.43 Populus tremula swamp Aspen swamp woods same

woods
G1.44 Wet-ground woodland of Wet-ground woodland of same
the Black and Caspian Seas the Black and Caspian Seas
Betula G1.5 Broadleaved swamp Broadleaved swamp same new

pubescens woodland on acid peat woodland on acid peat description
Molinia
caerulea agg.
Betula
pendula
Sphagnum
palustre
Sphagnum
fallax
Eriophorum
vaginatum
G1.51 Sphagnum Betula woods Sphagnum birch woods same
G1.511 Cottonsedge sphagnum Cottonsedge sphagnum same

birch woods birch woods
G1.512 Sedge sphagnum birch Sedge sphagnum birch same

woods woods
G1.513 Meso-acidophilous birch Meso-acidophilous birch same

G1.52 Alnus swamp woods on Alder swamp woods on same
acid peat acid peat
Fagus G1.6 Fagus woodland Beech woodland narrower split into acid
sylvatica & non acidic
Galium types
odoratum
G1.63 Medio-European Medio-European same

neutrophile Fagus forests neutrophile beech forests
G1.631 Medio-European collinar Medio-European collinar same

neutrophile beech forests neutrophile beech forests
G1.6311 Medio-European wood Medio-European wood same

barley beech forests barley beech forests
G1.6312 Medio-European woodruff Medio-European woodruff same

and hairy sedge beech and hairy sedge beech
forests forests
G1.632 Atlantic neutrophile beech Atlantic neutrophile beech same
forests forests
G1.6321 Calcicline bluebell beech Calcicline bluebell beech same

forests forests
G1.6322 Neutrocline bluebell beech Neutrocline bluebell beech same

forests forests
G1.633 Medio-European montane Medio-European montane same

G1.6331 Jura bittercress beech Jura bittercress beech same

forests forests
G1.6332 Western Alps bittercress Western Alps bittercress same

beech forests beech forests
G1.6333 Austro-Bavarian Alps Austro-Bavarian Alps same

bittercress beech forests bittercress beech forests
G1.6334 Southeastern Alpine Southeastern Alpine same

G1.6335 Vosges bittercress beech Vosges bittercress beech same

forests forests
G1.6336 Black Forest bittercress Black Forest bittercress same

G1.6337 Northern Hercynian Northern Hercynian same

G1.6338 Bohemian Quadrangle Bohemian Quadrangle same

G1.6339 Western Carpathian Western Carpathian same
G1.634 Bohemian lime-beech Bohemian lime-beech same

forests forests
G1.635 Pannonic neutrophile Pannonic neutrophile same

G1.6351 Sub-Pannonic beech forests Sub-Pannonic beech forests same

collinar beech forests collinar beech forests

montane beech forests montane beech forests
G1.64 Pyreneo-Cantabrian Pyreneo-Cantabrian same

neutrophile Fagus forests neutrophile beech forests
G1.641 Hygrophile Pyrenean beech Hygrophile Pyrenean beech same

forests forests
G1.642 Mesophile Pyrenean beech Mesophile Pyrenean beech same

forests forests
G1.643 Sub-humid oro-Cantabrian Sub-humid oro-Cantabrian same

G1.644 Humid Central Massif fir- Humid Central Massif fir- same
G1.65 Medio-European subalpine Medio-European subalpine same

Fagus woods beech woods
G1.66 Medio-European limestone Medio-European limestone same
Fagus forests beech forests
G1.661 Middle European dry-slope Middle European dry-slope same

limestone beech forests limestone beech forests
G1.6611 Medio-European dry slope Medio-European dry slope same

sedge beech forests sedge beech forests
G1.6612 Medio-European steep Medio-European steep same

slope yew beech forests slope yew beech forests
G1.6613 Medio-European blue Medio-European blue same

moorgrass beech forests moorgrass beech forests
G1.6614 Medio-European naked Medio-European naked same

basiphile beech forests basiphile beech forests
G1.6615 Pannonic limestone beech Pannonic limestone beech same

forests forests
G1.662 Northwestern Iberian Northwestern Iberian same

xerophile beech woods xerophile beech woods
G1.67 Southern medio-European Southern medio-European narrower split into acid

Fagus forests beech forests & non acidic
types
G1.674 Alpino-Apennine Alpino-Apennine same

G1.675 Sub-Mediterranean Sub-Mediterranean same

calcicolous beech forests calcicolous beech forests
G1.6751 Box beech forests Box beech forests same

G1.6752 Androsace beech forests Androsace beech forests same
G1.6753 Lavender beech forests Lavender beech forests same
G1.6754 Sainte-Baume beech forest Sainte-Baume beech forest same
G1.676 Pre-Alpine hop-hornbeam Pre-Alpine hop-hornbeam same

G1.68 Southern Italian Fagus Southern Italian beech same

forests forests
G1.681 Gargano beech forest Gargano beech forest same
G1.682 Campano-Lucanian beech Campano-Lucanian beech same

forests forests
G1.683 Pollino beech forests Pollino beech forests same
G1.684 Sila beech forests Sila beech forests same
G1.685 Aspromonte beech forests Aspromonte beech forests same
G1.686 Northern Sicilian beech Northern Sicilian beech same

forests forests
G1.687 Etna beech forests Etna beech forests same

G1.69 Moesian Fagus forests Moesian beech forests narrower split into acid
& non acidic
types
G1.691 Southwestern Moesian Southwestern Moesian narrower split into acid

beech forests beech forests & non acidic
types
G1.6912 Southwestern Moesian Southwestern Moesian same


bedstraw-beech forests bedstraw-beech forests
G1.69122 Southwestern Moesian fir- Southwestern Moesian fir- same


beech-hornbeam forests beech-hornbeam forests

subalpine beech forests subalpine beech forests
G1.692 Southeastern Moesian Southeastern Moesian same


woodrush-beech forests woodrush-beech forests


bedstraw-beech forests bedstraw-beech forests
G1.69222 Southeastern Moesian fir- Southeastern Moesian fir- same

beech-hornbeam forests beech-hornbeam forests

subalpine beech forests subalpine beech forests

Ostrya-beech forests Ostrya-beech forests
G1.693 Balkan Range beech forests Balkan Range beech forests same
G1.6932 Balkan Range neutrophile Balkan Range neutrophile same

G1.69321 Balkan Range bedstraw- Balkan Range bedstraw- same

G1.69322 Balkan Range fir-beech Balkan Range fir-beech same

forests forests
G1.69323 Balkan Range beech- Balkan Range beech- same

G1.6933 Balkan Range subalpine Balkan Range subalpine same

G1.6934 Balkan Range thermophile Balkan Range thermophile same

G1.69341 Balkan Range Ostrya-beech Balkan Range Ostrya-beech same

forests forests
G1.69342 Moesian Constantinople Moesian Constantinople same

hazel beech forests hazel beech forests
G1.694 South-Dinaric beech forests South-Dinaric beech forests same
G1.6A Hellenic Fagus forests Hellenic beech forests same
G1.6A1 Pindus Hellenic beech Pindus Hellenic beech same

forests forests
G1.6A2 Olympian Hellenic beech Olympian Hellenic beech same

forests forests
G1.6B Mediterraneo-Moesian Mediterraneo-Moesian same

G1.6C Illyrian Fagus forests Illyrian beech forests narrower split into acid
& non acidic
types
G1.6C2 Illyrian neutrophile beech Illyrian neutrophile beech same

forests forests
G1.6C21 Illyrian collinar neutrophile Illyrian collinar neutrophile same

G1.6C22 Illyrian montane fir-beech Illyrian montane fir-beech same
forests forests
G1.6C222 Illyrian low-montane Illyrian low-montane same

neutrophile fir-beech neutrophile fir-beech
forests forests
G1.6C223 Illyrian high-montane fir- Illyrian high-montane fir- same

G1.6C3 Illyrian thermophile beech Illyrian thermophile beech same

forests forests
G1.6C31 Illyrian coastal beech Illyrian coastal beech same

forests forests
G1.6C32 Illyrian inland calciphile Illyrian inland calciphile same

G1.6C321 Illyrian hop-hornbeam Illyrian hop-hornbeam same

G1.6C322 Illyrian Helleborus odorus Illyrian Helleborus odorus same

G1.6C323 Illyrian Acer obtusatum Illyrian Acer obtusatum same

G1.6C4 Illyrian subalpine beech Illyrian subalpine beech same

forests forests
G1.6D Dacian Fagus forests Dacian beech forests narrower split into acid
& non acidic
types
G1.6D2 East Carpathian East Carpathian same

G1.6D21 Dacian Symphytum beech Dacian Symphytum beech same
forests forests
G1.6D211 Dacian Dentaria glandulosa Dacian Dentaria glandulosa same

G1.6D212 Dacian Pulmonaria rubra Dacian Pulmonaria rubra same

fir-beech forests fir-beech forests
G1.6D22 Dacian hairy sedge beech- Dacian hairy sedge beech- same
G1.6D3 East Carpathian subalpine East Carpathian subalpine same

G1.6D31 Dacian subalpine beech- Dacian subalpine beech- same

spruce forest spruce forest
G1.6D32 Dacian subalpine Dacian subalpine same

gooseberry beech forests gooseberry beech forests
G1.6D4 East Carpathian calciphile East Carpathian calciphile same

G1.6D5 South Carpathian South Carpathian same

thermophilous beech thermophilous beech
forests forests
G1.6D51 South Carpathian Aremonia South Carpathian Aremonia same

G1.6D52 South Carpathian Corylus South Carpathian Corylus same

colurna beech forests colurna beech forests
G1.6D53 South Carpathian South Carpathian same

Helleborus odorus beech Helleborus odorus beech
forests forests
G1.6E Pontic Fagus forests Pontic beech forests same
G1.6E1 Western Pontic beech Western Pontic beech same

forests forests
G1.6E11 Eastern Balkan Range Eastern Balkan Range same

oriental beech forests oriental beech forests
G1.6E12 Stranja oriental beech Stranja oriental beech same

forests forests
G1.6E121 Stranja bearberry tree- Stranja bearberry tree- same

G1.6E122 Stranja rhododendron- Stranja rhododendron- same

G1.6E13 Western Pontic Western Pontic same

rhododendron-oriental rhododendron-oriental
G1.6E14 Western Pontic calciphile Western Pontic calciphile same

G1.6E15 Western Pontic neutrocline Western Pontic neutrocline same

G1.6E16 Western Pontic calciphile Western Pontic calciphile same

G1.6E2 Western sub-Pontic beech- Western sub-Pontic beech- same

oak forests oak forests
G1.6F Dobrogea Fagus forest Dobrogea beech forest same

G1.6G Crimean Fagus forests Crimean beech forests same
G1.6H Caucasian Fagus forests Caucasian beech forests same
G1.6I Caspian Fagus forests Caspian beech forests same
G1.6J Eastern oro-Mediterranean Eastern oro-Mediterranean same

Fagus G1.6 Fagus woodland Beech woodland narrower split into acid
sylvatica & non acidic
Vaccinium types
myrtillus
Deschampsia
flexuosa

acidophilous Fagus forests acidophilous beech forests
G1.611 Medio-European collinar Medio-European collinar same
woodrush beech forests woodrush beech forests
G1.6111 Western Hercynian collinar Western Hercynian collinar same

G1.6112 Hercyno-Jurassian collinar Hercyno-Jurassian collinar same

G1.6113 Peri-Alpine collinar Peri-Alpine collinar same

G1.6114 Western sub-Pannonic Western sub-Pannonic same

collinar woodrush beech collinar woodrush beech
forests forests
G1.6115 Pannonic collinar woodrush Pannonic collinar woodrush same

G1.612 Medio-European montane Medio-European montane same

G1.6121 Hercyno-Alpine montane Hercyno-Alpine montane same

G1.6122 Western medio-European Western medio-European same

montane woodrush beech montane woodrush beech
forests forests
G1.62 Atlantic acidophilous Fagus Atlantic acidophilous beech same

forests forests
G1.621 Germano-Baltic Germano-Baltic same

acidophilous beech forests acidophilous beech forests
G1.622 Sub-Atlantic acidophilous Sub-Atlantic acidophilous same
G1.623 Armorican acidophilous Armorican acidophilous same

G1.624 Pyreneo-Cantabrian Pyreneo-Cantabrian same

G1.625 Western Cantabrian Western Cantabrian same

G1.626 Galician acidophilous Galician acidophilous same

G1.627 Humid Iberian acidophilous Humid Iberian acidophilous same

G1.628 Hyper-humid Iberian Hyper-humid Iberian same

G1.629 Ayllon acidophilous beech Ayllon acidophilous beech same

forests forests
G1.67 Southern medio-European Southern medio-European narrower split into acid

Fagus forests beech forests & non acidic
types
G1.671 Alpino-Apennine Alpino-Apennine same

G1.672 Pyreneo-Cevennian Pyreneo-Cevennian same
acidophilous beech forest acidophilous beech forest
G1.673 Corsican beech forests Corsican beech forests same
G1.6C Illyrian Fagus forests Illyrian beech forests narrower split into acid
& non acidic
types
G1.6C1 Illyrian woodrush-beech Illyrian woodrush-beech same

forests forests
G1.6C221 Illyrian low-montane Illyrian low-montane same level

acidocline fir-beech forests acidocline fir-beech forests changed
G1.69 Moesian Fagus forests Moesian beech forests narrower split into acid
& non acidic
types
G1.6D Dacian Fagus forests Dacian beech forests narrower split into acid
& non acidic
types
G1.6D1 East Carpathian acidophile East Carpathian acidophile same

G1.6D11 Dacian woodrush-beech Dacian woodrush-beech same

forests forests
G1.6D12 Dacian Galium Dacian Galium same

kitaibelianum beech forests kitaibelianum beech forests
G1.6D13 Dacian Galium Dacian Galium same

rotundifolium beech forests rotundifolium beech forests
G1.6D213 Dacian Leucanthemum Dacian Leucanthemum same

G1.6D54 South Carpathian Festuca South Carpathian Festuca same

drymeja beech forests drymeja beech forests
G1.691 Southwestern Moesian Southwestern Moesian narrower split into acid

beech forests beech forests & non acidic
types
woodrush-beech forests woodrush-beech forests
G1.6931 Balkan Range acidophile Balkan Range acidophile same

G1.69311 Balkan Range woodrush- Balkan Range woodrush- same

G1.69312 Balkan Range cherry-laurel Balkan Range cherry-laurel same

G1.69324 Balkan Range Festuca Balkan Range Festuca same

drymeja beech forests drymeja beech forests
Quercus G1.7 Thermophilous deciduous Thermophilous deciduous narrower split into

pubescens woodland woodland Mediterrane
Quercus an and
cerris temperate/s
Quercus ubmediterra
petraea nean types
Ostrya
carpinifolia
Quercus
frainetto
Quercus
faginea
Quercus
robur
Hedera helix
Carpinus
orientalis
Buxus
semperviren
s
Brachypodiu
m pinnatum
G1.71 Western Quercus Western white oak woods same
pubescens woods and and related communities
related communities
G1.711 Western Quercus Western Quercus same

pubescens woods pubescens woods
G1.7111 Southwestern Quercus Southwestern Quercus same

G1.7112 Northern Quercus Northern Quercus same

G1.712 Sub-Mediterranean Sub-Mediterranean same

Quercus petraea-Q. robur Quercus petraea-Q. robur
woods woods
G1.713 Quercus palensis woods Quercus palensis woods same
G1.714 Eu-Mediterranean white Eu-Mediterranean white same

oak woods oak woods
G1.72 Cyrno-Sardinian Quercus Cyrno-Sardinian white oak same

pubescens woods woods
G1.73 Eastern Quercus pubescens Eastern white oak woods same

woods
G1.731 Northern Italic Quercus Northern Italic Quercus same

G1.732 Italo-Sicilian Quercus Italo-Sicilian Quercus same

G1.733 Hellenic Quercus Hellenic Quercus same
G1.734 Aegean Quercus anatolica Aegean Quercus anatolica same

woods woods
G1.735 Aegean Quercus Aegean Quercus same

brachyphylla woods brachyphylla woods
G1.736 Dalmatian white oak woods Dalmatian white oak woods same
G1.737 Eastern sub-Mediterranean Eastern sub-Mediterranean same

white oak woods white oak woods
G1.7371 Thracian white oak-oriental Thracian white oak-oriental same

hornbeam woods hornbeam woods
G1.7372 Moesian white oak woods Moesian white oak woods same
G1.73721 Moesian white oak-oriental Moesian white oak-oriental same

G1.73722 Lydian greenweed-white Lydian greenweed-white same

oak woods oak woods
G1.73723 Moesian Paeonia Moesian Paeonia same

peregrina-white oak woods peregrina-white oak woods
G1.73724 Moesian Galium Moesian Galium same

dasypodium-white oak dasypodium-white oak
woods woods
G1.73725 Acanthus white oak woods Acanthus white oak woods same
G1.73726 Moesian Echinops-white Moesian Echinops-white same
oak woods oak woods
G1.7373 Intra-Carpathian insular Intra-Carpathian insular same

Quercus virgiliana woods Quercus virgiliana woods
G1.7374 Pannonian Quercus Pannonianwhite oak woods same

pubescens woods
G1.73741 Pannonian white oak- Pannonian white oak- same

manna tree woods manna tree woods
G1.73742 Pannonian karst white oak Pannonian karst white oak same
low woods low woods
G1.7375 Illyrian white oak woods Illyrian white oak woods same
G1.73751 Illyrian hop-hornbeam Illyrian hop-hornbeam same

G1.73752 Illyrian oriental hornbeam Illyrian oriental hornbeam same

G1.738 Euxinian white oak woods Euxinian white oak woods same
G1.74 Italo-Illyrian Ostrya Italo-Illyrian hop-hornbeam same

carpinifolia sub- sub-thermophilous oak
thermophilous Quercus woods
woods
G1.741 Northern Italian Quercus Northern Italian Quercus same

cerris woods cerris woods
G1.742 Dalmatian thermophile Dalmatian thermophile same
turkey oak-sessile oak turkey oak-sessile oak
woods woods
G1.7421 Dalmatian Quercus cerris Dalmatian Quercus cerris same

woods woods
G1.7422 Dalmatian Quercus petraea Dalmatian Quercus petraea same

woods woods
G1.743 Illyrian thermophile turkey Illyrian thermophile turkey same

oak-sessile oak woods oak-sessile oak woods
G1.7431 Illyrian hop-hornbeam Illyrian hop-hornbeam same

mixed oak woods mixed oak woods
G1.7432 Illyrian black pea sessile Illyrian black pea sessile same
oak woods oak woods
G1.75 Southeastern sub- Southeastern sub- same

thermophilous Quercus thermophilous oak woods
woods
G1.751 Southern Italic Southern Italic same

subthermophilous oak subthermophilous oak
woods woods
G1.7511 Southern Italic Quercus Southern Italic Quercus same


frainetto woods frainetto woods

petraea woods petraea woods
G1.752 Southern Hellenic Southern Hellenic same
woods woods
G1.7521 Southern Hellenic Quercus Southern Hellenic Quercus same

G1.7522 Southern Hellenic Quercus Southern Hellenic Quercus same

frainetto woods frainetto woods
G1.753 Eastern Mediterranean Eastern Mediterranean same

woods woods
G1.76 Balkano-Anatolian Balkano-Anatolian same

thermophilous Quercus thermophilous oak forests
forests
G1.761 Helleno-Moesian Quercus Helleno-Moesian Quercus same

cerris forests cerris forests

frainetto forests frainetto forests

dalechampii forests. dalechampii forests.
G1.764 Helleno-Moesian montane Helleno-Moesian montane same


petraea forests petraea forests
G1.7642 Rila Quercus Rila Quercus same

protoroburoides forests protoroburoides forests

virgiliana forests virgiliana forests
pedunculiflora forests pedunculiflora forests

polycarpa forests polycarpa forests
G1.768 Moesio-Danubian Moesio-Danubian same

thermophilous oak forests thermophilous oak forests
G1.7681 Moesio-Danubian Moesio-Danubian same

xerothermal oak forests xerothermal oak forests
G1.76811 Moesio-Danubian Quercus Moesio-Danubian Quercus same

frainetto-Quercus cerris frainetto-Quercus cerris
forests forests
G1.76812 Moesio-Danubian oriental Moesio-Danubian oriental same

hornbeam Quercus cerris hornbeam Quercus cerris
forests forests
G1.76813 Moesio-Danubian mixed Moesio-Danubian mixed same

oak Quercus frainetto oak Quercus frainetto
forests forests
G1.7682 Moesio-Danubian oriental Moesio-Danubian oriental same

hornbeam-durmast oak hornbeam-durmast oak
forests forests
G1.76821 Central Moesian Quercus Central Moesian Quercus same

dalechampii-oriental dalechampii-oriental
G1.76822 Moesio-Danubian bedstraw Moesio-Danubian bedstraw same

sessile oak forests sessile oak forests
G1.7683 Dobrogean oriental Dobrogean oriental same
hornbeam-lime-oak forests hornbeam-lime-oak forests
G1.76831 Dobrogean paeonia sessile Dobrogean paeonia sessile same

G1.76832 Dobrogean sessile oak- Dobrogean sessile oak- same

lime-oriental hornbeam- lime-oriental hornbeam-
ash forests ash forests
G1.76833 Dobrogean Quercus Dobrogean Quercus same

pedunculiflora-lime- pedunculiflora-lime-
oriental hornbeam forests oriental hornbeam forests
G1.769 Getic sub-continental Getic sub-continental same

thermophilous oak woods thermophilous oak woods
G1.7691 Getic white cinquefoil Getic white cinquefoil same

Quercus cerris forests Quercus cerris forests
G1.7692 Getic early sedge Quercus Getic early sedge Quercus same
frainetto forests frainetto forests
G1.7693 Getic crocus Quercus Getic crocus Quercus same

frainetto -Quercus cerris frainetto -Quercus cerris
forests forests
G1.7694 Getic Q. frainetto -Q. cerris Getic Q. frainetto -Q. cerris same
-Q. petraea forests -Q. petraea forests
G1.7695 Getic Quercus frainetto Getic Quercus frainetto same

-Quercus petraea s.l. -Quercus petraea s.l.
forests forests
G1.7696 Pre-Carpathian Quercus Pre-Carpathian Quercus same

cerris -Quercus petraea s.l. cerris -Quercus petraea s.l.
forests forests
G1.76A Thracian sub-continental Thracian sub-continental same
thermophilous oak woods thermophilous oak woods
G1.76A1 Euxino-Thracian Quercus Euxino-Thracian Quercus same

frainetto -Quercus cerris frainetto -Quercus cerris
forests forests
G1.76A11 Thracian Quercus frainetto Thracian Quercus frainetto same

-Quercus cerris forests -Quercus cerris forests
G1.76A12 Sub-Euxinian Quercus Sub-Euxinian Quercus same

frainetto - Quercus cerris frainetto - Quercus cerris
forests forests
G1.76A2 Thracian Quercus frainetto Thracian Quercus frainetto same

- Quercus virgiliana forests - Quercus virgiliana forests
G1.76A3 Thracian Quercus Thracian Quercus same

pedunculiflora forests pedunculiflora forests
G1.76A4 Stranja Quercus polycarpa Stranja Quercus polycarpa same

forests forests
G1.76A41 Stranja Primula rosea - Stranja Primula rosea - same

Quercus polycarpa forests Quercus polycarpa forests
G1.76A42 Stranja Fagus orientalis - Stranja Fagus orientalis - same

Quercus polycarpa forests Quercus polycarpa forests
G1.76A5 Southeastern Thracian Southeastern Thracian same

thermophilous oak forests thermophilous oak forests
G1.76B Western Anatolian sub- Western Anatolian sub- same

continental thermophilous continental thermophilous
oak woods oak woods
G1.77 Afro-Iberian thermophilous Afro-Iberian thermophilous same
Quercus forests oak forests
G1.771 Spanish Quercus faginea Spanish Quercus faginea same

forests forests
G1.7711 Western Spanish Quercus Western Spanish Quercus same

faginea forests faginea forests
G1.7712 Central Spanish Quercus Central Spanish Quercus same

G1.7713 Eastern Spanish Quercus Eastern Spanish Quercus same

G1.7714 Baetic Quercus faginea Baetic Quercus faginea same

forests forests
G1.7715 Valencian Quercus faginea Valencian Quercus faginea same

forests forests
G1.772 Portuguese Quercus Portuguese Quercus same

G1.773 Andalusian Quercus Andalusian Quercus same

canariensis forests canariensis forests
G1.774 Catalonian Quercus Catalonian Quercus same

canariensis stands canariensis stands
G1.775 Balearic Quercus faginea Balearic Quercus faginea same

woods woods
G1.78 Quercus trojana woodland Trojan oak woodland same

G1.781 Helleno-Balkanic Trojan oak Helleno-Balkanic Trojan oak same
woods woods
G1.782 Apulian Trojan oak woods Apulian Trojan oak woods same
G1.7A Steppe Quercus woods Steppe oak woods same
G1.7A1 Euro-Siberian steppe Euro-Siberian steppe oak same

Quercus woods woods
G1.7A11 White cinquefoil oak woods White cinquefoil oak woods same
G1.7A111 Western white cinquefoil Western white cinquefoil same

sessile oak woods sessile oak woods
G1.7A112 Pannonic turkey oak-sessile Pannonic turkey oak-sessile same

oak woods oak woods
G1.7A113 Pannonic hairy greenweed Pannonic hairy greenweed same

sessile oak woods sessile oak woods
G1.7A114 Sarmatic cinquefoil oak Sarmatic cinquefoil oak same

woods woods
G1.7A115 Getic thermophilous sessile Getic thermophilous sessile same

G1.7A116 Moravian serpentine oak Moravian serpentine oak same

woods woods
G1.7A1151 Getic-pre-Carpathic Festuca Getic-pre-Carpathic Festuca same

drymeia oak forests drymeia oak forests
G1.7A1152 Getic-pre-Carpathic Getic-pre-Carpathic same
Aremonia oak forests Aremonia oak forests
G1.7A12 Tartar maple steppe oak Tartar maple steppe oak same
woods woods
G1.7A121 Pannonic steppe oak Pannonic steppe oak same

woods woods
G1.7A122 Ponto-Sarmatic steppe oak Ponto-Sarmatic steppe oak same

woods woods
G1.7A1211 Pannonic loess steppe oak Pannonic loess steppe oak same
woods woods
G1.7A1212 Pannonic alkali steppe oak Pannonic alkali steppe oak same
woods woods
G1.7A1213 Pannonic sand steppe oak Pannonic sand steppe oak same
woods woods
G1.7A123 Getic tartar maple steppe Getic tartar maple steppe same
oak woods oak woods
G1.7A1221 Pontic Acer tataricum-Q. Pontic Acer tataricum-Q. same

pedunculiflora steppe pedunculiflora steppe
woods woods
G1.7A1222 Pontic Acer tataricum- Pontic Acer tataricum- same

Quercus pubescens steppe Quercus pubescens steppe
woods woods
G1.7A1223 Pontic Acer tataricum-Q. Pontic Acer tataricum-Q. same

cerris-Q. pedunculiflora cerris-Q. pedunculiflora
steppe woods steppe woods
G1.7A1224 Sarmatic Acer tataricum- Sarmatic Acer tataricum- same
Quercus robur steppe Quercus robur steppe
woods woods
G1.7A1225 Sarmatic Acer tataricum-Q. Sarmatic Acer tataricum-Q. same

robur-Q. petraea steppe robur-Q. petraea steppe
woods woods
G1.7A13 Sub-Euxinian steppe woods Sub-Euxinian steppe woods same
G1.7A2 Irano-Anatolian steppe Irano-Anatolian steppe oak same

Quercus woods woods
G1.7B Quercus pyrenaica Pyrenean oak woodland same

woodland
G1.7B1 Central Iberian Quercus Central Iberian Pyrenean same

pyrenaica forests oak forests
G1.7B11 Sub-Atlantic Iberian Sub-Atlantic Iberian same

Quercus pyrenaica forests Quercus pyrenaica forests
G1.7B111 Sub-Atlantic sub-humid Sub-Atlantic sub-humid same

G1.7B112 Sub-Atlantic humid Sub-Atlantic humid same

G1.7B12 Iberian sub-continental Iberian sub-continental same

G1.7B121 Sub-continental sub-humid Sub-continental sub-humid same

G1.7B122 Sub-continental humid Sub-continental humid same
G1.7B13 Mariano-Oretanian Mariano-Oretanian same

G1.7B131 Lower Mariano-Oretanian Lower Mariano-Oretanian same

G1.7B132 Upper Mariano-Oretanian Upper Mariano-Oretanian same

G1.7B2 Cantabrian Quercus Cantabrian Pyrenean oak same

pyrenaica forests forests
G1.7B3 Maestrazgan Quercus Maestrazgan Pyrenean oak same

pyrenaica forests forests
G1.7B4 Baetic Quercus pyrenaica Baetic Pyrenean oak forests same

forests
G1.7B5 French Quercus pyrenaica French Pyrenean oak same

forests forests
G1.7C Mixed thermophilous Mixed thermophilous same

woodland woodland
G1.7C1 Ostrya carpinifolia woods Hop-hornbeam woods same
G1.7C11 Mesomediterranean Gallo- Mesomediterranean Gallo- same

Italic hop-hornbeam woods Italic hop-hornbeam woods
G1.7C12 Supra-Mediterranean hop- Supra-Mediterranean hop- same

G1.7C121 Southwestern Alpine supra- Southwestern Alpine supra- same
Mediterranean hop- Mediterranean hop-
G1.7C122 Southeastern Alpine supra- Southeastern Alpine supra- same

G1.7C123 Eastern Adriatic supra- Eastern Adriatic supra- same

G1.7C124 Apennine supra- Apennine supra- same

G1.7C125 Corsican supra- Corsican supra- same

G1.7C126 Southern Tyrrhenian supra- Southern Tyrrhenian supra- same

G1.7C13 Montane hop-hornbeam Montane hop-hornbeam same

woods woods
G1.7C14 Illyrian hop-hornbeam Illyrian hop-hornbeam same

woods woods
G1.7C141 Illyrian white oak hop- Illyrian white oak hop- same
G1.7C142 Illyrian spring heath hop- Illyrian spring heath hop- same
G1.7C15 Anatolian hop-hornbeam Anatolian hop-hornbeam same

woods woods
G1.7C2 Carpinus orientalis woods Oriental hornbeam woods same
G1.7C21 Inner Illyrian oriental Inner Illyrian oriental same

G1.7C22 Helleno-Balkanic oriental Helleno-Balkanic oriental same

G1.7C221 Helleno-Pelagonide Helleno-Pelagonide same

oriental hornbeam woods oriental hornbeam woods
G1.7C222 Moesian oriental Moesian oriental same

G1.7C223 Lilac oriental hornbeam Lilac oriental hornbeam same

woods woods
G1.7C224 Oryzopsis oriental Oryzopsis oriental same

G1.7C225 Eastern Adriatic oriental Eastern Adriatic oriental same

G1.7C23 Anatolio-Caucasian oriental Anatolio-Caucasian oriental same

G1.7C3 Thermophilous Acer woods Thermophilous maple same

woods
G1.7C31 Andalusian Acer Andalusian Acer same

granatense woods granatense woods
G1.7C32 Balearic Acer granatense Balearic Acer granatense same
woods woods
G1.7C33 North African Acer North African Acer same

monspessulanum forests monspessulanum forests
G1.7C34 Moesian thermophilous Moesian thermophilous same

maple woods maple woods
G1.7C4 Thermophilous Tilia woods Thermophilous lime woods same
G1.7C41 Silver lime woods Silver lime woods same
G1.7C411 Moesian silver lime woods Moesian silver lime woods same
G1.7C412 Silver lime-hornbeam Silver lime-hornbeam same

woods woods
G1.7C413 Voivodinian sand steppe Voivodinian sand steppe same

lime woods lime woods
G1.7C42 Oro-Pannonic steppe ash- Oro-Pannonic steppe ash- same

lime woods lime woods
G1.7C5 Celtis australis woods Nettle-tree (Celtis australis) same

woods
G1.7C6 Thermophilous Fraxinus Thermophilous ash woods same

woods
G1.7C61 Sicilian narrow-leaved ash Sicilian narrow-leaved ash same

woods woods
G1.7C62 Iberian narrow-leaved ash Iberian narrow-leaved ash same
woods woods
G1.7C63 Manna tree woods Manna tree woods same
G1.7C7 Pannonic Juniperus - Pannonic juniper - poplar same

Populus steppe woods steppe woods
G1.7C71 Pannonic privet juniper- Pannonic privet juniper- same

poplar steppe woods poplar steppe woods
G1.7C72 Pannonic sedge juniper- Pannonic sedge juniper- same

poplar steppe woods poplar steppe woods
G1.7C73 Pannonic gypsophila Pannonic gypsophila same

juniper-poplar steppe juniper-poplar steppe
woods woods
G1.7C8 Sub-Mediterranean and Sub-Mediterranean and same

Pannonic mixed woods Pannonic mixed woods
G1.7C81 Sub-Mediterranean mixed Sub-Mediterranean mixed same

woods woods
G1.7C82 Pannonic mixed karstic Pannonic mixed karstic same

woods woods
G1.7C9 Western Asian wild fruit Western Asian wild fruit same
tree steppe woods tree steppe woods
G1.7CA Southern Mediterranean Southern Mediterranean same

chasm woods chasm woods
G1.7D Castanea sativa woodland Chestnut woodland same
G1.7D1 Helleno-Balkanic Castanea Helleno-Balkanic chestnut same

sativa forests forests
G1.7D2 Aegean Castanea sativa Aegean chestnut forests same

forests
G1.7D3 Eastern Adriatic Castanea Eastern Adriatic chestnut same

G1.7D4 Illyrian Castanea sativa Illyrian chestnut forests same

forests
G1.7D5 Liguro-Insubrian Castanea Liguro-Insubrian chestnut same

G1.7D6 Italo-Sicilian Castanea Italo-Sicilian chestnut same

G1.7D7 Cyrno-Sardinian Castanea Cyrno-Sardinian chestnut same

G1.7D8 Galloprovincial Castanea Galloprovincial chestnut same

G1.7D9 Gallo-Iberian Castanea Gallo-Iberian chestnut same

G1.7DA Euxinian Castanea sativa Euxinian chestnut forests same

forests
Quercus G1.79 Mediterranean Quercus Mediterranean valonia oak same Change of
ithaburensis macrolepis woodland (Quercus macrolepis) level (G1.7
Phlomis woodland split into
fruticosa Mediterrane
Sarcopoteriu an and
m spinosum Temperate/s
Asphodelus ubmediterra
ramosus nean types)
Cistus
incanus
G1.791 Hellenic valonia oak woods Hellenic valonia oak woods same level
changed
G1.792 Apulian valonia oak woods Apulian valonia oak woods same level
changed
Quercus G1.8 Acidophilous Quercus- Acidophilous oak- same name &
petraea dominated woodland dominated woodland description
Quercus changed
robur
Deschampsia
flexuosa
Vaccinium
myrtillus
Pteridium
aquilinum
Castanea
sativa
G1.81 Atlantic Quercus robur - Atlantic pedunculate oak - same

Betula woods birch woods
G1.82 Atlantic acidophilous Fagus Atlantic acidophilous beech same

- Quercus forests - oak forests
G1.821 Sub-Atlantic sessile oak Sub-Atlantic sessile oak same

forests forests
G1.822 Armorican acidophile oak Armorican acidophile oak same

forests forests
G1.823 Northern dune oak woods Northern dune oak woods same
G1.83 Atlantic Quercus petraea Atlantic sessile oak woods same
woods
G1.831 Irish sessile oak woods Irish sessile oak woods same
G1.832 British sessile oak woods British sessile oak woods same
G1.84 Aquitano-Ligerian Quercus Aquitano-Ligerian oak same

forests on podsols forests on podsols
G1.85 Aquitano-Ligerian Quercus Aquitano-Ligerian oak same

forests on leached or acid forests on leached or acid
soils soils
G1.86 Ibero-Atlantic acidophilous Ibero-Atlantic acidophilous same

Quercus forests oak forests
G1.861 Pyrenean acidophilous oak Pyrenean acidophilous oak same

forests forests
G1.862 Cantabrian acidophilous Cantabrian acidophilous same

G1.8621 Eastern Cantabrian Eastern Cantabrian same

acidophilous oak forests acidophilous oak forests
G1.8622 Western Cantabrian Western Cantabrian same

G1.8623 Oro-Cantabrian Oro-Cantabrian same

G1.863 Luso-Galician collinar Luso-Galician collinar same
G1.8631 Mesophile Luso-Galician Mesophile Luso-Galician same

collinar oak forests collinar oak forests
G1.8632 Humid Luso-Galician Humid Luso-Galician same

collinar oak forests collinar oak forests
G1.864 Luso-Galician montane Luso-Galician montane same


acidophilous Quercus acidophilous oak forests
forests
G1.871 Woodrush oak forests Woodrush oak forests same
G1.8711 Western Hercynian Western Hercynian same

woodrush-hawksbeard oak woodrush-hawksbeard oak
forests forests
G1.8712 Central European dyer's Central European dyer's same

greenweed oak forests greenweed oak forests
G1.87121 Central Hercynian dyer's Central Hercynian dyer's same

G1.87122 Peri-Bohemian dyer's Peri-Bohemian dyer's same

G1.87123 Dacian dyer's greenweed Dacian dyer's greenweed same

G1.8713 Pre-Carpathian beech- Pre-Carpathian beech- same
G1.8714 Central European Central European same

hygrophile acidophilous hygrophile acidophilous
G1.87141 Peri-Bohemian giant Peri-Bohemian giant same

moorgrass sessile oak moorgrass sessile oak
forest forest
G1.87142 Pre-Carpathian quaking Pre-Carpathian quaking same

sedge-pedunculate oak sedge-pedunculate oak
forests forests
G1.87143 Pre-Carpathian purple Pre-Carpathian purple same

moorgrass-pedunculate moorgrass-pedunculate
G1.872 Western Hercynian Western Hercynian same

thermophile acidophilous thermophile acidophilous
G1.873 Illyro-Pannonic Illyro-Pannonic same

thermophile acidophilous thermophile acidophilous
G1.8731 Black broom-oak forests Black broom-oak forests same
G1.8732 Wild service tree-oak Wild service tree-oak same

forests forests
G1.8733 Illyro-Pannonic chestnut- Illyro-Pannonic chestnut- same

G1.87331 Pre-Carpathian chestnut- Pre-Carpathian chestnut- same

G1.87332 Illyrian chestnut-sessile oak Illyrian chestnut-sessile oak same
forests forests
G1.8734 Illyrian birch-sessile oak Illyrian birch-sessile oak same

acidophilous forests acidophilous forests
G1.88 Insubrian acidophilous Insubrian acidophilous oak same

Quercus forests forests
G1.89 Portuguese Quercus robur Portuguese pedunculate same

forests oak forests
G1.8A Continental Quercus Continental sessile oak same

petraea forests forests
Betula G1.9 Non-riverine woodland Non-riverine woodland narrower split into

pubescens with Betula, Populus with birch, aspen or rowan northern &
subsp. tremula or Sorbus southern
carpatica aucuparia types
Vaccinium
myrtillus
Hylocomium
splendens
Deschampsia
flexuosa
Calamagrosti
s villosa
Vaccinium
vitis-idaea
Rhododendr
on hirsutum
G1.91 Betula woodland not on Birch woodland not on same
marshy terrain marshy terrain
G1.911 Atlantic lowland and Atlantic lowland and same

collinar Betula woods collinar birch woods
G1.9111 Humid birch woods Humid birch woods same
G1.91111 Northern humid birch Northern humid birch same

woods woods
G1.91112 Aquitano-Ligerian humid Aquitano-Ligerian humid same

G1.9112 Medio-European dry Medio-European dry same

acidophilous birch woods acidophilous birch woods
G1.9115 Heavy-metal birch woods Heavy-metal birch woods same
G1.9116 Dune birch woods Dune birch woods same
G1.9117 Illyrian birch woods Illyrian birch woods same
G1.912 British sub-boreal Betula British sub-boreal birch same

woods woods
G1.913 Hercynio-Alpine Betula Hercynio-Alpine birch same

woods woods
G1.9131 Alpine timberline birch Alpine timberline birch same

woods woods
G1.9132 Birch block forests Birch block forests same
G1.9135 Illyro-Moesian montane Illyro-Moesian montane same

G1.91351 Balkano-Rhodopide birch Balkano-Rhodopide birch same

woods woods
G1.91352 Dinaro-Pelagonide birch Dinaro-Pelagonide birch same

woods woods
G1.9136 Carpathian birch woods Carpathian birch woods same
G1.91361 Carpathian rowan birch Carpathian rowan birch same

woods woods
G1.91362 Carpathian aspen birch Carpathian aspen birch same

woods woods
G1.9137 Intra-Carpathian dune oak- Intra-Carpathian dune oak- same

G1.917 Oroboreal Betula woods Oroboreal birch woods and same

and thickets thickets
G1.9171 Boreo-Atlantic birch woods Boreo-Atlantic birch woods same

and thickets and thickets
G1.91711 Boreo-Atlantic crowberry- Boreo-Atlantic crowberry- same

bog bilberry birch woods bog bilberry birch woods
G1.91712 Boreo-Atlantic small fern Boreo-Atlantic small fern same

G1.91713 Icelandic bog bilberry- Icelandic bog bilberry- same
hairgrass birch woods hairgrass birch woods
G1.91714 Boreo-Atlantic cranesbill Boreo-Atlantic cranesbill same

G1.9172 Oro-Scandian birch woods Oro-Scandian birch woods same
G1.91721 Oro-Scandian crowberry- Oro-Scandian crowberry- same

lichen birch woods lichen birch woods
G1.91722 Oro-Scandian bilberry- Oro-Scandian bilberry- same

hairgrass birch woods hairgrass birch woods
G1.91723 Oro-Scandian bilberry- Oro-Scandian bilberry- same

dwarf cornel birch woods dwarf cornel birch woods
G1.91724 Oro-Scandian small-fern Oro-Scandian small-fern same

G1.91725 Oro-Scandian cranesbill- Oro-Scandian cranesbill- same

stone bramble birch woods stone bramble birch woods
G1.91726 Oro-Scandian tall-herb Oro-Scandian tall-herb same

G1.91727 Oro-Scandian tall-fern birch Oro-Scandian tall-fern birch same

woods woods
G1.918 Eurasian boreal Betula Eurasian boreal birch same

woods woods
G1.919 Siberian steppe Betula Siberian steppe birch same

woods woods
G1.91A Ponto-Caspian Betula Ponto-Caspian birch woods same
woods
G1.92 Populus tremula woodland Aspen woodland same
G1.921 Inner Alpine Populus Inner Alpine aspen woods same

tremula woods
G1.922 Lowland nemoral Populus Lowland nemoral aspen same

tremula woods woods
G1.923 Montane Populus tremula Montane aspen stands same

stands
G1.925 Boreal Populus tremula Boreal aspen woods same

woods
G1.926 Anatolian Populus tremula Anatolian aspen forests same

forests
G1.93 Sorbus aucuparia Rowan woodland same

woodland
G1.94 Inland dune Quercus - Inland dune oak - birch same

Betula woods woods
G1.95 Populus tremula and Betula Aspen and birch woods same
woods with Sambucus with elder
Betula G1.9 Non-riverine woodland Non-riverine woodland narrower split into
pubescens with Betula, Populus with birch, aspen or rowan northern &
subsp. tremula or Sorbus southern
celtiberica aucuparia types
Vaccinium
myrtillus
Betula
pendula
Pteridium
aquilinum
Rubus
ulmifolius
Luzula
sylvatica
Erica arborea
G1.9113 Iberian acidophilous birch Iberian acidophilous birch same level

woods woods changed
G1.9114 Insubrian acidophilous Insubrian acidophilous same level

birch woods birch woods changed
G1.9133 Pyrenean birch woods Pyrenean birch woods same level

changed
G1.9134 Apennine birch woods Apennine birch woods same level

changed
G1.924 Sub-Mediterranean Sub-Mediterranean aspen same level

Populus tremula stands stands changed
G1.914 Corsican Betula woods Corsican birch woods same level
changed
G1.915 Montane Betula celtiberica Montane Betula celtiberica same level

woodlands woodlands changed
G1.9151 Cantabrian Betula Cantabrian Betula same level

celtiberica woodlands celtiberica woodlands changed
G1.9152 Western Betula celtiberica Western Betula celtiberica same level

woodlands woodlands changed
G1.9153 Sorian and Guadarraman Sorian and Guadarraman same level

Betula celtiberica Betula celtiberica changed
woodlands woodlands
G1.916 Mount Etna Betula stands Mount Etna birch stands same level
changed
Carpinus G1.A Meso- and eutrophic Meso- and eutrophic oak, narrower Ravine
betulus Quercus, Carpinus, hornbeam, ash, sycamore, forests now
Quercus Fraxinus, Acer, Tilia, Ulmus lime, elm and related separate at
petraea and related woodland woodland level 3
Quercus
robur
Hedera helix
Anemone
nemorosa
Corylus
avellana
G1.A1 Quercus - Fraxinus - Oak - ash - hornbeam same

Carpinus betulus woodland woodland on eutrophic and
on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils
mesotrophic soils
G1.A11 Mixed Atlantic Quercus Mixed Atlantic bluebell oak same

forests with Hyacinthoides forests
non-scripta
G1.A12 Aquitanian Fraxinus - Aquitanian ash - oak and same

Quercus and Quercus - oak - hornbeam forests
Carpinus betulus forests
G1.A13 Sub-Atlantic Fraxinus - Sub-Atlantic oxlip ash - oak same
Quercus forests with forests
Primula elatior
G1.A131 Arum ash-oak forests Arum ash-oak forests same
G1.A132 Corydalis ash-oak forests Corydalis ash-oak forests same
G1.A133 Garlic ash-oak forests Garlic ash-oak forests same
G1.A14 Sub-Atlantic Quercus - Sub-Atlantic stitchwort oak same

Carpinus betulus forests - hornbeam forests
with Stellaria
G1.A141 Northwestern oak- Northwestern oak- same

G1.A142 Lorraine marl oak- Lorraine marl oak- same

G1.A143 Burgundy collinar oak- Burgundy collinar oak- same

G1.A144 Burgundy plain oak- Burgundy plain oak- same

G1.A15 Famennian Quercus - Famennian oak - hornbeam same

Carpinus betulus forests forests
G1.A16 Sub-continental Quercus - Sub-continental oak - same

Carpinus betulus forests hornbeam forests
G1.A161 Wood bedstraw oak- Wood bedstraw oak- same
G1.A162 Mixed lime-oak-hornbeam Mixed lime-oak-hornbeam same

forests forests
G1.A163 Boreonemoral spruce-lime- Boreonemoral spruce-lime- same

oak-hornbeam forests oak-hornbeam forests
G1.A164 Peri-Carpathian lime-oak- Peri-Carpathian lime-oak- same

G1.A165 Bohemian oak-hornbeam Bohemian oak-hornbeam same

and oak-lime forests and oak-lime forests
G1.A166 Carpathian hairy sedge Carpathian hairy sedge same

G1.A167 Sub-Pannonic primrose Sub-Pannonic primrose same

G1.A168 Central sub-Carpathian Central sub-Carpathian same

G1.A1681 Waldsteinia oak-hornbeam Waldsteinia oak-hornbeam same

forests forests
G1.A1682 Scorpion-vetch oak- Scorpion-vetch oak- same

G1.A169 Western boreal mixed Western boreal mixed same

deciduous forests deciduous forests
G1.A16A Northern middle Russian Northern middle Russian same

oak-lime forests oak-lime forests
G1.A17 Sub-Atlantic calciphile Sub-Atlantic calciphile oak - same
Quercus - Carpinus betulus hornbeam forests
forests
G1.A171 Sub-Atlantic calciphile Sub-Atlantic calciphile same

privet oak-hornbeam privet oak-hornbeam
forests forests
G1.A172 Sub-Atlantic xerophile Sub-Atlantic xerophile same

Anthericum oak-hornbeam Anthericum oak-hornbeam
forests forests
G1.A173 Sub-Atlantic calciphile Sub-Atlantic calciphile same

squill ash-oak forests squill ash-oak forests
G1.A18 Southern Alpine Quercus - Southern Alpine oak - same

Carpinus betulus forests hornbeam forests
G1.A19 Pyreneo-Cantabrian Pyreneo-Cantabrian oak - same

Quercus - Fraxinus forests ash forests
G1.A1A Illyrian Quercus - Carpinus Illyrian oak - hornbeam same

betulus forests forests
G1.A1A1 Illyrian sessile oak- Illyrian sessile oak- same

G1.A1A11 Illyrian calcicline sessile Illyrian calcicline sessile same

G1.A1A12 Illyrian neutrocline sessile Illyrian neutrocline sessile same

G1.A1A13 Illyrian acidocline sessile Illyrian acidocline sessile same

G1.A1A2 Illyrian pedunculate oak- Illyrian pedunculate oak- same
G1.A1A3 Illyrian sub-Mediterranean Illyrian sub-Mediterranean same

G1.A1B Pannonic Quercus - Pannonic oak - hornbeam same

G1.A1B1 Pannonic hygrophile ash- Pannonic hygrophile ash- same

G1.A1B2 Peri-Pannonic acidophile Peri-Pannonic acidophile same

G1.A1C Southeastern European Southeastern European oak same

Quercus - Carpinus betulus - hornbeam forests
forests
G1.A1C1 Dacian oak-hornbeam Dacian oak-hornbeam same

forests forests
G1.A1C11 Dacian Melampyrum Dacian Melampyrum same

biharense oak-hornbeam biharense oak-hornbeam
forests forests
G1.A1C12 Dacian Lathyrus Dacian Lathyrus same

hallersteinii oak-hornbeam hallersteinii oak-hornbeam
forests forests
G1.A1C13 Dacian tatar maple oak- Dacian tatar maple oak- same
G1.A1C2 Moldo-Muntenian oak- Moldo-Muntenian oak- same

lime-hornbeam forests lime-hornbeam forests
G1.A1C3 Moesian oak-hornbeam Moesian oak-hornbeam same
forests forests
G1.A1C31 Moesian mesophile oak- Moesian mesophile oak- same

G1.A1C32 Moesian thermophile oak- Moesian thermophile oak- same

G1.A1C321 Pre-Moesian Galium Pre-Moesian Galium same

kitaibelianum oak- kitaibelianum oak-
G1.A1C322 Moesian Quercus cerris Moesian Quercus cerris same

G1.A1C4 Southern Sarmatic oak- Southern Sarmatic oak- same

lime-hornbeam forests lime-hornbeam forests
G1.A1C41 Podolic pedunculated oak- Podolic pedunculated oak- same

G1.A1C42 Moldavian spindle oak- Moldavian spindle oak- same

G1.A2 Non-riverine Fraxinus Non-riverine ash woodland same

woodland
G1.A21 Fraxinus - Sorbus aucuparia Ash - rowan - dog's same

- Mercurialis perennis mercury forests
forests
G1.A22 British Fraxinus - Acer British ash - field maple - same

campestre - Mercurialis dog's mercury forests
perennis forests
G1.A23 Pyreneo-Cantabrian Pyreneo-Cantabrian ash same
Fraxinus forests forests
G1.A24 Baltic Fraxinus - Acer Baltic moschatel ash - same

pseudoplatanus forests sycamore forests
with Adoxa moschatellina
G1.A25 Mixed Atlantic Fraxinus Mixed Atlantic bluebell ash same

forests with Hyacinthoides forests
non-scripta
G1.A26 Aquitanian Fraxinus forests Aquitanian ash forests same
G1.A27 Sub-Atlantic Fraxinus Sub-Atlantic ash forests same

forests
G1.A28 Lutetian calciphile Fraxinus Lutetian calciphile ash same

forests forests
G1.A29 Post-cultural Fraxinus Post-cultural ash woods same

woods
G1.A3 Carpinus betulus woodland Hornbeam woodland same
G1.A31 Western Carpinus betulus Western hornbeam same

woodland woodland
G1.A32 Eastern Carpinus betulus Eastern hornbeam same

woodland woodland
G1.A321 Illyrian hornbeam forests Illyrian hornbeam forests same

G1.A322 Dacio-Moesian hornbeam Dacio-Moesian hornbeam same
forests forests
G1.A323 Sarmatic hornbeam forests Sarmatic hornbeam forests same
G1.A5 Tilia woodland Lime woodland same
G1.A51 Western Tilia forests Western lime forests same
G1.A52 Sub-boreal Tilia forests Sub-boreal lime forests same
G1.A53 East-European Tilia forests East-European lime forests same
G1.A54 Trans-Volgan Tilia forests Trans-Volgan lime forests same
G1.A55 Crimean Tilia forests Crimean lime forests same
G1.A6 Non-riverine Ulmus Non-riverine elm woodland same

woodland
G1.A61 Ulmus minor woods Small-leaved elm woods same
G1.A611 Sweet violet elm woods Sweet violet elm woods same
G1.A612 Thermo-Atlantic elm woods Thermo-Atlantic elm woods same

G1.A613 British suckering elm British suckering elm same
woods woods
G1.A614 Sub-continental field elm Sub-continental field elm same

woods woods
G1.A62 Ulmus glabra and Ulmus Wych elm and fluttering same
laevis woods elm woods
G1.A7 Mixed deciduous woodland Mixed deciduous woodland same

of the Black and Caspian of the Black and Caspian
Seas Seas
G1.A71 Euxinian mixed mesic Euxinian mixed mesic same

forests forests
G1.A711 Western Euxinian mixed Western Euxinian mixed same

forests forests
G1.A7111 Thracio-Euxinian mixed Thracio-Euxinian mixed same

forests forests
G1.A72 Sub-Euxinian mixed Sub-Euxinian mixed oak - same

Quercus - Carpinus betulus hornbeam forests
forests
G1.A73 Caucasian Quercus - Caucasian oak - hornbeam same

G1.A74 Hyrcanian mixed mesic Hyrcanian mixed mesic same

forests forests
G1.A8 Eurosiberian Acer woods Eurosiberian maple woods same

Fraxinus G1.A4 Ravine and slope woodland Ravine and slope woodland same new name &
excelsior description
Acer change of
pseudoplata level (G1.A
nus split)
Mercurialis
perennis
Tilia cordata
Corylus
avellana
Tilia
platyphyllos
Ulmus glabra
Hedera helix
Lamiastrum
galeobdolon
Fagus
sylvatica
G1.A41 Medio-European ravine Medio-European ravine same level

forests forests changed
G1.A411 Calcicline ash-sycamore Calcicline ash-sycamore same level

ravine forests ravine forests changed
G1.A4111 Hartstongue ash-sycamore Hartstongue ash-sycamore same level

G1.A4112 Honesty ash-sycamore Honesty ash-sycamore same level

G1.A4113 Corydalis ash-sycamore Corydalis ash-sycamore same level

G1.A4114 Goatsbeard ash-sycamore Goatsbeard ash-sycamore same level
G1.A4115 Alpine hepatica-sycamore Alpine hepatica-sycamore same level

G1.A412 Acidophile ash-sycamore- Acidophile ash-sycamore- same level

lime ravine forests lime ravine forests changed
G1.A413 Tall herb mixed sycamore Tall herb mixed sycamore same level
G1.A42 Hercynian slope forests Hercynian slope forests same level

changed
G1.A43 Peri-Alpine mixed Fraxinus Peri-Alpine mixed ash - same level

- Acer pseudoplatanus sycamore slope forests changed
slope forests
G1.A44 Pyreneo-Cantabrian mixed Pyreneo-Cantabrian mixed same level

Ulmus - Quercus forests elm - oak forests changed
G1.A45 Thermophilous Alpine and Thermophilous Alpine and same level

peri-Alpine mixed Tilia peri-Alpine mixed lime changed
forests forests
G1.A451 Northern Alpine föhn ash- Northern Alpine föhn ash- same level
lime forests lime forests changed
G1.A452 Dealpine mixed Dealpine mixed same level

thermophile oak-maple- thermophile oak-maple- changed
lime forests lime forests
G1.A453 Southern Alpine mixed lime Southern Alpine mixed lime same level
G1.A454 Sub-Pannonic mixed lime Sub-Pannonic mixed lime same level
slope forests slope forests changed
G1.A4541 Sub-Pannonic mixed ash- Sub-Pannonic mixed ash- same level

lime slope forests lime slope forests changed
G1.A4542 Sub-Pannonic mixed Sub-Pannonic mixed same level

whitebeam-lime forests whitebeam-lime forests changed
G1.A46 Southeastern European Southeastern European same level

G1.A461 Hellenic ravine and slope Hellenic ravine and slope same level
G1.A462 Moesian ravine and slope Moesian ravine and slope same level
G1.A4621 Moesian beech-ash- Moesian beech-ash- same level

sycamore ravine forests sycamore ravine forests changed
G1.A4622 Moesian horse-chestnut Moesian horse-chestnut same level

G1.A46211 Moesian Geranium Moesian Geranium same level

macrorrhizum ravine macrorrhizum ravine changed
forests forests
G1.A46212 Moesian beech-hornbeam- Moesian beech-hornbeam- same level

ostrya ravine forests ostrya ravine forests changed
G1.A46213 Moesian ash-sycamore Moesian ash-sycamore same level

G1.A4623 Moesian ash-oak slope Moesian ash-oak slope same level

G1.A46221 Balkan Range horse- Balkan Range horse- same level
chestnut ravine forests chestnut ravine forests changed
G1.A46222 Pelagonid horse-chestnut Pelagonid horse-chestnut same level

G1.A46231 Balkan ash-oak slope Balkan ash-oak slope same level

G1.A46232 Rhodopid ash-oak-ostrya Rhodopid ash-oak-ostrya same level

slope forests slope forests changed
G1.A463 Illyrian ravine forests Illyrian ravine forests same level

changed
G1.A464 Eastern Carpathian ravine Eastern Carpathian ravine same level

G1.A4641 Dacian Phyllitis beech Dacian Phyllitis beech same level

G1.A4642 Dacian ash-sycamore Dacian ash-sycamore same level

G1.A4643 Dacian Geranium Dacian Geranium same level

macrorrhizum beech ravine macrorrhizum beech ravine changed
forests forests
G1.A47 Euxinian ravine forests Euxinian ravine forests same level

changed
G1.B Non-riverine Alnus Non-riverine alder same

woodland woodland
Alnus G1.B1 Alnus cordata woods Woods of Italian alder same
cordata
Pteridium
aquilinum
Sanicula
europaea
Rubus
fruticosus
agg.
Ranunculus
lanuginosus
Brachypodiu
m sylvaticum
Viola alba
Senecio
stabianus
Rubus
ulmifolius
Hedera helix
Dittrichia
viscosa
Daphne
laureola
Anemone
apennina
G1.B2 Nemoral Alnus woods Nemoral alder woods same
G1.B21 Atlantic Alnus glutinosa Atlantic Alnus glutinosa same

woods woods
G1.B22 Central European dry alder Central European dry alder same
woods woods
G1.B23 Sarmatic dry alder woods Sarmatic dry alder woods same
G1.B24 Rhodopide grey alder Rhodopide grey alder same

woods woods
G1.C Highly artificial Highly artificial wider name &
broadleaved deciduous broadleaved deciduous description
forestry plantations forestry plantations changed
G1.C1 Populus plantations Poplar plantations same
G1.C11 Poplar plantations with Poplar plantations with same

megaphorb herb layer megaphorb herb layer
G1.C12 Other poplar plantations Other poplar plantations same
G1.C2 Deciduous exotic Quercus Deciduous exotic oak same

G1.C3 Robinia plantations False acacia (Robinia) same

plantations
G1.C4 Other broadleaved Other broadleaved same

deciduous plantations deciduous plantations
new new new new
G1.D1 Castanea sativa plantations Chestnut plantations same
G1.D2 Juglans groves Walnut groves same
G1.D3 Prunus amygdalus groves Almond groves same

G1.D4 Fruit orchards Fruit orchards same
G1.D5 Other high-stem orchards Other high-stem orchards same
G2 Broadleaved evergreen Broadleaved evergreen same

woodland woodland
Quercus ilex G2.1 Mediterranean evergreen Mediterranean evergreen same new

Quercus Quercus woodland oak woodland description
rotundifolia
Quercus
suber
Hedera helix
G2.11 Quercus suber woodland Cork-oak woodland same

G2.111 Tyrrhenian Quercus suber Tyrrhenian cork-oak forests same
forests
G2.1111 Provençal cork-oak Provençal cork-oak same

woodland woodland
G2.1112 Corsican cork-oak Corsican cork-oak same

woodland woodland
G2.1113 Sardinian cork-oak forests Sardinian cork-oak forests same
G2.1114 Central Italian cork-oak Central Italian cork-oak same

forests forests
G2.1115 Southern Italian cork-oak Southern Italian cork-oak same

forests forests
G2.1116 Catalan cork-oak woodland Catalan cork-oak woodland same
G2.1117 Valencian cork-oak Valencian cork-oak same

woodland woodland
G2.1118 Balearic cork-oak woodland Balearic cork-oak woodland same
G2.112 Southwestern Iberian Southwestern Iberian cork- same

Quercus suber forests oak forests
G2.1121 Thermo-Mediterranean Thermo-Mediterranean same

cork-oak woodland cork-oak woodland
G2.1122 Aljibian cork-oak forests Aljibian cork-oak forests same

G2.1123 Eastern Andalusian cork- Eastern Andalusian cork- same
oak woodland oak woodland
G2.1124 Extremaduran cork-oak Extremaduran cork-oak same

woodland woodland
G2.113 Northwestern Iberian Northwestern Iberian cork- same

Quercus suber woodland oak woodland
G2.114 Aquitanian Quercus suber Aquitanian cork-oak same

woodland woodland
G2.12 Quercus ilex woodland Holm-oak woodland same
G2.121 Meso-Mediterranean Meso-Mediterranean same

Quercus ilex forests holm-oak forests
G2.1211 Northwestern Iberian Northwestern Iberian same

holm-oak forests holm-oak forests
G2.1212 Catalo-Provençal lowland Catalo-Provençal lowland same

holm-oak woodland holm-oak woodland
G2.1213 Catalo-Provencal hill holm- Catalo-Provencal hill holm- same

oak forest oak forest
G2.1214 Balearic holm-oak forests Balearic holm-oak forests same
G2.1215 Corsican lowland holm-oak Corsican lowland holm-oak same

woodland woodland
G2.1216 Corsican hill holm-oak Corsican hill holm-oak same

woodland woodland
G2.1217 Sardinian holm-oak forests Sardinian holm-oak forests same
G2.1218 Northern and central Northern and central same

Italian holm-oak forests Italian holm-oak forests
G2.1219 Illyrian holm-oak woodland Illyrian holm-oak woodland same
G2.121A Southern Italian holm-oak Southern Italian holm-oak same

forests forests
G2.121B Pantellerian and Maltese Pantellerian and Maltese same

holm-oak woodland holm-oak woodland
G2.121C Greek holm-oak woodland Greek holm-oak woodland same
G2.121D Cretan holm-oak woodland Cretan holm-oak woodland same
G2.122 Supra-Mediterranean Supra-Mediterranean same

Quercus ilex forests holm-oak forests
G2.123 Aquitanian Quercus ilex Aquitanian holm-oak same

woodland woodland
G2.124 Quercus rotundifolia Spanish holm-oak same

woodland woodland
G2.1241 Continental Quercus Continental Quercus same

rotundifolia woodland rotundifolia woodland

continental encinares continental encinares
Iberian continental Iberian continental
encinares encinares
G2.12413 Northern supra- Northern supra- same

Mediterranean continental Mediterranean continental
encinares encinares
G2.12414 Oro-Cantabrian encinares Oro-Cantabrian encinares same
G2.1242 Western Quercus Western Quercus same

G2.12421 Luso-Extremaduran Luso-Extremaduran same

encinares encinares
G2.12422 Castilian encinares Castilian encinares same
G2.12423 Cordilleran encinares Cordilleran encinares same
G2.12424 Villuercan encinares Villuercan encinares same
G2.1243 Andalusian Quercus Andalusian Quercus same


basophilous Andalusian basophilous Andalusian
encinares encinares

basophilous Andalusian basophilous Andalusian
encinares encinares
G2.12433 Silicicolous Andalusian Silicicolous Andalusian same
encinares encinares
G2.1244 Southwestern Quercus Southwestern Quercus same

G2.12441 Basophilous southwestern Basophilous southwestern same

encinares encinares
G2.12442 Silicicolous southwestern Silicicolous southwestern same

encinares encinares
G2.1245 Valencian Quercus Valencian Quercus same

G2.1246 Balearic Quercus Balearic Quercus same

G2.13 Quercus coccifera and Kermes and alder-leaved same

Quercus alnifolia woodland oak woodland
G2.131 Greek Quercus coccifera Greek kermes oak forests same

forests
G2.132 Italian Quercus coccifera Italian kermes oak same

woodland woodland
G2.133 Portuguese Quercus Portuguese kermes oak same

coccifera forest forest
G2.134 Cyprian Quercus coccifera Cyprian kermes oak forest same

forest
G2.135 Anatolian Quercus Anatolian kermes oak same

coccifera forest forest
G2.136 Cyprian Quercus alnifolia Cyprian alder-leaved oak same
forests forests
Laurus G2.2 Eurasian continental Eurasian continental same name and

nobilis sclerophyllous woodland sclerophyllous woodland description
Hedera helix changed
Smilax
aspera
Ruscus
aculeatus
Rubus
ulmifolius
Rhamnus
alaternus
Clematis
vitalba
G2.21 Mediterraneo-Atlantic Mediterraneo-Atlantic same

Laurus - Quercus woodland laurel - oak woodland
G2.22 Ponto-Hyrcanian Ponto-Hyrcanian same

sclerophyllous forests sclerophyllous forests
none G2.3 Macaronesian Laurus Macaronesian laurel same name and
woodland woodland description
changed
G2.31 Azorean laurisilvas Azorean laurisilvas same
G2.32 Madeiran laurisilvas Madeiran laurisilvas same
G2.33 Canary Island laurisilvas Canary Island laurisilvas same
G2.331 Laurisilvas of La Gomera Laurisilvas of La Gomera same
G2.332 Laurisilvas of Tenerife Laurisilvas of Tenerife same
G2.333 Laurisilvas of La Palma Laurisilvas of La Palma same

G2.334 Laurisilvas of Hierro Laurisilvas of Hierro same
G2.335 Laurisilvas of Gran Canaria Laurisilvas of Gran Canaria same
insufficient G2.4 Olea europaea - Ceratonia Olive - carob woodland same new
data siliqua woodland description
available
G2.41 Wild Olea europaea Wild olive woodland same

woodland
G2.42 Ceratonia siliqua woodland Carob woodland same
G2.43 Canary Island Olea Canary Island olive same

europaea woodland woodland
Phoenix G2.51 Cretan Phoenix theophrasti Cretan palm groves same new
theophrasti groves description
Nerium change of
oleander level (G2.5
Pistacia split into 3
lentiscus types)
insufficient G2.52 Canary Island Phoenix Canary Island palm groves same new
data canariensis groves description
available change of
level (G2.5
split into 3
types)
No G2.53 Anatolian Phoenix Anatolian palm groves same new

information theophrasti groves description
change of
level (G2.5
split into 3
types)
Ilex G2.6 Ilex aquifolium woods Holly woods same new
aquifolium description
Pteridium
aquilinum
Hedera helix
Vaccinium
myrtillus
insufficient G2.7 Canary Island heath Canary Island heath same name and
data woodland woodland description
available changed
G2.71 Canary Island fayal-brezal Canary Island fayal-brezal same

G2.72 Visnea - Arbutus forests Visnea - Arbutus forests same
G2.73 Hierran fayal Hierran fayal same
insufficient G2.8 Highly artificial Highly artificial same name and

data broadleaved evergreen broadleaved evergreen description
available forestry plantations forestry plantations changed
G2.81 Eucalyptus plantations Eucalyptus plantations same
G2.82 Evergreen exotic Quercus Evergreen exotic oak same

G2.83 Other evergreen Other evergreen same

broadleaved tree broadleaved tree
G3 Coniferous woodland Coniferous woodland wider includes part

of former G4
Picea abies G3.1 Abies and Picea woodland Fir and spruce woodland narrower divided into
Vaccinium three types
myrtillus (according to
Hylocomium dominant
splendens species and
Oxalis geographic
acetosella distribution)
Rhytidiadelp
hus
triquetrus
Calamagrosti
s villosa
G3.1B Alpine and Carpathian Alpine and Carpathian same

subalpine Picea forests subalpine spruce forests
G3.1B1 Bilberry spruce forests Bilberry spruce forests same
G3.1B2 Tall herb subalpine spruce Tall herb subalpine spruce same
forests forests
G3.1B21 Adenostyles glabra Adenostyles glabra same

subalpine spruce forests subalpine spruce forests
G3.1B22 Adenostyles alliariae Adenostyles alliariae same

G3.1B3 Moist subalpine spruce Moist subalpine spruce same
forests forests
G3.1B4 Xerophile subalpine spruce Xerophile subalpine spruce same

forests forests
G3.1B5 Cold station spruce forests Cold station spruce forests same
G3.1B6 Carpathian spruce forests Carpathian spruce forests same
G3.1B61 Western Carpathian Western Carpathian same

G3.1B611 Western Carpathian Western Carpathian same

acidophilous spruce forests acidophilous spruce forests
G3.1B612 Carpathian holly-fern Carpathian holly-fern same

spruce forests spruce forests
G3.1B62 Eastern Carpathian Eastern Carpathian same

G3.1B621 Carpathian subalpine Carpathian subalpine same

rhododenron spruce rhododenron spruce
forests forests
G3.1B622 Carpathian subalpine Carpathian subalpine same

Bruckenthalia spruce Bruckenthalia spruce
forests forests
G3.1B623 Carpathian high montane Carpathian high montane same

Hieracium spruce forests Hieracium spruce forests
G3.1B624 Carpathian high montane Carpathian high montane same

Bazzania spruce forests Bazzania spruce forests
G3.1B625 Carpathian Leucanthemum Carpathian Leucanthemum same
high montane spruce high montane spruce
forests forests
G3.1C Inner range montane Picea Inner range montane same

forests spruce forests
G3.1C1 Acidophile montane inner Acidophile montane inner same

Alpine spruce forests Alpine spruce forests
G3.1C2 Calciphile montane inner Calciphile montane inner same

G3.1C3 Bedstraw montane inner Bedstraw montane inner same

G3.1C4 Tall herb montane inner Tall herb montane inner same
G3.1C5 Peatmoss montane inner Peatmoss montane inner same

G3.1C6 Inner Carpathian spruce Inner Carpathian spruce same

forests forests
G3.1D Hercynian subalpine Picea Hercynian subalpine spruce same

forests forests
G3.1D1 Subalpine spruce forests of Subalpine spruce forests of same

the Bayerischer Wald the Bayerischer Wald

the Harz and Erzgebirge the Harz and Erzgebirge

the Sudeten the Sudeten
G3.1E Southern European Picea Southern European Norway same
abies forests spruce forests
G3.1E1 Southeastern Moesian Southeastern Moesian same

Picea abies forests spruce forests
G3.1E11 Aegeo-Rhodopean spruce Aegeo-Rhodopean spruce same

forests forests
G3.1E12 Central Rhodopide spruce Central Rhodopide spruce same

forests forests
G3.1E13 Moeso-Macedonian spruce Moeso-Macedonian spruce same

forests forests
G3.1E2 Apennine spruce forests Apennine spruce forests same
G3.1E3 Montenegrine Picea abies Montenegrine spruce same

forests forests
G3.1E4 Pelagonide Picea abies Pelagonide spruce forests same

forests
G3.1E5 Balkan Range Picea abies Balkan Range spruce same

forests forests
G3.1F Enclave Picea abies forests Enclave Norway spruce same

forests
G3.1F1 Subalpine Jura spruce Subalpine Jura spruce same

forests forests
G3.1F2 Subalpine Black Forest Subalpine Black Forest same

G3.1F3 Peri-Alpine bazzania spruce Peri-Alpine bazzania spruce same
forests forests
G3.1F4 Hercynio-Alpine montane Hercynio-Alpine montane same

G3.1F41 Medio-European montane Medio-European montane same

G3.1F42 Illyrio-Alpine montane Illyrio-Alpine montane same

beech spruce forests beech spruce forests
G3.1F43 Dacian beech-spruce Dacian beech-spruce same

forests forests
G3.1F5 Dinaric spruce forests Dinaric spruce forests same
G3.1F51 Illyro-Dinaric cold station Illyro-Dinaric cold station same

G3.1F52 Dinaric dolomite spruce Dinaric dolomite spruce same

forests forests
G3.1F53 Dinaric acidophilous spruce Dinaric acidophilous spruce same

forests forests
G3.1F54 Moeso-Dinaric spruce Moeso-Dinaric spruce same

forests forests
G3.1G Picea omorika forests Omorika spruce forests same
G3.1H Picea orientalis forests Oriental spruce forests same

Abies alba G3.1 Abies and Picea woodland Fir and spruce woodland narrower divided into
Oxalis three types
acetosella (according to
Vaccinium dominant
myrtillus species and
Fagus geographic
sylvatica distribution)
Picea abies
Hylocomium
splendens
G3.11 Neutrophile medio- Neutrophile medio- same

European Abies forests European fir forests
G3.111 Inner Alpine neutrophile fir Inner Alpine neutrophile fir same
forests forests
G3.1111 Sorrel fir forests Sorrel fir forests same
G3.1112 Tall herb fir forests Tall herb fir forests same
G3.1113 Trochischantes fir forests Trochischantes fir forests same

G3.112 Neutrophile Hercynio- Neutrophile Hercynio- same
Alpine fir forests Alpine fir forests
G3.1121 Peri-Alpine neutrophile fir Peri-Alpine neutrophile fir same

forests forests
G3.11211 Peri-Alpine neutrophile Peri-Alpine neutrophile same

spruce fir forests spruce fir forests
G3.11212 Peri-Alpine neutrophile Peri-Alpine neutrophile same

beech fir forests beech fir forests
G3.1122 Illyrian neutrophile fir Illyrian neutrophile fir same

forests forests
G3.11221 Illyrian neutrophile spruce Illyrian neutrophile spruce same

fir forests fir forests
G3.11222 Illyrian neutrophile beech Illyrian neutrophile beech same

G3.1123 Dacian neutrophile Dacian neutrophile same

montane fir forests montane fir forests
G3.113 Pyrenean fir forests Pyrenean fir forests same
G3.114 East Carpathian high East Carpathian high same

montane fir forests montane fir forests
G3.12 Calciphilous Abies alba Calciphilous silver fir forests same

forests
G3.121 Inner Alpine calcicolous fir Inner Alpine calcicolous fir same
forests forests
G3.122 Outer Alpine calcicolous fir Outer Alpine calcicolous fir same
forests forests
G3.123 Jurasso-Hercynian Jurasso-Hercynian same

calcicolous fir forests calcicolous fir forests
G3.124 Dinaric calcareous block fir Dinaric calcareous block fir same
forests forests
G3.13 Acidophilous Abies alba Acidophilous silver fir same

forests forests
G3.131 Inner Alpine acidophile fir Inner Alpine acidophile fir same
forests forests
G3.132 Acidophile Hercynio-Alpine Acidophile Hercynio-Alpine same

G3.1321 Peri-Alpine acidophile fir Peri-Alpine acidophile fir same

forests forests
G3.1322 Illyrian acidophile fir forests Illyrian acidophile fir forests same
G3.1323 Dacian acidophile beech fir Dacian acidophile beech fir same
forests forests
G3.133 Alpenrose fir forests Alpenrose fir forests same
G3.1331 Pyrenean alpenrose fir Pyrenean alpenrose fir same

forest forest
G3.1332 Alpine alpenrose fir forests Alpine alpenrose fir forests same
G3.1333 Block alpenrose fir forests Block alpenrose fir forests same
G3.134 Holy Cross fir forests Holy Cross fir forests same
G3.135 Bazzania fir forests Bazzania fir forests same
G3.14 Corsican Abies alba forests Corsican silver fir forests same
G3.16 Moesian Abies alba forests Moesian silver fir forests same
G3.161 Rhodopide fir forests Rhodopide fir forests same
G3.1611 Falakron silver fir forests Falakron silver fir forests same
G3.1612 Rhodope fir forests Rhodope fir forests same
G3.1613 Western Rhodopide fir Western Rhodopide fir same

forests forests
G3.162 Moeso-Macedonian fir Moeso-Macedonian fir same

forests forests
G3.163 Balkan Range fir forests Balkan Range fir forests same
G3.164 Pelagonide silver fir forests Pelagonide silver fir forests same
G3.1I Abies reforestation Fir reforestation same
G3.1I1 Abies alba reforestation Abies alba reforestation same
G3.1I2 Abies borisii-regis Abies borisii-regis same

reforestation reforestation
G3.1I3 Abies cephalonica Abies cephalonica same

G3.1I4 Abies pinsapo reforestation Abies pinsapo reforestation same
G3.1I5 Abies nebrodensis Abies nebrodensis same

G3.1J Picea abies reforestation Norway spruce same

reforestation
G3.1K Serpentine Abies alba Serpentine silver fir forests same

forests
Abies G3.1 Abies and Picea woodland Fir and spruce woodland narrower divided into
pinsapo three types
Abies (according to
cephalonica dominant
Bryopsida species and
Pinus nigra geographic
Juniperus distribution)
communis
subsp.
communis
Brachypodiu
m sylvaticum
Abies
nebrodensis
G3.15 Southern Apennine Abies Southern Apennine silver same

alba forests fir forests
G3.17 Balkano-Pontic Abies Balkano-Pontic fir forests same

forests
G3.171 King Boris's fir forests King Boris's fir forests same
G3.172 Bornmueller's fir forests Bornmueller's fir forests same
G3.173 Nordmann's fir forests Nordmann's fir forests same

G3.18 Aegean Abies forests Aegean fir forests same
G3.181 Grecian fir forests Grecian fir forests same
G3.182 Trojan fir forests Trojan fir forests same
G3.19 Abies pinsapo forests Forests of Spanish fir (Abies same

pinsapo)
G3.191 Ronda pinsapo fir forests Ronda pinsapo fir forests same
G3.192 Bermeja pinsapo fir forests Bermeja pinsapo fir forests same
G3.1A Relict Abies nebrodensis Relict Nebrodi fir (Abies same

stands nebrodensis) stands
Larix decidua G3.2 ; Alpine Larix - Pinus cembra Alpine larch - Arolla wider merged
Vaccinium G3.3 woodland ; Pinus uncinata woodland ;
myrtillus woodland Mountain pine (Pinus
Pinus uncinata) woodland
uncinata
Rhododendr
on
ferrugineum
Pinus cembra
Hylocomium
splendens
Calamagrosti
s villosa
Vaccinium
vitis-idaea
Rhododendr
on hirsutum
G3.21 Eastern Alpine siliceous Eastern Alpine siliceous same

Larix and Pinus cembra larch and Arolla forests
forests
G3.22 Eastern Alpine calcicolous Eastern Alpine calcicolous same

Larix and Pinus cembra larch and Arolla forests
forests
G3.23 Western Larix, mountain Western larch, mountain same

pine and Pinus cembra pine and Arolla forests
forests
G3.24 Alpine secondary Larix Alpine secondary larch same

G3.25 Carpathian Larix and Pinus Carpathian larch and Arolla same
cembra forests forests
G3.251 Western Carpathian larch Western Carpathian larch same
and arolla forests and arolla forests
G3.252 Inner Carpathian larch and Inner Carpathian larch and same
arolla forests arolla forests
G3.253 Eastern Carpathian larch Eastern Carpathian larch same

and arolla forests and arolla forests
G3.2531 Eastern Carpathian larch Eastern Carpathian larch same

forests forests
G3.2532 Eastern Carpathian arolla Eastern Carpathian arolla same

forests forests
G3.26 Larix polonica forests Larix polonica forests same
G3.31 Pinus uncinata forests with Rusty alpenrose mountain same

Rhododendron pine forests
ferrugineum
G3.311 Outer Alpine alpenrose Outer Alpine alpenrose same

mountain pine forests mountain pine forests
G3.312 Jura alpenrose mountain Jura alpenrose mountain same

pine forests pine forests
G3.313 Pyrenean alpenrose Pyrenean alpenrose same

G3.32 Xerocline Pinus uncinata Xerocline mountain pine same

forests forests
G3.321 Inner Alpine mountain pine Inner Alpine mountain pine same
forests forests
G3.322 Outer Alpine juniper- Outer Alpine juniper- same

bearberry mountain pine bearberry mountain pine
forests forests
G3.323 Ventoux mountain pine Ventoux mountain pine same

woods woods
G3.324 Pyrenean adret mountain Pyrenean adret mountain same

G3.3241 Speedwell mountain pine Speedwell mountain pine same

forests forests
G3.3242 Pyrenean bearberry Pyrenean bearberry same

G3.325 Pasqueflower mountain Pasqueflower mountain same

G3.326 Mountain pine forests of Mountain pine forests of same

the Iberian Range the Iberian Range
G3.3261 Urbion mountain pine Urbion mountain pine same

forests forests
G3.3262 Gudar mountain pine Gudar mountain pine same

forests forests
G3.33 Pinus uncinata Mountain pine same

Pinus G3.4 Pinus sylvestris woodland Scots pine woodland south narrower split into
sylvestris south of the taiga of the taiga Temperate
Pleurozium continental,
schreberi Temperate
Vaccinium and
myrtillus submediterra
Deschampsia nean
flexuosa montane and
Molinia Mediterrane
caerulea agg. an montane
Hylocomium types
splendens
G3.41 Caledonian forest Caledonian forest same
G3.411 Heather Caledonian forest Heather Caledonian forest same
G3.412 Bilberry Caledonian forest Bilberry Caledonian forest same
G3.413 Moss Caledonian forest Moss Caledonian forest same
G3.414 Woodrush Caledonian Woodrush Caledonian same

forest forest
G3.415 Peatmoss Caledonian forest Peatmoss Caledonian forest same
G3.42 Middle European Pinus Middle European Scots same

sylvestris forests pine forests
G3.421 Subcontinental Scots pine Subcontinental Scots pine same

forests forests
G3.4211 Central European Scots Central European Scots same

G3.42111 Subcontinental moss Scots Subcontinental moss Scots same

G3.42112 Subcontinental lichen Scots Subcontinental lichen Scots same

G3.42113 Subcontinental moorgrass Subcontinental moorgrass same

Scots pine forests Scots pine forests
G3.42114 Subcontinental saw-wort Subcontinental saw-wort same

G3.4212 Western lowland Scots pine Western lowland Scots pine same
forests forests
G3.422 Hercynian Scots pine Hercynian Scots pine same

forests forests
G3.4221 Eastern Hercynian Scots Eastern Hercynian Scots same

G3.4222 Black Forest Scots pine Black Forest Scots pine same
forests forests
G3.4223 Vosges Scots pine forests Vosges Scots pine forests same
G3.4224 Luxembourg sandstone Luxembourg sandstone same

G3.4225 Pale hawkweed Scots pine Pale hawkweed Scots pine same
forests forests
G3.4226 Lower Austrian block heath Lower Austrian block heath same
pine woods pine woods
G3.423 Western Eurasian steppe Western Eurasian steppe same

G3.4231 Rhine steppe pine forests Rhine steppe pine forests same
G3.4232 Sarmatic steppe Pinus Sarmatic steppe Scots pine same

sylvestris forests forests
G3.4233 Carpathian steppe Pinus Carpathian steppe Scots same

sylvestris woods pine woods
G3.4234 Pannonic steppe Pinus Pannonic steppe Scots pine same

sylvestris woods woods
G3.424 Baltic dune Scots pine Baltic dune Scots pine same
woods woods
G3.425 Eastern Alpine acidophilous Eastern Alpine acidophilous same

Scots pine woods Scots pine woods
G3.43 Inner-Alpine Ononis steppe Inner-Alpine restharrow same

forests (Ononis) steppe forests
G3.44 Spring heath Pinus Spring heath Scots pine same
G3.441 Alpine spring heath Scots Alpine spring heath Scots same
G3.442 Carpathian relict Carpathian relict same

calcicolous Pinus sylvestris calcicolous Scots pine
forests forests
G3.45 Inner Alpine Minuartia Inner Alpine sandwort same

laricifolia steppe forests (Minuartia) steppe forests
G3.46 Pyrenean mesophile Pinus Pyrenean mesophile Scots same

G3.461 Pyrenean calcicolous Pyrenean calcicolous same

mesophile Scots pine mesophile Scots pine
forests forests
G3.462 Pyrenean siliceous Pyrenean siliceous same

mesophile Scots pine mesophile Scots pine
forests forests
G3.47 Central Massif Pinus Central Massif Scots pine same

G3.48 Southwestern Alpine Southwestern Alpine same

mesophile Pinus sylvestris mesophile Scots pine
forests forests
G3.4F European Pinus sylvestris European Scots pine same

Pinus G3.4 ; Pinus sylvestris woodland Scots pine woodland south complex merged and
sylvestris G3.5 south of the taiga ; Pinus of the taiga ; split
Pinus nigra nigra woodland Black pine (Pinus nigra)
Erica woodland
herbacea
Sesleria
caerulea
Buxus
semperviren
s
Carex humilis
Calamagrosti
s varia
Brachypodiu
m pinnatum
Arctostaphyl
os uva-ursi
G3.4C Southeastern European Southeastern European same

Pinus sylvestris forests Scots pine forests
G3.4C1 Thessalo-Macedonian Thessalo-Macedonian same

G3.4C2 Rhodopide Scots pine Rhodopide Scots pine same

forests forests
G3.4C3 Balkan Range Scots pine Balkan Range Scots pine same
forests forests
G3.4C4 Southwestern Moesian Southwestern Moesian same

G3.4C41 Moeso-Macedonian Scots Moeso-Macedonian Scots same
G3.4C42 Pelagonian Scots pine Pelagonian Scots pine same

forests forests
G3.4C5 Dinaric spring heath Scots Dinaric spring heath Scots same
G3.4C52 Dinaric dolomite Scots pine Dinaric dolomite Scots pine same
forests forests
G3.4C51 Dinaric serpentine Scots Dinaric serpentine Scots same

G3.4C6 Dinaric calcicole Scots pine Dinaric calcicole Scots pine same
forests forests
G3.4C7 Dinaric acidophile Scots Dinaric acidophile Scots same

G3.4C8 East Carpathian Sesleria East Carpathian Sesleria same

G3.4C9 East Carpathian bilberry East Carpathian bilberry same

G3.4CA East Carpathian Daphne East Carpathian Daphne same

blagayana Scots pine blagayana Scots pine
forests forests
G3.4D Po terrace Pinus sylvestris Po terrace Scots pine same

forests forests
G3.4E Ponto-Caucasian Pinus Ponto-Caucasian Scots pine same

G3.49 Supra-Mediterranean Pinus Supra-Mediterranean Scots same
G3.51 Alpino-Apennine Pinus Alpino-Apennine black pine same

nigra forests forests
G3.511 Southern Alpine Pinus Southern Alpine Pinus same

nigra forests nigra forests
G3.512 Apennine Pinus nigra Apennine Pinus nigra same

forests forests
G3.513 Lower Austrian Pinus nigra Lower Austrian Pinus nigra same
forests forests
G3.514 Northwestern Adriatic Northwestern Adriatic same

Pinus nigra forests Pinus nigra forests
G3.52 Western Balkanic Pinus Western Balkanic Corsican same

nigra forests Pine forests
G3.521 Dinaro-Pelagonian Pinus Dinaro-Pelagonian Pinus same

G3.5211 Moeso-Hellenic montane Moeso-Hellenic montane same

G3.5212 Illyrian serpentine Pinus Illyrian serpentine Pinus same

G3.5213 Illyrian limestone Pinus Illyrian limestone Pinus same

G3.5214 Illyrian dolomite Pinus Illyrian dolomite Pinus same

G3.5215 Illyrian sub-Mediterranean Illyrian sub-Mediterranean same
G3.522 Pinus dalmatica forests Pinus dalmatica forests same
G3.56 Pinus pallasiana and Pinus Banat and Pallas' pine same
banatica forests forests
G3.561 Helleno-Balkanic Pallas' Helleno-Balkanic Pallas' same

G3.5611 Taygetos Pallas' pine forests Taygetos Pallas' pine forests same
G3.5612 Parnon Pallas' pine forests Parnon Pallas' pine forests same
G3.5613 Northern Peloponnese Northern Peloponnese same

Pallas' pine forests Pallas' pine forests
G3.5614 Southern Pindus Pallas' Southern Pindus Pallas' same

G3.5615 Olympian Pallas' pine Olympian Pallas' pine same

forests forests
G3.5616 Central Pindus Pallas' pine Central Pindus Pallas' pine same
forests forests
G3.5617 Pelagonide Pallas' pine Pelagonide Pallas' pine same

forests forests
G3.5618 Rhodopide Pallas' pine Rhodopide Pallas' pine same

forests forests
G3.5619 Balkan Range Pallas' pine Balkan Range Pallas' pine same
forests forests
G3.561A Moeso-Macedonian Pallas' Moeso-Macedonian Pallas' same

G3.561B Aegean Pallas' pine forests Aegean Pallas' pine forests same
G3.562 Banat pine forests Banat pine forests same
G3.561A Moeso-Macedonian Pallas' Moeso-Macedonian Pallas' same

G3.561B Aegean Pallas' pine forests Aegean Pallas' pine forests same
G3.562 Banat pine forests Banat pine forests same
G3.563 Cyprian Pallas' pine forests Cyprian Pallas' pine forests same
G3.564 Anatolian Pallas' pine Anatolian Pallas' pine same

forests forests
G3.57 Pinus nigra reforestation Black pine reforestation same

Pinus G3.4 ; Pinus sylvestris woodland Scots pine woodland south complex merged and
sylvestris G3.5 south of the taiga ; Pinus of the taiga ; split
Buxus nigra woodland Black pine (Pinus nigra)
semperviren woodland
s
Festuca
iberica
Deschampsia
flexuosa
Pinus nigra
Brachypodiu
m pinnatum
Hylocomium
splendens
Cytisus
balansae
G3.4A Iberian calcareous Pinus Iberian calcareous Scots same

sylvestris woods pine woods
G3.4A1 Pyrenean hedgehog-heath Pyrenean hedgehog-heath same

Scots pine woods Scots pine woods
G3.4A2 Savin Scots pine forests Savin Scots pine forests same
G3.4A21 Iberian-Range calcicolous Iberian-Range calcicolous same

G3.4A22 Baetic calcicolous Scots Baetic calcicolous Scots same

G3.4B Iberian silicicolous Pinus Iberian silicicolous Scots same
G3.4B1 Pyrenean xerophile Scots Pyrenean xerophile Scots same

G3.4B2 Iberian-Range silicicolous Iberian-Range silicicolous same

G3.4B3 Cordilleran silicicolous Cordilleran silicicolous same

G3.4B31 Summital Guadarraman Summital Guadarraman same

silicicolous Scots pine silicicolous Scots pine
forests forests
G3.4B32 Lower Cordilleran Lower Cordilleran same

silicicolous Scots pine silicicolous Scots pine
forests forests
G3.4B4 Cantabrian Scots pine Cantabrian Scots pine same

forests forests
G3.53 Pinus salzmannii forests Salzmann's pine forests same
G3.531 Causses Salzmann's pine Causses Salzmann's pine same

forests forests
G3.532 Pre-Pyrenean Salzmann's Pre-Pyrenean Salzmann's same

G3.533 Northern-Iberian Northern-Iberian same

Salzmann's pine forests Salzmann's pine forests
G3.534 Cordilleran Salzmann's pine Cordilleran Salzmann's pine same

forests forests
G3.535 Southern-Iberian Southern-Iberian same
G3.536 Baetic Salzmann's pine Baetic Salzmann's pine same

forests forests

Baetic Salzmann's pine Baetic Salzmann's pine
forests forests
G3.5362 Oro-Mediterranean Baetic Oro-Mediterranean Baetic same

G3.54 Corsican Pinus laricio Corsican laricio pine forests same

forests
G3.55 Calabrian Pinus laricio Calabrian laricio pine same

forests forests
Pinus G3.6 Subalpine mediterranean Subalpine mediterranean same name and
heldreichii Pinus woodland pine woodland description
Pinus peuce changed
Vaccinium
myrtillus
Buxus
semperviren
s
Thymus
praecox
Juniperus
communis
subsp. alpina
Calamagrosti
s
arundinacea
Brachypodiu
m sylvaticum
Brachypodiu
m pinnatum
G3.61 Pinus leucodermis forests White-barked pine (Pinus same

leucodermis) forests
G3.611 Italian white-barked pine Italian white-barked pine same

forests forests
G3.612 Pindus white-barked pine Pindus white-barked pine same

forests forests
G3.613 Olympus white-barked pine Olympus white-barked pine same

forests forests
G3.614 Pelagonide white-barked Pelagonide white-barked same

G3.615 South Dinaric white-barked South Dinaric white-barked same
G3.616 Rhodopide white-barked Rhodopide white-barked same

G3.62 Pinus peuce woods Macedonian pine (Pinus same

peuce) woods
G3.621 Pelagonide Macedonian Pelagonide Macedonian same

pine woods pine woods
G3.622 Southern Dinaric Southern Dinaric same

Macedonian pine woods Macedonian pine woods
G3.623 Rila and Pirin Macedonian Rila and Pirin Macedonian same
G3.624 Rhodope Macedonian pine Rhodope Macedonian pine same

woods woods
G3.625 Balkan Macedonian pine Balkan Macedonian pine same

woods woods
Pinus G3.7 Lowland to montane Lowland to montane same name and
halepensis mediterranean Pinus mediterranean pine description
Pinus woodland (excluding Pinus woodland (excluding black changed
pinaster nigra) pine Pinus nigra)
Pinus brutia
Calluna
vulgaris
Brachypodiu
m retusum
Pistacia
lentiscus
Pinus pinea
Rosmarinus
officinalis
Pteridium
aquilinum
Erica arborea
G3.71 Maritime Pinus pinaster Maritime pine (Pinus same

ssp. atlantica forests pinaster) forests
G3.711 Charente Pinus pinaster Charente maritime pine- same

ssp. atlantica - Quercus ilex holm oak forests
forests
G3.712 Aquitanian Pinus pinaster Aquitanian maritime pine- same

ssp. atlantica - Quercus cork oak forests
suber forests
G3.713 Landes maritime pine Landes maritime pine same

G3.714 Iberian Pinus pinaster ssp. Iberian maritime pine same
atlantica forests forests
G3.72 Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster Mesogean pine forests same

(Pinus mesogeensis) forests
G3.721 Iberian mesogean pine Iberian mesogean pine same

forests forests
G3.7211 Northern-Iberian Northern-Iberian same

mesogean pine forests mesogean pine forests
G3.7212 Cordilleran mesogean pine Cordilleran mesogean pine same

forests forests
G3.7213 Southern-Iberian Southern-Iberian same

G3.7214 Cazorlan mesogean pine Cazorlan mesogean pine same

forests forests
G3.7215 Southern Andalusian Southern Andalusian same

G3.7216 Leonese mesogean pine Leonese mesogean pine same

forests forests
G3.7217 Catalonian mesogean pine Catalonian mesogean pine same

forests forests
G3.722 Corbières mesogean pine Corbières mesogean pine same

forests forests
G3.723 Franco-Italian mesogean Franco-Italian mesogean same
G3.724 Corsican mesogean pine Corsican mesogean pine same

forests forests
G3.725 Sardinian mesogean pine Sardinian mesogean pine same

forests forests
G3.726 Pantellerian mesogean pine Pantellerian mesogean pine same

forests forests
G3.73 Pinus pinea forests Stone pine forests same
G3.731 Iberian stone pine forests Iberian stone pine forests same
G3.7311 Western Andalusian stone Western Andalusian stone same

G3.7312 Lusitanian stone pine Lusitanian stone pine same

forests forests
G3.7313 Castilian stone pine forests Castilian stone pine forests same
G3.7314 Cordilleran stone pine Cordilleran stone pine same

forests forests
G3.7315 Catalonian stone pine Catalonian stone pine same

forests forests
G3.7316 Morena stone pine forests Morena stone pine forests same
G3.7317 Manchegan stone pine Manchegan stone pine same
forests forests
G3.732 Balearic stone pine woods Balearic stone pine woods same
G3.733 Provence stone pine woods Provence stone pine woods same
G3.734 Corsican stone pine woods Corsican stone pine woods same
G3.735 Sardinian stone pine forests Sardinian stone pine forests same
G3.736 Sicilian stone pine forests Sicilian stone pine forests same
G3.737 Italic stone pine forests Italic stone pine forests same
G3.738 Hellenic stone pine forests Hellenic stone pine forests same
G3.739 Albanian stone pine forests Albanian stone pine forests same
G3.73A Dalmatian stone pine Dalmatian stone pine same

forests forests
G3.73B Pontic stone pine forests Pontic stone pine forests same
G3.73C Mediterranean Anatolian Mediterranean Anatolian same

stone pine forests stone pine forests
G3.74 Pinus halepensis forests Aleppo pine forests same
G3.741 Iberian Pinus halepensis Iberian Aleppo pine forests same

forests
G3.742 Balearic Pinus halepensis Balearic Aleppo pine same

forests forests
G3.743 Provenço-Ligurian Pinus Provenço-Ligurian Aleppo same

halepensis forests pine forests
G3.744 Corsican Pinus halepensis Corsican Aleppo pine same

woods woods
G3.745 Sardinian Pinus halepensis Sardinian Aleppo pine same

woods woods
G3.746 Sicilian Pinus halepensis Sicilian Aleppo pine woods same

woods
G3.747 Italic Pinus halepensis Italic Aleppo pine forests same

forests
G3.7471 Gargano Pinus halepensis Gargano Aleppo pine same

forests forests
G3.7472 Metapontine Pinus Metapontine Aleppo pine same

halepensis forests forests
G3.7473 Umbrian Pinus halepensis Umbrian Aleppo pine same

forests forests
G3.748 Hellenic Pinus halepensis Hellenic Aleppo pine same

forests forests
G3.74A East Mediterranean Pinus East Mediterranean Aleppo same
halepensis forests pine forests
G3.749 Illyrian Pinus halepensis Illyrian Aleppo pine forests same

forests
G3.75 Pinus brutia forests Aegean pine forests same
insufficient G3.8 Canary Island Pinus Canary Island pine (Pinus same name and
data canariensis woodland canariensis) woodland description
available changed
G3.81 Pinus canariensis - Cistus Canary pine - rockrose same

symphytifolius forests forests
G3.811 Tenerife pine-rockrose Tenerife pine-rockrose same

forests forests
G3.812 La Palma pine-rockrose La Palma pine-rockrose same

forests forests
G3.813 Gran Canaria pine-rockrose Gran Canaria pine-rockrose same

forests forests
G3.814 Hierro pine-rockrose Hierro pine-rockrose same

forests forests
G3.82 Pinus canariensis - dry Canary pine - dry scrub same

scrub forests forests
G3.821 Tenerife pine-dry scrub Tenerife pine-dry scrub same
woods woods
G3.822 La Palma pine-dry scrub La Palma pine-dry scrub same

woods woods
G3.823 Gran Canaria pine-dry Gran Canaria pine-dry same

scrub woods scrub woods
G3.824 Hierro pine-dry scrub Hierro pine-dry scrub same

woods woods
G3.83 Pinus canariensis - heath Canary pine - heath forests same

forests
G3.831 Tenerife pine-heath forests Tenerife pine-heath forests same
G3.832 La Palma pine-heath forests La Palma pine-heath forests same
G3.833 Gran Canaria pine-heath Gran Canaria pine-heath same

forests forests
G3.834 Hierro pine-heath forests Hierro pine-heath forests same
G3.84 Pinus canariensis - Canary pine - broom same

Adenocarpus viscosus (Adenocarpus viscosus)
woods woods
G3.841 Tenerife pine-broom woods Tenerife pine-broom woods same
G3.842 La Palma pine-broom La Palma pine-broom same

woods woods
G3.85 Pinus canariensis - Canary pine - juniper same
Juniperus cedrus woods woods
G3.851 Tenerife pine-juniper Tenerife pine-juniper same

woods woods
G3.852 La Palma pine-juniper La Palma pine-juniper same

woods woods
insufficient G3.9C Cedrus woodland Cedar woodland same new name &
data description,
available change of
level (G3.9
split)
G3.9C1 Cedrus libani forests Cedar of Lebanon forests same level

changed
G3.9C11 Lycian Taurus Cedrus libani Lycian Taurus cedar of same level
forests Lebanon forests changed
G3.9C12 Central Taurus Cedrus Central Taurus cedar of same level

libani forests Lebanon forests changed
G3.9C13 Paphlagonian Cedrus libani Paphlagonian cedar of same level

forests Lebanon forests changed
G3.9C2 Cedrus brevifolia forests Cyprus cedar forests same level

changed
Taxus G3.9 Coniferous woodland Coniferous woodland narrower split in to
baccata dominated by dominated by Cupressacea
Fagus Cupressaceae or Taxaceae Cupressaceae or Taxaceae e and
sylvatica Taxaceae
Hedera helix forests
G3.97 Western Palaearctic Taxus Western Palaearctic yew same

baccata woods woods
G3.971 Atlantic Taxus baccata Atlantic yew woods same

woods
G3.972 Corsican yew woods Corsican yew woods same
G3.973 Sardinian yew woods Sardinian yew woods same
G3.974 Italic yew woods Italic yew woods same

G3.975 Iberian yew woods Iberian yew woods same
G3.976 Provence yew woods Provence yew woods same
G3.977 Alpino-Carpathian yew Alpino-Carpathian yew same

woods woods
G3.978 Dinaric yew woods Dinaric yew woods same
G3.979 Baltic yew woods Baltic yew woods same
G3.97A Vitosha yew woods Vitosha yew woods same

Cupressus G3.9 Coniferous woodland Coniferous woodland narrower split in to
semperviren dominated by dominated by Cupressacea
s Cupressaceae or Taxaceae Cupressaceae or Taxaceae e and
Juniperus Taxaceae
foetidissima forests
Juniperus
thurifera
Pinus brutia
Juniperus
oxycedrus
Juniperus
excelsa
Juniperus
drupacea
G3.91 Western Palaearctic Western Palaearctic same

Cupressus forests cypress forests
G3.96 Tetraclinis articulata forests Arbor-vitae (Tetraclinis same

articulata) forests
G3.9B Hyrcanian Platycladus Hyrcanian thuja forests same

orientalis (Thuja orientalis)
forests
G3.99 Juniperus oxycedrus woods Prickly juniper (Juniperus same

oxycedrus) woods
G3.9A Juniperus phoenicea woods Phoenician juniper woods same

G3.92 Spanish Juniperus thurifera Spanish juniper (Juniperus same
woods thurifera) woods
G3.921 Iberian Spanish juniper Iberian Spanish juniper same

forests forests
G3.922 Guadarraman Spanish Guadarraman Spanish same

juniper woods juniper woods
G3.9221 Guadarraman calciphilous Guadarraman calciphilous same

Spanish juniper woods Spanish juniper woods
G3.9222 Guadarraman silicicolous Guadarraman silicicolous same

Spanish juniper woods Spanish juniper woods
G3.923 Cantabrian Spanish juniper Cantabrian Spanish juniper same

woods woods
G3.924 Monegros Spanish juniper Monegros Spanish juniper same

woods woods
G3.925 Manchegan Spanish juniper Manchegan Spanish juniper same

woods woods
G3.926 Baetic Spanish juniper Baetic Spanish juniper same

woods woods
G3.927 Pyrenean Spanish juniper Pyrenean Spanish juniper same

woods woods
G3.928 Southern Alpine Spanish Southern Alpine Spanish same

G3.929 Isère Spanish juniper Isère Spanish juniper same

woods woods
G3.92A Corsican Spanish juniper Corsican Spanish juniper same
woods woods
G3.93 Greek Juniperus excelsa Grecian juniper (Juniperus same

woods excelsa) woods
G3.931 Northern Hellenic Grecian Northern Hellenic Grecian same

G3.932 Peri-Rhodopide Grecian Peri-Rhodopide Grecian same

G3.933 Paeonian Grecian juniper Paeonian Grecian juniper same

woods woods
G3.934 Cyprian Grecian juniper Cyprian Grecian juniper same

woods woods
G3.935 Anatolian Grecian juniper Anatolian Grecian juniper same

woods woods
G3.94 Juniperus foetidissima Stinking juniper (Juniperus same

woods foetidissima) woods
G3.95 Juniperus drupacea woods Syrian juniper (Juniperus same

drupacea) woods
insufficient G3.98 Macaronesian Juniperus Macaronesian juniper same new name &
data woods woods description
available level
changed
(G3.9 split)
G3.981 Canary Island juniper Canary Island juniper same level

woods woods changed
G3.982 Azorean juniper woods Azorean juniper woods same level

changed
G3.983 Macaronesian Phoenician Macaronesian Phoenician same level

juniper woods juniper woods changed
Picea abies G3.A Picea taiga woodland Spruce taiga woodland same new
Hylocomium description
splendens
Vaccinium
myrtillus
Pinus
sylvestris
Pleurozium
schreberi
Oxalis
acetosella
Picea
obovata
Maianthemu
m bifolium
G3.A1 Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry western spruce same

western Picea taiga taiga
G3.A11 Subcontinental bilberry Subcontinental bilberry same

western spruce taiga western spruce taiga
G3.A12 Suboceanic bilberry Suboceanic bilberry same

G3.A13 Continental bilberry Continental bilberry same

G3.A14 Boreo-nemoral bilberry Boreo-nemoral bilberry same

G3.A2 Fern western Picea taiga Fern western spruce taiga same
G3.A21 Small fern western spruce Small fern western spruce same
taiga taiga
G3.A211 Subcontinental small fern Subcontinental small fern same

G3.A212 Suboceanic small fern Suboceanic small fern same

G3.A213 Continental small fern Continental small fern same

G3.A22 Tall fern western spruce Tall fern western spruce same
taiga taiga
G3.A3 Small-herb western Picea Small-herb western spruce same

taiga taiga
G3.A31 Subcontinental small-herb Subcontinental small-herb same

G3.A32 Suboceanic small-herb Suboceanic small-herb same

G3.A33 Continental small-herb Continental small-herb same

G3.A34 Boreo-nemoral small-herb Boreo-nemoral small-herb same

G3.A4 Tall-herb western Picea Tall-herb western spruce same

taiga taiga
G3.A41 Northern subcontinental Northern subcontinental same
tall-herb spruce taiga tall-herb spruce taiga
G3.A42 Southern subcontinental Southern subcontinental same

tall-herb spruce taiga tall-herb spruce taiga
G3.A43 Oceanic tall-herb birch- Oceanic tall-herb birch- same

spruce taiga spruce taiga
G3.A44 Continental tall-herb Continental tall-herb same

G3.A5 Pretundra Picea obovata Pretundra Siberian spruce same

taiga (Picea obovata) taiga
Pinus G3.B Pinus taiga woodland Pine taiga woodland same new
sylvestris description
Empetrum
nigrum
subsp.
hermaphrodi
tum
Vaccinium
vitis-idaea
Pleurozium
schreberi
Vaccinium
myrtillus
G3.B1 Calluna vulgaris - Ling - crowberry western same
Empetrum western taiga taiga
G3.B11 Ling-crowberry birch- Ling-crowberry birch- same

spruce-pine taiga spruce-pine taiga
G3.B12 Barbilophozia birch-pine Barbilophozia birch-pine same

taiga taiga
G3.B13 Oceanic Bazzania pine taiga Oceanic Bazzania pine taiga same
G3.B2 Vaccinium vitis-idaea Pinus Cowberry pine and spruce - same

and Picea - Pinus taiga pine taiga
G3.B3 Herb-rich and grassy pine Herb-rich and grassy pine same
taiga taiga
G3.B4 Lichen Pinus taiga Lichen pine taiga same
G3.B41 Maritime lichen pine taiga Maritime lichen pine taiga same
G3.B42 Southern boreal Southern boreal same

continental lichen pine continental lichen pine
taiga taiga
G3.B43 Northern boreal lichen pine Northern boreal lichen pine same
taiga taiga
Larix sibirica G3.C Larix taiga woodland Larch taiga woodland same new
Oxalis description
acetosella
G3.C1 Larix russica taiga Siberian larch (Larix same

russica) taiga
G3.B44 Boreal rock-outcrop pine Boreal rock-outcrop pine same

woodland woodland
Pinus G3.D ; Boreal bog conifer Boreal bog conifer complex merge & split
sylvestris G3.E woodland ; woodland ;
Vaccinium Nemoral bog conifer Nemoral bog conifer
myrtillus woodland woodland
Pinus mugo
Sphagnum
fallax
Eriophorum
vaginatum
Sphagnum
capillifolium
Sphagnum
magellanicu
m
Pleurozium
schreberi
Calluna
vulgaris
Vaccinium
uliginosum
Molinia
caerulea agg.
Ledum
palustre
Vaccinium
oxycoccos
G3.D1 Pinus sylvestris bog woods Boreal Scots pine bog same
woods
G3.D11 Boreal Labrador tea Scots Boreal Labrador tea Scots same
pine bog woods pine bog woods
G3.D12 Boreal heath Scots pine Boreal heath Scots pine same
bog woods bog woods
G3.D121 Boreal ling Scots pine bog Boreal ling Scots pine bog same
woods woods
G3.D122 Boreal cowberry Scots pine Boreal cowberry Scots pine same
bog woods bog woods
G3.D123 Boreal bog rosemary Scots Boreal bog rosemary Scots same
G3.D13 Boreal cottonsedge Scots Boreal cottonsedge Scots same

G3.D2 Boreal sphagnum Pinus Boreal sphagnum Scots same

sylvestris fen woods pine fen woods
G3.D21 Boreal globe sedge Scots Boreal globe sedge Scots same
pine fen woods pine fen woods
G3.D22 Boreal dwarf scrub Scots Boreal dwarf scrub Scots same
G3.D222 Boreal leatherleaf Scots Boreal leatherleaf Scots same

G3.D223 Boreal bog bilberry Scots Boreal bog bilberry Scots same
G3.D23 Boreal neutrocline Boreal neutrocline same

sphagnum Scots pine fen sphagnum Scots pine fen
woods woods
G3.D3 Boreal brown moss Pinus Boreal brown moss Scots same
sylvestris fen woods pine fen woods
G3.E1 Pinus mugo bog woods Dwarf mountain pine bog same
woods
G3.E2 Nemoral Pinus sylvestris Nemoral Scots pine mire same

mire woods woods
G3.E21 Northern bilberry Scots Northern bilberry Scots same
Pine mire woods Pine mire woods
G3.E211 Inland northern bilberry Inland northern bilberry same

Scots Pine mire woods Scots Pine mire woods
G3.E212 Coastal northern bilberry Coastal northern bilberry same

Scots Pine mire woods Scots Pine mire woods
G3.E22 Hercynian Scots pine mire Hercynian Scots pine mire same
woods woods
G3.E23 Small reed Scots pine mire Small reed Scots pine mire same
woods woods
G3.E3 Balkan Pinus sylvestris mire Balkan Scots pine mire same
woods woods
G3.E31 Illyrian Scots pine mire Illyrian Scots pine mire same
woods woods
G3.E32 Moesian Scots pine mire Moesian Scots pine mire same
woods woods
G3.E4 Steppe Pinus sylvestris mire Steppe Scots pine mire same
woods woods
Picea abies G3.D ; Boreal bog conifer Boreal bog conifer complex merge & split
Vaccinium G3.E woodland ; woodland ;
myrtillus Nemoral bog conifer Nemoral bog conifer
Sphagnum woodland woodland
girgensohnii
Sphagnum
capillifolium
Sphagnum
Sphagnum
magellanicu
m
Calamagrosti
s villosa
Polytrichum
commune
Sphagnum
fallax
Eriophorum
vaginatum
G3.D4 Boreal Picea and Picea - Boreal spruce and spruce - same
Betula fen and bog woods birch fen and bog woods
G3.D41 Boreal acidophile Boreal acidophile same

sphagnum spruce woods sphagnum spruce woods
G3.D42 Boreal neutrocline Boreal neutrocline same

sphagnum spruce woods sphagnum spruce woods
G3.D43 Boreal brown moss spruce Boreal brown moss spruce same
fen woods fen woods
G3.D5 Boreal Picea swamp woods Boreal spruce swamp same

woods
G3.D51 Boreal fern spruce swamp Boreal fern spruce swamp same
woods woods
G3.D52 Boreal tall-herb spruce Boreal tall-herb spruce same

G3.D53 Boreal sedge-sphagnum Boreal sedge-sphagnum same

spruce swamp woods spruce swamp woods
G3.D54 Boreal heath-horsetail Boreal heath-horsetail same

G3.D541 Boreal northern bilberry Boreal northern bilberry same

G3.D542 Boreal cloudberry spruce Boreal cloudberry spruce same

G3.D543 Boreal horsetail spruce Boreal horsetail spruce same

G3.E5 Nemoral peatmoss Picea Nemoral peatmoss spruce same

woods woods
G3.E51 Peri-Alpine peatmoss Peri-Alpine peatmoss same

spruce woods spruce woods
G3.E52 Sub-boreal fen spruce Sub-boreal fen spruce same

woods woods
G3.E6 Nemoral bog Picea woods Nemoral bog spruce woods same
G3.F2 Exotic conifer plantations Exotic conifer plantations same name
changed
level
changed
(G3.F split
into site
native &
non-site
native )
G3.F21 Exotic spruce, fir, larch, Exotic spruce, fir, larch, same
douglas fir, deodar douglas fir, deodar
G3.F22 Exotic pine plantations Exotic pine plantations same
G3.F23 Other exotic conifer Other exotic conifer same

G3.F1 Native conifer plantations Native conifer plantations same name

changed
level
changed
(G3.F split
into site
native &
non-site
native )
G3.F11 Native fir, spruce, larch, Native fir, spruce, larch, same
cedar plantations cedar plantations
G3.F12 Native pine plantations Native pine plantations same
G3.F13 Native cypress, juniper, yew Native cypress, juniper, yew same
G5 Lines of trees, small Lines of trees, small same
anthropogenic woodlands, anthropogenic woodlands,
recently felled woodland, recently felled woodland,
early-stage woodland and early-stage woodland and
coppice coppice
G5.1 Lines of trees Lines of trees same
G5.2 Small broadleaved Small broadleaved same

deciduous anthropogenic deciduous anthropogenic
woodlands woodlands
G5.3 Small broadleaved Small broadleaved same
evergreen anthropogenic evergreen anthropogenic
woodlands woodlands
G5.4 Small coniferous Small coniferous same

anthropogenic woodlands anthropogenic woodlands
G5.5 Small mixed broadleaved Small mixed broadleaved same

and coniferous and coniferous
anthropogenic woodlands anthropogenic woodlands
G5.6 Early-stage natural and Early-stage natural and same

semi-natural woodlands semi-natural woodlands
and regrowth and regrowth
G5.61 Deciduous scrub woodland Deciduous scrub woodland same

G5.62 Mixed scrub woodland Mixed scrub woodland same
G5.63 Coniferous scrub woodland Coniferous scrub woodland same
G5.64 Raised bog pre-woods Raised bog pre-woods same
G5.7 Coppice and early-stage Coppice and early-stage same

G5.71 Coppice Coppice same
G5.72 Early-stage broadleaved Early-stage broadleaved same

deciduous plantations deciduous plantations
G5.73 Early-stage broadleaved Early-stage broadleaved same

evergreen plantations evergreen plantations
G5.74 Early-stage coniferous Early-stage coniferous same

G5.75 Early-stage mixed Early-stage mixed same
broadleaved and broadleaved and
coniferous plantations coniferous plantations
G5.76 Trees planted for early Trees planted for early same
whole-tree harvesting whole-tree harvesting
G5.8 Recently felled areas Recently felled areas same
G5.81 Recently felled areas, Recently felled areas, same

formerly broadleaved trees formerly broadleaved trees

formerly coniferous trees formerly coniferous trees

formerly mixed formerly mixed
broadleaved and broadleaved and
coniferous trees coniferous trees
G5.85 Shrubby clearings Shrubby clearings same

Source
EUNIS
habitat
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2012
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Schaminée
et al 2014
ETC/BD 2017
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classification
2012
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2012
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2012
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2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
ETC/BD 2017
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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2012
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2012
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classification
2012
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2012
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2012
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2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
Schaminée
et al 2014
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
Schaminée
et al 2014
ETC/BD 2017
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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2012
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classification
2012
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2012
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2012
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2012
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2012
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2012
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classification
2012
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2012
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2012
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2012
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2012
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classification
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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2012
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2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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2012
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classification
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classification
2012
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2012
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classification
2012
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2012
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classification
2012
EUNIS
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classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
Schaminée
et al 2014
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
Schaminée
et al 2014
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
Schaminée
et al 2014
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
ETC/BD 2017
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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classification
2012
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habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
ETC/BD 2017
ETC/BD 2017
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
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habitat
classification
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Schaminée
et al 2014
EUNIS
habitat
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ETC/BD 2017
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ETC/BD 2017
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Schaminée
et al 2014
EUNIS
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Schaminée
et al 2014
EUNIS
habitat
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Schaminée
et al 2014
EUNIS
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Schaminée
et al 2014
EUNIS
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Schaminée
et al 2014
EUNIS
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Schaminée
et al 2014
EUNIS
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Schaminée
et al 2014
EUNIS
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ETC/BD 2017
Schaminée
et al 2014
EUNIS
habitat
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Schaminée
et al 2014
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classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
Schaminée
et al 2014
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
ETC/BD 2017
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habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
ETC/BD 2017
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012
EUNIS
habitat
classification
2012

Level Code 2017 Names Descriptions Diagnostics Species Tundra

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Level Code 2017 Names Descriptions Diagnostics Species Tundra

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Level Code 2017 Name 2017 Description 2017 Diagnostic Constant

3 S1-1 Shrub tundra Tundra with a usually Empetrum Vaccinium

4 S1-22 Moss tundra

3 S2-1 Subarctic and Salix-dominated dwarf Salix Polygonum

5 S2-111 Alpic acid dwarf

6 S2-1211 Alpic espalier

7 S2-12111 Alpide Salix retusa-

7 S2-12112 Carpathian Salix

5 S2-122 Polar willow

6 S2-1222 Spitzbergen polar

5 S2-211 Alpide dwarf azalea

5 S2-212 Alpide dwarf

6 S2-2121 Alps dwarf

6 S2-2122 Carpathian dwarf

6 S2-2131 Rhodopide dwarf

6 S2-2132 Balkan Range dwarf

5 S2-214 Pontic dwarf

4 S2-22 Alpide acidocline

5 S2-221 Alpine rusty

5 S2-222 Pyrenean rusty

5 S2-223 Dinaric rusty

6 S2-2251 Balkan Range

6 S2-2252 Rila Kotschy's

4 S2-23 Alpigenic high

4 S2-24 Boreo-alpine and

5 S2-244 North Atlantic

5 S2-245 Arctic heaths

6 S2-2532 Balkan range

5 S2-271 Hairy alpenrose

5 S2-272 Alpine erica heaths

4 S2-28 Dryas octopetala

5 S2-281 Alpigenic high

6 S2-2811 Alpine Dryas mats

6 S2-2813 Jura Dryas mats

6 S2-2814 Apennine Dryas

7 S2-28153 Balkan Range Dryas

5 S2-283 Boreo-alpine Dryas

5 S2-284 Arctic Dryas heaths

5 S2-293 Pontic Range dwarf

3 S2-3 Alpine and Juniper-dominated Juniperus Juniperus

5 S2-312 Juniperus sabina

6 S2-3121 Iberian Juniperus

6 S2-3122 Alpine Juniperus

6 S2-3123 Apennine Juniperus

6 S2-3124 Dinarid Juniperus

5 S2-314 Mountain Juniperus

5 S2-315 Scotian juniper

5 S2-511 Green alder brush

6 S2-5111 Alpine green alder

6 S2-5112 Carpathian green

6 S2-5113 Dinaric green alder

6 S2-5115 Rhodopide green

5 S2-512 Corsican sweet

4 S2-52 Subalpine and

5 S2-521 Alpide willow brush

6 S2-5211 Alpigenous small

6 S2-5212 Alpine prostrate

6 S2-5213 Alpigenous tall

7 S2-52161 Dinaride willow

7 S2-52163 Rhodopide willow

5 S2-522 Oroboreal Salix

5 S2-523 Northern British