INTRODUCTION CHAPTER-1

Need and Importance and necessity of planned water supplies

Use of water by man, plants and animals is universal. It is essential for life, health and
sanitation. No life can exist without water, since water is essential not only for the survival of
human beings, but also for animals, plants and all other living beings. If there is shortage of water,
there will be decline in farm production and indirectly it will affect our daily life.
The water which is required should also be good and it should not contain unwanted
impurities or harmful chemical compounds or bacteria in it. In order to ensure availability of
sufficient quantity of good quality water, it is important to build suitable water supply schemes.
Such schemes help in maintaining better sanitation and beautification of surroundings and thus
promoting quality environment. It also ensures safety against fire by supplying sufficient quantity of
water to extinguish it.
The existence of such water supply scheme shall further help in attracting industries and
thereby helping in industrialisation and thereby modernisation of society, consequently reducing
unemployment and ensuring better living standards. Such schemes shall, therefore help in
promoting wealth and welfare of the entire humanity as a whole.

The importance of water supply projects can be listed as:

1. The growth of new industries for various pipe appurtenances such as air valves, bib cocks etc
takes place in the locality granting employment opportunities.
2. The industries which require pure water for their working are saved from expenditure of
installing their water purification plant.
3. The public in general gets treated reliable water for consumption and other uses.
4. The installation and maintenance of water supply scheme grant opportunities of employment to
the local people.
5. The sanitation of area is considerably improved by the adequate water supply.
6. There are less chances of water borne diseases to occur resulting in saving of human lives and
working hours.
7. The available water in locality is used in the best possible manner and its misuse and wastage are
avoided to considerable extent.

Planning and Execution of Modern Water Supply Schemes:

Planning a water supply scheme should start from searching a source by checking out all
possible sources and evaluating them in terms of quality, quantity and cost.
Suitable systems should then be designed for collecting, transporting and treating this water.
Treated water is distributed through network of distribution system.
There are certain important aspects which should be carefully viewed for starting up a new
water supply project. It includes:
1. Financial Aspects:
Data regarding availability of fund for scheme should be obtained prior to the starting of
work. Every step should be taken to make the scheme as economical as possible.

2. Population:
The present population should be determined and future population should be forecasted for
design period of scheme.

3. Requirements:
Requirements should be analysed and results should be thoroughly studied before the
planned scheme is installed.
4. Rate of Consumption:
Rate of consumption per capita should be decided after considering all kinds of demands
and this when multiplied with the population will give the total quantity of water required for the
scheme.

5. Sanitary Survey of Area:

Such survey helps in estimating the possible pollution or contamination of water from such
sources.

6. Sources of water supply:

Source should be selected while keeping in view of its adequacy, quality of water and
cheapness.

7. Topography of area:
Topographical map should be prepared and it should be studied in relation to the low lying
area, ridges, density of population, etc.

8. Trends of town development:

It should be predicted and properly adjusted in the water supply scheme. Such trends may
take various forms such as possibility of new industries, public recreation centres, public
institutions, residential blocks, etc.

PROJECT DRAWINGS
The drawings for a water supply project are necessary for the following reasons;
1. To decide the stages in which the scheme is to be put into operation
2. To guide the supervising staff during construction of various components of the scheme.
3. To illustrate the proposed scheme in a diagrammatic way
4. To obtain the administrative approval of the whole scheme
5. To work out the estimated cost of each component involved in the scheme as a whole.
The various drawings prepared are;
1. Contour plans
2. Detailed drawings
3. Line diagram
4. Site Plan
5. Topographical Map

HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

The natural and manufactured wastes generated and released into biosphere by the increased
number of human beings have upset the ecological equilibrium. Anthropogenic pollutants have
overloaded the system.
Early humans used natural resources to satisfy their needs for air, water, food and shelter.
These resources were readily available in the biosphere and thus they got their food without even
disturbing atmosphere with smoke. Early civilizations often drank from the rivers in which they
took bath and deposited their wastes. Yet the impact of such use was relatively slight, as natural
cleansing mechanisms easily restored water quality. These early humans used caves and other
natural shelter or else fashioned their homes from wood, dirt or animal skins. Only when early
people began to gather in large groups, their impact on the environment began to be significant.

With dawn of industrial revolution, humans were better abled and their attention is turned to
other needs beyond basic amenities. Automobile appliances, processed food and beverages had
become so popular, these needs are usually considered as acquired needs which had opened route or
assimilation of foreign matter in the environment.

Human activities had not only created an impact on environment this in turn have created an
impact upon humans also. Rivers became stagnant, skies are covered by smoke, odourus dumping
grounds have become a common sight. No attempt was made to reserve the negative impact humans
had on their environment.

Elements of air, water and land may host harmful biological and chemical agents that impact
the health of humans. A wide range of communicable diseases can be spread through elements of
the environment by human and animal waste products.

Even though through immunization and environmental control programs, major diseases
transmitted via the environment have been eliminated, however no country is totally immune from
outbreak of environmentally transmitted disease.

Pollution of atmosphere has also caused severe health problems due to high content of SO2 ,
lead and CO levels in the air.

Widespread use of chemicals in agriculture and industry are also a matter of concern for
Environmental Engineers.

Pollution even poses threat to the cultural and aesthetic heritage and economy of a country.
Environmental Engineers are committed to protect humans from all kinds of pollution threats and
work as a team in upbringing a pollution free well being.

WATER DEMAND

Various Types of Water Demand

The quantity of water required for a particular area can be calculated only if rate of demand
and population of town is known. The requirements of water for various uses are properly analyzed
and ultimately, rate of consumption per head is worked out. Population of the town is calculated and
future population is forecasted with the help of suitable methods.

The water quantities are calculated mainly as;

1. Total annual volume (V) in million litres.
2. Annual Average rate of draft in litres per day per person i.e. litres per capita per day or [lpcd]
3. Average rate of draft in litres/day/service

In order to arrive at a reasonable value of rate of demand for any particular town, the demand of
water can be classified in following headings
1. Domestic Water Demand
2. Industrial Water Demand
3. Institutional and commercial Water Demand
4. Demand for public uses
5. Fire Demand
6. Water required to compensate losses in wastes and thefts
1. DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND
This includes the water required in residential buildings for drinking, cooking, bathing, lawn
sprinkling, gardening, sanitary purposes etc. This amount varies according to the living conditions
of the consumers. On an average minimum domestic consumption for a town or a city with full
flushing system should be taken at 200 l/h/d; although it can be reduced to 135 l/h/d for
economically weaker sections and LIG colonies depending upon prevailing conditions as per
IS:1172-1993. The total domestic consumption generally amounts to 50-60% of the total water
consumption.

Table: Domestic Water Consumption

Use Consumption in litres per head per day(l/h/d)
Drinking 5
Cooking 5
Bathing 75
Washing of Clothes 25
Washing of Utensils 15
Washing and Cleaning of houses and residences 15
Lawn Watering and gardening 15
Flushing of water closets, etc 45
Total 200 l/h/d

2. INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMAND

The 'industrial water demand' represents the water demand of industries, which are either
existing or are likely to be started in future, in the city for which water supply is being planned. This
quantity will thus vary with the number and types of industries present in the city. The ordinary per
capita consumption on account of industrial needs of a city is generally taken as 50
litres/person/day.
If there are bigger industries, special provision will have to be made to meet their demands.
In industrial cities, the per capita water requirement may finally be computed to be as high as 450
litres/person/day or so.

3. INSTITUTIONAL AND COMMERCIAL WATER DEMAND

Water requirements of institutions such as restaurants, schools and colleges, offices,
factories, different industries, hospitals, hostels, railway stations, etc, should also be assessed and
provided or, in addition to domestic and industrial water demands. This quantity vary considerably
with the nature of the city and with the number and types of industries and commercial
establishments and institutions present in it. On an average, a per capita demand of 20
litres/head/day is usually considered to meet such commercial and institutional water requirements,
this demand maybe as high as 50 l/h/d for highly commercialised cities.

4. DEMAND FOR PUBLIC USE

This includes the quantity of water required for public utility purposes, such as watering of
public parks, gardening, washing and sprinkling on roads, use in public fountains, etc. A demand of
10 l/h/d is usually added in this account.
5. FIRE DEMAND
Water required for fire fighting usually known as fire demand. Fire fighting personnel
require sufficient quantity of water, for extinguishing fire at high speed. The quantity of water
required for extinguishing fire should be easily available and kept stored in reservoirs. Fire hydrants
are usually fitted in water mains at about 100-150m apart and fire fighting pumps are immediately
connected to them by fire brigade personnel as soon as a fire breaks out. These pumps then throw
water on the fire at very high pressures, so as to bring it under control. The minimum water pressure
available at fire hydrant should be of 100-150 KN/m2 and should be maintained even after 4-5 hours
of constant use of fire hydrant. In modern ire break out, 3 jet streams are simultaneously thrown
from each hydrant, one on burning property and one each either side of the burning property.
Fire demand is treated as a function of population and is worked out on the basis of certain
empirical formulae. The various common formulae are;

1. Kuichling's Formula:
Q=3182√P
Where, Q= Amount of water required in litres/minute
P= Population in thousands

2. Freeman Formula:
Q= 1136.5(P/5+10)
Where, Q= Amount of water required in litres/minute
P= Population in thousands

3. National Board of fire under Writer's formulas:

For a central congested high valued city
a)When population is less than or equal to 2,00,000
Q=4637 √P*(1-0.01√P)
b) When population is more than 2 lakhs, a provision or 54,600 litres/minute may be made with an
extra additional provision o 9,100 t 36,400 litres/minute for a second fire.

For a residential city

i) Small Low Buildings= 2,200 litres/min
ii) Larger and higher buildings=4,500 litres/minute
iii) High value residences, apartments, tenements=7,650 to 13,500 litres/minute
iv) Three Storyed Buildings in densely built-up sections= up to 27,000 litres/minute

4. Buston's Formula
Q=5663√P
where, P= Population in thousands
Q= Amount of water required in litres/minute

For population of 50000 and above fire demand can be calculated as

Q=100√P

6. WATER REQUIRED TO COMPENSATE LOSSESS IN THEFTS AND WASTES.

This includes the water lost in leakage due to bad plumbing or damaged meters, stolen water due to
unauthorised water connections, and there losses and wastes. These losses can be reduced by careful
maintenance and universal metering. Even in the best managed water works, this amount may
however work to be as high as 15% of the total consumption.
PER CAPITA DEMAND (q)
It is the annual average amount of daily water required by one person and includes the
domestic use, industrial and commercial use, public use, wastes, thefts, etc.
It may therefore be expressed as,

Per capita demand (q) in litres per day per head

= Total yearly water requirement of the city in litres (i.e V)
365 x Design Population

q= V
365P

For an average Indian town, as per IS recommendations the per capita demand may be taken as
given in table below,

USE CONSUMPTION (lpcd)

DOMESTIC USE 200
INDUSTRIAL USE 50
COMMERCIAL USE 20
CIVIC or PUBLIC USE 10
WASTES, THEFTS, etc 55
Total 335 = per capita demand (q)

The above figure of 335 litres/head/day when multiplied by the prospective population at the
end of the design period, shall give the annual average water requirement of the city per day. When
multiplied by 365, it will give the volume of the yearly water requirements in litres.

FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND

1. Size and type of city
2. Climatic Conditions
3. Standard of Living
4. Industrial and commercial activities
5. Quality of Water Supplies
6. Pressure Distribution system
7. System of sanitation
8. System of Supply
9. Metering
10. Water rates

1. Size and type of city

The per capita demand for big cities is generally large as compared to that for smaller towns.
This is because of the fact that in big cities, huge quantities of water are required for maintaining
clean and healthy environments. For example, big cities are generally sewered and as such require
large quantities of water (a sewered house requires four to five times the water required by an
unsewered home).
In fact the effect of population on the size of the city is an indirect one, because even a
smaller town may have high water consumption, if it is fully industrialised or is having some
industry requiring tremendous quantities of water.
2. Climatic Conditions:
At hotter and dry places, the consumption of water is generally more, because more of
bathing, cleaning, air cooling, sprinkling of lawns, gardens, roofs, etc are involved. Similarly, in
extremely cold countries more water may be consumed because the people may keep their taps
open to avoid freezing of pipes, and there may be more leakage from pipe joints, since metals
contract with cold.

3. Standard of Living:
Rich and upper class communities generally consume more water due to their affluent living
standards. Middle class communities consume average amounts, while the poor slum dwellers
consume average amounts, while the poor slum dwellers consume very low amounts. The amount
of water consumption is thus directly dependent upon the economic status of the consumers.

4. Industrial and Commercial Activities:

The pressure of industrial and commercial activities at a particular place increases the water
consumption by large amounts.

5. Quality of Water Supplies

If the quality and taste of the supplied water is good, it will be consumed more. Poor quality
water results in a reduction of use.

6. Pressure in the distribution system

If the pressure in the distribution pipes is high and sufficient to make the water reach high
raised buildings water consumption will be more and wastes due to leakage are considerably
increased.

7. System of sanitation
The per capita demand of the towns having water carriage systems will be more than the
town where this system is not been used.

8. System of Supply
The water maybe supplied either continuous or intermittent. The intermittent supply will
reduce rate of demand.

9. Metering:
Use of water decreases when the supplies are metered

10. Water rates:

An increase in water rates, will reduce consumption in metered areas.

Measures to control losses and wastes

1. Provide water tight joints
2. Pressure in distribution system should be minimum as higher leakage is affected from high
pressure.
3. System of supply if it is intermittent it can reduce the losses due to leakage and wastage
4. When the supplies are metered, wastage can be considerably reduced.
5. Unauthorised connections must be checked and defaulters should be heavily punished to keep the
losses to minimum.
DESIGN PERIOD
Water supply projects are designed for a future period or for a number of years for which the
provisions are made for all its components. Such a period is known as “Design Period”. It should
neither be too long nor too short.
Design period values are selected considering some factors like;
a. Useful life of component structures and the chances of them becoming old and obsolete.
Design periods should not exceed those respective values.
b. Ease and difficulty that is likely to be faced in expansions, if undertaken at future dates. If the
expansion may be difficult, then it is better to have a higher value for the design period.
c. Design Period is also selected on the basis of funds available. If only less fund is available, then
opt for a smaller design period.
d. Rate of interest is another deciding factor for design period. If interest is small, a higher value of
design period may be adopted.
e. Population forecast is another important criteria which describes on design period. If in the
anticipated rate of population growth, there are shifts in communities, industries and commercial
establishments, that is rate of population growth is less, then a higher figure for design period can
be chosen.
Water supply projects may be designed for a period of 30 years. This is counted after the
completion of the project. Usually a completion time of 2 years may also get added with the design
period of 30 years.
The 30 year period may however be modified in regard to certain components of the project
depending on their useful life or the facility for carrying out extensions when required and rate of
interest so that expenditure for ahead of utility is avoided.
Necessary land for future expansion of components should be acquired at the start of the
project. Expensive components like tunnels and aqueduct etc should be designed for the ultimate
project requirements.

Design periods for different components

1. Dams - 50 years
2. Infiltration works - 30 years
3. Pumping units
a) Pump House - 30 years
b) Pump - 15 years
4. Water treatment units - 15 years
5. Pipe connections - 30 years
6. Raw and clear water conveyance – 30 years
7. Service reservoirs - 15 years
8. Distribution systems - 30 years

The design period varies from 20-40 years or even up to 50 years for dams and all. But for
normal projects it is usually taken between 20-30 years.
Under normal circumstances, may be designed for a design period of 30 years.

POPULATION FORECASTING
When the design period is fixed, the next step is to determine population in various periods,
because the population of the towns generally goes on increasing. The population is increased by
births, decreased by deaths, increased or decreased by migration. The correct present and past
population can be obtained from census office. The water supply schemes are not designed for the
present population. The future population expected by the end of the design period may be
estimated by various methods.
The various methods of forecasting the population are:
1. Arithmetic Increase Method
2. Geometrical Increase Method
3. Incremental Increase Method
4. Decreasing rate of growth method
5. Simple Graphical Method
6. Comparative Graphical Method
7. Master Plan Method or Zoning Method
8. The Ratio Method or Apportionment Method
9. The Logistics Curve Method

1. ARITHMETICAL INCREASE METHOD

This method is based upon the assumption that the population is increasing at a constant
rate, i.e., the rate of change of population with time is constant.
If present population of a particular town is 'P' and the average increase in population for
past decade 'Ia' or 𝑥̅ , the future population 'Pn' at the end of 'n' decades will be Pn = P+n.Ia or
Pn = P+n𝑥̅ .
This method gives low results for developing areas, which develop faster than the past. This
method of limited value may be useful for smaller design periods or for old and very large cities
with no industries and which practically reached their maximum development or approaching
situation limit.

2. GEOMETRICAL INCREASE METHOD OR UNIFORM PERCENTAGE GROWTH

METHOD
In this method it is assumed that the percentage increase in population from decade to
decade is constant. If the present population of the city is 'Po' and the average percentage
increase/decrease 'Ig', then the population 'Pn' at the end of 'n' future decade’s will be,
Pn = Po [1+ Ig//100]n
or Pn = Po[ 1+ r/100]n

where, r = Assumed growth rate (%)

𝑡 𝑃
r = √ 2⁄𝑃 - 1
1
𝑡
r=√ 𝑟1 , 𝑟2 , 𝑟3 , … . . 𝑟𝑡

P1 = initial known population

P2 = final known population
t = Number of decades between P1 and P2.

3. METHOD OF VARYING INCREMENT OR INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD

The per decade growth rate is considered as a constant and is considered as progressively
increasing or decreasing depending upon whether the average incremental increase of the past data
is positive or negative.
This method is a combination of the above two methods and therefore gives the advantages
of both Arithmetic and Geometrical increase methods and hence gives satisfactory results. I
Thus future population is calculated by the formula
𝑛+1
Pn = Po + n. 𝑥̅ + n 2 𝑦̅
where, Pn = population after n decades from present
𝑥̅ = Average increase of population of known decades
𝑦̅ = Average of incremental increases of the known decades
4. DECREASING RATE OF GROWTH METHOD
Once the cities reach towards saturation, the rate of increase in population goes on reducing.
This method is used in such pattern of growth. Here, the average decrease in the percentage increase
is worked out and then it is the subtracted from the latest percentage increase for each successive
decades.

5. SIMPLE GRAPHICAL METHOD

In this method, a graph is plotted from the available data, between time and population. The
curve is then smoothly extended up to the desired year. This method however gives very
approximate results as the extension of the curve is done by the intelligence of the designer.

6. COMPARATIVE GRAPHICAL METHOD

In this method population is forecasted with reference to the population of other cities with
similar conditions and characteristics. This method has a logical background and if statistics of
development of similar cities are available, quite precise and reliable results can be obtained.

7. Master Plan method or Zoning Method.

This is the most modern method of population forecast. In this method, the master plan of
the city is prepared and it is divided into several zones such as residential, industrial, commercial
etc. Then the population densities are fixed. Thus the future population of the city when fully
developed can easily be worked out.

8. The Ratio Method or Apportionment Method

In this method, the city's census population record is expressed as the percentage of
population of the whole country local populations and country population for the last four to five
decades, obtained from the census records, ratios are calculated and then graph is plotted between
time and these ratios and extended upto design period. Ratio corresponding to future design year is
extrapolated and then multiplied by the expected national population, this gives the future
population.

9. The Logistic Curve Method

When the growth rate of population due to
i. Births ii. Deaths iii. Migration takes place under normal situation and it is not subjected to
extraordinary changes due to unusual situation like war, epidemic, earthquake, etc. The population
would probably follow the growth curve characteristics of living things within limited share or
limited economic opportunity. The curve is S-shaped and is known as 'Logistic Curve”.
 𝑑𝑝
The curve represents early growth AB at an increasing rate (i.e geometric or log growth, α P),
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑝
and late growth DE at a decreasing rate [ i.e α (Ps-P)] as the saturation value (Ps) is approached.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑝
Transitional middle curve BD follows an arithmetic increase [i.e 𝑑𝑡 = constant]. Ps is the saturation
value of population and P is the population of the town at any time 't' from the origin 'A'.
Population of a town shall grow as per the logistic curve and the future populations o such a
town will depend upon the position of point on the growth rate curve at a given time.

P.F. Verhuist had given an equation for calculating the future population by the method of logistic
curve. It is,
𝑃
P = 1+ 𝑚𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠 −1 (𝑛𝑡)
𝑒
where, m and n are two constants calculated by the formula.
𝑃𝑠 −𝑃0
m= 𝑃0

1 𝑃 (𝑃 −𝑃 )
n= 𝑡 * loge[𝑃0 (𝑃𝑠 −𝑃1 )]
1 1 𝑠 0

Ps = Saturation population
Po = Population at start point of the curve A
t = time for which population is calculated
Po, P1, P2 - Characteristic curves at times to, t1, and t2 and to = 0, t1 and t2 = 2t1
2𝑃0 𝑃1 𝑃2 −𝑃12 (𝑃0 +𝑃2 )
Ps= 𝑃0 𝑃2 −𝑃12

P is also alternatively expressed as,

𝑠 𝑃
P = 1+ 𝑒 𝑎+𝑏𝑡

(𝑃𝑠 −𝑃0 )
a= loge[ (𝑃0 )
]
1 𝑃 (𝑃 −𝑃 )
b= * loge[𝑃0 (𝑃𝑠 −𝑃1 )]
𝑛 1 𝑠 0

PROBLEMS
1. Estimate the population by 2001 by Arithmetic and Geometric progression method using the
following census which method is ideal and Why?

YEAR 1951 1961 1971 1981

POPULATION 19,800 42,000 75,000 1,10,000

2. The census record of a town is as follows

YEAR 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980

POULATION 81420 125000 17000 220000 230000

Workout the population after three decades by AIM, GIM and IIM.
3. The census data of population of a town are as follows. Estimate the population of the year 2011
by AIM, GIM and IIM. Which method is ideal and why?
Year 1961 1971 1981 1991
Population 80 120 145 160
[In Thousands]

4. YEAR 1990 1920 1940 1960 1980

POPULATION 35000 40000 44000 49000 55000

Calculate the population at various decades like 2000, 2020 and 2040

VARIATIONS IN DEMAND
Per capita demand has been based upon the annual consumption of water. Therefore, denied
as the annual average daily consumption per person. As this demand is not sufficient but useful for
design of various components of water supply scheme.
There are wide variations in the use of water in different seasons, in different months of the
year, in different days of the month and in different hours of the day.
Seasonal variations occur due to larger use of water in summer, lesser use in winter and
much less in rainy season. Seasonal variations may also be caused due to seasonal use of water in
industries such as processing of cash crops at time of harvesting etc.
Day to day variation, called daily variations, reflect domestic and industrial activity. Ex:
Water consumption is more on Sundays and holidays.
Variations in hour to hour demand is called Hourly variations. Ex: Consumption in early
hours of morning is generally small, increases sharply as day advances, reaching peak between
about 8 to 11 AM, then decreases sharply upon about 1PM, remains constant up to about 4 PM,
again increases in the evening reaching a peak between 7 to 9 PM, finally falling to a low value in
late hours of night, as shown in fig.

Fig: Showing hourly rate of water consumption

The maximum demands [daily, hourly and monthly] are generally expressed as ratios of their
means.
These ratios may also vary for different communities

1. Maximum Daily Consumption = 180% of average daily consumption

= 1.8 x Average Daily Demand

2. Maximum hourly consumption

Maximum hourly consumption = 150 % x Average hourly consumption
= 1.5 x Maximum Hourly consumption
= 1.5 [ Max Daily Demand/24]
= 1.5 (1.8Xq/24) (Litres/hour)
= 2.7 (q/24) (Litres/hour)
= 2.7 [ Avg annual Hourly Demand]
Usually, peak demands are calculated by multiplying a factor called as “Peak Factor” to the
average daily consumption. This peak factor tends to reduce with increasing population, since
difference is caused by habits and customs of several groups in larger population, tend to minimize
the variation in demand pattern.

COINCIDENT DRAFT: Maximum daily demand + Fire Demand

= Total draft [Coincident Draft]

Factors affecting population growth:

1. Economic Factors: Development of new industries etc.
2. Development Programmes: Development of projects of national importance. Ex: River Valley
Project
3. Social Facilities: Education, recreational, medical, etc
4. Communication Links: Connection of town with other big cities
5. Tourism: Tourist facilities, religious places, historical buildings
6. Community Life: Living habits, social customs.
7. Unforeseen Factors: Earthquakes, floods, epidemics, etc.

PROBLEM:
1. The design population of a town is 15,000. Estimate maximum hourly demand the average daily
under suitable assumptions.

Solution
Assuming average per capita demand as 335lpcd
1. Average daily demand = design population x average per capita demand
= 15,000x 335
= 5,025,000 litres/day
Average daily demand = 5025 m3/day

2. Maximum Daily Demand= 1.8 x Average daily demand

= 1.8 x 5025
= 9045 m3/day
3. Maximum hourly demand of maximum day
= 2.7x Annual average hourly demand
= 2.7xq/24
=2.7x9050/24
= 1018.125 m3/ hour
= 24,435 m3/ day
2. A water supply scheme has to be designed for a city having a population of 150,000. Estimate the
important kinds of drafts which may be required to be recorded for an average consumption of 250
lpcd. Also record the required capacities of the major components of the proposed water works
system for the city using a river as the source supply. Assume suitable figures and data where
needed.

SOLUTION
1. Average Daily Demand= ( per capita average consumption in lpcd)) x population
= 250 x 150,000
= 3750000 litres/day
= 37.5x106 litres/day
= 37.5 Million litres/day
Average Daily Demand= 37.5 Mld

2. Maximum Daily Draft

Maybe assumed as 180% of annual average daily draft
Therefore, MDD = 1.8 x 37.5 = 67.5 Mld

3. Maximum hourly draft of the maximum day

May be assumed to be as 270% of annual average daily draft
MHD = 2.7 x 37.5/24x 24
MHD = 101.25 Mld

4. Fire Demand
Using National Board of ire under Writer's formula, when population is less than or equal to
2 lakhs, we have
Q = 4637√ P (1-0.01√P)
Q = 4637√150 (1-0.01√150)
Q = 49835.92 Litres/ min
Q = 71763 724.35 Litres/day
Q = 71.76 x 106 Litres/day
Q= 71.76 Mld
Coincident Draft = MDD+ Fire Draft= 67.5+71.76= 139.26 Mld