Public Comment Draft Report Mexican Lobster Sept03

DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT Baja California, Mexico
Scientific Certification System, Inc. Red Rock Lobster Fishery
An Assessment of the Red Rock Lobster Fishery

Baja California, Mexico
Prepared for :
• Federación Regional de Sociedades Cooperativas de la Industria

Pesquera Baja California F.C.L (Baja California Regional Federation
of the Fishing Cooperative Societies)
• World Wildlife Fund (US)
Prepared by
Chet Chaffee
Scientific Certification Systems
Oakland, CA
USA
Scientific Evaluation Team:
• Dr. Bruce Phillips, Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia

• Dr. Daniel Lluch Belda, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas del IPN
• Dr. Arturo Muhlia, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Noroeste, Sociedad Civil
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Preface
This report has been prepared at the request of World Wildlife Fund (US) and the
Federación Regional de Sociedades Cooperativas de la Industria Pesquera Baja
California F.C.L (Baja California Regional Federation of the Fishing Cooperative
Societies)., Cooperation and assistance from Communidad y Biodiversidad (CoBi)
was an essential component of this project from initial discussions through the
completion of this report. . The information in this report is considered confidential
and may only be quoted in full. Selective quotations are not permitted.
Most of the scientific information in this report regarding the status of stocks; the
scope of the lobster fisheries in central Baja California, Mexico; the ecological
aspects of the fisheries, and the management system of the fishery was provided by a
number of people. In specific, information was received through the graciousness of
Armando Vega and colleagues (CRIP La Paz), Luis Bourillon and Amy Weaver
(COBI), Mario Ramade (Federation of Cooperatives), and officers and members of a
number of the cooperatives in the Federation. In addition, World Wildlife Fund (US)
provided much of the financial support for information gathering and review of
information by the evluation team.
Any misrepresentation or misinterpretation of the information contained herein is the

sole responsibility of SCS and cannot be attributed to any other persons.
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Table of Contents
PREFACE ....................................................................................................... 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................. 3
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 5
2. SCOPE OF THE ASSESSMENT .......................................................... 5
3. THE RED LOBSTER FISHERY IN THE CENTRAL ZONE OF BAJA

CALIFORNIA, MEXICO .................................................................................. 6
3.1 Biological features of P. interruptus (from Briones and Lozano 2000)....... 6
3.2 The Geographic Aspects of the Fishery........................................................ 6
3.3 Fishers ........................................................................................................... 7
3.4 Fishing and Processing................................................................................. 8
3.5 The Fishery Management System ................................................................ 8

3.5.1 Management Authorities ............................................................................. 8
3.5.2 Fishing Rights ............................................................................................. 9
3.5.3 Regulations ................................................................................................. 9
3.5.4 Catch and CPUE trends. ............................................................................. 9
3.6 Key Environmental Features ...................................................................... 11

3.6.1 Habitat ....................................................................................................... 11
3.6.2 Bycatch ..................................................................................................... 11
3.6.3 Ghost Fishing ............................................................................................ 11
4. OTHER FISHERIES IN VICINITY NOT SUBJECT TO

CERTIFICATION. ..........................................................................................12
5. MSC EVALUATION PROCESS...........................................................12
5.1 MSC Standards for Sustainable Fisheries Management ........................... 12
PRINCIPLE 1 ........................................................................................................ 12
PRINCIPLE 2 ........................................................................................................ 13
PRINCIPLE 3 ........................................................................................................ 13
5.2 MSC Required Evaluation and Certification Methods ............................. 15
5.3 Evaluation Team ......................................................................................... 16
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5.4 Baja California Red Lobster Evaluation Process ...................................... 18

5.4.1 Drafting of Performance Indicators and Scoring Guidelines .................... 19
5.4.3 Review of client submitted data addressing the performance indicators .. 20
5.4.4 Meetings and Consultations ...................................................................... 20
5.4.5 Weighting and Scoring Performance Indicators ....................................... 32
6. EVALUATION RESULTS ....................................................................33
MSC PRINCIPLE 1 .............................................................................................. 33
MSC PRINCIPLE 2 .............................................................................................. 42
MSC PRINCIPLE 3 .............................................................................................. 48
7. CERTIFICATION RECOMMENDATION ..............................................58
7.1 Certification Recommendation and Scoring .............................................. 58
7.2 Conditions for Continued Certification ..................................................... 60
REFERENCES...............................................................................................61
APPENDIX 1. FISHING ZONES IN CENTRAL BAJA CALIFORNIA,

MEXICO. ......................................................................................................111
APPENDIX 2. MEXICO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AUTHORITIES .......112
APPENDIX 3. CURRICULUM VITAES FOR EVALUATION TEAM. ..........113
APPENDIX 4. LIST OF PAPERS SHOWING SCIENTIFIC STUDIES ON

NEARSHORE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS IN BAJA CLAIFORNIA, MEXICO.
.....................................................................................................................149
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1. Introduction
The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is a non-profit organization dedicated to the

long-term protection or “sustainability” of marine fisheries and related habitats. First
started as a joint initiative between Unilever and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the
MSC is now a fully independent organization that is governed by an independent
Board of Directors advised by a panel of scientific, economic, and fishery experts.
The MSC Mission Statement is:
To work for sustainable marine fisheries by promoting responsible,

environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial, and economically viable
fisheries practices, while maintaining the biodiversity, productivity and
ecological processes of the marine environment.
Dedicated to promoting “well-managed” or “sustainable” fisheries, the MSC initiative

intends to identify such fisheries through means of independent third-party
assessments and certification. Once certified, fisheries will be awarded the
opportunity to utilize an MSC promoted eco-label to gain economic advantages in the
marketplace. Through certification and eco-labelling, the MSC intends to promote
and encourage better management of world fisheries, many of which have been
suggested to suffer from poor management.
In September 1996, the MSC gathered together a group of more than 20 pre-eminent
persons experienced in fisheries and fisheries related issues (scientists, social
scientists, economists, lawyers, etc.) to discuss the establishment of guidelines for
defining “sustainable” fisheries. Pulling from large volumes of work by a number of
leading organizations (FAO, Greenpeace, WWF, ICES, etc.), as well as their
cumulative experience and expertise, the group was able to develop a document
entitled “Draft Principles and Criteria for Sustainable Fishing”. These principles and
criteria, which are now approved for final use by the MSC Board of Directors, form
the basis for qualifying fisheries as certified and able to utilize the MSC eco-label.
2. Scope of the Assessment
It should be clear that the fishery under consideration for this assessment is that
fishery conducted by 9 Cooperatives in the Federation Regional Sociedades
Cooperativas of “Baja California” fishing red lobster (Panulirus interruptus) in the
central zone in Baja California, Mexico (from Isla Cedros to Punta Abreeojos). The
aim of this report is to detail the information provided by the clients, the management
authorities, and stakeholders in the fishery; the evaluation procedures; and the
evaluation team's findings as they pertain to determining the degree of compliance of
this fishery with the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Principles and Criteria for
Sustainable Fishing.
Two special considerations were applied to this fishery assessment:
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1. The MSC procedures require a certification body to apply the MSC Principles and
Criteria to identified stocks when examining information under Principle 1. The
stock of Panulirus interruptus fished in the Central Zone of Baja California
extends south to the southern portion of Baja California Sur and north into the
southern portion of California (USA). Therefore, the assessment conducted
includes an examination of the status of the stock over this entire range.
2. The MSC procedures require that the certification body examine the management
system under Principle 3. The management system of the fishery assessed in this
report is a community-based system that includes cooperative management
between 3 entities: the federal government, the state government, and the fishers.
All roles and process of each of the three entities were included in this evaluation.
3. The Red Lobster Fishery in the central zone of Baja California, Mexico
3.1 Biological features of P. interruptus (from Briones and Lozano 2000)
Panulirus interruptus occurs in rocky areas from the low intertidal zone to depths of
around 100 m. Females have one brood per year. Females breed earlier in the
northern areas (June), than in the central (July) and southern parts (August) of Baja
California (Vega et al. 1991). Fecundity also follows a latitudinal trend, with females
producing fewer eggs per brood in the north than in the south of the peninsula (Pineda
and Diaz 1983). Breeding and hatching occur in shallow areas (< 20 m), into which
adults move in the spring. Lobsters return to deeper waters in the autumn (Ayala et
al. 1988).
The duration of the larval period was estimated as 7.75 months (Jonhson, 1960). In
Bahía Tortugas, Baja California Sur, pueruli settled on artificial collectors most of the
year, but with a major peak in autumn (September-October) and a minor peak in
spring (March-June) (Guzman et al. 1994). Recently settled pueruli and small
juveniles commonly inhabit 0-4 m deep rocky habitats which have dense plant cover,
particularly the surf grass Phyllospadix torreyi. Juveniles and subadults are highly
gregarious.
Growth studies on P. interruptus in Mexico have been performed using a number of

methods. Age at sexual maturity (65 mm CL) is estimated to be 3 years for males and
5 for females, but other estimates are respectively, 4.5 and 6 years. Similarly, age of
males and females at minimum legal size (82.5 mm CL) was estimated as 4 and 7
years, and at 6.5 and 8.5 year.
3.2 The Geographic Aspects of the Fishery
The Panulirus interruptus fishery in Baja California, for which Ayala et al. (1988),
Vega & Lluch-Cota (1992), and Vega et al. (1996), have provided a thorough history,
dates from the turn of the century. Also known as red lobster or California lobster,
Panulirus interruptus is fished commercially in Mexico in an area from the border
with the USA to Margarita Island. However, the main portion of the stock is between
Cedros Island and Punta Abreojos along the coast of Mexico between 28.6°N 115.5°
W to 26.6°N 113.2° W. Most of this area is part of the Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve,
except Cedros Island, within a 5 km band along the shore. The zones of the fishery
are shown in Appendix 1.
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Small numbers (less than 1% of the catch) of Panulirus inflatus are also caught in the
fishery, but this species is not considered in this assessment. The P. inflatus are
predominantly caught in the southern most part of the central zone and therefore only
effect 2 of the cooperatives in the Federation.
Panulirus interruptus is also fished both commercially and recreationally in

California in the USA.
3.3 Fishers
In Baja California, 26 fishing cooperatives exploit P. interruptus. However, only 10

cooperatives operating in the central region of the Peninsula, from Punta Abreojos to
Isla Cedros catch around 80% of the total catch of this species. Nine (9) of the
cooperatives are in the Federation, the client for this assessment. The tenth
cooperative is small and lies in the northern most part of the central zone.
Approximately 500 fishermen from the nine fishing cooperatives are part of the
Federation. They are distributed in ten villages in the center of the fishing area, and
participate in setting out wire traps using 7 m skiffs with outboard motors. Details of
the number of members, boats and traps are given in Table 1.
Table 1
Cooperatives in operation (2002) in the central zone
in Baja California
NAME OF THE Number of Number Number Traps Traps

COOPERATIVE Members Of boats Boats Authorized Worked
Authorized Worked
PESCADORES 167 22 19 1,480 1,480
NACIONALES DE ABULON
BUZOS Y PESCADORES 86 24 18 1,440 1,170
LA PURISIMA 96 36 30 2,500 1,950
BAHIA TORTUGAS 87 22 21 1,320 1,260
EMANCIPACION 77 33 29 1,760 1,595
CALIFORNIA DE SAN 195 20 16 1,040 960
IGNACIO
LEYES DE REFORMA 185 18 18 1,045 900
PROGRESO 210 40 28 2,600 1,960
PUNTA ABREOJOS 191 45 41 2,700 2,665
Total 1294 260 228 15885 13940
A special feature of the Cooperatives is that there is a biologist or technician

employed at each of the 9 cooperatives to assist with data collection and to provide
advice and assistance to the Cooperative, to the Federation, and to government
agencies.
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3.4 Fishing and Processing
Panulirus interruptus is caught with traps. The traps are rectangular and covered with
galvanized, plastic-sheathed wire mesh. Wooden traps are used only in the
southernmost part of the Baja California Peninsula, not in the Cooperatives in the
Federation. Traps are baited with fish or molluscs. Traps are fitted with escape gaps .
These are gaps in the sides of the trap to allow small lobster, less than legal size, to
escape. This increases the protection for small lobsters.
Tangle nets are not permitted for fishing lobster in Baja California, according to the
rules updated in The new National Fishing Chart (Carta Nacional Pesquera, Diario
Oficial 28/08/00). There may be some use of these nets by illegal fishermen, but
estimates of illegal fishing are small. These nets used to be common in the central and
southern Pacific states of Mexico, where a small scale, multispecific and artisinal
fishery on tropical lobsters takes place.
Fiberglass boats now in use measure 5-7 m long and are propelled by outboard, 40-65
HP (i.e. 29.8-48.5 kW), motors. In the north and center of the Peninsula, boats are
equipped with hydraulic winches. Fishermen keep caught lobsters alive for a few
days in special floating wooden containers called "recibas".
Live lobsters are transported by boat to reception centers distributed along the coast.
Most of the catch is sold alive; however, some are steam-cooked whole, packed in
boxes and frozen or processed as frozen lobster tails. The main market for Baja
lobster is Asia. The lobsters are taken under bond to San Diego and Los Angeles, and
then transshipped mainly to Taiwan.
3.5 The Fishery Management System
3.5.1 Management Authorities
There is no separate management plan for the Baja red lobster fishery but there is a
management structure for all the lobster fisheries in Mexico. It is based in Federal
law, which also considers all of the marine resources, including several species of
lobster along the Mexican Pacific and Atlantic coasts.
The National Commission on Aquaculture and Fisheries (SAGARPA) is now

responsible for the management of fisheries in the whole country. It considers the
advice from the National Institute of Fisheries (Instituto Nacional de la Pesca – INP)
based on the information generated by the different Regional Centers in the country.
The decision making office (Administración de Pesquerías) belonging to
CONAPESCA (Comisión Nacional de Acuacultura y Pesca) is in charge of issuing
policies, permits and management regulations, and compliance and enforcement
(previously carried out by the Procuraduría Federal de Protección al Ambiente –
PROFEPA).
Within each state there is a Fisheries Committee where all fishing issues are brought
to stakeholders for discussion and comments and recommendations compiled and
presented to the corresponding authorities of SAGARPA.
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The management agency is the National Fisheries Institute (INP), with its local
research institutions or CRIPs (Centros Regionales de Investigacion Pesquera) that
make recommendations to the Fisheries subsecretary in SAGARPA. This part of the
management system functions well to set agreed regulations provided by INP.
Appendix 2 shows an outline of the Mexican authorities involved in the Baja Red
lobster Fishery. A number of recent changes represent government restructuring
because of political changes in Mexico.
3.5.2 Fishing Rights
Fishing rights were first exclusively allocated to fishermen's Cooperatives in

1936/1938, by the assigning a group of species (lobster, abalone and others) within a
delimited fishing territory for each organization (Vega et al. 1997). A unique scheme
of limited entry was originated from this system, which allows better control of effort
and fulfilment of basic regulations (Vega et al. 1997; Vega et al. 2000). At present,
26 Cooperatives are authorized for lobster harvesting through concessions lasting 20
years. Each concession includes a clear description of the exclusive fishing zone
allotted to each cooperative. This scheme is rigorously controlled by cooperatives and
ensures a limitation on fishing effort within concessions as well as prevention of
illegal fishing by poachers.
3.5.3 Regulations
The management of the different lobster fisheries exploited in Mexican waters is

regulated by decree in the Mexican Official Norm (NORM-006-PESC-1993). This
encompasses the management regulations for the species in the Mexican Caribbean
and Gulf of Mexico as well as those in the Baja California Peninsula and the Gulf of
California.
Regulations result from a coordinated effort by all stakeholders to discuss issues and
concerns at the state level . Local CRIPs and state fishery authorities then pass along
comments to INP, which in turn puts them forth as recommendations to SAGARPA.
Fishing regulations remained basically unchanged between 1960 and 1990. Since
then, regulations have undergone a number of modifications. However, the main
regulations still include a closed season, a minimum legal size (MLS), and a
prohibition on the catching of egg-bearing females. In addition, there are restrictions
on fishing gear and concession of fishing rights in specific areas or zones.
Until 1993, the regulations for fishing closures for P. interruptus were the same
throughout the western coast of the Baja California Peninsula. Now, established
latitudinal variations in the reproductive cycle of P. interruptus along the Baja
California coast allows the fishery to be managed through stepped closures in four
zones (Fig. 1(b), Table 1). The MSL of P. interruptus, set at 82.5 mm carapace length
(CL) since 1962, continues to be applied throughout the fishery.
3.5.4 Catch and CPUE trends.
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In the 1970s and 1980s, total catches of P interruptus from the Pacific coast
fluctuated around 1300 t, except for the period 1980-1982, when a peak in catches
occurred.
Catches of individual cooperatives vary considerably (data are available but not
illustrated here). However, the catches also vary with lobster availability and
oceanographic conditions. Catches during the 2000/2001 season, in most
cooperatives, were at the highest level ever recorded.
Catches by commercial fishers in Mexico and the USA have been monitored for long
periods and usable data on catches and the number of traps are available since 1928
for Mexico, and 1916 for the USA. Catches over the last 14 years are shown in Table
2.
Table 2
Catches of Panulirus interruptus (tonnes) in Baja California,
Mexico and the USA from 1988 to 2001
Year Baja Mexico USA Total
1988 1116 303 1419
1989 1204 332 1536
1990 1395 331 1726
1991 1143 268 1411
1992 1044 263 1307
1993 971 233 1205
1994 1203 238 1441
1995 1396 265 1661
1996 1519 323 1843
1997 1447 423 1879
1998 1351 312 1663
1999 1404 231 1634
2000 1828 320 2148
2001 1653 325 1978
In Baja California, 26 fishing cooperatives exploit the lobster resource (the three
southern most cooperatives only catch P. inlfatus and P. gracilis) P. interruptus.
However, 10 cooperatives operating on the central region of the Peninsula, from
Punta Abreojos to Isla Cedros, produce around 80% of the total catch of P.
interruptus. In this region, newly recruited lobsters (82.5-90.0 mm CL) represent
around 70-75% of the catch.
Fishermen follow the inshore-offshore lobster movements with their traps. Catch is
highest during the first 2 months after the fishing season opens and declines over the
rest of the season, particularly in the most productive zones. CPUE may fluctuate
between 0.37 and 0.55 kg per trap per night (Vega et al., 1996). Females are usually
more abundant in the catch.
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Phillips et al. (1994) showed that changes in the catches of P. interruptus in Baja
California over a long period tended to be higher four years after ENSO episodes that
cause high sea levels and a strong poleward flow. Vega & Lluch (1992) found
evidence of a relationship between sea surface temperature and lobster catch.
Incorporating the thermal anomalies of surface waters along the central region of Baja
California into a yield model, Vega et al (2000) suggested that the stock of P.
interruptus is still above the optimum level, i.e., the biomass is above the level of
maximum catches. However, after incorporating the uncertainty in the processes of
evaluation and management, they found that an increase of 20% above the current
mean catch would produce a decline in the biomass below the maximum exceeding
yield, and therefore advised against a catch of over 1239 t per year for this region.
This analysis (stock assessment), based upon fitting a dynamic biomass model
(Hilborn and Walters, 1992), was carried out by Vega et al. 2000. A copy of the
unpublished manuscript (draft) was given to Patricia Briones and used in the
preparation of the Chapter on Mexican red lobster fisheries (Briones and Lozano
2000).
3.6 Key Environmental Features
3.6.1 Habitat
Part of the red lobster fishery is in the Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve which covers
73,677 km2. Because of its special status, the terrestrial area has already been the
subject of a number of studies of its environment and biota, and a great many more
are underway. However, few studies of the marine areas where the fishery operates
have yet been undertaken. We were advised that such studies are planned, and these
do include the development of fishery management plans coincident with the
biosphere reserve.
3.6.2 Bycatch
The main bycatch in lobster traps are fin fishes (kelp bass, sheephead, white fish, rock
fishes, giant sea bass), morays eels and some small sharks ( horn shark, leopard
sharks). Bycatch, in much small numbers, can also include Abalone (Haliotis sp.),
Pismo clam, algae (Gelidium sp.), Top shell (Astraea undosa), Crabs (Cancer spp.),
Octopus, Sea Cucumber (Parastichopus sp.), with the invertebrate species only taken
very sporadically. Gelidium sp. is probably only found as floating debris dislodged
by other causes such as winter storms.
It is also worth noting that many of the bycatch species found in lobster traps are
predators of lobster, which enter the trap to kill lobster, and therefore negatively affect
the fishermen.
3.6.3 Ghost Fishing
Approximately 20% of the traps are replaced each year. The proportion of these that
are lost at sea is unknown. Studies in other lobster fisheries have shown that lobsters
can easily leave, and will preferentially leave traps if bait is not present. Based on this
knowledge, it is anticipated that ghost fishing is probably minimal in this fishery.
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4. Other fisheries in vicinity not subject to certification.
Abalone (Haliotis sp.), caracol (conch shells), algae (Gelidium sp.), sharks and finfish
(approximately 21 species) are taken in the area of the lobster fishery by the members
of the Cooperatives. These activities do not typically effect or interact with lobster
fishing operations as the cooperatives use separate boats, fishers and gear for these
activities.
5. MSC Evaluation Process
The Marine Stewardship Council standards for sustainable fisheries management

were developed through an 18-month process (May, Leadbitter, Sutton, and Weber,
2003). An original draft was developed by an expert working group, which met in
Bagshot, UK in 1996. The draft standard was then presented through a series of 8
workshops that lasted 3 days each. Comments from the workshops, and from written
submissions to the MSC were compiled and made available to a second expert
working group at Airlie House in Virginia, USA.
The final MSC standard (see below) was issued in 1998, and has since been used as
the basis by which fisheries are evaluated under the MSC program. The Baja
California Red Lobster fishery was evaluated using this standard.
5.1 MSC Standards for Sustainable Fisheries Management
PRINCIPLE 1
A fishery must be conducted in a manner that does not lead to over-fishing or

depletion of the exploited populations and, for those populations that are
depleted, the fishery must be conducted in a manner that demonstrably leads to
their recovery. 1
Intent:
The intent of this principle is to ensure that the productive capacities of resources are
maintained at high levels and are not sacrificed in favour of short term interests.
Thus, exploited populations would be maintained at high levels of abundance
designed to retain their productivity, provide margins of safety for error and
uncertainty, and restore and retain their capacities for yields over the long term.
Criteria:
1
The sequence in which the Principles and Criteria appear does not represent a ranking of their significance, but is
rather intended to provide a logical guide to certifiers when assessing a fishery. The criteria by which the MSC
Principles will be implemented will be reviewed and revised as appropriate in light of relevant new information,
technologies and additional consultations
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1. The fishery shall be conducted at catch levels that continually maintain the high
productivity of the target population(s) and associated ecological community
relative to its potential productivity.
2. Where the exploited populations are depleted, the fishery will be executed such
that recovery and rebuilding is allowed to occur to a specified level consistent
with the precautionary approach and the ability of the populations to produce
long-term potential yields within a specified time frame.
3. Fishing is conducted in a manner that does not alter the age or genetic structure or
sex composition to a degree that impairs reproductive capacity.
PRINCIPLE 2
Fishing operations should allow for the maintenance of the structure,

productivity, function and diversity of the ecosystem (including habitat and
associated dependent and ecologically related species) on which the fishery
depends.
Intent:
The intent of this principle is to encourage the management of fisheries from an
ecosystem perspective under a system designed to assess and restrain the impacts of
the fishery on the ecosystem.
Criteria:
1. The fishery is conducted in a way that maintains natural functional relationships

among species and should not lead to trophic cascades or ecosystem state changes.
2. The fishery is conducted in a manner that does not threaten biological diversity at
the genetic, species or population levels and avoids or minimises mortality of, or
injuries to endangered, threatened or protected species.
3. Where exploited populations are depleted, the fishery will be executed such that
recovery and rebuilding is allowed to occur to a specified level within specified
time frames, consistent with the precautionary approach and considering the
ability of the population to produce long-term potential yields.
PRINCIPLE 3
The fishery is subject to an effective management system that respects local,

national and international laws and standards and incorporates institutional and
operational frameworks that require use of the resource to be responsible and
sustainable.
Intent:
The intent of this principle is to ensure that there is an institutional and operational
framework for implementing Principles 1 and 2, appropriate to the size and scale of
the fishery.
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A. Management System Criteria:
1. The fishery shall not be conducted under a controversial unilateral exemption

to an international agreement.
The management system shall:
2. demonstrate clear long-term objectives consistent with MSC Principles and

Criteria and contain a consultative process that is transparent and involves all
interested and affected parties so as to consider all relevant information,
including local knowledge. The impact of fishery management decisions on all
those who depend on the fishery for their livelihoods, including, but not
confined to subsistence, artisinal, and fishing-dependent communities shall be
addressed as part of this process;
3. be appropriate to the cultural context, scale and intensity of the fishery –

reflecting specific objectives, incorporating operational criteria, containing
procedures for implementation and a process for monitoring and evaluating
performance and acting on findings;
4. observe the legal and customary rights and long term interests of people
dependent on fishing for food and livelihood, in a manner consistent with
ecological sustainability;
5. incorporates an appropriate mechanism for the resolution of disputes arising

within the system2;
6. provide economic and social incentives that contribute to sustainable fishing

and shall not operate with subsidies that contribute to unsustainable fishing;
7. act in a timely and adaptive fashion on the basis of the best available
information using a precautionary approach particularly when dealing with
scientific uncertainty;
8. incorporate a research plan – appropriate to the scale and intensity of the

fishery – that addresses the information needs of management and provides for
the dissemination of research results to all interested parties in a timely
fashion;
9. require that assessments of the biological status of the resource and impacts of
the fishery have been and are periodically conducted;
10. specify measures and strategies that demonstrably control the degree of
exploitation of the resource, including, but not limited to:
2
Outstanding disputes of substantial magnitude involving a significant number of interests will normally disqualify a fishery
from certification.
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a) setting catch levels that will maintain the target population and ecological
community’s high productivity relative to its potential productivity, and
account for the non-target species (or size, age, sex) captured and landed
in association with, or as a consequence of, fishing for target species;
b) identifying appropriate fishing methods that minimise adverse impacts on
habitat, especially in critical or sensitive zones such as spawning and
nursery areas;
c) providing for the recovery and rebuilding of depleted fish populations to
specified levels within specified time frames;
d) mechanisms in place to limit or close fisheries when designated catch
limits are reached;
e) establishing no-take zones where appropriate;
11. contains appropriate procedures for effective compliance, monitoring, control,

surveillance and enforcement which ensure that established limits to
exploitation are not exceeded and specifies corrective actions to be taken in
the event that they are.
B. Operational Criteria
Fishing operation shall:
12. make use of fishing gear and practices designed to avoid the capture of non-
target species (and non-target size, age, and/or sex of the target species);
minimise mortality of this catch where it cannot be avoided, and reduce
discards of what cannot be released alive;
13. implement appropriate fishing methods designed to minimise adverse impacts

on habitat, especially in critical or sensitive zones such as spawning and
nursery areas;
14. not use destructive fishing practices such as fishing with poisons or
explosives;
15. minimise operational waste such as lost fishing gear, oil spills, on-board
spoilage of catch, etc.;
16. be conducted in compliance with the fishery management system and all legal
and administrative requirements; and
17. assist and co-operate with management authorities in the collection of catch,
discard, and other information of importance to effective management of the
resources and the fishery.
5.2 MSC Required Evaluation and Certification Methods
Along with developing a standard for sustainable fisheries management, the MSC also
developed a certification methodology that provides the process by which all fisheries
are to be evaluated. The MSC accredits certification bodies (businesses) that can
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show that the expertise and experience necessary to carry out MSC evaluation is
present in the organization. In addition, each certification body must demonstrate its
fluency with the MSC standards and evaluation methods through the use of these in a
fishery evaluation
The methods are provided in great detail through documents that can be downloaded
from the MSC website (www.msc.org). At present, the Fisheries Certification
Methodology is in its 3rd version and under review for additional changes in order to
keep pace with lessons learned during previous certifications.
5.3 Evaluation Team
The first step in the full evaluation process is the formation of an evaluation team.
According to MSC requirements, the team must consist of a minimum of 2 people
with significant expertise in the three disciplines that cover the MSC standards: the
status of stocks, the ecosystem impacts from fishing, and fisheries management.
Just as important in selecting a team is that the members of the team meet the
expectations of the wider stakeholder group in the fishery under evaluation. To
ensure that all team members were satisfactory with the wider stakeholder audience,
SCS requested nominations from a number of stakeholders in the fishery
(conservation groups, fishing organizations, government agencies). Luis Bourillon of
CoBi (Communidad y Biodiversidad) facilitated discussions with a number of fishing
and conservation organizations. The names of nominated scientists were compiled
and comments sought as to the acceptability of each nominee. In making a selection
between the various nominees, SCS not only used comments received from
stakeholders, but added two additional criteria of its own. SCS based its first
additional criterion on internal company information showing previous experience in
certification processes significantly improves the fishery evaluation process. So, the
first additional criterion was that at least one scientist selected for the evaluation team
must have previous experience in the MSC evaluation and certification process. SCS
based its second additional criterion on the recognition that it is important that a
fishery evaluation team be sensitive to both language and cultural differences in order
to properly conduct an evaluation. The fact that the fishery is in a country where both
language and culture are different from those of SCS's fishery evaluation manager led
to the additional criterion that at least one member of the evaluation team should be
from the country of origin for the fishery to ensure language capabilities and an
understanding of the cultural and social framework for resource management in the
country.
One further complication in developing a final team to assess the Baja California Red
Lobster Fishery was the fact that the evaluation process was started and then
interrupted, and there was year long hiatus before reactivating the assessment in Baja
California, Mexico. This resulted in some scientists becoming unavailable due to
scheduling conflicts, and leaving on 2 scientists still available to participate. As a
result, SCS went through the same process again, albeit shorter, to select another
scientist.
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After receiving comments, SCS selected scientists that met the MSC requirements and
satisfied SCS's need to ensure they would be acceptable to the wider stakeholder
group in the fishery.
Originally, the team that was selected included 4 scientists in order to provide the
necessary expertise to evaluate both the Banco Chinchorro and Baja California lobster
fisheries. Dr. Phillips was selected as an expert in lobster biology and lobster
management covering the requirements of MSC Principle 3. For Principle 1, Dr.
Enrique Lozano was chosen to evaluate both fisheries. Dr. Daniel Lluch was chosen
to cover Principle 2 for Baja California only. Dr. Lluch's counterpart for the Banco
Chinchorro lobster fishery was Dr. Eric Jordan.
After the project was halted and re-activated, Dr. Lozano and Dr. Jordan were no
longer available. After considering a number of qualified scientists, SCS selected Dr.
Arturo Muhlia to replace Dr. Lozano as the team's expert in stock assessments.
The scientists selected as evaluation team members met all of the selection criteria
listed above. Each scientist received favorable comments from a wide number of
stakeholders, one (Bruce Phillips) had previous MSC experience, and two were from
the fishery's country of origin. The team members' backgrounds are shown in brief
below (see Appendix 3 for Curriculum Vitae's for the scientists contracted by SCS to
conduct the evaluation.
Fishery Project Manager: Dr. Chet Chaffee, SCS (USA)
Dr. Chaffee is currently Vice President of Environmental Programs at Scientific

Certification Systems, Inc. of Oakland, California, USA. Dr. Chaffee has worked
with scientists in 7 countries to complete more than 20 MSC pre-assessments on small
and large fisheries and has worked on 11 full fishery evaluation projects that
encompass more than 25 fisheries. Dr. Chaffee has assisted the MSC on the
development of its certification methods, is co-editor of the first book on fishery
certification (with Dr. Trevor Ward and Dr. Bruce Phillips), and has conducted or
managed more than 25 projects evaluating MSC Chain of Custody certifications for
processors in 9 countries.
Assessor: Dr. Bruce Phillips (Australia) Principle 3
Dr. Phillips has more than 30 years experience in fisheries research and management
from both a practical standpoint having worked at CSIRO (Chief Scientist Australian
Fisheries Management Authority) and academically as a Professor at Curtin
University of Technology. Dr. Phillips is internationally recognized as one of the
leading authorities on lobster biology and lobster fishery management having worked
as a consultant and research scientists to lobster fisheries in Australia, New Zealand,
Brazil, Mexico, Cuba, and several Asian fisheries. Dr. Phillips was the lead scientists
in the evaluation and certification of Western Australia Rock Lobster in March 2000,
conducted the pre-assessment for the Baja California lobster fishery, and has
participated in MSC pre-assessments on 4 other lobster fisheries. Dr. Phillips has also
provided technical expertise to the MSC on certification methods (MSC Workshop,
2000).More recently, Dr. Phillips has been working as the editor for a compendium of
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papers on red lobster fisheries and their management around the world, and is co-
editor of the first book on fisheries certification published in May 2003.
Assessor: Dr. Daniel Lluch Belda (Mexico) Principle 2
Dr. Lluch is an internationally recognized fisheries scientist with more than 25 years
experience in fisheries research and management. Dr. Lluch is a member of the
Mexican Academy of Sciences; a professor at Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro
Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Mexico; and Regional coordinator of
the PCAC-LME project. COI/IOCARIBE. Dr. Lluch has participated in and chaired a
number of international scientific committees examining fisheries, oceanographic
dynamics, and environmental effects in marine systems.
Assessor: Dr. Arturo Muhlia-Melo (Mexico) Principle 1.
Dr. Muhlia-Melo is a respected fishery scientists with more than 15 years experience
in fisheries management and quantitative assessments of fish stocks. Dr. Muhlia-Melo
is currently professor and Chief Scientist of the Fisheries Research Program at Centro
de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeaste in La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
5.4 Baja California Red Lobster Evaluation Process
The evaluation process for all MSC fisheries assessments is comprised of a two step
process; the completion of a pre-assessment and a full assessment.
The pre-assessment report is confidential as it contains information beyond the

aspects of the fishery itself including, but not limited to financial information
regarding certification costs. The pre-assessment was completed in March 2001 by
Chet Chaffee and Bruce Phillips. A number of people were interviewed during this
process, and the information obtained used in both the pre-assessment and full
assessment.
The people interviewed during pre-assessment included:
Date of Discussion/Interview Location Organization

30 September 2000 Ensenada Mexico
Rafael Muñoz G. President Soc. Coop. de Prod. Pesq. Nac. de Abulon
Celina Domínguez Comercialización Soc. Coop. de Prod. Pesq. Nac. de Abulon
José Jesús Espinoza M. President Sociedad Cooperativa Progreso
Martín Romero L. Auxiliar Pesquerías Sociedad Cooperativa Leyes de Reforma
Martín Ortiz Quintanilla Asesor Técnico Soc. Coop. De Prod. Pesq. "La Purísima",
S.C. De R.L.
J. Ignacio Patrón Peralta Auxiliar Contable Soc. Coop. De Prod. Pesq. "La Purísima",
S.C. De R.L.
Aarón Esliman S. Coordinador de Reserva de la Biosfera el
Pesquerías Vizcaino/CONANP
Armando Castro V. Vocal Financiero Pescadores Nacionales de Abulon
Daniel Gerardo Romero Arce Investigador Pescadores Nacionales de Abulon
Mario Ramade Pesquerías Federación de Baja California
Julio S. Palleiro Subdelegado de Pesca SEMARNAP, Baja California
Jorge Jiménez López Delegado PROFEPA, Baja California Sur
Armando Vega Velazquez Coord. Programa CRIP, La Paz
Langosta
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José Jesús Camacho Secretario de Federación de Cooperativas de Baja

Administración California
Ocean. Rafael Cárdenas B. Asesor Técnico Cooperativa Punta Abreojos
M. en C. Luis Bourillon M. Director Ejecutivo Comunidad y Biodiversidad, A.C.
Andrea Saenz Associate Researcher Comunidad y Biodiversidad, A.C.
8 March 2001 Ensenada Mexico

Jesus Espinosa President S.C.P.P Progresso
Eduardo Murillo Treasurer S.C.P.P. Progresso
Amy Hudson Weaver Researcher Comunidad y Biodiversidad, A.C
Mario Ramade Pesquerías Federación de Baja California de Baja
California
Pablo Arce President S.C.P.P Punta Abreojos
Antonio Zuniga Treasurer S.C.P.P. Punta Abreojos
9 March 2001 Ensenada Mexico

Edgar Aquila President S.C.P.P. Buzos y Pescadores
Rafael Munoz Gallardo President S.C.P.P. Nacionales de Abulon
Alfredo Cota Assistant Director CRIP- Ensenada
Julian Castro Researcher CRIP - Ensenada
9/11 March 2001 Ensenada Mexico

Armando Vega Velazquez Researcher CRIP – La Paz
Jaime Gonzalez Cano Researcher CRIP – Puerto Morelos
12 March 2001 San Diego USA

Robert B. Read Associate Marine California, Department of Fish and Game
Biologist
SCS was contracted to conduct a full assessment of the Baja California Red Lobster
fishery in May 2001. Originally, the evaluation was one half of a project to examine
two lobster fisheries: one in Banco Chinchorro and the other in Baja California.
Many of the initial steps taken in the Baja California lobster fishery evaluation began
as part of the larger project. However, complications arose with completing the
evaluations, causing the project to be put on hold. A number of months later, the Baja
California lobster fishery evaluation was reactivated. As a result, some of the initial
steps describe below have two parts to them; the first part associated with the larger
project, and the second part associated with only the Baja California lobster project.
The full assessment process is an open and transparent examination of the fishery
against the MSC standard and includes a number of steps, which are discussed in
detail in the following paragraphs.
5.4.1 Drafting of Performance Indicators and Scoring Guidelines
The original assessment team of 4 scientists and Chet Chaffee met in Cancun, Mexico
2-4 November 2001 to begin the process of drafting a set of performance indicators
for the assessment of the Banco Chinchorro and Baja California lobster fisheries. The
assessment team was provided with the performance indicators that had been used in
the Western Australia lobster fishery assessment, as well as those from the Alaska
salmon project, the Bering Sea pollock project, and the Patagonia Toothfish
assessment. The project was temporarily halted on 9 November 2001, so a draft set of
performance indicators was not completed. The revised assessment team (Chet
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Chaffee, Bruce Phillips, Daniel Lluch, and Arturo Muhlia) reconvened in La Paz,
Baja California, Mexico on 4 November 2002 to complete the process. Prior to
meetings with fishers, managers, scientists, and stakeholders the assessment team
completed a rough draft of the performance indicators for the assessment. The
assessment team then completed its set of interviews in Baja California, exchanging
information on the fishery as well as taking comments on the rough draft of the
performance indicators and scoring guides. The team then revised the rough draft and
posted a set of performance indicators for public comment in the beginning of January
2003. The only substantive comments were received from the MSC at the end of
January 2003.
5.4.3 Review of client submitted data addressing the performance indicators
Mario Ramade (Federation de Sociedades Cooperativas de la Industria Pesquera)

working with Luis Bourillon (CoBi) managed the process of compiling the reports,
scientific papers, and data sets from the fishery managers, fishery scientists, and
fishers needed to show how the Baja California red lobster fishery complies with the
performance indicators developed by the assessment team. A majority of the papers
were available prior to meetings and consultations with fishery managers, fishery
scientists, fishers, and stakeholders. Additional papers were identified and obtained
as a result of the meetings.
5.4.4 Meetings and Consultations
Meetings were held in La Paz (Baja California Sur, Mexico) and Ensenada (Baja
California, Mexico) on two different occasions. To give the wider stakeholder
audience a chance to get fully acquainted with the full assessment process, SCS asked
Luis Bourillon (CoBi) to set up a series of meetings in August 2002 where two
members of the assessment team, Chet Chaffee and Bruce Phillips, could present the
assessment process and answer questions. This was planned to allow the wider
audience in Mexico to fully understand the assessment process in preparation for
technical meetings later in the year (November 2002). In addition, it provided a
forum to ask questions of the stakeholders and in so doing solicit additional
information about the fishery. Table 3 below provides a list of the people invited to
the general meetings in August 2002.
The second set of meetings associated with this full assessment occurred from 4
November 2002 - 12 November 2002 where the entire assessment team met with
fishery scientists and managers, academicians, fishers, and other stakeholders. A
schedule of the meetings in November 2002 is shown in Table 4 below.
In addition to the larger sets of meetings, SCS contacted California Department of

Fish and Game to see if the California agency had any comments concerning the
evaluation of the lobster fishery in Baja California, Mexico. During the pre-
assessment Chet Chaffee and Bruce Phillips met with Robert Read, Associate Marine
Biologist who provided some background data on regulations and catch in the
California lobster fishery. At the time of the conversation, he said he had no direct
questions or concerns about the Baja lobster fishery, but noted he was not the proper
person to contact. Later, Chet Chaffee contacted Kristina Barsky, California
Department of Fish and Game Regional Marine Manager. Ms. Barsky provided a few
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general points where she said there would be some curiosity if not concern that these
areas were properly managed. The areas were compliance and enforcement, catch
reporting, and illegal fishing. Ms. Barsky noted as well that the department had very
little information about how their counterparts in Baja California managed the lobster
fishery, so her concerns were of a general nature rather than about issues where the
department had specific knowledge of improper or poor management.
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Table 3 People invited to stakeholder meetings in August 2002 for the MSC assessment of the Baja California red lobster fishery.
BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR (21 August 2002)
OTHER COOPERATIVES FISHING AT BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR
SCPP Luis Gomez Z

SCPP 19 de Septiembre
SCPP San Jose de Gracia (ejidal)
SCPP Pescadores de la Poza
Puerto Chale
SCPP Bahia Magdalena
SCPP San Carlos
SCPP Gral. Meliton Albanez
SCPP Punta Lobos (ejidal)
SCPP Todos Santos
STATE GOVERNMENT
Leonel Cota Montano
Gebernador Constitucional de BCS
Ing. Jose de Jesús Gallo Ramirez– Director de Fomento Pesquero, Secretaría de Desarrollo y Fomento Económico
MC Jesús Druck – Secretario de Desarrollo y Fomento Económico
Congreso del Estado

Comision de Ecologia
Diputada Siria Verdugo, Presidenta de la Comisión de Ecología del Congreso del Estado de Baja California Sur
Diputado Alvaro Gerardo Higuera, Presidente de la Comisión de Pesca del Congreso del Estado de Baja California Sur
30 August 2003 22
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CRIP-LA PAZ
Luis Gerardo López-Lemus – Director
Armando Vega – Jefe del Proyecto Langosta
SEMARNAT (Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales)

PROFEPA
Víctor Martínez Escobar – Subdelegado de Profepa en el Estado de BCS
INE – Comisión Nacional de áreas naturales protegidas

Biol. Víctor Sánchez – Director de la Reserva de la Biosfera del Vizcaíno
COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE PESCA

Dr. Jerónimo Ramos Saenz Pardo
Subdelegado de Pesca en el Estado de BCS

Lic. Ninfa Leticia Cordero Sauceda
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESCA

Dr. Guillermo Compeán Jimenez
Presidente
Miguel Angel Cisneros

Director General de Investigacion, Evaluacion y Manejo de Recursos Pesqueros
ACADÉMICOS
CICIMAR
Margarita Casas-Valdés
Mauricio Ramírez
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CIBNOR
Sergio Hernández
Germán Ponce
UABCS
NON-GOVERNMENTAL CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs)
ISLA, A.C.
Antonio Cantú
The Nature Conservancy - TNC

Marianne Kleinberg
Niparajá, A.C.
Arón Esliman
Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, A.C.

Hernán Ramírez
School for Field Studies

Centro en Bahía Magdalena
Ocean Garden BCS
CANIPESCA BCS
FEDECOOP
Dip. Leobardo Redona Romero
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Representante legal en BCS
BAJA CALIFORNIA (23 August 2002)
FEDECOOP
Donaciano Villalba Morales
Jesús Camacho Osuna
All affiliated cooperatives
STATE GOVERNMENT
Oc. Luis A. Tiznado García
Director de Pesca
Oc. Abraham Huerta Maldonado

Coordinador de Comercialización y Abasto Pesquero
CRIP-Ensenada
Mc. Julian Guardado
Director
Oc. Julián Castro / Fidelia Caballero

Investigadores Programa Langosta
SEMARNAT
PROFEPA
Ing. Tobias Contreras Trejo
Subdelegado de Profepa en BC
Oc. Julio Said Palleiro – Subdelegado en el Estado de BCS
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CANAIPESCA
Ing. Raul Cortez
ACADÉMICOS
UABC
Dr. Hector Manzo Monroy - Investigador
Dr. Eliseo Almanza Heredia – Investigador
Facultad de Ciencias Marinas
CICESE
Dr. Luis Calderón
NON-GOVERNMENTAL CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs)
PROESTEROS
Patricia y Laura Martínez
PRONATURA BC
Ruben Lara
Gustavo Daneman
CADERNAP
Javier Villavicencio
WILDCOAST
Serge Dedina
LOBSTER MERCHANTS
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Ocean Garden Inc.

Ing. César Romero López
Ing. David Nishikawa

Nishikawa y Asociados
PENSABENE
En el Sauzal
OTHER COOPERATIVES FISHING IN BAJA CALIFORNIA
SPR Litoral Baja California

Ensenada
SCPP Ensenada
El Rosario
SCPP Abuloneros y langosteros

Isla Guadalupe
SCPP Rafael Ortega Cruz

Santa Rosaliita
Permisionarios de pesca de fomento Isla Coronados 6
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Table 4. People interviewed in Baja California, MSC Full Assessment of Red Lobster Fishery
La Paz, Baja California, Mexico
4-Nov-02 Francisco Javier Lucero Subdelegado de Pesca Delegación de

SAGARPA en
BCS
5-Nov-02 Luis Gerardo López Lemus Director INP-CRIP-La Paz
Armando Vega Jefe del proyecto langosta INP-CRIP-La Paz
Carlos Gómez Subdirector, proyecto INP-CRIP-La Paz

langosta
Eleazar Treviño Técnico INP-CRIP-La Paz
6-Nov-02 Margarita Casas Investigadora CICIMAR

Elisa Serviere Investigadora CIBNOR
Sergio Hernández Investigador CIBNOR
Germán Ponce Investigador CIBNOR
Daniel Lluch-Cota Investigador CIBNOR
Leobardo Redona Director General Dirección de
Fomento
Pesquero del
Estado de BCS
Miguel Zaragoza Verdugo Jefe de Programa Fomento
Pesquero
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7-Nov-02 Arón Esliman Director Sociedad de

Historia Natural
Niparajá, A.C.
Marianne Kleiberg Director The Nature
Conservancy-Baja
California Sur
Jorge Urbán Investigador UABCS
Sandy Lanham Directora y Pilota Environmental
Flying Services
Gabriel Zaragoza Técnico Pesquero REBVI
Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico

11-Nov-02 Julián Guardado Director INP-CRIP-
Ensenada
Julián Castro Investigador proyecto INP-CRIP-
langosta Ensenada
Fidelia Caballero Investigador proyecto INP-CRIP-
langosta Ensenada
Alfredo Cota Sub-Director INP-CRIP-
Ensenada
Patricia Martínez Directora Pro Esteros
Gustavo Danemann Director de Conservación Pronatura NW
Manuel Gardea Pronatura NW

Esteban Torreblanca Pronatura NW
Zachary Rabinor Field Coordinator Wildcoast
Chris Figler Film maker Baja Wave
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Document
Luz del Carmen Martínez Directora General Dirección de
Zapatdeny Fomento
Pesquero del Gob.
del Estado de BC
Victor Guardado France Coord. Industria Pesquera Dirección de
Fomento
Pesquero del Gob.
del Estado de BC
12-Nov-02 Luis Calderón Investigador CICESE

Luis Alonso Tiznado Subdelegado de Pesca Delegación de
SAGARPA en
BC
Salvador Jiménez Quesada Coordinador de Inspección y Delegación de
Vigilancia SAGARPA en
BC
Elfego Camacho Villavicencio Presidente FEDECOOP
Loreto Villavicencio FEDECOOP
Genaro Romero Arce Presidente SCPP California
San Ignacio
Tomás J. Villavicencio Peralta Presidente SCPP Leyes de
Reforma
José Jesús Espinoza Márquez Presidente SCPP Progreso
Edgar Aguilar Castillo Presidente SCPP Buzos y
Pescadores
José Alfredo Jiménez SCPP Bahía
Tortugas
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Jaime Velasco Santiago Presidente SCPP La

Purísima
Daniel Romero Arce Técnico cooperativa SCPP Pescadores
Nacionales de
Abulón
Pablo Arce Presidente SCPP Punta
Abreojos
Mario Ramade Jefe de Departamento FEDECOOP y
Pesquerías SCPP Bahía
Tortugas
Antonio Espinoza Montes Técnico cooperativa SCPP Buzos y
pescadores
Héctor Romero Olivas Técnico cooperativa SCPP California
San Ignacio
Martín Ortíz Quintanilla Organización de la SCPP La
Producción Purísima
Abbreviations:
INP Instituto Nacional de Pesca
CONAPESCA Comisión Nacional de Acuacultura y Pesca
CRIP Centro Regional de Investigación Pesquera
CICIMAR Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas
SAGARPA Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación
CIBNOR Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste
BCS Baja California Sur BCS Baja California
CICESE Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada
FEDECOOP Federación Regional de Sociedades Cooperativas de la Industria Pesquera Baja California
UABCS Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur
REBIVI Reserva Especial de la Biósfera del Vizcaino-SEMARNAT
SEMARNAT Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales
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Throughout the evaluation process, the SCS assessment team made every effort to
solicit and gather input from as wide an audience as possible. Few written submission
were provided during the evaluation process. Instead, most people or organizations
that provided input did so verbally in meetings either directly with the assessment
team, or through discussions with Luis Bourillon (CoBi) who was facilitating
meetings on behalf of the clients and to assist the SCS assessment team with
translation of conversations and written documents.
In general, fishers, fishery managers, government scientists, independent scientists,

and conservation groups shared the opinion that the Baja California red lobster fishery
was a well-managed fishery, much of which is due to the excellent operations of the
fishing cooperatives and the ability of the cooperatives to work cooperatively with
state and federal agencies. The team was never provided, either verbally or in
writing, with a negative opinion of the fishery. Some stakeholders did suggest that
the newly organized fishery management system within the federal government was
still in need of changes to effect a more equitable and efficient decision-making
process.
5.4.5 Weighting and Scoring Performance Indicators
The certification methodology adopted by the MSC involves the interpretation of the
MSC Principles and Criteria into a hierarchy of ‘Performance Indicators’. Indicators
represent specific areas of important information. These indicators therefore provide a
detailed list of factors necessary to meet the MSC Criteria in the same way as the
Criteria provide the factors necessary to meet each Principle.
The MSC methodology for fishery evaluations utilizes a decision support process
known as AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) to assist the team utilize all the
information provided (qualitative and quantitative) to come to a consensus decision
regarding the overall performance of the fishery (see MSC Certification Methodology
Documents at the MSC website www.msc.org). This allows the expert team of
fisheries professionals to identify and prioritise performance indicators according to
which ones are most important for the specific fishery under evaluation. AHP also
provides a process to weight the each performance indicator based on the team's view
of its importance within the hierarchy. Once each performance indicator within a
Principle is weighted, a separate step is taken where each one is scored on a scale of 1
to 100 indicating how well the fishery performed for that given indicator. The weight
of each indicator or criteria is then multiplied by its score to obtain a weighted score.
All weighted scores for the performance indicators in a given Principle are then
summed to provide a final normalized, weighted measure of performance for the
Principle, again on a scale of 0 to 100.
The assignment of numerical performance scores is aided by written "Scoring

Guideposts" that describe what constitutes an ideal fishery (score = 100), what
constitutes passable performance for an indicator (score =80), and the minimum
performance required for an indicator. Scores are assigned to indicators based on team
members' consensus judgement of how the fishery performs in relation to the scoring
guides.
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Compliance must be achieved for each MSC Principle independently. This means
a normalized performance score of 80 or greater must be achieved for each of the 3
Principles independently in order for the fishery to qualify for certification.
On a given indicator, the fishery may score less than 80 (unweighted score). Where a
fishery fails to achieve an unweighted score of 80 on an individual indicator, it
indicates the performance of the fishery is deficient in meeting the MSC
requirements. The result of scoring less than 80 (unweighted score) on any specific
performance indicator is that the applicants for certification, if the fishery meets all
other aspects for certification, will be required to bring the performance for the
indicator up to a score of 80 even after certification is awarded. This is to be achieved
by the applicant meeting whatever condition(s) the evaluation team believes are
necessary, and in a specified time frame that is shorter than the length of the
certification awarded. A fishery may not score less than 60 (unweighted score) on
any single indicator. If a score of less than 60 is assigned to any indicator, the fishery
will fail certification regardless of the weighted, normalized score for the Principle.
Such a score also triggers the identification of conditions that must be met by the
applicant before the fishery can be certified.
For the Baja California red lobster fishery, the weights and scores were discussed,
assigned, and agreed by the three scientists hired by SCS; Dr. Bruce Phillips, Dr.
Daniel Lluch, and Dr. Arturo Muhlia. Dr. Chaffee led all weighting and scoring
discussions, entered all data into the AHP program, and calculated the final results.
However, Dr. Chaffee was not part of the consensus decision for assigning either
weights or scores.
6. Evaluation Results
The findings of the evaluation team are described below. SCS asked each of the
scientists hired to author the chapters based on their respective expertise:
Dr. Arturo Muhlia MSC Principle 1

Dr. Daniel Lluch MSC Principle 2
Dr. Bruce Phillips MSC Principle 3.
MSC PRINCIPLE 1
A fishery must be conducted in a manner that does not lead to over-fishing or

depletion of the exploited population and, for those populations that are
depleted; the fishery must be conducted in a manner that demonstrably leads to
their recovery.
Intent: The intent of this principle is to ensure that the productive capacities of the
resources are maintained at high levels and are not sacrificed in favor of short-term
interests. Thus, exploited populations would be maintained at high levels of
abundance designed to retain their productivity, provide margins of safety for error
and uncertainty, and retain their capacities for yields over the long term.
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MSC Criterion 1: The fishery shall be conducted at catch levels that continually
maintain the high productivity of the target population(s) and associated
ecological community relative to its potential productivity.
Our Interpretation: We focus on 1) management of target species and 2) management

of by-product species (retained commercial species that are not the prime target of the
fishery). Other species of “associated ecological community” are dealt with under
Principle 2.
Subcriteria 1.1.1 There is a well-defined and effective strategy for managing

exploitation of the target species.
Intent: There is an adaptive and precautionary harvest strategy to manage the target
stocks; including rules for limiting effort that are well defined.
Indicator 1.1.1.1 The rules and procedures for limiting effort or catch are well
defined.
Score 85
Access to the Baja California lobster fishery has been granted to cooperatives since
the 1930s. The main access to the fishery has been a concession reserved by species
and geographic area (as different areas will have varying productivities and therefore,
regulatory constraints). In 1992, fishing law and cooperative law changed and a new
agreement was reached between the federal government of Mexico and the Federation
of Regional Cooperatives of the Fishing Industry of Baja California. New concessions
lasting 20 years were granted.
The National Fisheries Institute of Mexico (INP) has collected catch records of this
fishery, since 1928. The actual assessing methods for this fishery are described in a
book titled: “Sustainability and responsible fishing in Mexico, assessment and
management” and generally referred to as the 'red' book. This document was edited
and printed by the INP under the ministry of environment, natural resources and
fishing (SEMARNAP) in 1998 (SEMARNAP, 1998).
Harvest control rules
Harvest control rules are established by official communications of the Mexican

government. The latest communication related to this fishery was by way of the
National Fishing Chart (NFCH) published on the 28th of August 2000 (Diario Oficial
de la Federación (DOF), 2000).
In order to reach an agreement on control rules for this fishery, a workshop takes
place every year between the Regional Federation of Cooperatives of Baja California
(FEDECOOP) and INP scientists specializing in this fishery. As a result of these
meetings several control rules have been proposed, submitted to the authority and
finally formalized. Examples of the rules are: Changes in the length of fishing season
per species and zone, changes in trap design, and changes in minimum legal size. The
way of formalization is by way of decrees published in the daily official publication
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of the Mexican government. These control rules have been applied in this fishery
since 1927 (Chapa, 1964). These rules were subsequently modified the 1st of
September, 1957. Examples of official communications of these control rules are:
Changes in length of the closure of the fishing season by zone (DOF 21-08-1989),
zone I closed season from 16 of February to 15 of September, zone II closed season
from 16 of March to 30 of September (DOF 9-09-1992), issue of new concessions and
fishing permits(Norm-006-pesc-1993), and minimum legal size by species and
restriction of limiting effort by fishing gear (DOF 11-04-1995, DOF 1-07-1997, and
DOF 10-03-1998).
The actual control rule of this fishery is to maintain the harvest biomass value in such
a manner that the annual fishing yield will be maximized. The intent is to maintain the
fishery at a level to harvest the maximum surplus production while maintaining the
population biomass at values above the Bo/2 biomass estimate (Bo, the estimated
virtual population biomass). This is described as option 6 of fishery management
options in the book mentioned below. Methods of assessing this fishery and
alternative options for managing are described in “Sustainability and responsible
fishing in Mexico, assessment and management” SEMARNAP, 1998.
Indicator 1.1.1.2 The harvest control rules and procedures include an appropriate
response to uncertainty.
Score 90
The chosen alternatives for harvest control of this fishery are described in the red
book (SEMARNAP, 1998). In the NFCh (DOF, 2000) it is stated as “The biomass of
this resource varies as influenced by climatic changes of large magnitudes such as El
Niño events, and evident in changes in sea surface temperature (sst). However, due to
the fact that the biomass has been maintained over the Bo/2, the risk of uncertainty is
minimized, Page 290, 1-5. Using this approach and taking into account that the
fishery is reviewed every year, harvest control rules are in place that allow for
uncertainties in both data and climate to avoid over fishing.
Indicator 1.1.1.3 The harvest strategy can be shown to be precautionary.
Score 95
The latest harvest control rule related to fishing effort was established in 1992. Effort
in terms of number of traps has been decreased since implementation; however,
improvements of fishing gear within and between cooperatives must be considered in
the near future in terms of how this might change the fishing effort. For example, over
the last 20 years, specific studies on the Central Fishing Zone (CFZ) of this fishery
have shown an improvement of catch per unit of effort (CPUE), Ramade et al, 1994
and Espinoza-Castro, 1999.
The Mexican government regulations published by the NFCh in August 2000

provided some optimization regulatory mechanisms to sustain this fishery. Such
mechanisms are: reviewing and adjusting periodically the seasonal scheme by zone
and species, constantly monitoring and modifying the restrictions on fishing gear
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(traps, escape windows, etc.), and increased surveillance to prevent illegal fishing.
With these mechanisms, it is expected that the fishery will see an increase in
recruitment and production without an increase in fishing effort.
Indicator 1.1.1.4 The harvest strategy is properly applied
Score 95
The red lobster fishery of Baja California is a community-based fishery operating

with small boats over short distances from port and generally run as a family or small
community operation. Fishing units operate in shallow waters, with the deepest
fishing areas of around 70 m and in a few cases, down to 100-120 m. The general
control rules limit the fishing effort by the number of boats, fishermen and the number
of traps per boat per night of fishing.
Ninety-five percent of the quota holders in the state follow and apply the harvest
strategy established in 1992 based on written statements, fishing permits and
strategies established in the NFCh in 2000. The intent is not to increase fishing effort
based on the number of boats, number of fisherman and number of traps. All (100%)
of the fishers in the cooperatives fishing the central zone follow this harvest strategy
without exception. This accounts for approximately 80% of the total red lobster
biomass from the entire fishery in Baja California. Statistics of catch and fishing
effort are carefully recorded daily. Technicians from the FEDECOOP and from the
INP collect catch and effort records and construct parallel databases. Statistics are
kept actualized and revised annually.
SC 1.1.2 There is adequate knowledge about the target stocks.
Indicator 1.1.2.1 There is adequate knowledge of the identity of the target species.
Score 95
The target species of this fishery is carefully monitored and recorded in all fishing
grounds with no misidentification. The red lobster (Panulirus interruptus) is a
temperate-tropical species distributed from San Luis Obispo, California to Isla
Margarita, Baja California Sur. Since the red lobster is the must common and
dominant species in more than 90% of its geographical distribution, it is easily
identified without error in the fishing area. There are two other species of lobsters
from the tropical environment (Panulirus inflatus) and (Panulirus gracilis) and both
are easily distinguished from P. interruptus. The original description of the red lobster
was made by Randal, 1840 and the taxonomic description and geographic distribution
of this species was made by Allen, 1916, Lindberg, 1955, Chapa, 1964 and Ayala,
1988.
Indicator 1.1.2.2 There is adequate knowledge of the life history and behavior
characteristics of the species
Score 85
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The target species has been subject to many biological studies since the beginning of
the fishery. Some of the more comprehensive studies are listed below:
Reference and subject description
Lindberg, R. G. 1955. Reference paper 3, Growth population dynamics and behavior.
M. W. Johnson. 1960 Reference papers 7 and 8. Offshore drift of larvae, production

and distribution.
Chapa H. 1964. Reference paper 10. Taxonomy, geographical distribution,

reproduction, and development.
Ayala-M. Y. 1976. Reference paper 28. Sex composition, weight-length

relationship, and growth curve by sex.
Gracia A. and Kensler, C. B. 1980. Reference paper 34. Distribution, habitat,

reproduction and migration.
Pineda-Barrera, J., J.A. Diaz de Leon-C. and F. Uribe-O. 1981. Reference paper 36.
Fecundity studies.
Salgado-Castro, L. R. 1982. Reference paper 37. General aspects of distribution,

habitat, behavior, abundance and reproduction.
Ayala-M. Y. 1983. Reference paper 38. Maturity and reproductive cycle.
Pringle, J.D. 1986. Reference paper 40. Larval retention and recruitment.
M. A. Diaz-Arredondo 1989. Reference paper Bachelor thesis 1. Feeding habits and

nutritional conditions.
A. Vega-Velázquez 1992. Reference paper 54. Migration and Growth.
S.A. Guzmán del Proo and J. Pineda-Barrera 1985. Reference 56. Population
dynamics
Indicator 1.1.2.3 There is information to measure trends in abundance of stocks.
Score 85
There are four major areas of production along the geographical distribution of the red
lobster fishery of Baja California. The “Southern California area” from San Luis
Obispo, California to the US-Mexico boarder contributes approximately 17% of the
total production. The “Northern Baja California area”, from south of the US-Mexico
border to Laguna Manuela, Baja California, contributes 5-7% of the catch. The
“Central Baja California area” located from Cedros Island to south of Punta Abreojos,
Baja California Sur, contributes 67% of total production and the “Southern Baja
California area” located from San Ignacio Lagoon to Todos Santos, Baja California
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Sur, contributes approximately 12% of the total production. Within the Baja
California fishery, the main component is the Central Baja California area
contributing almost 80% of the total Baja California catch. A map of the distribution
of these areas is shown in Figure 2 in Vega et al, 1996.
Information on catch and CPUE (catch per unit effort) of this fishery has been
gathered since the early 1930s. Long-term trends of CPUE have been analyzed
periodically in order to measure trends in abundance of the stock. Information of the
three areas of Baja California fishery have been integrated and analyzed together for
managing purposes. This is described in the book “Sustainability and responsible
fishing in Mexico, assessment and management”, SEMARNAP, 1998 and the
National Fishing Chart (NFCh, 2000).
Historical trends
Three main trends have been observed in this fishery. The first from the early 1930s
to the mid 1940s called “The development phase of the fishery”. Catches ranged from
300 metric tons (mt) to a maximum of 500 mt. The second stage of this fishery was
from the mid 1940s to the mid 1960s. This stage is considered the “growth and
expansion” phase, with catches ranging from 1000 mt to a maximum of 1300 mt. The
third stage of this fishery was from the mid 1960s to the late 1990s and is considered
“the stabilization phase of the fishery” with catches ranging from 1300 mt to a
maximum of 1800 mt. These trends have been described in several documents:
Andrade 1991, Vega and Lluch-Cota, Vega et al, 1996 and the NFCh, 2000.
Indicator 1.1.2.4 There is adequate knowledge of environmental influences on stock

dynamics to manage the fishery
Score 85
Management schemes of this fishery have considered environmental impacts on the

target species and stocks. This is declared in the National Fishing Chart published in
year 2000 (DOF, 2000).
Several studies have been developed in order to understand environmental influences

on the status of the red lobster fishery of Baja California. The most dominant
hypothesis is that large warming events cause a negative influence on the resource
with large cooling events resulting in a positive influence on the abundance of the
stocks. Some of these studies are Vega A. and Lluch-Cota, 1992, Vega et, al 1996 and
“Sustainability and responsible fishing in Mexico, assessment and management”,
SEMARNAP, 1998.
Several periods of trends related to environmental variability are listed below:
Descriptions of these trends are in the book titled “Sustainability and responsible
fishing in Mexico, assessment and management”, SEMARNAP, 1998.
From 1941 to 1954, a cold period of environmental conditions prevailed and the
response of the resource was an increase in abundance-production.
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From 1954 to 1960, a warm period of environmental conditions and a decrease in

abundance-production was observed.
From 1960 to 1973, a cold period of environmental conditions was observed resulting
in an increase in abundance-production.
From 1973 to 1985, a warm period of environmental conditions dominated and a

decrease in abundance-production was observed, with exception of the period from
1980 to 1982
From 1985 to 1990 a cold period of environmental conditions resulted in an increase

in abundance-production.
From 1990 to 1994, a warm period of environmental conditions resulted in a decrease

in abundance-production.
From 1994 to 1997 a cold period of environmental conditions prevailed and as a

response, the resource showed an increase in abundance-production.
For the most recent period from 1997 to 2000 it seems that a warming period took
place and a trend of decrease in abundance observed, with exception of the 1999 La
Niña event which likely caused an increase in abundance due to the cooler waters.
SC 1.1.3 There is adequate knowledge about the fishery
Indicator 1.1.3.1 All major sources of fishing mortality including illegal fishing on
the stocks are measured or estimated.
Score 80
Over the history of this fishery, statistics of catch and effort have been recorded from
different sources. From 1918 to 1948 catch data was recorded as exported production
to California; this information was compiled in Wilson, 1948. From 1955 to 1962
statistics of this fishery were compiled by Chapa, 1964 at the INP. From 1959 to 1973
statistics were compiled by Guzman del Proo, 1985 at the INP. Statistics from 1957
up to date have been compiled at ministries of Fisheries, SEMARNAP and
SAGARPA (ministry of agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture). Catch and effort
statistics are recorded by technicians from the INP and FEDECOOP and integrated by
the fishing offices located along the Baja California peninsula. This information is
transcribed to fishing delegations allocated in each state.
As it is described in indicator 2.5 of this principle, catches of the Baja California red
lobster are regularly recorded and integrated for managing purposes. Fishing mortality
has been measured along the historical development of this fishery. Major
components are well recorded. 100% of the Central zone and more than 80% of the
north and south components of this fishery are covered.
Illegal fishing
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Illegal fishing is almost nonexistent in the major component area Central Zone. This
is mainly due to the enforcement system developed by the fishing community in
agreement with the authority of SAGARPA. However, the FEDECOOP made a rough
estimate of 15% of the authorized catches to the north and south areas outside of the
main component area were illegal. This information was presented as justification of a
surveillance program of the FEDECOOP affiliation in year 2001(FEDECOOP, 2001).
Indicator 1.1.3.2 The size structure of catches and sex ratio are measured.
Score 85
From 1989 to present a comprehensive systematic commercial sampling is conducted

by the INP-CRIP La Paz Center in Baja California Sur and in Ensenada Baja
California. The INP has established 11 sampling sites within fishing grounds along
the west coast of Baja California peninsula. A sampling program for each year is
established by the INP-CRP-POA (Annual activities program). This document can be
obtained by a written request to INP.
Size, sex and fecundity records
Each commercial fishing unit has a small size boat with engine (6-7m, 40-65 HP), a
variable number of traps and two or three fishers. The number of commercial traps
per unit varies from 40 to 60. Samples of commercial catches are made at the
unloading areas of fishing cooperatives. Size, sex and fecundity are recorded.
Biological sampling for population structure is also part of the monitoring system for
this fishery. Every lobster within a trap from fishing units is recorded (size, sex and
fecundity index).
Example
Using biological and commercial sampling a study of size structure of catches in

Bahia Asunción, Baja California was developed from 1989 to 1995 (Espinosa-Castro,
1999). Bahia Asunción is one of the must important fishing grounds of the Central
zone of Baja California lobster fishery. Size measurements (cephalothoraxes length
cl) varied from 43 to 112mm in biological samples, annual average size (cl) varied
from 74.1 to 77.8 mm, and general average size of six-year data was 75.3mm.
Commercial samples showed size ranging from 82 to 114 mm (cl), annual average
size (cl) varied from 86.1 to 88.4mm and a general average of six-year data was
86.8mm. These type of results are commonly obtained from this fishery.
Similarly information of sex, sex ratio and fecundity are gathered in commercial and
biological samples of the fishery. Studies in these fields have been made at different
phases of the fishery, Chapa, 1964, Ayala-M, 1976, Gracia and Kensler, 1980, Pineda
et al, 1981, Salgado-Castro, 1982 and Vega et al, 1999.
Indicator 1.1.3.3 Fishing methods and patterns are well understood
Score 90
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Fishing units described in indicator 1.1.3.2, visit fishing camps every day. They have
specific bouy colors to identify location of their traps. Harvested lobster that meet the
minimum legal size are retained, while lobster below the legal minimum size are
released. Bycatch species are also recorded and discharged to the sea. Traps are
cleaned and new bait is set. When they finish harvesting, catch is unloaded in cages
prepared to keep lobsters alive. During fishing season, depending on the amount
harvested, every two or three days catch is collected from cages and transported to the
processing plant. After three months this routine is repeated every third day. By the
end of the fishing season this routine is repeated every week. Due to the fact that
fishing access is provided only by fishing concessions, specific allocation is assigned
to each cooperative. Seasonality is well established in concessions and by official
communications. Changes in regulations are also announced by the official daily
publications. Some of the changes mentioned above are described in indicator 1.1.1.1
of MSC Principle 1.
Spatial and temporal patterns of this fishery are well recorded over 90% of the fishing
grounds. Information of these patterns is described in internal reports of the INP.
MSC Criterion 2: Where the exploited populations are depleted, the fishery will be
executed such that recovery and rebuilding is allowed to occur to a specified level
consistent with the precautionary approach and the ability of the populations to
produce long-term potential yields within a specified time frame.
Our Interpretation: We wish to assess if there is a management strategy designed to

keep stocks from becoming depleted, and to promote recovery if they become
depleted.
Indicator 1.2.1 There are mechanisms to identify when a fishery is becoming

depleted and to promote a strategy for recovery of stocks within reasonable time
frames.
Score 90
Since the early 1990's, a well-defined assessment method has been used to identify
depleted stocks in the Baja California lobster fishery. In the absence of an increase in
fishing effort, the lobster fishery is considered healthy and an increase in recruitment
and production is predicted. However, environmental changes (analyzed since 1941;
see indicators 2.3 and 2.4 of Principle 1) have been the most important factor
historically in impacting the stocks of this fishery. As an example, during the
warming phase from 1973 to 1985, the estimated biomass reached its lowest value in
1985, just above the limit established by the assessment method. This is described in
the book “Sustainability and responsible fishing in Mexico, assessment and
management”, SEMARNAP, 1998 pages 280 to 286 and the National Fishing Chart
(NFCh, 2000). The actual mechanism to curtail a declining stock situation is through
review and adjustment of fishing effort periodically. This is done by season, zone and
species and most directly through the monitoring and modification of restrictions on
fishing gear.
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MSC Criterion 3: Fishing is conducted in a manner that does not alter the age or
genetic structure or sex composition to a degree that impairs reproductive capacity.
Indicator 1.3.1 To maintain the reproductive capacity of the target species, the level
of spawning biomass of the stock is assessed to ensure that it remains above threshold
levels.
Score 85
The INP-CRIP La Paz has developed a systematic monthly sampling of the spawning
stages of the Baja California red lobster carried out in 11 locations along the Baja
California peninsula since 1989. Annual analysis of the data provided by this system
allowed scientist to estimate latitudinal variability and spawning recruitment
parameters. This information also allowed the assessment of the spawning stock by
zone and species.
The first control rule to manage the spawning stock of this fishery was established in
August 1989 by the daily official communication of the Mexican government. This
control rule was modified and changed to a “Flexible time and zone closure system”
since 1992/1993, also by the daily official communication of the Mexican
government. This mechanism assures the viability of the spawning stock and by
having a continuous monitoring program, adjustments can be made every year as
necessary. Several reports and studies have been published and most of the
information is contained in the INP-CRIP La Paz internal reports. These can be
obtained by special request to the INP.
References to this subject are: Ayala y Lucero 1987, Diario Oficial de la Federación
(1987, 1988, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2000); NFCh, 2000 (Carta Nacional Pesquera);
Espinoza-Castro, 1994; Vega, 1991; Vega et al, 1992; Vega et al, 1994; Vega et al,
1998; Franco Santiago R., 1994.
MSC PRINCIPLE 2
Fishing operations should allow for the maintenance of the structure, productivity,
function and diversity of the ecosystem (including habitat and associated dependent
and ecologically related species) on which the fishery depends.
Intent: The intent of this principle is to encourage the management of fisheries from
an ecosystem perspective under a system designed to assess and restrain the impacts
of the fishery on the ecosystem.
MSC Criterion 1. The fishery is conducted in a way that maintains natural functional
relationships among species and should not lead to trophic cascades or ecosystem
state changes.
Our interpretation of MSC Criterion 1. There is a well-defined and effective strategy

to ensure that ecological impacts of the fishery are monitored, and restrained to
minimize impacts on ecosystem function (trophic relationships, community and
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habitat structure and biodiversity). This strategy is based on rigorous assessment and a
sound database. Size of fishery and trophic role of target species should be taken in
account.
Indicator 2.1.1 There is sufficient knowledge to manage the impacts from fishing on
the ecosystem of fishing
Score 80
The scoring of this indicator was based on the following considerations:
First, there is common widespread knowledge and appropriate studies (Morgan and
Chuenpagdee, 2003) that show that the fishery has minor impacts on the ecosystem,
based on the characteristics of its fishing gear and methods. Traps are among the least
impacting gear on both the habitat and other species. Rocky and sandy bottoms where
traps are set in this fishery are devoid of hard coral species, which in other areas
might be harmed by the physical effect of the trap falling on them or being broken
when the trap is pulled to the surface. Bait species and bycatch were considered and
particularly reviewed.
Although there have been only a few studies pertaining to the likely effects of the
fishery on the ecosystem, there seems to be little reason to expect that much research
effort should be devoted to them. Thus, although specific studies have not been
undertaken in all potential effects, such that the 100 scoring guidepost would be
adopted, there seems to be little need for them.
Nonetheless, specific questions were made by the team to fishers, government

technicians, fishery sector technicians, academic sector and NGOs technical
personnel.
Macroalgae specialists (Drs. Elisa Serviere and Margarita Casas) mentioned the
occassional effect of traps pulling off bottom algae during the extraction procedure, as
well as fishers on occasion cutting Macrocystis when entangled in the traps being
pulled. They regarded the impacts of such actions as negligible.
One whale specialist (Dr Jorge Urbán) once saw a grey whale (Escrichtius gibbosus)
calf with a rope, likely from a lobster trap setting, entangled in its fluke; he saw the
same animal again several days later, still with the rope but no harm seemed to result
from it.
A sea lion specialist (Dr David Aurioles) stated that, to his knowledge, there seem to
be no conflicts of pinnipeds with the fishery in the area in question. He recalled
hearing on one occasion about harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) opening lobster traps, but
no reports of harm to the seals.
Particular attention was paid to bait and bycatch species. Some years ago, several
mollusks were utilized as bait, including chitons, limpets and snails (Vega,
Selectividad y eficiencia de la pesca de langosta con trampas y resultados
preliminares de pesca experimental con pesqueros levables en el oeste de Baja
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California Sur). At present bait is restricted to oily fishes such as sardines, mackerel
and bonito that are mostly purchased at Ensenada. None of these fish species appears
to be from fisheries with any potential problem (Carta Nacional Pesquera).
Two of the team members (Bruce Phillips and Arturo Muhlia) made a field trip and
found bycatch to be minimal. A study has been made looking at bycatch (Turrubiates
et al. 1992); the list of species includes several invertebrates (echinoderms, molluscs
and arthropods), fishes and one bird report, a cormorant. Beside the points mentioned
in the preceding paragraphs, all the interviewed people stated that in their opinion
there are no significant impacts of the fishery on the ecosystem.
Indicator 2.1.2 Research is carried out on biodiversity and community structure in

habitats relevant to the fishery.
The intent is to enable an evaluation of the extent to which there is sufficient

knowledge to integrate a specific monitoring program aimed at detecting future
impacts of the fishery on the ecosystem.
Score 85
The specific area of the fishery has been continuously investigated for numerous years
by personnel from the National Fisheries Institute, The CICESE (Centro de
Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada, the CICIMAR (Centro
Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas del IPN), the CIBNOR (Centro de
Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC), among other national research and
graduate education institutions, as well as by foreign scientists from the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography and an array of Southern California universities.
Although most research results have been published on certain species, notably those
with commercial value as abalone, lobster and others, there have been some
integration exercises, particularly those related with the biosphere reserve, both the
previous studies for the decree itself and technical reports by the technical personnel
from the El Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve that have worked on coastal communities
precisely in the area of the fishery. A book, (BIODIVERSIDAD MARINA Y
COSTERA DE MEXICO) edited by the Comisión Nacional de Biodiversidad
(National Commission for Biodiversity, CONABIO) has chapters devoted to some of
the main biological assemblages in the region.
Biodiversity has been investigated in the area over many years. Partial searches in
bibliographic databases (ASFA, Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts) using
“coastal” and “California” key words together with some indication of the group
name yield considerable amounts of published papers, albeit by no means complete,
as follows:
Algae: 317; phytoplankton: 347; zooplankton: 165; fishes: 802; crustaceans: 170; and
mollusks: 40. These lists are shown in Appendix 4.
This listed papers include several reviews and accounts, as well as information on
biological communities.
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SC 2.1.3 There is adequate knowledge of the ecosystem where the fishery operates.
Indicator 2.1.3.1 Ranges of natural variation in abundance and/or productivity of key

species under differing environmental conditions have been estimated such that
effects of fishing might be identified against a background of natural fluctuations.
Score 90
Much work has been done on environmental variability at the California Current
System. There is a good documentation of the scales of natural variation of the
environment at interannual, decadal and multidecadal timescales. In general terms,
multi-year periods of warming and cooling occurr, separated by trend reversals; when
related to multidecadal variation, such reversals have commonly been named regime
shifts. The California and Alaska Currents vary in opposition during these lapses,
intensification of one goes together with relaxation of the other.
When the California Current is intensified, the area cools down and sea level heights
are anomalously low. The contrary occurs during relaxation intervals.
Several studies on population abundance of certain key species of the ecosystem as

related to these scales of variation have been undertaken and are currently in progress.
Most of the efforts have been devoted to small pelagic fishes (sardines, anchovies,
mackerel, etc.); however, other species including larger pelagics as tuna and several
planktonic organisms have been investigated. Macroalgae, including Macrocystis and
other species, abalone and lobster interannual changes have also been examined.
The references (238, including interannual variability, decadal variability and regime
shifts; far from exhaustive) are shown in Appendix 4.
Indicator 2.1.3.2 Communities in the habitats likely to be affected by the fishery are
known
Score 80
Community structure and biodiversity have been relatively well studied in the area of
the fishery. One scientist from CICESE (Dr. Luis Calderón) estimated that about 70%
of the components of the biotic community were known. Although the estimation
seems far too high, it does reflect the feeling that scientists have about the knowledge
of the area.
Further, it should be noticed that the area is within the southern portion of the
California Current System, one of the most studied and best known marine areas of
the world; most species in the area are distributed also northward to southern or
central California.
The reference lists in the annex give some idea of the accumulated knowledge about
biodiversity and biotic communities in the area.
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MSC Criterion 2: The fishery is conducted in a manner that does not threaten
biological diversity at the genetic, species or population levels and avoids or
minimizes mortality of, or injuries to endangered, threatened or protected species.
Our interpretation of MSC Criterion 2. There is a well-defined and effective strategy

to ensure that ecological impacts of the fishery are monitored, and restrained to
minimize impacts on endangered, threatened, protected or icon species (we define
icon species as any species of particular public interest that does not qualify under the
terms ‘endangered, threatened, or protected’). These impacts may be identified at the
genetic, population, or community level. For a community fishery, the genetic
structure is not considered.
Indicator 2.1.1 The management system takes into account the impacts of the
fishery on listed species
Scoring 90
One study specifically examines by-catch species in the fishery (Turrubiates et al.,
1992) while others include lists of species used for bait or found as bycatch (Vega,
Selectividad y eficiencia de la pesca de langosta con trampas y resultados
preliminares de pesca experimental con pesqueros levables en el oeste de Baja
California Sur).
None of the species reported as bycatch or eventually interacting with the fishery are
listed as threatened or endangered (list by California Department of Fish and Game;
Habitat Conservation Planning Branch; www.dfg.ca.gov, or the IUCN list, 2002
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) or are identified as icon species. Specific
questions were asked of specialists in local research institutions to detect any
interactions with marine mammals, but none of the specialists or other interviewed
persons recalled any reports of such incidences.
The evaluation team also asked CRIP scientists whether there were any known
interactions between the fishery and threatened or endangered species. CRIP
scientists noted that there were no known interactions with threatened or endangered
species in the area of the fishery throughout the many years of monitoring in the area.
CRIP scientists were well aware of species of concern, making it unlikely that any
interactions could occur without their knowledge.
Indicator 2.2.2 Research is being carried out to measure impacts of the fishery
on endangered, threatened or protected species.
The intent is to enable an evaluation of the extent to which there are assessments or
predictions of impacts of the fishery, and monitoring of the populations considered
likely to be affected such that any impacts are likely to be identified.
Score 90
No major interaction with listed species has been detected. Nonetheless, research is
being normally conducted by CRIP that includes cooperation with specialists from
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research and academic institutions working on listed species in the area. To date,
there has been no report of any significant impacts of the fishery on listed species.
MSC Criterion 3: Where exploited populations are depleted, the fishery will be
executed such that recovery and rebuilding is allowed to occur to a specified level
within specified time frames, consistent with the precautionary approach and
considering the ability of the population to produce long-term potential yields.
Our interpretation: We interpret this criterion to be considering the question whether

populations of animals that have been reduced in abundance over time by past actions
of the fishery are now being enabled to recover through alterations in the management
of the fishery that promote their recovery and rebuilding. We take ‘exploited
populations’ to mean ‘impacted populations of species other than the fishery target
species since Principle 2 is directed at aspects of the ecosystem beyond the
maintenance of the target stock (which is dealt with in Principle 1).
SC 2.3.1 There is a strategy to ensure that ecological impacts of the fishery would be
restrained to permit recovery and rebuilding of any population of impacted species
that had been depleted by previous actions of the fishery.
Indicator 2.3.1.1 Management strategies include provision for restrictions on the

fishery to enable recovery of populations of impacted species that have been depleted
by previous actions of the fishery.
The evaluation team interpreted this indicator to be relevant only to non-target

species. Therefore, if no depletion has occurred in non-target species, the evaluation
team would not score the fishery on this indicator.
For background, the fishery has a strategy for management of target species such that
depleted populations can be identified and management rules invoked to rebuild the
populations. There is evidence of how this works from the recovery of the lobster
populations in the early 1990s (see Indicator 1.2.1). Since most bycatch species
caught in any numbers would also be considered target species, this same principle
would apply.
Indicator 2.3.1.2 There is sufficient information to determine what changes in

fishery management are necessary to recover depleted populations of impacted
species.
The evaluation team again interpreted this indicator to be relevant only to non-target
species. Therefore, if no depletion has occurred in non-target species, the evaluation
team would not score the fishery on this indicator. However, there is evidence in the
lobster fishery for the target species that the management system does know how to
respond to depletions, and can do so in a timely manner (see Indicator 1.2.1). Since
most bycatch species caught in any numbers would also be considered target species
(e.g. other lobster species, octopus), this same principle would apply.
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MSC PRINCIPLE 3
The fishery is subject to an effective management system that respects local, national
and international laws and standards and incorporates institutional and operational
frameworks that require use of the resource to be responsible and sustainable.
Intent: The intent of this principle is to ensure that there is an institutional and
operational framework for implementing Principles 1 and 2, appropriate to the size
and scale of the fishery.
“A. Management System Criteria:
1. The fishery shall not be conducted under a controversial unilateral exemption to an

international agreement.
The management system shall:
2. Demonstrate clear long-term objectives consistent with MSC Principles and

Criteria and contain a consultative process that is transparent and involves all
interested and affected parties so as to consider all relevant information, including
local knowledge. The impact of fishery management decisions on all those who
depend on the fishery for their livelihoods, including, but not confined to subsistence,
artisanal, and fishing-dependent communities shall be addressed as part of this
process;
3. Be appropriate to the cultural context, scale and intensity of the fishery – reflecting
specific objectives, incorporating operational criteria, containing procedures for
implementation and a process for monitoring and evaluating performance and acting
on findings;
4. Observe the legal and customary rights and long-term interests of people dependent
on fishing for food and livelihood, in a manner consistent with ecological
sustainability;
5. Incorporates an appropriate mechanism for the resolution of disputes arising within

the system;
6. Provide economic and social incentives that contribute to sustainable fishing and
shall not operate with subsidies that contribute to unsustainable fishing;
7. Act in a timely and adaptive fashion on the basis of the best available information
using a precautionary approach particularly when dealing with scientific uncertainty;
8. Incorporate a research plan – appropriate to the scale and intensity of the fishery –
that addresses the information needs of management and provides for the
dissemination of research results to all interested parties in a timely fashion;
9. Require that assessments of the biological status of the resource and impacts of the
fishery have been and are periodically conducted;
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10. Specify measures and strategies that demonstrably control the degree of
exploitation of the resource, including, but not limited to:
a) Setting catch levels that will maintain the target population and ecological
community’s high productivity relative to its potential productivity, and account for
the non-target species (or size, age, sex) captured and landed in association with, or as
a consequence of, fishing for target species;
b) Identifying appropriate fishing methods that minimize adverse impacts on habitat,
especially in critical or sensitive zones such as spawning and nursery areas;
c) Providing for the recovery and rebuilding of depleted fish populations to specified
levels within specified time frames;
d) Mechanisms in place to limit or close fisheries when designated catch limits are
reached;
e) Establishing no-take zones where appropriate;"
"11. Contains appropriate procedures for effective compliance, monitoring, control,

surveillance and enforcement which ensure that established limits to exploitation are
not exceeded and specifies corrective actions to be taken in the event that they are.
B. Operational Criteria
Fishing operation shall:
12. Make use of fishing gear and practices designed to avoid the capture of non-target
species (and non-target size, age, and/or sex of the target species); minimize mortality
of this catch where it cannot be avoided, and reduce discards of what cannot be
released alive;
13. Implement appropriate fishing methods designed to minimize adverse impacts on

habitat, especially in critical or sensitive zones such as spawning and nursery areas;
14. Not use destructive fishing practices such as fishing with poisons or explosives;
15. Minimize operational waste such as lost fishing gear, oil spills, on-board spoilage
of catch, etc.;
16. Be conducted in compliance with the fishery management system and all legal and
administrative requirements; and
17. Assist and cooperate with management authorities in the collection of catch,
discard, and other information of importance to effective management of the
resources and the fishery."
SC 3.1 The management system has a clearly defined scope capable of achieving
MSC Principles and Criteria and includes short and long-term objectives, including
ecosystem objectives, consistent with a well managed fishery
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Intent: This criterion is intended to assess the match between the Baja red lobster
fisheries management system and the terms and intentions of the MSC Principles and
Criteria.
Indicator 3.1.1 The management system incorporates and applies an adaptive and
precautionary exploited stock strategy [Relates to MSC Criteria 3.2, 3.7, 3.9, 3.10]
Score 92
There is no specific management plan for the red lobster fishery in Baja. However, it
is controlled under the Federal Governments regulations for sustainable fishing, and a
strong co-management system exists between the Government and the fishing
cooperatives.
There is a scientific assessment of stock undertaken by CONAPESCA, which forms

the basis of the management regulations. MSY is used as a long-term stock
management objective and this is set at a precautionary level. It was last reviewed
officially in 2000 and is published in the Diario Oficial. In addition a study of the
population dynamics and an evaluation of the fishery in the central area of the Baja
California Peninsula in 1999-2000 was made by Armando Vega Velazquez, who is a
member of CRIP. However, the study was undertaken for his PhD. Research Reports
and draft results of this study are available, but the PhD has not yet been awarded and
the CRIP advised that they would eventually make there own analysis of the study
before considering making any recommendations about adopting any
recommendations made in the PhD study. This indicates a careful and considered
approach to management of the fishery.
Effort in the fishery is controlled by controlling the number of fishers, the number of
vessels, and the number of traps in each Cooperative. Not all Cooperatives fish with
the maximum allowed numbers of these items. Each Cooperative presents to
SAGARPA their plan of operation for the following season. The largest catches in
the life of the fishery have been made in recent years. However, it was instructive to
learn that the Cooperatives consider these to be the result of exceptional
environmental conditions, resulting in exceptional recruitments to the fishery. They
have therefore taken a conservative approach and planned for future annual catches
near to the long-term average catch levels.
There have been many changes in trap design over the years. These changes do not
seem to have been recorded, at least by the Cooperatives. The changes in fishing
efficiency of the traps appear to be unmeasured.
Size and sex composition sampling of the catch is undertaken by the CRIP. Escape
gaps have been introduced into the trap design and these have been scientifically
evaluated.
Indicator 3.1.2 The management system incorporates and applies an effective

strategy to manage the ecological impacts of fishing [Relates to MSC Criteria 3.2, 3.7,
3.9, 3.10]
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Score 75
There is no specific strategy in the management system for examining or considering

the impacts of fishing because there have been no identified areas of fragile marine
habitat that have been significantly impacted by fishing. Therefore, no actions have
been required.
Much of this fishery takes place within the Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve. Discussions
with the officials of the Reserve identified that there are no known fragile types of
marine habitat within the Reserve or in any other part of the fishing zone. In addition,
fishing takes place in very small boats, using light gear. Habitat impacts are therefore
considered to be minimal.
The traps occasionally catch as bycatch, fin fishes (kelp bass, sheephead, white fish,
rock fishes, giant sea bass), morays eels and some small sharks ( horn shark, leopard
sharks). Even more rarely they catch Abalone (Haliotis sp.), Pismo clam, Gelidium
algae, Top shell (Astraea undosa), Crabs (Cancer spp.), Octopus sp., Sea Cucumber
(Parastichopus sp).
The bycatch levels are apparently very low. Modifications to the traps to increase
lobster catches over many years have had the effect of reducing bycatch levels such
that they are almost non-existent. During a field visit by the assessment team to
observe fishing operations, no items of bycatch were observed in about 12 traps
examined.
Nevertheless, a strategy for identifying and managing the impacts of fishing needs to
be developed within the management system to ensure that impacts are not
inadvertently overlooked and given a chance to become problems in the fishery.
Condition
A specific strategy must be developed and incorporated into the management system
(at any level) that provides for understanding the importance of ecosystem impacts
from fishing and details how potential impacts will be identified, monitored, and
managed, and what timeframes (yearly, every 5 years, etc.) will be used to review this
information.
Indicator 3.1.3 The management system incorporates and applies an effective

strategy to manage the socioeconomic impacts of the fishery, and the fishery is free
from significant subsidies which promote over fishing or ecosystem
degradation.[Relates to MSC Criteria 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.7]
Score 95
Fishing is undertaken under a concession from the Federal Government of Mexico.

This means that the long-term interests of the fishing community are an essential part
of the management system. Fishing rights were first exclusively allocated to
fishermen's Cooperatives in 1936/1938, by the assigning a group of species (lobster,
abalone and others) within a delimited fishing territory for each organization (Vega et
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al. 1997). A scheme of limited entry originated from this system, which allows good
control of effort and fulfilment of basic regulations (Vega et al. 1997; Vega et al.
2000). Cooperatives are now authorized for lobster harvesting, through a concession
granted in 1992, lasting 20 years, which includes a clear delimitation of exclusive
fishing zone for each Cooperative. The Cooperative itself regulates the fishing
operations including physically and financially assisting with enforcement of the
regulations.
There are no subsidies to the lobster fishery.
SSC 3.1.4 There is a well-defined strategy for research related to the objectives of
the fishery
Indicator 3.1.4.1 The management system has a plan for research needed to support
the harvest strategy [Relates to MSC Criterion 3. 8]
Score 75
There is no prioritised research plan for the research needed to support the harvest
strategy for lobster fishery, or it is not made public.
The present process is that the scientists in CRIP essentially design the biological
research that is undertaken on lobsters. There is considerable communication
between the scientists and the Cooperatives, and in most years there is an annual
meeting between the CRIP and a considerable number of stakeholders, including
representatives of the Cooperatives. The critical biological research, such as data on
age structure, sex composition, effectiveness of escape gaps, needed for the fishery is
undertaken.
Biological research results of the lobster studies are usually presented annually to
stakeholders at public meetings. In addition there is a range of publications issued by
the management agencies describing the research and the results from research
studies.
A wide range of studies by both Mexican and USA students are undertaken on
habitats and the environment of the areas in which the lobster fishery is conducted.
A formal prioritized research plan to support the harvest strategy for the lobster
fishery needs to be developed within the management system. This would appear to
require very little effort. It is clear that the CRIP scientists already have a plan in
mind and present it to stakeholders and fishers. If it were formalized, it would make it
easier for all interested parties to examine and endorse or modify the plan during the
annual communication process. This would also help ensure that research priorities
are not overlooked.
Condition
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A plan for conducting research to support efforts to develop appropriate harvest

strategies must be specified, including timeframes for review and organizations or
persons responsible for implementing the plan.
Indicator 3.1.4.2 The management system has a plan for research needed to support
the understanding of the ecological impacts of fishing [Relates to MSC Criterion 3.8]
Score 75
There is no specific research plan to support the ecosystem.
This is essentially because the fishing gear is relatively light and there appear to be
no apparent significant impacts of the lobster fishery on the habitats in the area of the
fishery, and bycatch is almost non-existent.
The artisinal nature of the fishery and its apparent lack of habitat impacts mean that
there is probably no need for large scale ecosystem studies. However, an ecosystem
management strategy needs to be properly documented for the fishery and sufficient
data collected to consider what research needs to be undertaken to support the
ecosystem.
SC 3.2 The management system recognizes applicable legislative and institutional

responsibilities and coordinates implementation on a regular, integral, explicit basis.
This criterion is intended to assess the compliance of the Baja lobster fishery
management system with applicable laws and rules.
Indicator 3.2.1 The fishery is managed and conducted in a manner that respects
international conventions and agreements and not under any controversial unilateral
exemption to an international agreement [Relates to MSC Criterion 3.1]
Score 100
The fishery is managed and conducted in a manner that respects international

conventions and agreements and not under any controversial unilateral exemption to
an international agreement.
Indicator 3.2.2 The fishery is managed and conducted in a manner that complies with
domestic law [Relates to MSC Criterion 3.16]
Score 95
As far as the fishery managers are aware, the lobster fishery does not contravene any
domestic law.
No officer or agent of the management system, including its component entities, has
at any time been found to be in contempt of any domestic court of jurisdiction on any
matter related to performance of official duties on behalf of the management system.
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SC 3.3 Stakeholders are directly involved in management of the fishery, disputes can
be settled within the system and the managers have useful advice on which to base
decisions.
Indicator 3.3.1 The management system involves all categories of stakeholders

appropriately on a regular, integral, explicit basis [Relates to MSC Criterion 3.2]
Score 85
Communication with a large range of stakeholders on all aspects of the lobster fishery
takes place at several levels. This includes public meetings, calls for comment on all
proposed changes to fishing regulations, public meetings to describe proposed
regulation changes, and informal discussions with representatives of the Cooperatives.
At public meetings, a wide range of stakeholders is invited and many attend. It is a

standard practice, that if a decision is taken by the meeting, this decision is recorded
and all those present sign to indicate their agreement to the decision.
It is difficult to assess if all stakeholder groups are satisfied with the results of the
consultations that occur, however, no dissatisfaction was voiced to the assessment
team by any of the people interviewed.
Indicator 3.3.2 The management system provides for timely and fair resolution of
disagreements [Relates to MSC Criteria 3.2, 3.5]
Score 85
There are dispute resolution procedures for problems in the lobster fishery at all
levels. This includes within Cooperative problems. Cooperatives have the power,
and do eject members who do not comply with fishing or other laws, as the
Cooperatives are strong supporters of the fishing regulations.
Indicator 3.3.3 The management system presents managers with clear, relevant
information, which is considered in decision-making [Relates to MSC Criterion 3.2]
Score 85
Annual meetings of are held between the stakeholders in the fishery, particularly the
regional Federation of Cooperatives of Baja California (FEDECOOP) and scientists
from the CRIP and the National Fisheries Institute of Mexico (INP).
As a result of these meetings new control rules have been developed, submitted to the
authority, and finally formalized.
SC 3.4 The management system applies information through implementation of

measures and strategies (by rule or by voluntary action of fishery) that demonstrably
control the degree of exploitation of the resource in the light of the natural variation in
ecosystems.
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Indicator 3.4.1 The management system restricts gear and practices to avoid by-
catch, minimize mortality of by-catch, and reduce discards [Relates to MSC Criterion
3.12, 3.17]
Score 90
The bycatch levels are very low. Modifications to the traps over many years have
reduced bycatch levels such that they are almost non-existent. During a field visit by
the assessment team to observe fishing operations, no items of bycatch were observed
in about 12 traps examined.
The fishers assist and cooperate with authorities in the collection of catch, discard and
other information on the fishery. Most Cooperatives have a trained technician on
there staff to insure maximum uptake of new developments and to ensure collection
of information for scientific and management purposes.
In recent years, the management authority introduced escape gaps into the traps to
reduce discards. This was planned as a progressive introduction. However, the
fishers voluntarily introduced them throughout the fishery well ahead of the
management requirements.
Indicator 3.4.2 The management system minimizes adverse impacts on the habitat
[Relates to MSC Criteria 3.10, 3.13]
Score 95
Much of this fishery takes place within the Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve. Discussions
with the officials of the Reserve identified that the benthic habitats are well known
and that there are no identified fragile types of habitat within the Reserve or in any
other part of the fishing zone.
In addition, fishing takes place in very small boats, using light gear. Habitat impacts
are therefore considered to be minimal.
Indicator 3.4.3 The management system does not allow use of destructive fishing
practices [Relates to MSC Criterion 3.14]
Score 100
The fishing regulations (Norm-006) specifically prohibit the use of all forms of
destructive fishing practices.
There is excellent enforcement by the cooperatives of their legal fishing grounds. And
there is no evidence of the use of explosives or toxic chemicals in the lobster fishery
by legal or illegal fishers.
Indicator 3.4.4 The management system provides for rebuilding and recovery
[Relates to MSC Criterion 3.10]
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Score 95
No part of the lobster fishery is currently depleted and in need of rebuilding.

However, abalone stock in this part of Mexico was over fished some years ago. They
introduced a new management regime to rebuild the stock, and it was successful.
Clearly, the management system is structured so that plans for rebuilding could be
developed. Moreover, there are specific regulations regarding the depletion of stocks
that require rebuilding if the stocks fall below a specified limit reference point.
Indicator 3.4.5 Incorporates no-take zones where appropriate [Relates to MSC

Criterion 3.10]
Score 100
Part of the lobster fishery falls within the Reserve. Within the Reserve regulations
prohibit:
XX. The placement of nets or traps of any type in the channels of lagoons Ojo de
Liebre and San Ignacio, from December 15 of one year to April 15 of the following
year; nor can they be used in sanctuary zones, nursery, lobster migration corridors; as
well no trawling boats may work within the Reserve area.
The Ojo de Liebre and San Ignacio lagoons were fished for lobster many years ago,
bur are now a closed area for fishing to protect the grey whales which use the area as
a mating and nursery area. There are apparently some interactions between the
whales and the ropes on the traps used in the lobster fishery, in the area of the
entrance to the pool. However, no detrimental encounters were reported.
Neither of the lagoons is in the fishing are of the nine Cooperatives being assessed for
certification. However, the information above clearly indicates that no take zones can
and have been introduced into this fishery, where appropriate.
Indicator 3.4.6 The management system minimizes operational waste [Relates to

MSC Criterion 3.15]
Score 95
During the assessment teams visit to examine the operations of the lobster fishery we
observed that they had a strict program for removal of all operational wastes from the
vessels. This included empty oil containers, rope ends, waste bait, etc.
Special containers were placed near the lobster receiving area in which to place the
wastes brought in from the boats. These containers, when, full were transported out
to the town rubbish tip.
Old boats are not sunk, but taken ashore to be repaired, or cut up and transported to
the tip.
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Criterion 3.5 The management system provides for enforcement and compliance
[Relates to MSC Criteria 3.11, 3.16]
Indicator 3.5.1 The management system enforces compliance in the fishery and has
knowledge of the level of illegal fishing on the target species.
Score 80
Within the area fished by the central Cooperatives, there is a great deal of co-
management to control poaching by surveillance in the fishery. Cooperatives each
contribute about $US 100,000 towards the cost of compliance, including paying for
the salary of an enforcement officer.
Data on the exact level of compliance is hard to obtain. The agency PROFEPA was
responsible for compliance in the area until recent times, but did not produce the
written information, which was requested. However, the Reserve has apparently
written a report on cases of illegal fishing, etc. This report, we were advised, would
be made available should a full assessment be conducted, but it has not been made
available. However, according to the PROFEPA and Biosphere Reserve staff the
levels of illegal fishing are quite low and mostly focused on abalone, not lobster.
Compliance in the red lobster fishery in the central area appears to be very high.
There is full compliance with the regulations on undersized and berried females.
There are some minor and occasional problems with some members fishing out of
season or checking other members fishing gear. The cooperative deals severely with
members committing these crimes and has a record of removing members from the
cooperative in such cases.
Poaching of lobsters outside the area of the central cooperatives may occur, and is
estimated to be equivalent to 15% of the legal catch in these areas. The main target of
poachers is abalone.
Criterion 3.6 The performance of the management system is regularly and candidly
evaluated and adapted as needed to improve
Indicator 3.6.1 The management system provides for internal assessment and review
[Relates to MSC Criterion 3.3]
Score 90
The present Federal Government of Mexico has established a new overall National
Commission (SAGARPA) to oversee the entire fisheries and aquaculture system for
the country and to manage the resources sustainably.
The management system includes a high level of communication with fishers and
other stakeholders, and this communication is well documented. An annual
Workshop of all stakeholders is held by CRIP-La Paz to discuss research results, the
state of the fishery etc. This provides an excellent opportunity for evaluation of
management performance.
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All of the regulations and operations of the fishery must comply with the official plan
for the fishery NOM-006-PESC-1993. This norma is reviewed each 5 years and wide
consultation takes place with stakeholders at this time.
Indicator 3.6.2 "The management system provides for external assessment and
review [Relates to MSC Criterion 3.2, 3.3]
Score 90
There are two processes of review of the management system. There is a review by a
group called CONAPESCA for comments from stakeholders, such as the fishing
cooperatives, whenever it is proposed to review or changes the management system
by means of communications throughout the Diaro Oficial. The Diario oficial is the
general mechanism used by the Mexican government to communicate to the public,
new changes in mechanism. This has occurred within the last 12 months in this
fishery (Annual Report of the Technical Committee of the Baja California Lobster
fishery).
There is also a committee of review of government department or instrumentalities

(above CONAPESCA) called: Organo de Gobierno or Consejo Consultivo de
CONAPESCA (composed of Ministry members). This acts as a watchdog committee.
It makes regular reports to the Federal Government of Mexico. These documents are
used for evaluation of performance of the Federal Government of Mexico.
Indicator 3.6.3 The management system identifies research needs and directs
appropriate funding and other resources to these problems[Relates to MSC Criteria
3.3, 3.7]
Score 85
The annual meeting with the fishers and officials from the Cooperatives, and other
stakeholders, identifies problems and discusses possible problems and the research
needed to solve them.
Resources, including funding, to conduct the research appears sufficient to address the
critical gaps in knowledge identified by the management system.
7. CERTIFICATION RECOMMENDATION
7.1 Certification Recommendation and Scoring
The overall score for the fishery is sufficient to show compliance with the MSC
standards for sustainably managed fisheries. Therefore, SCS as the certification body
of record recommends the Baja California Red Lobster Fishery for certification.
Each MSC Principle independently passed at a normalized score of 80 or above. In

achieving the scores for the Principles, most indicators passed at 80 or above;
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however, a few indicators scored between 60 and 80 requiring conditions. Table 5

below shows the overall results of the evaluation in terms of Principle 1, 2, and 3.
Table 5. Scoring assigned to fishery using AHP.

Principle MSC Criteria Indicator
1 1 1.1.1.1 Overall Pass
1.1.1.2
1.1.1.3
1.1.1.4
1.1.2.1
1.1.2.2
1.1.2.3
1.1.2.4
1.1.3.1
1.1.3.2
1.1.3.3
2 1.2.1
3 1.3.1
2 1 2.1.1 Overall Pass
2.1.2
2.1.3.1
2.1.3.2
2 2.2.1
2.2.2
3 2.3.1.1
2.3.1.2
3 3.2, 3.7, 3.9, 3.10 3.1.1 Overall Pass
3.2, 3.7, 3.9, 3.10 3.1.2
3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.7 3.1.3
3.8 3.1.4.1
3.8 3.1.4.2
3.1 3.2.1
3.16 3.2.2
3.2 3.3.1
3.2, 3.5 3.3.2
3.2 3.3.3
3.12, 3.17 3.4.1
3.10, 3.13 3.4.2
3.14 3.4.3
3.10 3.4.4
3.10 3.4.5
3.15 3.4.6
3.11, 3.16 3.5.1
3.3 3.6.1
3.2, 3.3 3.6.2
3.3, 3.7 3.6.3
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7.2 Conditions for Continued Certification
Under the MSC system of evaluating fisheries for sustainable management, areas of
deficiency identified during the evaluation process can be recognized as those
indicators that have received a score of less than 80. This is similar to non-
conformances as specified under the ISO system. To address the deficiencies, the
certification body's evaluation team recommends a set of actions to bring the scores of
the indicators up to 80, and these conditions must be agreed by the client in order for
certification to proceed.
The following conditions have been recommended for this fishery.
1. A specific strategy must be developed and incorporated into the management

system (at any level) that provides for understanding the importance of ecosystem
impacts from fishing and details how potential impacts will be identified,
monitored, and managed, and what timeframes (yearly, every 5 years, etc.) will be
used to review this information.
2. A plan for conducting research to support efforts to develop appropriate harvest

strategies must be specified, including timeframes for review and organizations or
persons responsible for implementing the plan.
7.3 Recommendations
1. The evaluation team found the explanation of changes that have been made to the
number of boats fishing, the number of traps fished, and the number of fisherman
per boat both useful and intriguing. However, it also is apparent that little time has
been spent looking at how these changes over time have affected fishing effort.
The evaluation team recommends that the scientists in the cooperatives work with
scientists at INP to examine whether effort has remained the same or changed as a
result of the changes noted by the cooperatives during the evaluation team
interviews. Any new calculations oif effort can then be used in subsequent stock
assessments by INP to ensure continued accuracy in the analyses.
2. The evaluation team found that a good many documents describing the scientific
analyses associated with the lobster fioshery are held internally within the
management agencies. This at times made it slightly more difficult to obtain the
analyses that had been conducted and subsequently referred to by government
scientists, managers, and fishers. The evaluation team recommends that INP
scientists pull together a list of pertinent internal documents that describe
scientific and technical analyses performed in association with the lobster fishery
so that a comprehensive list can be made available to any person or organization
interested.
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154, no. 1-4, pp. 99-115. 2 Feb 1999.
Xu, JP*; Noble, M; Eittreim, SL Suspended sediment transport on the continental
shelf near Davenport, California Marine Geology [Mar. Geol.]. Vol. 181, no. 1-3, pp.
171-193. 15 Mar 2002.
Yoklavich, MM; Greene, HG; Cailliet, GM; Sullivan, DE; Lea, RN; Love, MS
Habitat associations of deep-water rockfishes in a submarine canyon: an example of a
natural refuge Fishery Bulletin [Fish. Bull.]. Vol. 98, no. 3, pp. 625-641. Jul 2000.
Zahary, RG; Hartman, MJ Analysis parameters determining abundance of organisms
in protected rocky intertidal communities of the northeastern Pacific. Bulletin of
Marine Science [BULL. MAR. SCI.], vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 784-785, 1983
Zedler, JB Tidal wetland restoration: A scientific perspective and southern California
focus CALIFORNIA SEA GRANT COLLEGE SYSTEM, UNIV. CALIFORNIA,
LA JOLLA, CA (USA), 1996, 129 pp
Zertuche G. J. A. 1993. Situación actual de la industria de las algas marinas
productoras de ficocoloides en México. En: Situación actual de la industria de las
macroalgas productoras de ficocoloides en América Latina y El Caribe. Documento
de Campo No. 13, FAO, México 5-15.
Zetina, M. C. & Ríos, G. V. (1997) Estimación de la biomasa y la mortalidad por

pesca de la langosta espinosa en las costas de Yucatán, utilizando un modelo de
diferencia con retraso. Informe inédito, CRIP-Yucalpetén, Inst. Nal. Pesca, México.
Zimmer-Faust, R.K. & Spanier, E. (1987) Gregariousness and sociality in spiny

lobsters: implications for den habitation. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 105, 57-71.
Zimmerman R. C., y Kremer J. N. 1 984. Episodic nutrients supply to a kelp forest

ecosystem in southern Califomia. J. Mar. Res., 42:591-604.
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Zimmerman R. C., y Kremer J. N. 1986. In situ growth and chemical composition of

the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrífera., response to temporal change in ambient nutrient
availability. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 27: 277-285.
Zimmerman, RC; Kohrs, DG; Alberte, RS Top-down impact through a bottom-up
mechanism: The effect of limpet grazing on growth, productivity and carbon
allocation of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) Oecologia, vol. 107, no. 4, pp. 560-567, Sep
1996
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Appendix 1. Fishing Zones in Central Baja California, Mexico.
Zona Pacífico Norte, Áreas Concesionadas a cada Cooperativa

29.00
28.80
28.60
Pescadores Nacionales de Abulón

28.40
28.20
28.00
La Purísima
27.80
Buzos y Pescadores
27.60
Bahía Tortugas
27.40
Emancipación
27.20
27.00
California de San Ignacio
26.80
Progreso
Leyes de Reforma
26.60
26.40 Punta Abreojos

26.20
-116.00 -115.60 -115.20 -114.80 -114.40 -114.00 -113.60 -113.20
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Appendix 2. Mexico Fisheries Management Authorities
Organisation until 2000
SEMARNAP
PESCA PROFEPA INP Other Non- Reserva de la

Fisheries Agencies Biosfera El
Vizcaino
CRIP
Current Organisation (2003)
SAGARPA
SEMARNAT
Other CONAPESCA
Non-Fisheries
Agencies Other Non Reserva de la
Fishery Agencies Biosfera El
Vizcaino
INP
Fisheries Management
CRIP
Fishing Subdelegate
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Appendix 3. Curriculum Vitaes for Evaluation Team.
Curriculum Vita
Daniel Lluch Belda
January, 2001
I. BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
Born: Uruapan, Mich., Mexico. Jan 05, 1942
Home adress: km 15 carretera al norte

Predio Los Aripes, lote 8
El Centenario
La Paz, BCS, 23090
Postal adress: km 15 carr norte, El Centenario

La Paz, BCS 23201
Voice: 052 (112) 2 53 44
FAX: 052 (112) 2 53 22
Internet: dlluch@redipn.ipn.mx
Affiliation: Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas del IPN
Position: Professor (TC)
Member of the Mexican Academy of Sciencies, 1995
II. ACADEMIC DEGREES
Bachelor (Biology). Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas- Instituto Politécnico

Nacional. México, DF. Biology (June 22, 1968)
Thesis: Lluch B., D., 1969. El lobo marino de California, Zalophus californianus
californianus (Lesson, 1828) Allen, 1880. Observaciones sobre su ecología y
explotación. Tesis Prof. Esc. Nal. Cienc. Biol. Mex. (Honors)
1 year Postgraduate College of Fisheries. University of Washington. Seattle, Wash.
PhD (Biology) Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico

Nacional. México, DF. (April 29, 1977).
Thesis: Lluch B., D. 1977. Diagnóstico, Modelo y Régimen Optimo de la Pesquería

de Camarón de Altamar en el Noroeste de México. Tesis Doctoral. Esc. Nal. Cienc.
Biol. IPN. México DF
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III. PROFESSIONAL AFILIATION
Professor (PTC). Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias

Marinas. 02/1997 to date. La Paz, Mexico
Adjunct Scientist (ITC). Centro de investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C.

1997 to date. La Paz, Mexico
Regional coordinator of the PCAC-LME project. COI/IOCARIBE. 1999 to the

present.
IV. RESEARCH EXPERIENCE
Secretaría de Industria y Comercio. Dirección General de Pesca e Ind Conex..

Instituto Nal de Investigaciones Biológico Pesqueras. 02/1963 to 09/1968; from
assistant biologist to underdirector for fisheries biology. México, DF
Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas. 02/1978

a 04/1984- La Paz, BCS. Director
Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas de Baja California Sur, AC. (General Director).

04/1984 a 12/1996. La Paz, BCS. Director
Professor (PTC). Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias

Marinas. 02/1997 to date. La Paz, BCS
Teaching:
21 Undergraduate courses
30 Graduate courses
Thesis Director
7 Bachelor
8 Msc
5 PhD
V. MAJOR INVITED LECTURES AND WORKSHOPS COORDINATION
Member of the IGBP National Comitee (International Geosphere-Biosphere

Programme)
Chairman of the SCOR WG 98: Worldwide Large-scale Fluctuations of Sardine and

Anchovy Populations, 1993 to 1997.
Lead Author. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. World Meteorological

Organization. 1993-1996.
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Member of the Academia de la Investigación Científica and National Research

Council (EEUU) Oceanography Working Group. 1996 to 1997.
Chairman of the Biological Action Centers Working Group (IAI-PhI). La Paz, BCS.
1997
Member of the GOOS Living Marine Resources Panel. IOC, WMO, UNEP, ICSU,
1996-2000
VI. SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
Lluch-Belda, D. F. J. Magallon and R. A. Schwartzlose (1986). Large fluctuations in

the sardine fishery in the Gulf of California: Possible causes. CalCOFI Rep. 27: 136-
140.
Huato-Soberanis, L. and D. Lluch-Belda. (1987). Mesoscale cycles in the series of

environmental indices related to the sardine fishery in the Gulf of California.
CalCOFI Rep. 28: 128-134.
Lluch-Belda, D., R.J.M. Crawford, T. Kawasaki, A.D. MacCall, R.H. Parrish, R.A.
Schwartzlose and P.E. Smith (1989). World-wide fluctuations of sardine and anchovy
stocks: The regime problem. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 8: 195-205.
Crawford, R. J. M., L.G. Underhill, L.V. Shannon, D. Lluch-Belda, W.R. Siegfried

and C.A. Villacastín-Herrero (1991). An empirical investigation on trans-oceanic
linkages between areas of high abundance of sardine. Long-term Variability of
Pelagic Fish Populations and their Environment. T. K. e. al., Pergamon Press: 319-
332.
Lluch-Belda, D., S. Hernández-Vázquez and R.A. Schwartzlose (1991). A

hypothetical model for the fluctuations of the California sardine population. Long-
term Variability of Pelagic Fish Populations and their Environment. T. K. e. al,
Pergamon Press: 293-300.
Lluch-Belda D., D. B. L.-C., S. Hernández-Vázquez, C. Salinas-Zavala and R.A.

Schwartzlose (1991). Sardine and anchovy spawning as related to temperature and
upwelling in the California Current System. CalCOFI Rep. XXXII: 105-111.
Lluch-Belda D., D. B. L.-C., S. Hernández-Vázquez and C.A. Salinas-Zavala (1992).

Sardine populations expansion at the eastern boundary systems of the Pacific Ocean,
as related to sea surface temperature. S.Afr.J.Mar.Sci. 12: 147-155.
Lluch-Belda D., S. H.-V., D.B. Lluch-Cota, C.A. Salinas-Zavala and R.A.

Schwartzlose (1992). The recovery of the California sardine as related to global
change. CalCOFI Rep. XXXIII.
Lluch-Belda D., R. S., R. Serra, R. H. Parrish, T. Kawasaki, D. Hedgecock and R.J.M.

Crawford (1992). Sardine and anchovy regime fluctuations of abundance in four
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regions of the world oceans: a workshop report. Fisheries Oceanography 1(4): 339-
347.
Everett, J. T., A. Krovnin, D. Lluch-Belda, E Okemwa, H.A. Regier and J.P. Troadec
(1996). Fisheries. The IPCC Second Assessment Report. R. T. Watson, M.C.
Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss. Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press.
Volume 2: Scientific-Technical Analyses of Impacts, Adaptations, and Mitigation of
Climate Change.
Lluch-Belda, D. (1999). The interdecadal climatic change signal in the temperate

Large Marine Ecosystems of the Pacific. Large Marine Ecosystems of the Pacific
Rim. Assesment, Sustainability and Management. K. S. a. Q. Tang. Massachusetts,
Blackwell Science: 42-47.
Nevárez-Martínez, M. O., E.A. Chávez, M.A. Cisneros-Mata and D. Lluch-Belda

(1999). Modeling of the Pacific sardine Sardinops caeruleus fishery of the Gulf of
California, Mexico. Fisheries Res. 41: 273-283.
Bakun, A., J. Csirke, D. Lluch-Belda and R. Steer-Ruiz (1999). The Pacific Central
American Coastal LME. Large Marine Ecosystems of the Pacific Rim. Assesment,
Sustainability and Management. K. S. a. Q. Tang. Massachusetts, Blackwell Science:
268-280.
Schwartzlose, R. A., J. Alheit, A. Bakun, T.R. Baumgartner, R. Cloete, R.J.M.

Crawford, W.J. Fletcher, Y. Green-Ruiz, E. Hagen, T. Kawasaki, D. Lluch-Belda,
S.E. Lluch-Cota, A.D. MacCall, Y. Matsuura, M.O. Nevárez-Martínez, R.H. Parrish,
C. Roy, R. Serra, K.V. Shust, M.N. War (1999). Worldwide large-scale fluctuations
of sardine and anchovy populations. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 21: 289-347.
Lluch-Belda, D. (in press). Centros de Actividad Biológica en la costa occidental de

Baja California. BACs: Centros de actividad biológica del Pacífico Mexicano. D.
Lluch-Belda, S.E. Lluch-Cota, J. Elorduy y G. Ponce. La Paz, BCS, Centro de
Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC.
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Curriculum Vitae
ARTURO F. MUHLIA MELO
Professional Address Residential Address
CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES BIOLOGICAS DEL PEZ VELA # 125

NOROESTE, SOCIEDAD CIVIL FIDEPAZ
APARTADO POSTAL 128 CP 23090
LA PAZ, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR LA PAZ, B.C.S.
MEXICO MEXICO
TEL:52 (612) 12-536-33 EXT. 3430 (OFFICE)

TEL. 52 (612)12--40087 (HOME)
12-53633 EXT.3507 (LABORATORY)
12-23620 (FAX)
EDUCATION
1993 Doctor en Ciencias (Ph.D.), Marine Biology

Facultad de Ciencias, National University of Mexico, Mexico City.
Dissertation: Review of the yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares (Bonaterre
1788), Fishery resource and management in Mexico.
Committee: James, J., D. LLuch-B., A. Ayala-C., S. Alvarez-B., C. Rosas and
A. Lot(Chairman).
1981 Master of Science (M.Sc.), Biology.

Department of Biology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University,
California
Thesis: Size distribution of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) by time and
area in the Eastern Pacific ocean.
Chairman:Ebert T.
1975 Bachelor in Sciences, Biology.

Thesis: Fisheries Biology of Epinephelus morio (Val.). 1975.
Fac. de Ciencias UNAM. 70pp.
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE OR EMPLOYMENT
1999-2002 Chief Scientist - Head of Fisheries Research Program, La Paz

Laboratory, CIBNOR.
1994-1999 Chief Scientist - Head of Natural Resources Program, La Paz

Laboratory, CIBNOR.
1987-1994 Chief Scientist - Head of Marine Biology Division, La Paz Laboratory,

CIBNOR.
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1984-1987 Director of the Pelagic Fisheries Management, National Fisheries

Ministry of Mexico.
1982-1987 Graduate studies coordinator, Teacher and Associate Scientist,

CICIMAR, National Polytechnic Institute.
1976-1982 Associated Scientist, InterAmerican Tropical Tuna Commission, La

Jolla, California.
1970-1976 Assistant Research Scientist, National Fisheries Institute of Mexico.
1968-1970 Research Assistant, Department of Botany, Biology Institute, Nat.

University of Mexico.
RECENT PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES
ADJUNCT FACULTY- RESEARCH ASSOCIATE
1994-Pres Professor, Ph D. Program of the CIBNOR

1994-Pres. Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, U.
N. A.M.
1984-Pres. Associate Professor, Department of Fisheries, CICMAR, IPN
1983-1987. Professor, Marine Ecology, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana
1983-1987 Professor, Marine Ecology, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California
Sur.
GRADUATE STUDENTS (Mexico concluded)
Master in Science (Concluded)
Sofia Ortega Garcia, M.S., Deparment of Fisheries, CICIMAR, IPN (1989)

Israel Osuna, M.S., Deparment of Fisheries, CICIMAR, IPN (1990)
Rogelio Gonzalez Armas, M.S., Deparment of Fisheries, CICIMAR, IPN (1993).
Danitzia Guerrero Tortolero, M.S., Depertment of Experimental Biology, CICIMAR,
IPN (1997)
Vania Serrano Pinto, M.S., Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM (1998) Fish aqualture
Adriana T. Muhlia Almazan, M.S., Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM (1998) Fish
aqualture.
Master in Science (in progress)
Roberto Alexander Martínez Lagos Graduate Program of the CIBNOR
Ph.D. STUDENTS (Mexico concluded)
L. Andres Abitia-Cardenas Ph. D., Doctor en Ciencias (Ph.D.), Marine

Biology(2001)
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Dissertation: Trophic dynamics and seasonal energetics of striped marlin (Tetrapturus

audax) in the area of Los Cabos, Baja California, Mexico.
J.A. de Anda Montanes, PH.D., Biology, Fac. de Ciencias, UNAM (2001)
Dissertation: Bioeconomic analysis of the Eastern Pacific yellowfin tuna (Thunnus
albacares) fishery.
Agustin Hernandez-Herrera, Ph. D., Biologia Marina, CIBNOR, Mexico (2001)
Dissertation: Biological studies of sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) along the coast of
Mexico
Ph.D. STUDENTS (Mexico in progress)

J. Rodriguez-Romero, Ph. D., Biology, University of Colima, Mexico (3 yrs) Thesis
Title: Ictiofauna of the Espiritu Santo Island in the southern Gulf of California.
B. Aguilar-Palomino, Ph. D., Biology, Fac. de Ciencias, UNAM (3yrs) Thesis Title:
Trophic dynamics of dolfinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) in the area of Los Cabos, Baja
California, Mexico.
Rogelio Gonzalez Armas, Ph. D., Biologia Marina, CIBNOR, Mexico (needs Thesis
defense this year). Spawning behavior of pelagic species at the Espiritu Santo
seamount in the southern Gulf of California.
Ernesto Torres-Orozco Ph. D., Biologia Marina, CIBNOR, Mexico(2 yrs). Thesis
Title: Dynamic and hydrographic characteristics of the ocean related to yellowfin tuna
(Thunnus albacares) catches at the mouth of the Gulf of California.
Steve Hastings Ph. D., Climatic Change, Terrestrial Ecology, CIBNOR, Mexico (1
Yr). Thesis Title:Land-atmospheric interactions of CO2, H2O and energy balance in a
desert coastal ecosystem in Baja California.
GRADUATE STUDENTS (In the U.S. in progress)
John Richert, Ph. D. UC Davis, He started in 1999. Was awarded with a US.
Fulbright scholarship expended 1 yr in my lab (2001)
Jennifer Watts, Ph. D. UC Davis, She started in 1998. Was awarded with a US.
Fulbright scholarship expended 1 yr in my lab (2001)
Salvador Jorgensen UC Davis, He started a M Sc. in 1999 He has been
participating in my research project since 1997.
REVIEWER
1993-Pres. Marine Sciences, Ciencias Marinas UABC

1995-Pres. Hidrobiology, Hidrobiologia UAM
1990-1995 Ciencias pesquera CICIMAR-IPN
SOCIETIES
American Institution of Fishery.

Pacific Fishery Biologist.
World Aquaculture Society.
Mexican Association of Botany.
Tuna net FAO
National Association of Biologist of Mexico.
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INTERNATIONAL COURSES (organizer and teacher)
Systems design in marine aquaculture, 1996

Marine Fish aquaculture course, 1997
Marine Fish reproduction course, 1997
Marine Fish aquaculture course, 1998
NATIONAL COURSES
1 Bachellors, 14 Master Program 3 Ph D. Program
LANGUAGES
Spanish, writing, fluent reading and speaking

English, writing, fluent reading and speaking
French, reading
HONORS
1978-1982 Master in Science Scholarship granted by CONACYT

1991-1994 Sistema Nacional de Investigadores Nivel I (Scholarship)
1997-1999 Catedra Patrimonial Dr. S. Alvarez Lajonchere
2003-2004 Sistema Nacional de Investigadores Nivel I
AWARDS AND GRANTS
1987-1988 Distribution and abundance of shrimp on the west coast of the Baja
California Peninsula. CONACYT, $ 200,000.(pesos).
1987-1987 Fisheries Management Plan of the billfish in Mexico, Fisheries
Ministry of Mexico 100,000.00(pesos)
1989-1994 Studies on different aspects of the tuna fishery of Mexico.CICIMAR
(Federal budget).
1990-1991 Long-term automated monitoring of pelagic fish assemblage at
seamounts in the Gulf of California (PI: P. Klimley), UC MEXUS.
1991-1992 Analisis prospectivo de las comunidades y nuevos polos de desarrollo
pesquero en las costas de Baja California Sur. CONACYT
P122CCOT904993 $100,000.
2000-2002.a Aquaculture Technology of snook in Mexico. General Direction of
aquaculture, Fisheries Ministry of Mexico. $ 200,000 (pesos).
1995-1997 Structure of the pelagic community of the sea mounts in the southern
portion of the Gulf of California. CONACYT NP-2600, $ 240,000
(pesos).
1998-1999 Struucture of the pelagic community of the sea mounts in the southern
portion of the Gulf of California during El NIñO event. CONACYT
$ 180,000 (pesos).
1999-2001 Current and future patterns of vegetation and ecosystem function in
regions of California and Baja California. Academic exchange
program CONACYT DAAI $38,000.00
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2000-2002 Structure of the pelagic community of the sea mounts in the southern
portion of the Gulf of California during and after El Niño event.
SIMAC-CONACYT $ 180,000 (pesos).
2002-2003 Oceanographic and Biogeochemical Linkages to Pelagic Fish
Migrations. Natural and Physical Sciences UC MEXUC Grant
CIBNOR-UC-Davis CoPI Dr. Howard J. Spero.
$US 15,000.00.
CONSULTING
1998-1999 Tuna fishing alternatives in Mexico. General Direction of fisheries

management,
National Fisheries Ministry of Mexico.
1999-Pres Academic Committee of the UNAM Research Bessels
FILMS (participant)
1998 Hammerheads: Nomads of the sea (Peter Klimley in Thomas Lucas

productions, Discovery films).
1998 The sea of Cortes, interview, Discovery Channel, Animal World
1980 FILM DEL CONSEJO NACIONAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGIA, "EL INSTITUTO DE
OCEANOGRAFIA DE SCRIPPS", PARA SER EXHIBIDO EN LA TELEVISION MEXICANA Y EN
LAS UNIVERSIDADES. GRABADO DEL 09 AL 24 DE ENERO, 1980.
CRUISES (CHIEF SCIENTIST)
1997 Structure of the pelagic community of the sea mounts in the southern portion
of the Gulf of California, 10 days, Barco de Investigacion Pesquera BIP II,
CIBNOR, S.C.
of the Gulf of California, 7 days, R/V Francisco de Ulloa, CICESE.
of the Gulf of California during El NIÑO, 10 days, R/V Francisco de Ulloa,
CICESE
of the Gulf of California during El NIÑO, 10 days, Barco de Investigacion
Pesquera BIP II, CIBNOR, S.C.
RESEARCH FIELDS
Population Dynamics Marine and Terrestrial communities,

Fisheries Biology and Oceanography,
Marine community ecology and
Fish aquaculture
PUBLICATIONS
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ARTICLES (IN PRESS)
38. Klimley, A. P., S.J. Jorgensen, S.C. Beavers, and A. Muhlia-Melo. (accepted
2002) The occurrence of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) at seamount
Espiritu Santo in the Gulf of California. Fisheries bulletin.
37. Muhlia-Melo, A., Klimley, P., Gonzalez-Armas, R., Jorgensen, S., Trasviña-
Castro, A., Rodriguez-Romero, J., and Amador-Buenrostro, A. Pelagic fish
assemblages at the “Espiritu Santo” seamount in the Gulf of California during
El Niño 1997-1998 and non El Niño conditions. Accepted for publication in
Geofisica Internacional, Mexico (2002).
36. Amador-Buenrostro, A., A. Trasviña-Castro, A.F. Muhlia-Melo M.L.

Argote, “Structure of the current flow at the Espiritu Santo seamount and
farallon basin in the Gulf of California, November 1997.” Accepted for
publication in Geofisica Internacional, México (2002).
35. De Anda-Montañez, J.A., Muhlia-Melo, A.F., Martínez-Aguilar, S. Seijo,

J.C. And Gonzalez-Cano, J., “Recruitment and climatic variability on the
yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) fishery of the easter Pacific under
uncertainty and risqué conditions” Accepted in Ciencias Marinas, México,
34. De Anda-Montañez, J.A., Seijo, J.C., Muhlia-Melo, A., y Arenas- Fuentes,

V., “Análisis bioeconómico de la pesquería mexicana de atún aleta amarilla
(Thunnus albacares) del Pacífico oriental bajo condiciones de riesgo e
incertidumbre” Accepted in Ciencias Marinas, México, 2001.
ARTICLES(Published)
33 Abitia-Cardenas, L.A., A. Muhlia-Melo, V. Cruz Escalona, and F. Galvan-

Magaña. 2001. Trophic dynamics and seasonal energetics of striped marlin
Tetrapturus audax in the southern Gulf of California, Mexico. Fisheries
Research. 1301:1-9. (F.I. 0.444)
32 Rosas-Alayola, J., A. Hernández-Herrera, F. Galván-Magaña, L.A. Abitia-

Cárdenas, and A.F. Muhlia-Melo. 2001. Diet composition of sailfish
(Istiophorus platypterus) from the southern Gulf of California, Mexico.
Fisheries Research. 1295:1-11. (F.I. 0.444)
31 Hernandez-Herrera, A., Ramirez-Rodriguez, M., and Muhlia-Melo, A. 2000.

Batch fecundity and spawning frequency of Sailfish (Istiophorus Platypterus)
off the Pacific coast of Mexico. Pacific Science, Vol. 54, pag. 189-194, EU.
30. GURRRERO-TORTOLERO, D., A. MUHLIA-MELO and J.

RODRIGUEZ- ROMERO. 1999. Preliminary study on the effects of stocking
density no growth of yellow snapper confined in cages inside a tidal ponds.
North American Journal of Aquaculture 61:82-84.
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29. AGUILAR-PALOMINO B., GALVAN-MAGAñA F., ABITIA-CARDENAS

A., MUHLIA-MELO A. y RODRIGUEZ-ROMERO J. 1998. Aspectos
alimentarios del dorado Coriphaena hippurus Linneaus, 1758. en Cabo San
Lucas, Baja Calirornia Sur México. Ciencias Marinas, 24 (3): 253-265.
28. MUHLIA-MELO, A. 1997. Interaction of tunas and big pelagic among sport
and commercial fisheries in mexican water of the pacific ocean. FAO/
Fisheries technical papers, pags. 241-250 Rome.
27. MUHLIA-MELO ARTURO F., ARVIZU-MARTINEZ J., RODRIGUEZ-

ROMERO J., GUERRERO-TORTOLERO D., GUTIERREZ F. Y MUHLIA-
ALMAZAN A. 1995. Programa de investigación y desarrollo tecnológico para
el cultivo del robalo. BIBLIGRAFIA. Voluman III. Convenio SEPESCA-
CIBNOR S.C. 115PP.
26. MUHLIA-MELO ARTURO F., ARVIZU-MARTINEZ J., RODRIGUEZ-

ROMERO J., GUERRERO-TORTOLERO D., GUTIERREZ F., MUHLIA-
ALMAZAN A.Y OLMOS, R.D. 1995. Sinopsis de información biológica,
pesquera y acuaculturalde los robalos del Genero Centropomus spps de
México. Volumen II Términos de referencia. Convenio SEPESCA-CIBNOR
S.C. 147pp.
25. MUHLIA-MELO ARTURO F. , ARVIZU-MARTINEZ J., ROGRIGUEZ-

ROMERO J., GURRERO-TORTOLERO D., GUTIERREZ F. Y MUHLIA-
ALMAZAN A. 1995. Programa de investigación y desarrllo tecnológico para
el cultivo del robalo. Volumen Y. Términos de referencia. Convenio
SEPESCA-CIBNOR, S.C. 214pp.
24. MUHLIA-MELO ARTURO F., ARVIZU-MARTINEZ. J., RODRIGUEZ-

ROMERO J., GURRERO-TORTOLERO D. y MUHLIA-ALMAZAN A.
1995. Sinopsis de información biológica,pesquera y acuacultural acerca de los
robalos (Genero Centropomus spp) de México. Volumen Espewcial. Convenio
SEPESCA-CIBNOR, S.C. ISBN 158-968-6837-12-14. 51pp.
23. ARTURO MUHLIA MELO. 1994. Current state of the Mexican tuna fishery
and ecological interactions between large and small tunas in the pelagic
PacificEnvironment.. FAO Fisheries Technical paper 336/1 PP. 320-326.
22. MUHLIA-MELO. A.F. & HOLT. D. 1993. Preliminary studies of tagging

and traking of big pelagics at Cabo San Lucas and La Paz, Bay. Proceedings
of the 44th Tuna Conference in Lake Arrow head. California. IATTC, 35pp
21. J. L. SQUIRE, Jr. AND ARTURO F. MUHLIA. 1992. A review of the

striped marlinTetrapturus audax, swordfish Xiphias gladius, and sailfis
Istiophorus platypterus Fisheries and resource management by Mexico and the
United States in the northest Pacific Ocean. Administrativew Report, 36pp
20. SOFIA ORTEGA Y ARTURO F. MUHLIA-M. 1992. ANALISIS DEL

PODER RELATIVO DE PESCADE LA FLOTA ATUNERA MEXICANA
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DE CERCO. (ACEPTADO PARA SU PUBLICACION EN LA REVISTA

CIENCIAS MARINAS, Vol. 18, No. 1:55-78pp.
19. MUHLIA-MELO ARTURO F. 1987. THE MEXICAN TUNA FISHERY.

CALCOFI ANNUAL REP., VOL. XXVIII: 45-55 PP.
18. MUHLIA-MELO ARTURO F. 1986. A STUDY OF THE SIZE

COMPOSITION OF YELLOWFIN TUNA, BY AREA AND TIME IN THE
EASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN. INTER- AMER. TROP. TUNA COMM.
INTER. REP. No. 19: 51 pp.
17. COMPEAN, GUILLERMO, MUHLIA-MELO ARTURO F., BACKOFF

HANS, ARANDA ENRIQUE, MORENO ERNESTO, QUINTANILLA
PATRICIO Y LUIS FLEISCHER. 1982. LA PESQUERIA DEL ATUN.
"PUBLICACION ESPECIAL SOBRE LA INVESTIGACION
CIENTIFICA Y TECNICA EN EL MARCO DE LA
EXPLOTACION, LA REGULACION Y EL DESARROLLO
PESQUERO"
16. MUHLIA-MELO ARTURO F. 1981. SYNOPSIS OF BIOLOGICAL

DATA ON THE BLACK SKIPJACK TUNA Euthynus lineatus (kishinoue,
1920), INTER-AMER. TROP. TUNA COMM. SPECIAL REPORT No. 2 :
361-394.
15. ANONIMO. 1981. SIZE COMPOSITION, BY TIME AND AREA, AND

MULTIMODAL ANALYSIS OF YELLOWFIN TUNA IN THE EASTERN
TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEAN. INTER-AMER. TROP. TUNA COMM.,
ANNUAL REP., 1981:200 PP.
14. ANONIMO. 1981. SIZE COMPOSITION, BY TIME AND AREA OF

YELLOWFIN TUNA IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEAN.
INTER-AMER. TROP. TUNA COMM., BY-MONTHLY REP. MAY-JUN,
1981: 42 PP.

INTER-AMER. TROP. TUNA COMM., BY-MONTHLY REP. JAN-FEB,
1981: 40 PP.
12. MUHLIA-M. ARTURO, ROBERT OLSON, WILLIAM HAZEN, 1980.

ANALISIS COMPARATIVO DE LOS PARAMETROS DE CRECIMIENTO
DE TRES ESPECIES DE BIVALVOS DEL GENERO MACOMA EN EL
PACIFICO NORORIENTAL. AN CENTRO CIENC. DEL MAR Y
LIMNOL. UNIV. NAL. AUTON. MEXICO 7 (2), 291-302.
11. MUHLIA-MELO ARTURO F. 1980. SINOPSIS SOBRE LOS DATOS

BIOLOGICOS DEL BARRILETE NEGRO Euthynus lineatus
(kishinoue,1920), EN EL OCEANO PACIFICO. REV. DE LA COMISION
PERMANENTE DEL PACIFICOSUR, 11:229-246.
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INTER-AMER. TROP. TUNA COMM., ANNUAL REP., 1980:175 PP.

INTER-AMER. TROP. TUNA COMM., BY-MONTHLY REP. MARCH-
APRIL, 1980: 45 PP.

YELLOWFIN TUNA IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL
PACIFIC OCEAN. INTER-AMER. TROP. TUNA COMM., BIMONTHLY
REP. JAN-FEB, 1980: 50 PP.

YELLOWFIN TUNA IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL
PACIFIC OCEAN. INTER-AMER. TROP. TUNA COMM., ANNUAL REP.,
1979:160 PP.
6. MUHLIA-M. ARTURO, CASTELLANOS C.E. Y HUMBERTO PEREZ,

1976. TABLAS PRACTICAS DE RELACIONES BIOMETRICAS PARA
TRES ESPECIES DE CAMARON DEL PACIFICO MEXICANO.
MEMORIAS DEL SIMPOSIO SOBRE BIOLOGIA Y DINAMICA DE
POBLACIONES DE CAMARONES, 343-366.
5. MUHLIA-M. ARTURO, CASTELLANOS C.E., KENSLER, O.,

BERNARD, B., 1976. RELACIONES BIOMETRICAS PARA TRES
ESPECIES DE CAMARON. INP/SERIE CIENTIFICA, NUM. 7, 33pp.,
30 FIGS.
4. MUHLIA-M. ARTURO, 1975. ASPECTOS DE LA BIOLnes DE LOS

BANCOS DE CAMPECHE, MEXICO. PROYECTO MEXICO/PNUD/FAO.
PRIMER SIMPOSIO SOBRE CIENCIA PESQUERA.
3. C.P. MATHEUS, MUHLIA-M. ARTURO, M. SOLIS R., 1975.

DETERMINACION DE LA EDAD DEL MERO Epinephelus morio
Valenciennes DE LOS BANCOS DE CAMPECHE, MEXICO. PROYECTO
MEXICO/PNUD/FAO. PRIMER SIMPOSIO SOBRE CIENCIA
PESQUERA. REFERENCIA (2)
2. MUHLIA-M. ARTURO, KEIR RONALD S., CASTELLANOS C. ERNESTO,

1974. PROGRAMA DE COMPUTADORA PARA EL PROCESAMIENTO
DE DATOS DE MUESTREO DE ABULON CONTRIBUCION AL
ESTUDIO DE LES PESQUERIAS DE MEXICO. PROYECTO
MEXICO PNUD/FAO CEMP: 28pp. REFERENCIA (3)
1. GOMEZ POMPA ARTURO, BUTANDA C. ARMANDO SCHEINVAR

LEIA, MUHLIA-M. ARTURO, 1972. SISTEMA BIBLIOGRAFICO
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ELECTRONICAMENTE COMPUTADO PARA EL ESTUDIO DE LA

FLORA EN VERACRUZ. AN. INST. BIOL. UNIV. NAL. AUTNOMA
MEXICO. 43, SER. BOTANICA (1): 1-10, 6 FIGS.
REPORTS
Technical reports
INFORME TECNICO DEL PROGRAMA CAMARON DEL PACIFICO DEL INSTITUTO

NACIONAL DE PESCA "LA PESQUERIA DE CAMARON DE ALTAMAR EN EL
NOROESTE: Un anàisis Biológico/pesquero" SERIE INFORMATIVA INP/SI:116, 1974.
PRIMER INFORME TECNICO AL CONACYT SOBRE EL PROYECTO:

DISTRIBUCION Y ABUNDANCIA DEL CAMARON EN LA COSTA OCCIDENTAL
DEL PACIFICO DA BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, 1987
PRIMER INFORME TECNICO AL CONACYT SOBRE EL PROYECTO:

DISTRIBUCION Y ABUNDANCIA DE SARDINA Y ANCHOVETA EN EL GOLFO DE
CALIFORNIA, 1987
SEGUNDO Y TERCER INFORME TECNICO AL CONACYT SOBRE EL PROYECTO:

DISTRIBUCION Y ABUNDANCIA DEL CAMARON EN LA COSTA OCCIDENTAL
DEL PACIFICO DA BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, 1988
PRIMER INFORME DEL COMITE TECNICO CONSULTIVO DEL INP SOBRE PECES
PICUDOS Y ESPECIES AFINES, 1987.
INFORME TECNICO FINAL AL CONACYT SOBRE EL PROYECTO: DISTRIBUCION

Y ABUNDANCIA DEL CAMARON EN LA COSTA OCCIDENTAL DEL PACIFICO DE
BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, 1988
PRIMER INFORME TECNICO CONACYT SOBRE EL PROYECTO: DISTRIBUCION Y

ABUNDANCIA DEL CAMARON FASE AGUAS PROTEGIDAS DE BAJA
CALIFORNIA SUR, 1990
SEGUNDO INFORME DEL COMITE TECNICO CONSULTIVO DEL INP SOBRE

PECES PICUDOS Y ESPECIES AFINES, 1990.
INFORME TECNICO FINAL AL CONACYT SOBRE EL PROYECTO: DISTRIBUCION

Y ABUNDANCIA DEL CAMARON FASE AGUAS PROTEGIDAS DE BAJA
CALIFORNIA SUR, 1991
INFORME TECNICO FINAL AL CONACYT SOBRE EL PROYECTO:

POLOS DE DESARROLLO PESQUERO Y ACUACULTURAL DE BAJA CALIFORNIA
SUR, 1993.
INFORME TECNICO FINAL AL CONACYT PN2600SOBRE EL PROYECTO:

ESTRUCTURA DE LAS COMUNIDADES DE PECES PELAGICOS DE LA PORCION
SUR DEL GOLFO DE CALIFORNIA, 1995.
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION AND RESEARCH ON SOIL AND

WATER CONSERVATION AND HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTION, UNDER LIMITED
CONDITIONS, IN ARID LANDS. CIBNOR, S.C., JAICA, 1998.
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INFORME TECNICO FINAL AL CONACYT 008PN-1297SOBRE EL PROYECTO:

ESTRUCTURA DE LAS COMUNIDADES DE PECES PELAGICOS DE LA PORCION
SUR DEL GOLFO DE CALIFORNIA DURANTE Y POSTERIOR A EL NiñO 1997-1998,
1999.
RECENT SCIENTIFIC TALKS, CONGRESS, SIMPOSIUMS, SEMINARS (*

Published abstract)
INTERNACIONAL EVENTS
ARTURO MUHLIA-MELO, P. KLIMLEY, R. GONZALEZ-ARMAS, S. JORGENSEN, A.

TRASVIÑA-CASTRO, J. RODRIGUEZ-ROMERO AND A. AMADOR-BUENROSTRO
2001. STUDIES OF FISH ASSEMBLAGES AND OCEANOGRAPHY OF SEAMOUNTS
AT THE SOUTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA. NORTH PACIFIC MARINE SCIENCE
ORGANIZATION 10TH MEETENG VICTORIA, B.C., CANADA OCTOBER 5-13, 2001
MUHLIA-MELO A. 1999. AQUACULTURE EXPERIENCES OF GROUPERS IN THE

SOUTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO. WORLD AQUACULTURE ’99.
SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA.
MUHLIA-MELO A. 1998. MARINE FISH AQUACULTURE IN THE NORTHWEST OF

MEXICO. PRESENTED AT THE BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF
BARCELONA, SPAIN.
MUHLIA-MELO, A. 1997. INTERACTIONS OF TUNAS AND BIG PELAGIC FISHES

AMONG SPORT AND COMMERCIAL FISHERIES IN MEXICAN WATERS OF THE
PACIFIC OCEAN SECOND FAO EXPERT CONSULTATION ON INTERACTIONS OF
PACIFIC TUNA FISHERIES, SHIMISU, JAPAN
MUHLIA-MELO, A. THE SNOOK FISHERY IN MEXICO 1996. MANAGEMENT,

ENHANCEMENT AND AQUACULTURE. AT THE 2ND WORLD FISHERIES
CONGRESS. JULY 1996, BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA
ARTURO MUHLIA MELO. 1994. CURRENT STATE OF THE MEXICAN TUNA

FISHERY AND ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN LARGE AND
SMALL TUNAS IN THE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENT. INTERACTIONS OF
PACIFIC TUNA FISHERIES . FIRST FAO EXPERT CONSULTATION ON
INTERACTIONS OF PACIFIC TUNA FISHERIES, NOUMEA, NEW
CALEDONIA.
IN MEXICO
I HAVE GIVEN 38 SEMINARS IN DIFFERENT INTERNATIONAL EVENTS BY

INVITATION.
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CURRICULUM VITAE
DR BRUCE F PHILLIPS
PERSONAL DATA
Birth Date : 13 January 1939

Birthplace : Perth, Western Australia
Citizenship : Australian
Marital Status : Married
MAILING ADDRESS Department of Environmental Biology

Curtin University of Technology
GPO Box U 1987
Perth 6845
Phone : 61-8-92667963
Fax : 61-8-92662495
Mobile 0417189956
Private 11A Luita St

Wembley Downs
WA 6019
Phone/Fax 61-8-93414491
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
B.Sc. (Hons.) in Zoology, University of Western Australia, 1963.
Ph.D. Marine Biology, University of Western Australia, 1967.
Ph.D. Thesis : The population dynamics of a predatory marine

gastropod, the whelk Dicathais.
Summary
Dr Phillips was a scientist with CSIRO for 28 years, before spending three
years as the Chief Scientist for the Australian Fisheries Management
Authority in Canberra.
Since 1996 he has been an Adjunct Professor at Curtin University of

Technology, in Western Australia with joint appointments to the Department of
Environmental Biology and the Aquatic Science Research Unit, in the Muresk
Institute of Agriculture, where he teaches a final year course, Fisheries
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Resource Management, to aquaculture students. He is currently involved in

several research projects developing rock (spiny) lobster aquaculture and
enhancement.
Dr Phillips has been the editor of three books on rock(spiny) lobster biology,
management and aquaculture, including the contribution of many of the
chapters in these volumes. He is currently editing a new book on eco-
labelling of fisheries.
Dr Phillips has been a Director of ACWA for four years.
Dr Phillips is the Leader of the Fisheries Research & Development

Corporation’s, Rock Lobster Post-Harvest Subprogram.
In December 2001 he represented Australia at the World Conference on the

Scientific and Technical Bases for the Sustainability of Fisheries, at the
University of Miami.
PROFESSIONAL HISTORY
1 August 1995 – present

Adjunct Professor
Department of Environmental Biology
Curtin University of Technology
Western Australia
30 October 1992 - 18 January 1996

Chief Scientist,
Australian Fisheries Management Authority,
Canberra, ACT.
1 June 1991 - 30 October 1992

Assistant Chief and Officer-in-Charge,
Hobart Marine Laboratories,
Division of Fisheries, CSIRO,
Hobart, Tasmania.
22 June 1983 - 31 May 1991

Officer-in-Charge,
CSIRO Marine Laboratories,
Marmion, Western Australia.
3 February 1983 - 22 June 1983

Acting Officer-in-Charge,
CSIRO Marine Laboratories,
3 January 1982 - 27 January 1983
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At San Diego State University

on official overseas visit for CSIRO to USA
under the US/Australia Science Agreement.
21 April 1981 - 3 January 1982

Head of Living Resources Group,
Division of Fisheries Research, CSIRO,
Cronulla, New South Wales, Australia.
30 April 1979 - 3 January 1982

Scientific Assistant to the Chief,
Division of Fisheries Research, CSIRO,
Cronulla, New South Wales, Australia.
13 December 1976 - 21 January 1979

Officer-in-Charge,
Division of Fisheries & Oceanography, CSIRO,
1 July 1978
Principal Research Scientist,
Division of Fisheries & Oceanography CSIRO
1 July 1974
Senior Research Scientist,
1 March 1967
Research Scientist,
11 July 1966 - 1 March 1967

Laboratory Manager,
Zoology Department,
University of Western Australia.
1 July 1965 - 10 July 1966

Graduate Assistant,
Zoology Department,
RESEARCH INTERESTS
Research interests include invertebrate population ecology, particularly

recruitment of spiny lobsters; and the research aspects of the management of
fisheries including scampi, finfish, sharks and shrimp. Crustacean
aquaculture, particually spiny lobsters.
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For 29 years conducted research into the ecology of the larval, puerulus and
juvenile stages of rock (spiny) lobsters. This including behavioural and
ecological studies of the phyllosoma larvae, puerulus and juvenile stages of
the western rock lobster Panulirus cygnus in Western Australia and of tropical
rock lobsters, particularly Panulirus ornatus, in Queensland and Torres Strait.
Responsible for developmentof the successful catch prediction system, using
the levels of puerulus settlement, to predict the catch levels of the western
rock lobster.
These studies demonstrated a link between climate and fishes: specifically

the ENSO (Southern Oscillation Event) the strength of the Leeuwin Current
(tide height), with levels of puerulus settlement and these latter data with
eventual catches of the western rock lobster fishery.
A number of recent studies have been concentrated on the pelagic phase of

the life cycle and seek to understand the mechanisms, both biological and
physical, which bring about these relationships. These studies permit the
ecologically sustainable development of Australia’s lobster resources and also
form a basis for understanding the recruitment processes of other commercial
species of crustaceans, molluscs and fish in the waters around Australia.
In 1992 the Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) was

established and he was asked to accept an appointment with the Authority to
assist it to determine its research needs for management of Australia’s
Commonwealth management fisheries. From 1992-1996 as the Chief
Scientist with AFMA he was involved in developing a research program for all
Commonwealth managed fisheries, including trawl fisheries, finfish, sharks,
tuna and prawns.
In January 1996 he returned to full-time research and took up an appointment

as an Adjunct Professor with the Department of Environmental Biology, and
the Aquatic Science Research Unit, of Curtin University ot Technology in
Western Australia.
Currently conducing research into recruitment of the phyllosoma larvae and

puerulus stage of Panulirus cygnus in relation to the Leeuwin Current off
Western Australia, and examining prospects for aquaculture of Panulirus
cygnus and other spiny lobster species in Australia. Teaches aquatic science
students at Curtin University, Fisheries Resource Management.
SPECIAL PARTICIPATION AT
SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS
Chairman of Technical Session of Western Fisheries Research Committee,
an intergovernmental committee of the Standing Committee on Fisheries
examining the scientific and management problems of fisheries research in
Western Australia, 1977.
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Australian coordinator (the American coordinator was J S Cobb, University of

Rhode Island) of the US/Australia workshop on lobster and rock lobster
ecology and physiology held in Perth, Western Australia, 25 January to 1
February 1977 conducted under the US/Australia Science Agreement.
Invited speaker and Chairman of the Larval Distribution Dynamics section of

the Lobster Recruitment Workshop held in St. Andrews Canada from 30 June
- 6 July 1986. The Workshop was organized by the Department of Fisheries
and Oceans of the Government of Canada.
Invited speaker at the International Symposium on ong-term Variabiliy of

Pelagic Fish Populations and the Evironment, in Japan in 1989.
Invited speaker at the Fourth International Workshop on Lobster Biology and

Management, in Japan in 1993.
Invited speaker at the Nemuro Workshop on Oceans and Fisheries ‘95 Spiny
and Clawed Lobsters, in Japan 1995.
In December 2001 represented Australia at the World Conference on the

Scientific and Technical Bases for the Sustainability of Fisheries, at the
University of Miami.
OVERSEAS RESEARCH EXPERIENCE
During 1974 four months were spent investigating various aspects of lobster
biology in Brazil, USA, Canada and UK.
In 1979 visited South Africa for one month to examine rock lobster research
and other aspects of coastal ecology being studied in Durban and Cape
Town.
Spent July and August 1980 and January 1983 at the National Marine
Fisheries Service, Honolulu Laboratory, Hawaii at the invitation of the US
government advising on spiny lobster research and management proposals
for the Hawaiian Islands.
In 1982/83 spent 13 months at the Centre for Marine Studies, San Diego
State University, with Dr Richard F Ford, Professor and Director of the Centre
for Marine Studies, SDSU.
In 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1997 and 1998 worked in Mexico
under the Australia/Mexico Science Agreement collaborating with researchers
studying Panulirus argus at Puerto Morelos, the Quintana Roo research
station of UNAM..
Visited Brazil at the request of the Brazilian government in 1989 and 1993 to
assist with research and management of the Brazilian spiny lobster fishery.
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Invited Lecturer to the University of Miami in 1987, and consultant to the State
of Florida.
Contracted by FAO (1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1994) to advise the Cuban
government on techniques for predicting the spiny lobster catch of Cuba and
the use of artificial shelters to enhance lobster catches.
MEMBERSHIPS
Fellow of The Institute of Biology (UK).
Fellow of The Australian Institute of Biology.
Australian Marine Sciences Association.
Western Australian Naturalist Club.
Australian Society for Fish Biology.
Honorary Research Fellow with the Department of Zoology of the

Member of the Advisory Committee for the Department of

Environmental Biology, Curtin University of Technology.
Member of the Advisory Board of Marine and Freshwater Research

1996-present.
Honorary Editor for Aquaculture Indonesia.
Australian Correspondent to the International Association of Biological

Oceanography(IABO)
Director of the Aquaculture Council of Western Australia
PUBLICATIONS
Pearse, J S and Phillips, B F (1968) Continuous Reproduction in the Indo-

Pacific Sea Urchin Echinometra mathaei at Rottnest Island, Western
Australia. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 19: 161-72.
Phillips, B F and Campbell, N A (1968) A new method of fitting the Von

Bertalanffy growth curve using data on the whelk Dicathais. Growth.
32: 317-29.
Hodgkin, E P and Phillips, B F (1969) Sea temperatures on the coast of

south Western Australia. J. Roy. Soc. of W.A. 51: 59-62.
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Phillips, B F (1969) The population ecology of the whelk Dicathais aegrota in

Western Australia. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 20: 225-65.
Phillips, B F and Campbell, N A (1970) Comparison of methods of estimating

population size using data on the whelk Dicathais aegrota (Reeve). J.
Anim. Ecol. 39: 753-9.
Phillips, B F (1972) A semi-quantitative collector of the puerulus larvae of the

western rock lobster Panulirus longipes cygnus George (Decopoda,
Palinuridae). Crustaceana 22: 147-54.
Campbell, N A and Phillips, B F (1972) The Von Bertalanffy growth curve and
its application to capture-recapture data in Fisheries Biology. J. Cons.
int. Explor. Mer 34(2) : 295-99.
Phillips, B F, Campbell, N A and Wilson, B F (1973) A multivariate study of

geographic variation in the whelk Dicathais. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol.
11: 27-69.
Phillips, B F and Campbell, N A (1974) Mortality and longevity in the whelk

Dicathais orbita (Gmelin). Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res. 25: 25-33.
Phillips, B F (1975). Why Study Animals? Aust. Sci. Teach. J. 21(1): 39-45.
Phillips, B F (1975) Notes on the egg capsules and hatching of Cronia

avellana Reeve 1846 and the egg capsules of Cronia pseudamygdala
Hedley 1903. (Muricidae : Thaidinae). J. Soc. Aust. Malacol. 3: 59-61.
Phillips, B F and Rimmer, D W (1975) A surface plankton sampler for the

larval stages of the western rock lobster. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res.
26: 275-80.
Phillips, B F and Olsen, L (1975) The swimming behaviour of the puerulus

stage of the western rock lobster. Aust. J .Mar. Freshwater. Res. 26:
415-17.
Chittleborough, R G and Phillips, B F (1975) Fluctuations in year class

strength and recruitment in the western rock lobster. Aust. J. Mar.
Freshwater. Res. 26: 317-28.
Phillips, B F (1975) The effect of nocturnal illumination on catches of the

puerulus stage of the western rock lobster by artificial seaweed
collectors. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 26: 411-14.
Phillips, B F (1975) The effect of water currents and the intensity of moonlight
on catches of the puerulus stage of the western rock lobster. CSIRO
Div. Fish. Oceanogr. Rep. 63: 1-9.
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Phillips, B F (1975) The World of the Rock Lobster. Aust. Nat. Hist. 18: 305-
7.
Austin, R H, Phillips, B F and Webb, D J (1976) A Method for Calculating

Moonlight Illuminance at the Earth’s Surface. J. Appl. Ecol. 13(3) :
741-48.
Phillips, B F, Campbell, N A and Rea, W A (1977) Laboratory growth of early

juveniles of the western rock lobster Panulirus longipes cygnus
George. Mar. Biol. 39: 31-39.
Phillips, B F and Cobb, J S (Eds) (1977) “Proceedings of the workshop on

lobster and rock lobster ecology and physiology”. CSIRO Aust. Div.
Fish. Oceanogr. Circ. No. 7:: 300.
Phillips, B F (1977) A review of the larval ecology of rock lobsters. In

“Proceedings of the Workshop on Lobster and Rock Lobster Ecology
and Physiology”. B F Phillips and J S Cobb Editors. CSIRO Div. Fish.
Oceanogr. Circ. No. 7 : 175-186.
Phillips, B F, Rimmer, D W and Reid, D D (1978) Ecological investigations of

the late-stage phyllosoma and puerulus larvae of the western rock
lobster Panulirus longipes cygnus. Mar. Biol. 45 : 345-357.
Rimmer, D W and Phillips, B F (1978). A pump net sampler to examine the

spatial distribution of rock lobster larvae. CSIRO Div. Fish. Oceanogr.
Rep. 93, 1-9.
Phillips, B F and Hall, N G (1978) Catches of puerulus larvae on collectors as
a measure of natural settlement of the western rock lobster Panulirus
cygnus George. CSIRO Div. Fish. Oceanogr. Rep. 98 : 1-18.
Chittleborough, R G and Phillips, B F (1979) Recruitment to the catchable

stock of the western rock lobster Panulirus longipes cygnus George.
Rapp. P. v. Reun. Cons. prem. int. Explor. Mer. 175 : 139-42.
Braine, S J, Rimmer, D W and Phillips, B F (1979) An illustrated key and

notes on the phyllosoma stages of the western rock lobster Panulirus
cygnus George, with notes on length frequence data. CSIRO Div.
Fish. Oceanogr. Rep. 102 : 1-13.
George, R W, Morgan, G R and Phillips, B F (1979) The western rock lobster

Panulirus cygnus. In Aspects of Science in Western Australia. 1829-
79. J. Roy. Soc. West. Aust. 62 : 45-51.
Rimmer, D W and Phillips, B F (1979). Diurnal migration and vertical

distribution of phyllosoma larvae of the western rock lobster Panulirus
cygnus. Mar. Biol. 154 : 109-24.
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Phillips, B F (1979) The planktonic life of the western rock lobster and the
circulation of the southeatern Indian Ocean. In “The Indian Ocean in
Focus”. Proceedings of the International Conference on Indian Ocean
Studies, Perth, 15-22 August 1972. Section 1. Environment and
Resources. p. 20 (University of Western Australia, Perth).
Phillips, B F, Brown, P A, Rimmer, D W and Reid, D D (1979) Distribution

and dispersal of the phyllosoma larvae of the western rock lobster
Panulirus cygnus in the southeastern Indian Ocean. Aust. J. Mar.
Freshwat. Res. 30 : 773-83.
Cobb, J S and Phillips, B F (1980) The Biology and Management of Lobsters.

Vol. 1 : Physiology and Behaviour. Academic Press, New York. p.
463.
Cobb, J S and Phillips, B F (1980) The Biology and Management of Lobsters.

Vol. II. Ecology and Management. Academic Press, New York, p. 390.
Phillips, B F, Cobb, J S and George, R W (1980) Chapter 1 General Biology.

In: Volume II Ecology and Management of Lobsters in “The Biology
and Management of Lobsters” (eds. J S Cobb and B F Phillips) :
Academic Press, New York. p 1-57.
Phillips, B F and Scolaro, A B (1980) An electrofishing apparatus for

sampling sub-littoral benthic marine habitats. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.
47 : 69-75.
Phillips, B F, Morgan, G R and Austin, G M (1980) Synopsis of biological

data on the western rock lobster Panulirus cygnus George. FAO
Fisheries Synopsis 128 (i-v), 1-64.
Phillips, B F (1981) The circulation of the southeastern Indian Ocean and the
planktonic life of the western rock lobster. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann.
Rev. 19: 11-39.
Phillips, B F, Brown, P A, Rimmer, D W and Braine, S J (1981) Descriptions,

distribution and abundance of the late larval stages of the Scyllaridae
(slipper lobsters) in the southeastern Indian Ocean. Aust. J. Mar.
Freshwater. Res. 32 : 417-37.
Phillips, B F (1982) The Role of CSIRO in Marine Living Resource

Management and Development. In: Issues in Australia’s Marine and
Antarctic Policy” edited by University of Tasmania, Dept. of Political
Science, p. 46-67.
Morgan, G R, Phillips, B F and Joll, L M (1982) Stock and recruitment

relationships in Panulirus cygnus, the commercial rock (spiny) lobster
of Western Australia. Fish. Bull. U.S. 80(3) : 475-86.
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Kanciruk, P, Phillips, B F, Herrnkind, W F and Arnaud, P M (1982) An

indexed bibliography of the spiny (rock) lobster (Decapoda :
Palinuridae). CSIRO. Aust. Marine Laboratories Rep. 141.
Phillips, B F (1982) The circulation of the Southeastern Indian Ocean and the
planktonic life of the western rock lobster. CSIRO Mar. Lab Rep. 1979-
1981, P 43-52.
Phillips, B F, Joll, L M, Sandland, R L and Wright D W (1983) Longevity,

reproductive conditions and growth of the western rock lobster
Panulirus cygnus George reared in aquaria. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat.
Res. 34 : 419-429.
McWilliam, P S and Phillips, B F (1983) A study of phyllosoma larvae and

other crustacean macroplankton associated with Eddy ‘J’, a warm-core
eddy off south-eastern Australia. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 34 :
653-63.
Phillips, B F (1983) Migrations of pre-adult western rock lobsters Panulirus

cygnus George in Western Australia. Mar. Biol. 76 : 311-318.
Cobb, J S, Gulbransen, T, Phillips, B F, Wang, D and Syslo, M (1983)

Observations on the behaviour and distribution of larval and early
juvenile Homarus americanus. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40 : 2184-
2188.
Joll, L M and Phillips, B J (1984) Natural diet and growth of juvenile western
rock lobsters Panulirus cygnus George. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 75 :
145-169.
Phillips, B F, Joll, L M and Ramm, D C (1984) An electromagnetic tracking

system for studying the foraging behaviour of spiny lobsters. J. Exp.
Mar. Biol. Ecol. 79 : 9-18.
Dall, W and Phillips, B F (1984) Torres Strait Research. CSIRO Mar. Lab.
Rep. 1981-1984, 75-84.
Phillips, B F (1984) Successful predictions of commercial catches of western

rock lobsters. CSIRO Mar. Lab. Rep. 1981-1984, 41-45.
Phillips, B F and Penrose, J D (1985) The puerulus stage of the spiny (rock)
lobster and its ability to locate the coast. Tech. Rep. SPG
374/1985/AP92. School of Physics and Geosciences, Western
Australian Institute of Technology.
Phillips, B F (1985) Aquaculture potential for rock lobsters in Australia.

Australian Fisheries 44(6) : 2-7.
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Prescott, J H, Phillips, B F and Bell, R S (1986) Rock lobster research in

Torres Strait. Aust. Fisheries 45 : 2-4.
Phillips, B F (1986). Prediction of commercial catches of the western rock

lobster Panulirus cygnus George. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43 : 2126-
2130.
Phillips, B F (1986) Current status of research on recruitment in rock lobsters

(abstract). Australian Marine Sciences Association Conference,
Hobart, February, p. 38.
Phillips, B F, Trendall, J T and Bell, R S (1986) After a five-hundred kilometer

walk is sex likely to be fatal? (abstract). Australian Marine Sciences
Association Conference, Hobart, February, 41.
Phillips, B F and McWilliam, P S (1986) The pelagic phase of spiny lobster

development. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43 : 2153-2163.
Phillips, B F (1986) Chairmans Summary: Larval distribution dynamics.

International Workshop on Lobster Recruitment. Can. J. Fish. Aquat.
Sci. 43 : 2380-2382.
Jernakoff, P and Phillips, B F (1986) Electromagnetic tracking of juvenile rock

lobsters. Aust. Fish. 45(5) : 32-35.
Bell, R S, Phillips, B F and Prescott, J H (1986) Migration of the ornate rock

lobster, Panulirus ornatus in Torres Strait and the Gulf of Papua. Proc.
of the Torres Strait Fisheries Seminar, 11-14 Feb., 1985, (Eds. Haines,
A K, Williams, G C and Coates, D) Australian Government Publishing
Service, Canberra. p. 190-199.
Joll, L M and Phillips, B F (1986) Foregut contents of the ornate rock lobster
Panulirus ornatus (Fabricius). Proc. of the Torres Strait Fisheries
Seminar, 11-14 Feb., 1985. (Eds. Haines, A K, Williams, G C and
Coates, D) Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra p.
212-217.
Fitzpatrick, J J, Jernakoff, P and Phillips, B F (1986) An investigation of the

habitat requirement of the post-puerulus stocks of the western rock
lobster. Report. Marine Laboratories. CSIRO Australia (86/83): 80p.
Phillips, B F and McWilliam, P S (1986) Phyllosoma stages and nisto of

Scyllarus martensii Pfeffer (Sensu Johnson, 1971) (Decapoda :
Scyllaridae) from the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia. Crustaceana 51
(2) : 133-154.
Salini, J, Rintoul, G, Shaklee, J B and Phillips, B F (1986) An electrophoretic

analysis of stock structure in the ornate tropical rock lobster, Panulirus
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ornatus. Proc. of the Torres Strait Fisheries Seminar, 11-14 Feb.,

1985, p. 218-232.
Bell, R S, Channels, R W, MacFarlane, J W, Moore, R and Phillips, B F

(1987) Movements and breeding of the ornate rock lobster Panulirus
ornatus, in Torres Strait and on the North-east coast of Queensland.
Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 38(3) : 197-210.
Phillips, B F and MacMillan, D L (1987) Antennal receptors in puerulus and

post puerulus stages of the rock lobster Panulirus cygnus, and their
potential role in puerulus navigation. J. Crust. Biol. 7(1) : 122-135.
McWilliam, P S and Phillips, B F (1987) Distinguishing the phyllosoma larvae

of rock lobster species of the genus Jasus (Decapoda : Palinuridae) in
the waters of Australia and New Zealand. Crustaceana 52 : 1-24.
Phillips, B F (1987) Western rock lobster : predicting the catch. FINS. 20(4) :
20-23.
Phillips, B F (1987) Dispersion of the phyllosomata and settlement of the

puerulus stage of the spiny lobster Panulirus cygnus in Western
Australia with comments on recruitment of Jasus sp. in eastern
Australia. In “Ecological survey on rock lobster Jasus in southern
hemisphere; ecology and distribution of Jasus along the coasts of
Australia and New Zealand (April 1984 - March 1987).” (Ed. J.
Kittaka). Report to the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science.
Grant-in-Aid for Overseas Scientific Survey. No. 59042013, 60041066
and 61043061. p. 188-198.
Phillips, B F (1987) How do larval lobsters find their way? Ascent. 13 : 7.
Channels, P W, Phillips, B F and Bell, R S (1987) The rock lobster fisheries

for the ornate rock lobster, Panulirus ornatus in Torres Strait and on the
north-east coast of Queensland, Australia. Department of Primary
Industry. Australian Fisheries Service. Fisheries Paper 87/8, pp. 1-34.
Jernakoff, P, Phillips, B F and Maller, R A (1987) A quantitative study of

nocturnal foraging distances of the West Australian Rock Lobster. J.
Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 113 : 9-21.
Phillips, B F (1987) Recruitment in spiny lobsters. Paper presented at the

National Oceanographic Committee, “Marcuba ‘87” Marine Sciences
Congress. 9-12 June 1987, Cuba.
Crossland, C J, Denby, G, Phillips, B F and Brown, R (1988) The use of

fluorescent pigments (lipofuscin) for ageing western rock lobster
(Panulirus cygnus) and scampi (Metanephrops andamanicus) : a
preliminary assessment. CSIRO Div. Fish. Oceanogr. Rep. 195. pp 1-
21.
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Phillips, B F (1988) Tropical Fisheries. In: AMSTAC 1988. Australian

Tropical Marine Science and Technology: current status and
opportunities. A J Dartnall (Ed), Australian Institute of Marine Science,
Townsville, Australia. P. 131-154.
Phillips, B F (1988) Marmion Marine Laboratories. In: Mawson, V A, Tranter,

D J and Pearce A F (eds). CSIRO at Sea: 50 Years of Marine Science,
pp. 185-188.
Jernakoff, P and Phillips, B F (1988) Effect of a baited trap on the foraging

movements of juvenile western rock lobsters. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw.
Res. 39 : 185-192.
Caputi, N, Brown, R S and Phillips, B F (1988) Forecasting rock lobster

catches - check and double check. FINS. 21(2) : 18-22.
Pearce, A F and Phillips, B F (1988) ENSO events, the Leeuwin Current and
larval recruitment of the western rock lobster. J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer.
45 : 13-21.
Ford, R F, Phillips, B F and Joll, L M (1988) Experimental manipulation of

population density and its effects on growth and mortality of juvenile
western rock lobsters, Panulirus cygnus George. Fish. Bull. U.S. 86 :
773-787.
Wallner, B and Phillips, B (1988) From Scampi to deepwater prawns:

developments in the North West Shelf deepwater trawl fishery. Aust.
Fish. 47(9) : 34-38.
Phillips, B F (1988) The potential for rock lobster mariculture in Australia.

Proceedings of the First Shellfish Aquaculture Conference, Perth,
1988. p. 294-300 (Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western
Australia).
Phillips, B F and Jernakoff, P (1988) Catching area of lobster pots. Aust.

Fish. 47(12) : 45-46.
Phillips, B F and Trendall, J T (1988) Recruitment of the ornate rock lobster,

Panulirus ornatus in the Torres Strait [abstract}. Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission. Workshop report. Symposium on Marine
science in the Western Pacific: the Indo-Pacific
Convergence(Townsville, Qld: December 1-6, 1986, (47):p.89.
Trendall, J T, Bell, R S and Phillips, B F (1988) Growth of the spiny lobster

Panulirus ornatus, in the Torres Strait. South Pacific Commission
Workshop on Pacific Inshore Fishery/B P .90 17p.
Phillips, B F and Brown, R S (1989) Chapter 7. The West Australian Rock

Lobster Fishery: Research for Management. In: Scientific Approaches
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to Management of Shellfish Resources. (Ed. J F Caddy) John Wiley &

Sons, New York, p. 159-181.
Phillips, B F (1989) Reassessment of methods of estimating the density and

mortality of juvenile rock lobsters (Panulirus cygnus) (abstract). In:
Phillips, B F (Ed.). Workshop on Rock Lobster Ecology and
Management. Report. Marine Laboratories. CSIRO, Australia (207) :
p. 15.
Phillips, B F (1989) Can Australia Produce More Rock Lobsters? FoodWest.

Aust. Inst. Food Sci. and Tech. Convention Papers 1989, p. 201-204.
Phillips, B F (Ed.) (1989) Workshop on Rock Lobster Ecology and

Management. CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report 207. p. 53.
Phillips, B F (1989) Rock Lobster Research in Australia. In: Workshop on
Rock Lobster Ecology and Management. (Ed. B F Phillips) CSIRO
Marine Laboratories Report 207: 19-34.
Phillips, B F and Brown R S (1989) Management of the West Australian rock

lobster fishery. Proc. of the Workshop Australia-Mexico on Marine
Sciences, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. 6-10 July 1987. Ed. E Chavez, p.
405-423.
Lozano-Alvarez, E, Briones-Fourzan, P and Phillips, B F (1989) The spiny

lobster fishery in Bahia de la Ascension, Q.R., Mexico. Proc. of the
Workshop Australia-Mexico on Marine Sciences, Merida, Yucatan,
Mexico. 6-10 July 1987. Ed. E Chavez. p. 379-391.
Phillips, B F (1989) Recruitment in the fishery of the western rock (spiny)

lobster Panulirus cygnus. In: Proc. of the Workshop Australia-Mexico
on Marine Sciences, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. 6-10 July 1987. Ed. E
Chavez. p. 353-367.
Phillips, B F and Trendall, J T (1989) Management of the ornate rock lobster,

(Panulirus ornatus) resource in the Torres Strait. In: Proc. of the
Workshop Australia-Mexico on Marine Sciences, Merida, Yucatan,
Mexico. 6-10 July 1987. Ed. E Chavez. p. 425-432.
Phillips, B F and McWilliam, P S (1989) Phyllosoma larvae and the ocean

currents off the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Sci. 43(4) : 352-61.
Phillips, B F (1990) Estimating the density and mortality of juvenile western

rock lobsters (Panulirus cygnus) in nursery reefs. Can. J. Fish Aquat.
Sci. 47 : 1330-38.
Trendall, J T and Phillips B F (1990) Recruitment of the ornate rock lobster

Panulirus ornatus, in the Torres Strait. Proc. of the Westpac Meeting.
Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
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Lozano-Alvarez, E, Briones-Fourzan, P and Phillips, B F (1991) Fishery

characteristics, growth and movements of the spiny lobster Panulirus
argus in AscensionBay, Mexico. Fish. Bull. U.S. 89(1) : 79-89.
Phillips, B F and Pearce, A F (1991) Inter-annual variability in ocean

circulation and rock lobster recruitment in the southeastern Indian
Ocean. Long-term Variability of Pelagic Fish Populations and their
Environment (Proceedings of the International Symposium, Sendai,
Japan, 14-18 November 1989) 339-345, Pergamon Press.
Phillips, B F and Jernakoff, P (1991) The North West Slope Trawl Fishery:
What Future Does It Have? Australian Fisheries 50(7) : 18-20.
Palmer, M J, Phillips, B F and Smith G T (1991) Application of Nonlinear

Models with Random Coefficients to Growth Data. Biometrics (47) :
623-635.
Phillips, B F and Crossland, C J (1991) Rock Lobster Fisheries: Enhanced

commercial yields by artificial shelters? pp 295-301. In Sustainable
development for traditional inhabitants of the Torres Strait region :
proceedings of the Torres Strait Baseline Study Conference .../ edited
by David Lawrence and Tim Cansfield-Smith. Canberra : Australian
Govt. Pub. Service for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority,
1991.
Phillips, B F, Pearce A F and Litchfield R (1991) The Leeuwin Current and

Larval Recruitment to the Rock (Spiny) Lobster Fishery off Western
Australia. J. Roy. Soc. of W.A. 74: 93-100.
Phillips, B F (1991) Density and mortality of juvenile spiny lobsters. Proc.

International Workshop on Lobster Ecology and Fisheries, Cuba, June
1990 Rev. Inv. Mar. 12 (1-3): 125-130.
Caputi, N ,Brown, R S and Phillips, B F (1991) Prediction of catches of the

western rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus) based on indices of puerulus
and juvenile abundance. Proc. International Workshop on Lobster
Ecology and Fisheries, Cuba, June 1990 Rev. Inv. Mar. 12 (1-3): 57-65
Kennedy, R B, Wallner, B and Phillips, BF (1991) A preliminary study of the

rock lobster Jasus novaehollandiae in southern Australia settlement
Proc. International Workshop on Lobster Ecology and Fisheries, Cuba,
June 1990 Rev. Inv. Mar. 12 (1-3): 76-82
MacMillan, D L, Phillips B F and Coyne J (1992) Further observations on the

antennal receptors of rock lobsters and their possible involvement in
puerulus stage navigation. Mar. Behav. and Physiol. 19 (3) : 211-225.
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McWilliam, P S and Phillips, B F (1992) The final and subfinal larval stages of
Panulirus polyphagus (Herbst) and the final stage of Panulirus ornatus
(Fabricius), with a review of late-stage larvae of the Panulirus homarus
larval complex Crustaceana 62 : 249-272.
Phillips, B F (1992) Recruitment of the spiny lobster Panulirus cygnus in
Western Australia and the implications for management of spiny lobster
resources. Taller Mexico-Australia sobre recrutamiento de recursos
bentonicos de Baja California (La Paz, Mexico: November 25-29.
1991) pp.91-96 13 refs, illus.
Pearce, A F, Phillips B F and Crossland C J (1992) Larval distributions

across the Leeuwin Current: Report on R V Franklin Cruise FR8/87
August/September 1987. Report Marine Laboratories. CSIRO
Australia , (217): 13p..
Phillips, B F, Palmer, M J, Cruz, R and Trendall, J T (1992) Estimating

growth of the spiny lobsters Panulirus cygnus, Panulirus argus and
Panulirus ornatus . Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 43: (5) : 1177-1188.
Phillips, B F (1992) "Introduction" In "The Fisheries Biology of Deepwater

Crustacea and Finfish on the Continental Slope of Western Australia"
Edited by S F Rainer. Report Marine Laboratories. CSIRO Australia
(88/74) : p 5-27.
Phillips, B F and B.G. Wallner (1992) “Scampi” In "The Fisheries Biology of

Deepwater Crustacea and Finfish on the Continental Slope of Western
Australia" Edited by S F Rainer. Section: Gavey, J R, Phillips, B F,
Rainer, S F, Wadley, V A and Wallner, B G "The fisheries biology of
the crustaceans-Scampi". Report Marine Laboratories. CSIRO
Australia (88/74) : p 45-59.
Gavey, J R, S F, Wadley and Phillips, B F (1992) “Estimation of the relative

abundance of commercial crustaceans from the North West Slope
Trawl Fishery using commercial catch and effort data.” In "The
Fisheries Biology of Deepwater Crustacea and Finfish on the
Continental Slope of Western Australia" Edited by S F Rainer. Section:
Gavey, J R, Phillips, B F, Rainer, S F, Wadley, V A and Wallner, B G
"The fisheries biology of the crustaceans-Scampi" Report Marine
Laboratories. CSIRO Australia (88/74) : p 131-155.
Phillips, B F and Pearce A F (1992) Recruitment of the western rock lobster

in relation to oceanic processes. p 71-73. In “Recruitment “ Ed . D.A.
Hancock. Australian Society for Fish Biology, Workshop, Hobart,
August 1991. Bureau of Rural Sciences 16, Australian Government
Publishing Service, Canberra.
Phillips, B F (1992) Modelling growth of spiny lobsters. p142. I n “The

measurment of age and growth in fish and shellfish”. Ed. D. A.
Hancock. Australian Society for Fish Biology, Recruitment Workshop,
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Lorne, August 1990. Bureau of Rural Sciences 12, Australian

Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Phillips, B F ;Pearce, A.F.; Litchfield, R. and Guzman del Proo, S. (1992)

Spiny lobster catches and the marine environment. Abstract Paper
presented at the World Fisheries Congress, Athens, Greece May 3-8,
1992.
Jernakoff, P, Phillips, B F and Fitzpatrick, J J (1993) The diet of post-

puerulus western rock lobster, Panulirus cygnus George at Seven Mile
Beach, Western Australia. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 44 : 649-655.
Phillips, B F, Cobb, J S and Kittaka, J (Editors) (1994) Spiny Lobster

Management. Fishing News Books, London, pp 550.
Brown, R S and Phillips, B F, (1994) The current status of Australia's rock

lobster fisheries. In "Spiny Lobster Management." (Ed. by Phillips, B
F, Cobb, J S and Kittaka, J) Fishing News Books, London, p 33-63.
Phillips, B F; Pearce, A.F; Litchfield, R and Guzman, Del Proo, S. (1994)

Spiny lobster catches and the ocean environment. In "Spiny Lobster
Management" (Ed. by Phillips, B F, Cobb, J S and Kittaka, J) Fishing
News Books, London, p 250-261.
Phillips, B F; Cruz, R; Brown, R S and Caputi, N. (1994) Predicting the catch

of spiny lobster fisheries. In "Spiny Lobster Management" (Ed. by
Phillips, B F, Cobb, J S and Kittaka, J) Fishing News Books, London, p
285-301.
Cruz, R. and Phillips, B F, (1994) The artificial shelters(Pesqueros) used for

the spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) fisheries in Cuba. In "Spiny
Lobster Management". (Ed. by Phillips, B F, Cobb, J S and Kittaka, J).
Fishing News Books, London, p 323-339.
Cobb, J.S. and Phillips, B F, (1994) Perspectives. In "Spiny Lobster

Management". (Ed. by Phillips, B F, Cobb, J S and Kittaka, J). Fishing
News Books, London, p 529-535.
Jernakoff, P, Fitzpatrick, J J, Phillips, B F and De Boer, E (1994) Density

and size structure juvenile western rock lobster populations, Panulirus
cygnus George. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 45 : 69-81.
Rothlisberg, P C, Jackson C J, Phillips B F and McWilliam, P S (1994)

Distribution and abundance of scyllarid and palinurid lobsters in the
Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 45.: 337-
349.
Pearce, A F and Phillips, B F (1994) Oceanic processes, puerulus

settlement and recruitment of the western rock lobster Panulirus
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cygnus. In "The bio-physics of marine larval dispersal”. (Editors

Sammarco, P and Heron, M.) American Geophysical Union,
Washington, DC. p 279-303.
Booth, J D and B. F. Phillips (1994) Early life history spiny lobster.

Crustaceana 66 : 271-294.
Phillips, B F and J. Booth (1994) Design, use, and effectivness of collectors

for catching the puerulus stage of spiny lobsters. Reviews in Fisheries
Science 2(3) : 181-215.
Phillips, B F and Kaufmann, B (1994) Fisheries Stock and Management

Assessment. Abstract Paper presented at the 6th Pacific Congress on
Marine Science and Technology, Townsville, Australia. October 17-21,
1994.
Phillips, B F (1995) Ocean processes, puerulus recruitment, predicion and

management of the western rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus). Revista
Cubana de Investigaciones Pesqueras 19 (1) :27-32.
Phillips, B F (1995) Collectors for catching the puerulus stage of spiny

lobsters: a summary. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Pesqueras
19 (1) :33-41.
Phillips, B F and Rayns, N (1995) AFMA establishes new approach to

managing fish stocks. Australian Fisheries 52 : 6-8.
Wallner, B G and Phillips, B F (1995) Development of a trawl fishery for

deepwater Metanephropid lobsters off the North West Continental
Slope of Australia. Designing a Management Strategy Compatible with
Species Life History. ICES mar. Sci.,199 : 379-390.
Caputi, N, Brown, R S and Phillips, B F (1995) Prediction of catches of the

western rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus) based on Indices of Puerulus
and Juvenile Abundance. ICES mar. Sci., 199: 287-293.
McWilliam, P S : Phillips, B F and S. Kelly (1995) Phyllosoma larvae of

Scyllarus species (Decopada:Scyllaridae) from the shelf waters of
Australia Crustaceana 68 : 537-566.
Phillips, B. F. and Ilett, A. (1996) Coastal zone management: the Australian

experience. Biologia Marina Mediterranea 3(1): 159-166.
Phillips, B. F.; Morvell, G.; Ilett, A. and Hughes, N. (1997) Managing fisheries
sustainably: the Australian solution. (eds. Hancock, D. : Smith, D;
Grant, A. and Beumer, J. P.) Proceedings of the 2 nd World Fisheries
Congress, Brisbane. pp752-760.
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Phillips, B. F. and Pearce, A. F. (1997) Spiny lobster ecruitment off Western

Australia: new data and review of processes and mechanisms. Bull.
Mar. Sci., 61(1): 21-41.
McWilliam, P. S. and Phillips, B. F. (1997) Metamorphosis of the final

phyllosoma and secondary lecithotropy in the puerulus of Panulirus
cygnus George: a review. Mar. Freshwat. Res., 48 : 783-790.
Phillips, B. F. and Evans, L.H. (1997) Aquaculture and stock enhancement

of lobsters: report from a workshop. Mar. Freshwat. Res., 48 : 899-
902.
Phillips, B. F. (1997) Increasing live exports. The Lobster Newsletter, 10 (1):

13-14.
Phillips, B. F. (1997) Western Australian perspective. In “Rock Lobster

Culture: development of a research strategy for FRDC. “ Department of
Primary Industry and Fisheries, Hobart, Tasmania. p 11-14.
Caputi, N. and Phillips, B. F. (1997) Recent research and management

initiatives in the western rock lobster Panulirus cygnus. Abstract in “III
Taller Bionacional Mexico-Cuba 1997”, Mazatlan, Mexico.
Cobb, J. S. and Phillips, B. F. (1998) A brief history of the International

Lobster Workshops. The Lobster Newsletter 11 (1) 1-4.
Caputi N. and Phillips, B.F. ( ) recent research and management initiatives in

the western rock lobster Panulirus cygnus. Ciencias del Mar, UAS 16
(in press)
Phillips, B. F. and Melville-Smith, R. (1999) Western Rock Lobsters (In

“Under Southern Seas” Editor N. Andrew) University of New South
Wales Press, Sydney, pp118-125.
Phillips, B F and Kittaka, J (Editors) (2000) “Spiny Lobsters: Fisheries and

Culture.” Fishing News Books, Oxford, pp 679.
Phillips, B F, C F Chubb, R Melville Smith and R S Brown (2000) The status

of Australia's rock lobster fisheries. In “Spiny Lobsters: Fisheries and
Culture.” (Ed. by Phillips, B F and Kittaka, J) Fishing News Books,
Oxford, p 45-77.
Phillips, B F; Pearce, A.F; Litchfield, R and Guzman, Del Proo, S. (2000)

Spiny lobster catches and the ocean environment. In “Spiny Lobsters:
Fisheries and Culture.” (Ed. by Phillips, B F and Kittaka, J) Fishing
News Books, Oxford, p321-333.
Phillips, B F; Cruz, R; Brown, R S and Caputi, N. (2000) Predicting the catch

of spiny lobster fisheries. In “Spiny Lobsters: Fisheries and Culture.”
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(Ed. by Phillips, B F and Kittaka, J) Fishing News Books, Oxford, p

357-375.
Cruz, R. and Phillips, B F, (2000) The artificial shelters (Pesqueros) used for
the spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) fisheries in Cuba. In “Spiny
Lobsters: Fisheries and Culture.” (Ed. by Phillips, B F and Kittaka, J).
Fishing News Books, Oxford, p400-419.
R Melville Smith, B F Phillips and J. Penn (2000) Recreational spiny lobster

fishing. In “Spiny Lobsters: Fisheries and Culture.” (Ed. by Phillips, B F
and Kittaka, J). Fishing News Books, Oxford, p447-461.
Phillips, B F (2000) Perspectives. In “Spiny Lobsters: Fisheries and Culture.”

(Ed. by Phillips, B F and Kittaka, J). Fishing News Books, Oxford,
p667-672.
Fox, J.E. D., Abercrombie, I., Phillips, B. amd Serginson, C. A. (2000)

Potential uses of mine void water from the Edna May gold mine,
Westonia, W.A. Report to the Westonia Council. pp42
Phillips, B. F., Evans, L. H., Sappal, K., Fox, J.E.D, John, J. and Lund, M.
(2000) Final void water quality enhancement. Report to ACARP.
pp100.
Phillips, B. F., Evans, L. H., Sappal, K., Fox, J.E.D, John, J. and Lund, M.
(2000) Final void water quality enhancement., Stage III Report to
ACARP. pp269.
Rossbach, M., Phillips, B.F. and Melville-Smith, R. (2001). The sandwich

collector, developed for commercial-scale harvesting of western rock
lobster (Panulirus cygnus) pueruli. The Lobster Newsletter 14(1) 7-9.
Phillips, B.F., Melville-Smith, R., Cheng, Y.W. and Rossbach, M. (2001). Testing collector
designs for commercial harvesting of western rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus)
puerulus. Marine and Freshwater Research., 52: 1465-1473.
Liddy, G. C. and Phillips, B. F. (2001) The effect of starvation and feeding regimes of
survival and growth of instar 1 phyllosoma larvae of the western rock lobster,
Panulirus cygnus. In C. I. Henry, G Van Stoppen, M. Willie and P. Sogeloos (Eds).
Larvi’01-Fish Shellfish Larviculture Sumposium, European Aquaculture Society,
Special Publiction No 30: 309-312, Oostende, Belgium.
von Barneveld, R. and Phillips, B. Eds. (2002) Developments in rock lobster

enhancement, aquaculture and post harvest practices. Proceedings of the Fourth
Annual Rock Lobster Post-Harvest Subprogram/ Rock Lobster Enhancement and
Aquaculture Workshop, Cairns, Australia. FRDC, Canberra, pp 108.
Liddy G. C., Phillips, B. F., and G. B.Maguire (2002) Survival and growth of instar1
phyllosoma of the western rock lobster, Panulirus cgnus, starved before or after
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periods of feeding. Aquaculture International 1-15.
Phillips, B.F., Ward, T. and Chaffee, C. (2002) The Western Rock Lobster Fishery – A
world first in attaining Stewardship Accreditation (Marine Stewardship Council).
Proceedings of the Muresk Anniversary Conference. ‘From farm to fork: linking
producers to consumers through value chains’, Curtin University of Technology,
Perth.
Phillips, B.F. (2003) Towards establishing tecniques foe large scale harvesting of pueruli
and obtaining a better understanding of mortality rates. Final Report on Project
1998/302. Fisheries Research Report 144, pp138.
Phillips, B.F., Melville-Smith, R., (2003) Sustainability of the Western

RockLobsterFishery: Past Progress and Future Challenges. World Conference on
the Scientific and Technical bases for the Sustainability of Fisheries, University of
Miami, December 2001. Dept ETC
Phillips, B.F. and Liddy G. C. (2003) Recent developments in Spiny Lobster Aquaculture.
Proceeding of Third World Fisheries Congress, American Fisheries Society
Phillips, B.F., Melville-Smith, R., Cheng, Y.W (2003) Measuring the effects of pueruli
removals and habitat improvement in assessing sustainability of spiny lobster
populations. Fisheries Research 65
In Press
Liddy G. C., Phillips, B. F., and G. B.Maguire (Submitted) Effects of

temperature and food dendity on survival and growth of early stage
phyllosoma of the western rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus).
Aquaculture
Liddy G. C , Nelson M. M., Nichols P. D., Phillips B.F. and Maguire G.B. (in
preparation ) Feeding and starvation effects on the lipid composition of
early stage western rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus) phyllosoma
Phillips, B. F., Gonzalez Cano, J. and Vega, Velaquez, A. (in

press)..Sustainable management of community based spiny lobster
fisheries and the problems of metapopulations.
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Appendix 4. List of Papers showing scientific studies on nearshore marine

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FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AQUATIC HABITAT
ENHANCEMENT., 1994, p. 1324, Bulletin of Marine Science [BULL.
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12. Allen, MJ; Cowen, RK; Kauwling, RJ; Mitchell, CT CA: Corporate Author
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community: Rationale and requirements for an artificial reef FIFTH
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DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT Baja California, Mexico

Scientific Certification System, Inc. Red Rock Lobster Fishery

An Assessment of the Red Rock Lobster Fishery

• Federación Regional de Sociedades Cooperativas de la Industria

Scientific Evaluation Team:

• Dr. Bruce Phillips, Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia

Any misrepresentation or misinterpretation of the information contained herein is the

2. SCOPE OF THE ASSESSMENT .......................................................... 5

3. THE RED LOBSTER FISHERY IN THE CENTRAL ZONE OF BAJA

3.1 Biological features of P. interruptus (from Briones and Lozano 2000)....... 6

3.2 The Geographic Aspects of the Fishery........................................................ 6

3.3 Fishers ........................................................................................................... 7

3.4 Fishing and Processing................................................................................. 8

3.5 The Fishery Management System ................................................................ 8

3.6 Key Environmental Features ...................................................................... 11

4. OTHER FISHERIES IN VICINITY NOT SUBJECT TO

5. MSC EVALUATION PROCESS...........................................................12

5.1 MSC Standards for Sustainable Fisheries Management ........................... 12

5.2 MSC Required Evaluation and Certification Methods ............................. 15

5.3 Evaluation Team ......................................................................................... 16

5.4 Baja California Red Lobster Evaluation Process ...................................... 18

6. EVALUATION RESULTS ....................................................................33

MSC PRINCIPLE 1 .............................................................................................. 33

MSC PRINCIPLE 2 .............................................................................................. 42

MSC PRINCIPLE 3 .............................................................................................. 48

7. CERTIFICATION RECOMMENDATION ..............................................58

7.1 Certification Recommendation and Scoring .............................................. 58

7.2 Conditions for Continued Certification ..................................................... 60

APPENDIX 1. FISHING ZONES IN CENTRAL BAJA CALIFORNIA,

APPENDIX 2. MEXICO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AUTHORITIES .......112

APPENDIX 3. CURRICULUM VITAES FOR EVALUATION TEAM. ..........113

APPENDIX 4. LIST OF PAPERS SHOWING SCIENTIFIC STUDIES ON

The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is a non-profit organization dedicated to the

The MSC Mission Statement is:

To work for sustainable marine fisheries by promoting responsible,

Dedicated to promoting “well-managed” or “sustainable” fisheries, the MSC initiative

2. Scope of the Assessment

Two special considerations were applied to this fishery assessment:

3.1 Biological features of P. interruptus (from Briones and Lozano 2000)

Growth studies on P. interruptus in Mexico have been performed using a number of

3.2 The Geographic Aspects of the Fishery

Panulirus interruptus is also fished both commercially and recreationally in

In Baja California, 26 fishing cooperatives exploit P. interruptus. However, only 10

NAME OF THE Number of Number Number Traps Traps

A special feature of the Cooperatives is that there is a biologist or technician

3.4 Fishing and Processing

3.5 The Fishery Management System

3.5.1 Management Authorities

The National Commission on Aquaculture and Fisheries (SAGARPA) is now

3.5.2 Fishing Rights

Fishing rights were first exclusively allocated to fishermen's Cooperatives in

The management of the different lobster fisheries exploited in Mexican waters is

3.5.4 Catch and CPUE trends.

3.6 Key Environmental Features

3.6.3 Ghost Fishing

4. Other fisheries in vicinity not subject to certification.

5. MSC Evaluation Process

The Marine Stewardship Council standards for sustainable fisheries management

5.1 MSC Standards for Sustainable Fisheries Management

A fishery must be conducted in a manner that does not lead to over-fishing or

technologies and additional consultations

Fishing operations should allow for the maintenance of the structure,

1. The fishery is conducted in a way that maintains natural functional relationships

The fishery is subject to an effective management system that respects local,