Programme Document of 1st International Conference On Social Science Research in Pakistani Universities: Prospects and Challenges

CONTENTS
1. Background Note
Introduction 01
Pakistan's Context 01
Thematic Focus 02
Details of the Activity 02
Objectives 03
2. Thematic Notes
Plenary Session II: Role of Social Science Research in Public Policy Development 04
Plenary Session III: Challenges for Promotion of Social Science Research
in Pakistani Universities and HEC's Experience 04
Plenary Session VI: Developing Institutional Capacity and Academic Integrity
to Strengthen Social Science Research 05
Working Group 1: Sustainable Human Development, Poverty and Inequality 05
Working Group 2: Costs and Opportunities of Pakistan's Rapidly Changing Structure:
Demographic Dividend, Aging and Urbanization 06
Working Group 3: The State in Pakistan: Internal and External Threats 07
Working Group 4: Ensuring Human Rights and Cultural Diversity:
The Role of Media and Civil Society 07
Working Group 5: Problems of Conducting Dissertation Research in Pakistan 08
3.Conference Program
Day 1 (Monday, 18 April 2011) 10
Day 2 (Tuesday, 19 April 2011) 11
Day 3 (Wednesday, 20 April 2011) 16
4. Abstracts of Panelists and Participants

Challenges for Promotion of Linguistic and Languages Research in Pakistani Universities 17
Sustainable Human Development, Poverty and Inequality 17
Good and Small Social Science Research Environments 18
Ensuring Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: Some Research Priorities 19
The Importance of Research on Aging 20
Academic Integrity is the Basis for Building and Learning New Knowledge in All Sciences 20
Martyrs of Humanity: The Defenders of Jinnah's Pakistan 21
The Role of Cultural Heritage in the Promotion of Social Science Research 22
CONTENTS
Issues in the Teaching and Research of Foreign Policy and Diplomatic History in Pakistan,
1947-2010: What can be done to Improve Research on Foreign Policy in Pakistan? 23
Social Science Research and Tenure Track Scheme: The Case of University of Balochistan 24
Ensuring Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: The Relevance of Anthropological Research 25
Social Sciences and Development 26
Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: The Role of Media and Civil Society 26
Developing Institutional Capacity to Strengthen Social Science Research
and Academic Integrity 27
Problems of Conducting Dissertation Research in Pakistan 27
To Teach or Not to Teach: Social Sciences in Pakistani Context 28
Credibility Gap in Data for Research on Sustainable Human Development,
Poverty and Inequality 29
The State of Social Sciences in Pakistan 29
Informal Practice of Legal Norms in Pakistan 30
Coping Strategies and Life Satisfaction among Older Adults in Pakistan 30
Pakistan: Internal Threats and External Challenges 31
Ensuring Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: The Role of Media and Civil Society 32
Educational Marginalization and Issue of Equity 33
Social Scientists as Public Intellectuals 34
Some Observations on Social Science Research in Pakistan 35
Deficiencies and Solutions for Conducting Research in Pakistani Universities 35
5. Abstracts of PhD Students

Theoretical Perspective for Researching a University Research Culture 37
Gender and Organizational Practices in Public Sector Organizations:
A case of University of the Punjab, Lahore 38
Party Politics in Pakistan: A Case study of PML(N) 1993-2008 38
School Texts and Gender Socialization: Problems and Challenges 39
Role of Social Support in Coping with Chronic Illness 40
Correctional Treatment of Offenders in Pakistan 40
Statistical Modelling For Determining the Risk Factors of Hepatitis C in Punjab, Pakistan 41
Adverse Health Experiences, Risk Perception and Pesticide Use Behaviour 42
Role of Human Resource Development in the Industrial Development of Pakistan:
A Case Study of Pakistan Telecommunication Industry 43
Public Debt and Pro-Poor Economic Growth: Cross Country Analysis
with Special Reference to Pakistan 44
Comparison among Views of University Teaching Department Heads regarding their
Role in the Promotion of Communication 45
Marital Conflict: Nature, Sources, Consequences, and Remedies 46
Relationship between Workplace Harassment and Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome
among Pakistani Female Health Care Professionals 46
CONTENTS
Emigration, Trade and Foreign Direct Investment: Some Evidence from Pakistan 47
Linking Descriptive and Substantive Representation: Impact of Gender Quota
on Public Policy in Pakistan 48
Family Systems as Determinants of Self-Esteem in Patients of Hepatitis B and C 49
Socio-Cultural Determinants of Women's Empowerment in Punjab 49
Impact of Optimism and Hardiness on Coping with Professional life
Stress among House-Job Doctors 50
6. List of Participants
Foreign Participants 52
Foreign Participants Currently in Pakistan 53
Keynote Speakers/Chairs 54
Panelists/Lead Speakers 56
Participants 61
PhD Students 65
7. HEC Committee for Development of Social Sciences and Humanities 67

in Pakistan (CDSSHP)
8. Organizing Committee 68
9. Conference Secretariat 69
10. Major Sponsors 70

1
Background Note
Introduction
Social scientists in the academic circles have been concerned with the sorry state of social science research in
Pakistan for a long time. In the last few years, the issue was raised and discussed during several inter-university
Vice-Chancellors' meetings. Consequently, under the headship of Dr. Mohammad Nizamuddin (VC, University of
Gujrat), a Committee was set up to consider the issue in depth and make recommendations to ameliorate the
situation.
The basic idea was to discuss the subject with social scientists from home and abroad, learn from their
experiences and adopt the most successful practices in Pakistan. This proposal received enthusiastic support
from all the groups; hence the outline of an International Conference on 'Promotion of Social Science Research in
Pakistan Universities: Prospects and Challenges' is presented here.
The Conference is dedicated to the late Dr. Inayatullah, founder of the Council of Social Sciences and founder
chairperson of the Department of International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. The chief guest of the
Conference will also confer posthumously the First HEC Lifetime Achievement Award in Social Sciences on the late Dr.
Inayatullah in recognition of his services to the promotion of social science research and teaching in Pakistan.
The social sciences encompass diverse areas and concerns of society and include a broad spectrum of
interest drawn from disciplines such as Anthropology, Economics, Education, History, International Relations,
Media, Political Science, Psychology, Public Administration, Social Work and Sociology to name just a few. It is
important to reinstate the significance of the social sciences in the overall system of national education by not
only highlighting their increasing relevance in today's context, but also by pointing to their indispensability in
laying the foundations of an analytical and creative mindset.
Moreover, it is necessary to recognize that the social sciences lend themselves to scientific inquiry just as
much as the natural and physical sciences do. This requires articulation of a pre-programmed methodology and
its practical implementation in those areas where the social sciences are distinct (but in no way inferior) from the
natural and physical sciences.
The boundaries of the above-mentioned disciplines need to be opened up, and a plurality of approaches
may be applied to facilitate a free and open transfer of knowledge. This will be achieved by facilitating
interdisciplinary thinking. Such themes where different disciplinary approaches could facilitate an in-depth and
multiple understanding of human societies should be given priority.
Pakistan's Context
Social science research in Pakistani universities leaves a lot to be desired. Even in post-graduate courses, where
writing a research monogram is a requirement, the same can be substituted with alternate options avoiding
rigorous empirical methods. The reasons for this approach are many and often legitimate. A lack of financial
resources, social and cultural constraints, transportation, and sometimes faculty's own handicaps hold back
students from undertaking even small research projects.
A general lack of interest and non-encouraging environment for social science research, as evident from
a meagre output of social science research papers published in professional journals in Pakistan or abroad,
prevent the faculty from aggressively pursuing even those research projects that can bring external resources to
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the universities. Similarly, the state and people of Pakistan have paid dearly for their neglect of the social sciences.
The cumulative impact of this neglect is felt in terms of the declining quality of the state apparatus. Without a
vibrant rational tradition in the social sciences, the theoretical perspectives and empirical research upon which
sound national and regional level policymaking ought to rest is woefully inadequate.
To address these issues, the Higher Education Commission (HEC) formed the Committee for
Development of Social Sciences and Humanities in Pakistan (CDSSHP) in 2003. The Committee has put forward
many plans, held meetings and organized conferences to discuss the dismal state of social sciences in Pakistan.
These meetings and conferences have identified various factors responsible for the poor state of social science
research in Pakistan and deplored the lack of such empirical data that could truly analyze the Pakistani society
and its problems with their remedies.
Academic institutions help in building and developing other institutions through critical writings and
research, and by suggesting ways for effective policymaking in the critical areas that need to be addressed.
Unfortunately, lack of incentives and alternatives, coupled with the low value attached to the social sciences,
prevent academics from pursuing it as a career. Another explanation given by social scientists is the lack of a
culture promoting free-floating discussion and debate. The intolerance prevailing in society, as well as absence of
exchange of ideas, freedom of expression and indigenous research, hampers progress in this direction.
All these factors have played a significant role in the decline of academic institutions. This has been
accelerated by the absence of an intellectual community. Even worse is the fact that much of the research agenda
is determined by donors and by international themes and issues which most likely lack urgency to the Pakistani
situation.
It is also problematic that social scientists continue to apply borrowed theoretical constructs and
conceptual frameworks to Pakistani conditions without questioning, debating or defining their relevance and
validity. A regular and meaningful discourse among scholars of various disciplines of the social sciences is
essential to forge an intellectually coherent and action-oriented research agenda.
To achieve this objective, HEC's Committee for Development of Social Sciences and Humanities in
Pakistan (CDSSHP) – in collaboration with the University of Gujrat (UOG) – decided to organize the First HEC
International Conference on 'Promotion of Social Science Research in Pakistani Universities: Prospects and
Challenges' involving social scientists from within and outside Pakistan during 18-20 April 2011 in Islamabad.
The HEC intends to make this Conference an annual event, with focus on sharing of research findings in
subsequent years.
Thematic Focus
The Conference will cover all possible disciplines of the social sciences; however, considering Pakistan's current
priorities, the focus will be on the following five broad areas:
1. Sustainable Human Development, Poverty and Inequality.
2. Costs and Opportunities of Pakistan's Rapidly Changing Age Structure: Demographic Dividend, Aging
and Urbanization
3. The Pakistan State: Internal and External Challenges
4. Ensuring Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: The Role of Media and Civil Society.
5. Problems of Conducting Dissertation Research in Pakistan.
Details of the Activity

The Conference, to be held at the Higher Education Commission Auditorium (H-9, Islamabad) from 18 through 20
April 2011, will undertake rigorous and serious brainstorming to:
explore possibilities of collaboration in interdisciplinary research initiatives for addressing the
contemporary issues of the Pakistani society;
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develop a concrete action plan on how to revitalize social science research in Pakistan; and
ensure that no post-graduate student leaves the university without adequate hands-on experience and
skills of social science research.
The event will also share improvements in pedagogical strategies and application of innovative techniques and
technologies for operations in all disciplines of social science. This can also be an opportunity for researchers
using existing support mechanisms to provide a feedback to fund-providers. Moreover, the Conference can
provide an opportunity to institutions engaged in research in Pakistan (such as Planning Commission,
Population Council, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, etc.) to highlight
their accomplishments, constraints and future strategies.
The Conference will be in line with earlier meetings of HEC's Multidisciplinary Social Sciences Committee.
It will also examine HEC's efforts to promote social science research in Pakistani universities under the umbrella of
the CDSSHP, which has identified different priority areas for conducting research.
Objectives
The objectives of the Conference are:
a) developing and promoting an interdisciplinary/multidisciplinary/trans-disciplinary approach to study
the Pakistani society;
b) forging a common research agenda to meet the contemporary social, economic, political, cultural and
environmental challenges faced by the Pakistani society;
c) examining latest methodological tools, conceptual paradigms and techniques to address the
challenging research issues facing Pakistan;
d) building the capacity in young faculty members and PhD/MPhil students to conduct qualitative and
quantitative social science research;
e) encouraging and facilitating replication research conducted in the US and other developed countries;
f ) providing an opportunity for academicians and professionals from different fields of the social sciences
to come together and learn from each other; and
g) establishing an inter-university consortium for expanding the role of social science research in Pakistan's
public policymaking.
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Thematic Notes
Plenary Session II: Role of Social Science Research in Public Policy Development
Developed societies make important and strategic policy decisions based on evidence and facts. When critical
decisions concern social and economic matters, social science research can provide the needed evidence. Social
science research not only furnishes necessary data for policy decisions, it may also help in determining the
outcome of policy decisions. Evaluative research can identify factors responsible for the successes and failures of
costly projects and provide guidance for changing directions in mid course or for future planning.
There is scant evidence that administrations in Pakistan rely on carefully gathered and analyzed data for
making important policy and administrative decisions. While it can be a cultural deficit, it may also reflect relative
scarcity of relevant and reliable data. The policymakers are constantly faced with making choices, often under
political pressure, to allocate resources for projects and programs for tendentious reasons. Politically influenced
decisions may please constituents, but may not be the advisable option.
A critical indicator of research is the publication of research papers in scientific and professional journals.
According to a newspaper advertisement by HEC last month, the number of universities with publications has
increased from 42 in 2007 to 95 by 2010. According to the internationally recognized indicators, 97 universities of
Pakistan had one or more publications to their credit. In 2010, 24 universities had 52 or more cited publications.
Others had less than 50 publications in all. Nearly half of the universities had 17 or fewer publications. Since most
of the published papers are likely to be in the basic and physical sciences, the position of social science research is
probably much more deplorable.
Plenary Session III: Challenges for Promotion of Social Science Research in Pakistani Universities
and HEC's Experience
The HEC firmly believes that quality education in social sciences and humanities plays a major role in the socio-
economic development of any country. In Pakistan there has been sporadic development in this sector over the
past years, but no substantial effort has been undertaken until recently. The HEC, since its inception in year 2003,
has taken a number of initiatives ranging from human resource development to providing research grants, and
developing linkages at both national and international level in order to revive quality education in social sciences
and humanities.
The Higher Education Commission set up a Committee on Development of Social Sciences and
Humanities in Pakistan (CDSSHP) comprising eminent social scientists. This Committee has been given the task to
deliberate upon, identify the problems and recommend immediate, short-term as well as long-term measures to
make social sciences education vibrant, dynamic and attuned to the present and future needs of Pakistan. The
CDSSHP is currently being chaired by Dr. Nasser Ali Khan, Director, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar.
The Higher Education Commission has also established the Social Sciences and Humanities Research
Council (SSHRC) at a cost of Rs. 24 million. It provides funding for research grants, helps in establishing
national/international linkages between universities, and provides funds for organizing seminars and
conferences. A well equipped library along with database of faculty and their related research is also being
established for the researchers through the SSHRC. At present the total amount allocated for all ongoing projects
related to the promotion of social sciences, arts and humanities by HEC is Rs.4.744 billion.
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An indicator of the extent of social science research needs would be the size of the student population in MPhil
and PhD programs. Statistical data available on the HEC website shows only an overall trend in the number of
enrolled students in MPhil and PhD programs in public sector institutions, including social science students. The
overall trend in enrolment for PhD is upward but not steep. In 2001-02 there were 3,061 PhD students. This
number went up to 7,421 by 2008-09. The number of MPhil students kept steadily rising from 3,061 in 2001-02 to
14,204 by 2008-09. Less than 15% PhD and about 11% MPhil students were enrolled in private sector institutions
in 2008-09.
Plenary Session VI: Developing Institutional Capacity and Academic Integrity to Strengthen
Social Science Research
Institutional infrastructure and financial resources are two major elements that determine the institutional
capacity to conduct social science research. The infrastructure includes qualified and capable faculty who is not
only experienced and competent to guide students in how to conduct social science research, but also motivated
and committed to encourage and support students in the accomplishment of this task.
The second element is the financial support which should be adequate, timely and free from
bureaucratic red tape. Since funds pass from one bureaucratic system (of the donor) to the other (of the recipient
institution), delays and hiccups in their access to researchers can be inordinate and detrimental. Of course,
financial support entails adequate accountability and assurance of judicious expenditures.
For this purpose, simple yet proper bookkeeping by the project managers and reasonable budgeting can
go a long way in ensuring easy access of funds to the institution concerned. Flexibility in spending within
justifiable limits and timely reporting of expenses should be the norm. Misuse of funds should have
administrative and legal consequences for all concerned.
To conclude, if social research is to be promoted, we will need to look at both elements and address the
issues methodically. Recruitment, training, and supervision of the competent research staff should go hand in
hand with the provision of funds for research. Disbursement of funds should encourage and facilitate research
and not make it so difficult that users simply give up because of the effort required.
Working Group 1: Sustainable Human Development, Poverty and Inequality
Rationale
Despite several public policy initiatives, poverty remains a major challenge in Pakistan: almost one third of the
country's population lives below the poverty line (BPL) according to most estimates. There is growing evidence
that the poor can solve their problems if they are given fair access to financial and business development services
(Grameen Bank in Bangladesh is a significant example in this regard). There is a pressing need to study underlying
factors contributing to poverty. For example, there is a need to bring into focus inequalities and injustices that
result in lack of education, poor health, and low levels of skill development among the poor, and eventually
perpetuate poverty from generation to generation.
Moreover, there is a need to develop a participatory poverty approach to understanding the perspective
of the poor on poverty. These participatory studies would help explore assets of the poor, their risk-management
capacities, their support networks, their marginalization and vulnerability in adverse circumstances, and study
opportunities available to them in the main socioeconomic stream of life.
The findings of these studies will provide an understanding of the perspective of the poor, and how they
manage their meager resources and face deprivations. This understanding would help the policymakers in
devising strategies that reduce vulnerability of the poor, build their capacities, and optimize their capabilities and
skills.
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Challenges
Strengthening institutions, both public and private, in their capacity to conduct meaningful social science
research, low in cost but high in quality, is a real challenge. Making a paradigm shift in the higher education
culture in Pakistani universities so that national development issues can benefit from social science research is a
major task. Changing the mindset of students and faculty to a point that both begin to see social science research
as a nation-building exercise rather than an academic chore is the other major challenge.
Key Questions
Poverty is the root cause of many evils. Is it because it reflects injustices in the society or is it due to the
apathy of the rich towards the poor?
Are the poor themselves responsible for their plight?
Are there effective interventions that are proven in fighting poverty?
Is Pakistan not using them or are there no such solutions to this global phenomenon?
Since governments have failed to stem poverty, should people take charge and use social science
research to experiment and find strategies that are sustainable and practicable?
Working Group 2: Costs and Opportunities of Pakistan's Rapidly Changing Structure:

Demographic Dividend, Aging and Urbanization
Rationale
Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world. After reaching its highest, the country's population
growth is now gradually declining. This demographic transition reflects a window of opportunity. Today, Pakistan
is one of those countries that are not only rich in terms of natural resources, but also have a large pool of human
resources: a young population – those aged between 10 and 29 – comprise 43 percent of the country's total
population. This demographic scenario demands immediate attention of the policymakers to maximize this
dividend by productively absorbing this youth in national and global market.
Research shows that the population growth rate is rapidly declining in many Western and some East
Asian countries, reflecting a negative trend. Countries like Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan have
not only reduced their economic burden but have also gained financially by sending demand-specific,
professionally trained workforce to the Middle Eastern, Asian and European countries, and ensured their
economic growth and social development. Many developing countries, having a high population rate and
insufficient natural resources, have thus capitalized on this opportunity by successfully converting their
population excess into profitable human capital.
Unlike countries who trained their youth according to the national, regional and global needs, Pakistan
has yet to pay attention to its youth. The population of elderly is growing at a fast pace and urbanization is also
taking place rapidly. These are major trends that bring with them associated demands and issues that can
exacerbate the situation further.
Challenges
Creation of awareness – among policymakers and the influential functionaries – of the significance of this
demographic dividend, together with the rapid increase in the population of senior citizens and urbanization, is
the prerequisite for any fruitful action. Education, skill-building and engaging hundreds of millions of youth in
economically productive activities need mega-projects based on future-oriented thinking.
Key Questions
Can growing population of the elderly be used to help and guide youth, and can people's participation
solve urbanization problems?
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Can there be any approaches that help train youth in marketable skills, and gainfully employ them in
trade, industry and commerce in a short time?
Working Group 3: The State in Pakistan: Internal and External Threats
Rationale
Extremism and terrorism are on the rise, not only nationally but globally. Pakistan has been criticized for being a
host country to these negative manifestations. The Pakistani society is facing extremism of many kinds: spousal
violence, interpersonal violence, political violence, collective violence, etc. Violence is the source of erosion of
rule of law, human rights violations and suppression of individual freedoms. There is a need to conduct research
into how Pakistan could be made a peaceful society. Studies should be undertaken to identify socioeconomic
factors that give rise to ethnic and sectarian violence. This will help the policymakers design such interventions in
the socioeconomic sector that mitigate the influence and impact of such factors. Those social factors shall be
studied that promote cohesion and integration by consciously making them an integral part of social sector
uplift plans.
Challenges
Social science research in Pakistan is still poorly developed and practiced. To play an effective role in areas that are
highly sensitive and charged-with-emotions, researchers will have to be especially careful. Multi-disciplinary and
participatory approach, using assorted methodologies, may be needed.
Key Questions
Is traditional neglect of education and particularly quality education, taking its toll by promoting
extremism in the society?
Is it really a battle for economic resources between rich and the poor that is manifesting in guerrilla
warfare tactics?
Can we establish a cause-and-effect relationship between violence in society with absence of social
justice, total disrespect of human rights, and ever growing poverty?
Is religion or class structure, or uneven distribution of wealth and resources, the driving force for
violence?
To what extent the State is responsible for the perpetuation of violence in the society by sheer
negligence, ineptitude, or intent?
In either case, is the State capable of controlling or stopping violent activities?
Working Group 4: Ensuring Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: The Role of Media and Civil Society
Rationale
Pakistan, unfortunately, has still to demonstrate its respect for human rights, at any level. Society at large is
generally unaware of human rights and understandably so because it was never taught what human rights were
and why they should be observed. A miniscule non-governmental organization plays a symbolic role by raising
its voice when gross violations of human rights take place and reported in media.
It seems that our feudal system that has deep influence on the mind set of the masses and the state
apparatus, which is supposed to protect these rights, can completely disregard human rights at will. They can
become spectators when mob or goons lynch someone, and be totally ruthless in punishing someone who
committed a 'crime' in their judgment. No one is safe, even their sisters and daughters when the fury of revenge
overtakes them. Society is ever-ready to look the other way.
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The only warriors to protect human rights are mass media and civil society. When media provides visual evidence,
it usually brings fast reaction from the authorities. However, once the matter subsides, business-as-usual is the
policy. Very few violators of human rights get caught or punished appropriately. Once in while a media entity may
find a story worth following that can attract some attention and enact a resolution. In case a woman is involved,
then women NGOs may take it up and launch a campaign to get justice.
Challenges
The problem of non-observance of human rights in Pakistan is not limited to law and order forces alone but to the
entire society. It is a phenomenon that requires change in the moral and ethical fabric of the society.
Unfortunately, people who should be educating about human rights do not speak for fear of reprisals or out of
loyalty to the powerful. Only a sea-change in attitudes may be the answer. If there is one challenge for the social
scientists in Pakistan for research that would be the human rights issue.
Key Questions
Can social science research find a model or an approach that can be effective and efficient in changing
the society for the better?
Working Group 5: Problems of Conducting Dissertation Research in Pakistan
Rationale
One of the most important and significant sources of social science research in Pakistan is the requirement of PhD
and MPhil students of writing research dissertations and thesis. The quality of research is ensured at all stages of
the process by qualified and experienced faculty. In the old days even MA students in some disciplines were
required to submit a thesis, often based on empirical research. However, gradually this requirement is almost
reduced to submission of a project or taking two additional courses.
A recent compilation shows that there are a total of 103 PhD and MPhil (leading to PhD) students at
different stages of meeting their research requirements. Of these, 13 have already been marked incomplete
because they left the studies. Six have completed their PhD and the remaining 84 are working on their programs.
Except in a few cases, the data gathered do not show names of the universities where these students were
studying.
Challenges:
There can be many factors in someone's decision to pursue a doctoral degree. Interest, availability of resources
and time, proximity of a desirable institution and subject, and persuasion by the faculty are a few of these
considerations.
Key Questions
To what extent dissertation research at the PhD level is being conducted in an acceptable manner?
What are the issues faced by the candidates for a doctoral degree in carrying out this important
requirement?
What are the constraints faced by the students in meeting the requirement in terms of academic and
financial support?
To what extent resources such as libraries, books, research reports and dissertations of previous PhDs,
journals and periodicals, data processing facilities, and most of all, timely technical advice and assistance
are available and accessible to the students?
What is the quality of these resources?
Can most candidates for a doctoral degree complete their requirements on time?
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If not, where do the lacunae lie?
What are the carefully considered recommendations of the PhD students in this regard?
It would be helpful if specific and general recommendations are made.
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Conference Program
Day 1: Monday, 18 April 2011
0900-0930 Registration
0930-1100 INAUGURAL SESSION
Welcome Address: Dr. Javaid R. Laghari [Chairperson, Higher Education Commission,
Islamabad]
Overview of the Conference: Dr. Mohammad Nizamuddin [Chair, Conference Organizing
Committee; Vice Chancellor, University of Gujrat, Gujrat]
Keynote Address: Prof. Rehman Sobhan [Chairman, Centre for Policy Dialogue, Bangladesh]
Address by Chief Guest: His Excellency Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani [Prime Minister of Pakistan]
Vote of Thanks by Dr. Nasser Ali Khan [Chairperson, Committee for Development of Social
Sciences and Humanities in Pakistan, Higher Education Commission, Islamabad; Director,
Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar]
1100-1130 Tea Break
1130-1300 SESSION II: Role of Social Science Research in Public Policy Development
Chair: Dr. Ishrat Hussain [Director, Institute of Business Administration, Karachi]
Keynote Address: Dr. Jochen Hippler [Institute of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences,
University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany]
Panelists:
Dr. James C. Witte [Director, Center for Social Science Research, George Mason
University, USA]
Dr. Rashid Amjad [Vice Chancellor, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics,
Islamabad]
Dr. Ashfaque Hassan Khan [Dean, NUST Business School, National University of
Sciences and Technology, Islamabad]
Dr. Saba Gul Khattak [Member, Social Sector, Planning Commission, Government of
Pakistan, Islamabad]
Dr. Mohammad Waseem [Professor of Political Science, Lahore University of
Management Sciences, Lahore]
Dr. Nasir Jamal Khattak [Vice Chancellor, Kohat University of Science and Technology,
Kohat]
1300-1400 Lunch Break
1400-1700 SESSION III: Challenges for Promotion of Social Science Research in

Pakistani Universities and HEC's Experience
Chair: Dr. Sohail H. Naqvi [Executive Director, Higher Education Commission, Islamabad]
Panelists:
Dr. Ishrat Hussain [Director, Institute of Business Administration, Karachi]
Dr. Pirzada Qasim Raza Siddiqui [Vice Chancellor, University of Karachi, Karachi]
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Dr. Masoom Yasinzai [Vice Chancellor, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad]
Dr. Mohammad Nizamuddin [Chair, Conference Organizing Committee; Vice
Chancellor, University of Gujrat, Gujrat]
Dr. Najma Najam [Vice Chancellor, Karakoram International University, Gilgit]
Dr. Nasser Ali Khan [Chairperson, Committee for Development of Social Sciences and
Humanities in Pakistan, Higher Education Commission, Islamabad; Director, Institute
of Management Sciences, Peshawar]
Dr. Saeeda Asadullah Khan [Former Vice Chancellor, Fatima Jinnah Women University,
Rawalpindi]
Dr. Abdul Razzaq Sabir [Director, Balochistan Study Centre, University of Balochistan,
Quetta]
[Working tea to be served at 1530]

1700-1900 Sightseeing (Shakkar Parian and Daman-i-Koh)
1900-2100 Music Program and Dinner at HEC Auditorium, by HEC
Day 2: Tuesday, 19 April 2011

0900-1100 SESSION IV: New Developments in Social Science Research Techniques
and Methodologies
Chair: Lt. Gen. (r) Muhammad Asghar [Rector, National University of Science and Technology,
Islamabad]
Keynote Address: Dr. James C. Witte [Director, Center for Social Science Research,
George Mason University, USA]
Panelists:
Prof. Rehman Sobhan [Chairman, Centre for Policy Dialogue, Bangladesh]
Dr. Suresh Sharma [Senior Fellow, Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, India]
Dr. Wolfgang-Peter Zingel [National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam
University, Islamabad]
Mr. Atle Hetland [Former Head of Development Studies, University of Oslo, Norway]
Ms. Noor Amna Malik [Director General, Learning Innovation, Higher Education
Commission, Islamabad]
Dr. Iftikhar N. Hassan [Professor, Department of Behavioural Sciences, Karakoram
International University, Gilgit]
(Through video conferencing from the US) Dr. Syed Akbar Zaidi [Visiting Professor,
Columbia University, USA]
1100-1115 Tea Break
1115-1300 SESSION IV Continued

1400-1700 WORKING GROUPS: Identifying Social Science Research Priorities for Pakistan
[The participants will have a choice to join one of the following four parallel working groups,
during which both quantitative and qualitative aspects of social science research with a focus
on Pakistan will be discussed. Besides the chair/moderator and six lead speakers, each group
will comprise about 20-25 experts and will identify research priorities, including institutional
11
and financial mechanisms for its implementation, for the next five years in its respective area.]
* [In addition, a fifth parallel working group – comprising PhD students in social science
disciplines who are at their thesis writing stage and who have been selected on the basis of
abstracts submitted by them – will work to identify the problems of conducting dissertation
research in Pakistan]
Working Group 1: Sustainable Human Development, Poverty and Inequality

Chair/Moderator: Dr. Hafiz A. Pasha [Dean, School of Social Sciences,
Beaconhouse National University, Lahore]
Lead Speakers:
Dr. Pervez Tahir [Former Chief Economist, Planning Commission, Government of
Pakistan, Lahore]
Dr. Naved Hamid [Director, Center for Research in Economics and Business/ Professor
of Economics, Lahore School of Economics, Lahore]
Dr. Shahid Siddiqui [Professor/Director, Centre for Humanities and Social Sciences,
Lahore School of Economics, Lahore]
Dr. Asad Sayeed [Senior Researcher, Collective for Social Science Research, Karachi]
Members of the Group:
Prof. Rehman Sobhan [Chairman, Centre for Policy Dialogue, Bangladesh]
Dr. Wolfgang-Peter Zingel [Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University,
Islamabad]
Islamabad]
Dr. Masoom Yasinzai [Vice Chancellor, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad]
Dr. Nasser Ali Khan [Chairperson, Committee for Development of Social Sciences and
Humanities in Pakistan, Higher Education Commission, Islamabad; Director, Institute of
Management Sciences, Peshawar]
Dr. Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Jadoon [Director/Professor, Institute of Administrative
Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore]
Dr. Aliya H. Khan [Professor, Department of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University,
Islamabad]
Dr. Zafar Mahmood [HEC Foreign Professor, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics,
Islamabad]
Dr. Shadiullah Khan [Dean of Social Sciences/Chairman, Department of Public
Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan]
Dr. Maqbool H. Sial [HEC Foreign Professor/Dean, Faculty of Management and
Administrative Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha]
Mr. Muhammad Javed Khan [Adviser, Academics Department, Higher Education
Dr. Riaz Hussain Qureshi [Director General, Research and Development, Higher education
Dr. Atif Ali Jaffri [Head, Department of Economics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat]
Dr. Izhar Ahmad Khan [Associate Professor, Department of Rural Sociology, University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad]
Rapporteur: Mr. Mustafa Nazir Ahmad [Conference Coordinator; Director, Press and
Publications, University of Gujrat, Gujrat]
12
Working Group 2: Costs and Opportunities of Pakistan's Rapidly Changing Age
Structure: Demographic Dividend, Aging and Urbanization
Chair/Moderator: Dr. Zeba A. Sathar [Country Director, Population Council, Islamabad]
Lead Speakers:
Dr. Grace C. Clark [Professor, Department of Sociology, Forman Christian College
University, Lahore]
Dr. Muhammad Hafeez [Professor/Director, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies,
Department of Sociology, University of the Punjab, Lahore]
Dr. Sabiha H. Syed [Former Adviser, UNESCO, Islamabad]
Dr. Nuzhat Ahmed [Professor/Director, Applied Economics Research Centre, University
of Karachi, Karachi]
Dr. Durr-e-Nayab [Chief of Research (Demography)/Head, Department of Population
Sciences, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad]
Dr. James C. Witte [Director, Center for Social Science Research,
George Mason University, USA]
Dr. Peter H. Armacost [Rector, Forman Christian College University, Lahore]
Ms. Ursula Saarbeck [Director, German Academic Exchange Service, Islamabad]
Lt. Gen. (r) Muhammad Asghar [Rector, National University of Science and
Technology, Islamabad]
Dr. Mohammad Nizamuddin [Chair, Conference Organizing Committee; Vice Chancellor,
University of Gujrat, Gujrat]
Dr. Saeeda Asadullah Khan [Former Vice Chancellor, Fatima Jinnah Women, Rawalpindi]
Dr. Nisar Ahmed Siddiqui [Director, Sukkur Institute of Business Administration, Sukkur]
Dr. Sarah Safdar [Director, Institute of Social Development Studies,
University of Peshawar, Peshawar]
Dr. Rukhsana Kausar [Chairperson, Department of Applied Psychology, University of the
Punjab, Lahore]
Dr. Zahid Mahmood [HEC Foreign Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology,
Government College University, Lahore]
Dr. Ashraf Khan Kayani [HEC Foreign Professor, Department of Sociology, University of the
Punjab, Lahore]
Ms. Noor Amna Malik [Director General, Learning Innovation, Higher Education
Rapporteur: Mr. Javed Sajjad Ahmad [Senior Consultant, University of Gujrat, Gujrat]
Working Group 3: The State in Pakistan: Internal and External Challenges

Chair/Moderator: Dr. Rasul Bakhsh Rais [Professor of Political Science, Department of
Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, Lahore University
of Management Sciences, Lahore]
Lead Speakers:
Dr. Lukas Albert Werth [Visiting Faculty, Department of Humanities and Social
Sciences, School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, Lahore University of
Dr. Saeed Shafqat [Professor/Director, Centre for Public Policy and Governance, Forman
Christian University, Lahore]
Dr. Syed Jaffar Ahmed [Director, Pakistan Study Centre, University of Karachi, Karachi]
Dr. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema [Dean, Faculty of Contemporary Studies, National Defence
13
Dr. Ilhan Niaz [Assistant Professor, Department of History, Quaid-i-Azam University,
Islamabad]
Dr. A. H. Nayyar [Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore]
Dr. S. Qalb-i-Abid [Dean, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of the Punjab, Lahore]
Dr. Suresh Sharma [Senior Fellow, Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, India]
Dr. Jochen Hippler [Institute of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of
Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany]
Dr. Hugh van Skyhawk [HEC Foreign Professor, Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations,
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad]
Dr. Mohammad Waseem [Professor of Political Science, Lahore University of Management
Sciences, Lahore]
Dr. Nasir Jamal Khattak [Vice Chancellor, Kohat University of Science
and Technology, Kohat]
Dr. Ihsan Ali [Vice Chancellor, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan]
Dr. Abdul Razzaq Sabir [Director, Balochistan Study Centre, University
of Balochistan, Quetta]
Mr. Nasim Akhtar [Director, Institute of Languages, University of Azad Jammu and
Kashmir, Muzaffarabad]
Dr. Qibla Ayaz [Director, Institute of Arabic and Islamic Studies, University
of Peshawar, Peshawar]
Mr. Rasool Bakhsh Raisani [Pro Vice Chancellor, University of Balochistan, Quetta]
Dr. Muhammad Nazrul Islam [HEC Foreign Professor/ Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences,
International Islamic University, Islamabad]
Dr. Shuja Alhaq [HEC Foreign Professor, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-
Azam University, Islamabad]
Dr. Rashid Ahmad Khan [Professor/Dean, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Law,
University of Sargodha, Sargodha]
Dr. Huma Baqai [Chairperson, Department of Social Sciences, Institute of Business
Administration, Karachi]
Rapporteur: Sheikh Abdul Rashid [Additional Registrar, Press, Media and Publications,
University of Gujrat, Gujrat]
Working Group 4: Ensuring Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: The Role of Media and
Civil Society
Chair/Moderator: Ms. Asma Jahangir [President, Supreme Court Bar Association/ Chairperson,
Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, Lahore]
Lead Speakers:
Mr. Atle Hetland [Former Head of Development Studies, University of Oslo, Norway]
Dr. Tariq Rahman [HEC Distinguished National Professor/ Professor Emeritus, National
Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad]
Dr. Ali Khan [Associate Professor/Acting Head, Department of Humanities and Social
Sciences, School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, Lahore University of
Dr. M. Azam Chaudhary [Associate Professor, National Institute of Pakistan Studies,
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad]
Mr. Zafarullah Khan [Executive Director, Centre for Civic Education, Islamabad]
14
Dr. Muhammad Qasim Bughio [Pro Vice Chancellor, Mirpur Khas Campus, University of
Sindh. Jamshoro]
Dr. Emma Varley [Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences,
School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, Lahore University of Management
Sciences, Lahore]
Dr. Jillian Sian Taylor [HEC Foreign Professor, Department of Educational Development,
Karakoram International University, Gilgit]
Dr. Brady Steele Coleman [HEC Foreign Professor, Department of Law, International
Islamic University, Islamabad]
Dr. Najma Najam [Vice Chancellor, Karakoram International University, Gilgit]
Dr. Iftikhar N. Hassan [Professor, Department of Behavioural Sciences, Karakoram
International University, Gilgit]
Dr. Farzana Bari [Director, Center of Excellence in Gender Studies, Quaid-i-Azam
Prof. Durriya Kazi [Head, Department of Visual Studies, University of Karachi, Karachi]
Mrs. Sultana Baloch [Vice Chancellor, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University, Quetta]
Dr. Rubya Mehdi [HEC Foreign Professor, Chief Editor, Journal of Law and Social Research,
Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan]
Dr. Anjum Alvi [Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences,
School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, Lahore University of Management
Sciences, Lahore]
Dr. Muhammad Latif [Director General, Research and Development, Higher education
Dr. Sajjad Ahmad Paracha [Assistant Professor, Department of Media Studies, The Islamia
University of Bahawalpur Pakistan, Bahawalpur]
Rapporteur: Ms. Tanzila Qamar Gill [Deputy Registrar, University of Gujrat, Gujrat]
Working Group 5: Problems of Conducting Dissertation Research in Pakistan

Chair: Dr. Rubina Saigol [Independent Researcher on Social Development, Lahore]
Lead Speakers:
Dr. Mehtab S. Karim [Distinguished Senior Fellow/Affiliated Professor, School of Public
Policy, George Mason University, USA]
Dr. Syed Mahmood Raza [Adviser, Quality Assurance and Learning Innovation, Higher
Education Commission, Islamabad]
Dr. Yasmin Nilofer Farooqi [Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, University of
the Punjab, Lahore]
Dr. Nadia Saleem [Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Lahore,
Lahore]
Dr. Muhammad Asir Ajmal [HEC Foreign Professor/Chairperson, Department of
Psychology, Government College University, Lahore]
Members of the Group: Selected PhD students (19)
Rapporteur: Ms. Sidra Maqsood [Deputy Chief, Semester System Implementation Cell, University
of Gujrat, Gujrat]
[Working tea to be served at 1530]
1700-2000 Free time (transport will be available for out-of-town guests to visit shopping areas)
2000-2100 Dinner at Islamabad Club, by NTS
15
Day 3: Wednesday, 20 April 2011
0900-1100 SESSION V: Sharing of Recommendations of Working Groups
Chair: Dr. Sohail H. Naqvi [Executive Director, Higher Education Commission, Islamabad]
Presenters:
Working Group 1: Dr. Hafiz A. Pasha [Dean, School of Social Sciences, Beaconhouse
National University, Lahore]
Working Group 2: Dr. Zeba A. Sathar [Country Director, Population Council, Islamabad]
Working Group 3: Dr. Rasul Bakhsh Rais [Professor of Political Science, Department of
Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law,
Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore]
Working Group 4: Ms. Asma Jahangir [President, Supreme Court Bar Association/
Chairperson, Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, Lahore]
Working Group 5: Dr. Rubina Saigol [Independent Researcher on Social
Development, Lahore]
1100-1115 Tea Break
1115-1300 SESSION VI: Developing Institutional Capacity and Academic Integrity to Strengthen
Social Science Research
Chair: Dr. Nadeem Ul Haque [Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission,
Government of Pakistan, Islamabad]
Keynote Address: Dr. Mehtab S. Karim [Distinguished Senior Fellow/Affiliated Professor,
School of Public Policy, George Mason University, USA]
Panelists:
Dr. Grace C. Clark [Professor, Department of Sociology, Forman Christian College
University, Lahore]
Dr. Sarah Safdar [Director, Institute of Social Development Studies, University of
Peshawar, Peshawar]
Dr. Ihsan Ali [Vice Chancellor, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan]
Dr. Aliya H. Khan [Professor, Department of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam
Dr. Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Jadoon [Director/Professor, Institute of Administrative
Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore]
Mr. Nisar Ahmed Siddiqui [Director, Institute of Business Administration, Sukkur]
1400-1500 CONCLUDING SESSION

Chair: Dr. Javaid R. Laghari [Chairperson, Higher Education Commission, Islamabad]
Speakers:
Institutional Mechanisms for Implementing Social Science Research Priorities for
Pakistan: Dr. Mohammad Nizamuddin [Chair, Conference Organizing Committee;
Vice Chancellor, University of Gujrat, Gujrat]
Financial Mechanisms for Implementing Social Science Research Priorities for Pakistan:
Islamabad]
1500-1530 Address by Guest of Honor
1900-2100 Dinner at NUST Campus, by Lt. Gen. (r) Muhammad Asghar [Rector, National University of
Science and Technology, Islamabad]
16
4
Abstracts of Panelists
Challenges for Promotion of Linguistic and Languages Research

in Pakistani Universities
Dr. Abdul Razzaq Sabir (Director, Balochistan Study Centre, University of Balochistan, Quetta)
Pakistan is a multilingual country having at least 60 major and minor languages spoken in different parts of the
country. Besides Urdu, the national language of the country, some of these languages including Punjabi, Sindhi,
Pashto, Balochi, Brahui Seraiki, Broshiski, etc. are being taught at the Master's, MPhil and PhD levels in some of the
universities of the country.
It has been observed that despite some growth in the linguistic and language research in Pakistan, the
number of teachers and institutions in these subjects in Pakistan is unsatisfactory, and hardly any significant
research has emerged from these institutions/ departments. To cope with problems, such as providing research
facilities to the researchers, further steps by the Higher Education Commission are required.
The paper will attempt to explain and understand the present situation and conditions of linguistic and
language research in Pakistan. The presenter will try to establish some encompassing parameters which will be
explain why things are the way they are. These include attempts to place the role of linguists and language
teachers in the Universities in Pakistan. It is a proven fact that social sciences in general and linguistic and
language research in particular has remained a neglected area in Pakistan
The presenter will further suggest and recommend some new ideas for professional research in linguistic
and language area to make remarkable improvement in the field of social sciences research in Pakistan.
Quantitatively, linguistic and language research have gained grounds as compared with the past in terms of
number of institutes, disciplines and departments, but we have yet to achieve the real improvement.
Furthermore, the language policy and its consequences for the indigenous languages of the country will be
examined. The role of the HEC in promoting these languages will also be discussed.
Sustainable Human Development, Poverty and Inequality

Dr. Atif Ali Jaffri (Head, Department of Economics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat)
A breakthrough statement in the first UNDP Human Development Report (HDR), “people are the real wealth of a
nation” inspired policymakers, academia, politicians, international donors, nongovernmental organizations and
study circles leading to immense research largely focusing on measurability of development with human face.
Since then, the tradition of measurement innovation continues with recent focus on issues of sustainability,
gender, inequality, empowerment and environment. HDR 2010 shows that Pakistan's position on the basis of
th
Human Development Index (HDI) is 125 in the selected 169 countries.
Official estimates based on threshold caloric intake requirement of 2,350 calories per person per day
show that poverty from 34.5 percent in 2001-02 subsequently declined to 22.3 percent in 2005-06. However,
consumption Gini coefficients gradually increased from 0.27 to 0.30 during the period. Estimates based on
Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) Survey 2007-08 showing further decline in poverty
17
have lead to a number of conflicting estimates by domestic and external sources. Independent estimates
suggest that between 2005 and 2009 poverty has increased from 22.3 percent to between 30-35 percent in 2008-
09(Economic Survey 2008-09).
The data available on the quality of human development indicate that poor, vulnerable, illiterate, and
weak people of Pakistan are not the real wealth of the country as desired by Dr. Mahbub ul Haq in the first HDR
1990. 170 million people have just $1,068 per capita; one-third of the population is poor; refined activity rate is
just 45.7 percent; unemployment rate is 5.5 percent; agriculture sector employs 45 percent labour force, but
contributes only 20 percent to gross domestic product (GDP); 43 percent of the population aged above 10 cannot
read and write with understanding in any language; Gender Parity Index(GPI) is just 0.65; 37.7 percent schools up
to elementary level are without boundary walls, 33.9 percent without drinking water, 37 percent without latrines
and 60 percent without electricity; infant mortality rate is 73.5 per thousand; fertility rate is 3.56 per woman; and
public expenditure on education and health collectively is less than 3 percent of gross national product (GNP),
which is lowest in the region.
In my opinion, future research agenda on human development should be compatible with national
growth strategy envisaged in the 10th Five Year Plan (2010-15) emphasizing the pivotal role of market, realization
of demographic dividend, innovation and entrepreneurship, and role of dynamic cities for high and sustainable
growth based on economic inclusion leading to poverty reduction and fair distribution of resources.
In this regard, research should be initiated on the relevance of the existing education system and requirements of
the private sector, public perception regarding HEC-led higher education reforms, women's participation in job
market and socioeconomic hurdles in their economic participation, social protection of poor and vulnerable
population by state and non-state institutions, assessment of financial needs of small and medium enterprises,
promotion of entrepreneurship through sustainable microfinance, urbanization and issues of big cities,
development of financial products based on workers' remittances inflows in Pakistan and governance issues
faced by the country.
Good and Small Social Science Research Environments

Atle Hetland (Former Head of Development Studies, University of Oslo, Norway)
The paper presents a brief summary of the development of higher education in Norway in the recent two score
years, with emphasis on the social sciences, and aspects that we consider important to other countries, in
particular developing countries. Attention is also drawn to the Norwegian regional university college system, as
well as the ordinary universities. Often, research environments and specializations are small and some are
situated in relatively remote and provincial towns.
The Norwegian experience may be interesting to many developing countries, inter alia, because Norway
is a small, yet wealthy country with a total population just shy of 5 million inhabitants, today with over 220,000
students in higher education. The universities in the major cities are big, with the University of Oslo, which is this
th
year celebrating its 200 anniversary, being the largest in Scandinavia with 36,000 students and 4,500 staff
members. Salient aspects of the situation of higher education in developing countries, with emphasis on social
sciences in Pakistan, will be discussed. Brief and tentative comparisons between Norway and Pakistan will be
made.
When new subject-areas and disciplines are developed, especially in young institutions, it is important
that plans and expectations are realistic. It is suggested that we should aim at the good rather than the excellent.
However, in some fields, as examples from Norway shows, high quality can also be obtained in small and
unassuming environments. Reasons for this are explored and considerations made as for transfer of success to
other countries. How can good study and research environments be established and maintained? Is the impact
of good research environments higher than that of excellent ones?
18
Often, one local community would resemble other local communities. Hence, research approaches and findings
can be generalized and theories developed. Adaptations may be needed, and it may be required to repeat and
change the aspects of studies to be directly relevant to other communities.
The paper discusses how universities and research environments can service not only the countries but
also the local communities they belong to. The latter was more clearly argued in connection with the American
traditions of the 'land grant university' and the 'community college'. In Scandinavia, too, the local relevance and
practical utility of degree courses and research in the social sciences as well as in other fields should, have been
emphasized in recent decades.
Some aspects related to applied research versus academic research are discussed, and in a broader sense,
the 'developmental' or 'utilitarian' university versus the 'academic' institution and research environment.
Institutions and environments are not either-or, but it is usually relatively easy to determine the general emphasis
that is given.
Although the paper underlines the importance of making social science research relevant to the local
communities, it is also emphasized that universities and research institutes should be autonomous and
academic. Finally, they should be international and universal. The latter is not only a window of inspiration, to
learn from others, and vice-versa, in all sciences, not the least in social sciences and the humanities, in our time, as
in all times.
Ensuring Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: Some Research Priorities

Atle Hetland (Former Head of Development Studies, University of Oslo, Norway)
The discussion paper considers aspects related to selecting and prioritizing research projects/ programs in social
sciences in general, with emphasis on Pakistan. The paper has identified five priority themes for research and
opinion-building. All projects have comparative components, in particular intending to learn from the Western
development history of relevance to Pakistan; vice-versa, some outcomes may be of relevance to the West.
Whereas the projects have been proposed to seek substantive knowledge, attention should also be given to
gaining methodological experience and qualifying young researchers, including practical aspects related to how
dynamic research environments can be developed. Students should also be exposed to research-based
knowledge.
The project themes have been given the following preliminary titles:
1. Women's Emancipation in the West and East: Lessons from the past to help shape Pakistan's future.
2. Organizing the Poor for Better Living and Working Conditions, and Inclusion in Society: Labour Unions,
Interest Groups, Political Parties, Literacy and Skills Training, etc.
3. Cultural and Religious Freedom and Diversity in the West versus East: How can Pakistan become a more
open and diverse Muslim society, recognizing freedom of worship and equality of all faiths?
4. Social and Economic Development: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Extended Family System.
5. Social and Political Participation and Leadership: Developing the kind of Citizens who are Self-Confident
and Understanding, Forceful and Cautious, Determined and Tolerant, Secular and Religious, Indigenous
st
and International – being part of the 21 century and also building aspects of own valuable history.
In the paper, each proposed project has been described and discussed in some detail. Obviously, a number of
other key projects/programmes could have been included.
19
The Importance of Research on Aging
Dr. Grace Clark (Professor, Department of Sociology, Forman Christian College University, Lahore)
While research is needed on all aspects of the age spectrum in Pakistan and on intergenerational research, there
is a special dearth of research on aging in this country. Although Clark, Haider, Ghafoor and Nizamuddin have
done some work, most of this is benchmarking to establish what is actually happening with older people in
Pakistan.
One reason research on older persons is most needed is the necessity to dispel popular myths that tend
to impede realistic assessment of the situation of older persons or any government policy. For example, although
many people in Pakistan believe that all older persons take care of their aging parents, Clark, Ghafoor and Haider
found that, in fact, the majority of people 60 and older support themselves, and often support their children as
well. Also, in contrast to the perception that all older persons are loved and respected by their families, they found
that while the majority of older persons feel that this is the case, there is a sizable minority who feel that they are
not respected, included or cared for, even when sick.
One big question needing attention is why there are so many more older men than older women in
Pakistan, in contrast to the rest of the world, where there are more older women. Not only are there more older
men in Pakistan, but the proportion of older men increases with each age cohort. Beginning at age 45 (to control
for maternal mortality), the proportion of men increases with every five year age cohort up to age 75. Why? Why is
it that a disproportionate number of older women are dying? Do they not get enough to eat? Do they lack the
essential access to basic medical care? Your mother's life may depend on our finding out.
While AARP has conducted studies in the US that have helped to change attitudes about older workers,
there are no comparable studies in Pakistan, even though a larger proportion of older persons support
themselves. Other than mandatory retirement for a few, when and why do people stop working?
Preliminary evidence suggests that Pakistanis who have a pension survive longer. Is this because of a
regular source of income? Is it because of the free medical care that is often a benefit that goes with a pension?
Something else? While many physicians that specialize in diseases that typically affect older persons (diabetes,
heart disease, hypertension, COPD), there is still very little research about these plights in Pakistan. How do these
diseases or their treatments need to differ for older men in Pakistan? Should they be different for older women?
Perhaps most important, what gives life meaning to older persons in Pakistan? People assume grandchildren, but
to what extent is this correct? What else? To paraphrase another writer, what do older persons want? Aging in
Pakistan is an area desperately in need of research. Previous research has only begun to explore it. As with all
research, what has been done has led to even more questions. For researchers in the social sciences looking for a
new field to explore, what could be better than working on the questions of aging in Pakistan?
Academic Integrity is the Basis for Building and Learning New Knowledge in All Sciences
Dr. Grace Clark (Professor, Department of Sociology, Forman Christian College University, Lahore)
Intellectual integrity is the sine qua non of any science. As all science is based on the systematic and accurate
documentation of observable phenomena, it is essential that any scientific endeavour be carried through with
integrity from beginning to end. From a clear conceptualization of an issue to be studied that keeps in mind the
ethical principles of our discipline, through a literature review that builds on the ideas of others and credits them
to the correct author, to the accurate and complete recording of one's own observations, to analyzing the
findings and discussing them, and then finally writing them up, it is essential that one follow ethical principles,
credit the ideas of others, and accurately and completely report all the findings, whether or not they agree with
our preconceived ideas about the issue being studied.
20
The Higher Education Commission has taken the lead in trying to enforce the principles of academic
integrity throughout all the universities of Pakistan. They have provided guidelines and taken strong measures to
ensure that plagiarism, especially, is dealt with seriously, because they know that without academic integrity, one
is not building new knowledge, but only trying to scam others or fool oneself.
One of the biggest challenges to social science research in Pakistan is inculcating these principles into
students – the next generation of researchers. It is also one of the most important tasks we face as academics,
because unless we teach and model these concepts so well that students incorporate them into their very souls,
they will never really be able to do social science research.
Too often we set up systems that concentrate on 'catching' students or colleagues who have committed
plagiarism or falsification of data, and it is certainly important to the integrity of social sciences that these
infractions do not go unnoticed. In the long run, however, it is far more important that we teach positively what
we want students to do from day one of their academic careers. Since teaching academic integrity needs to begin
from the first day of the student's academic career, this paper suggests some of the actions universities may wish
to take to strengthen this process.
Martyrs of Humanity: The Defenders of Jinnah's Pakistan

Dr. Hugh van Skyhawk (HEC Foreign Professor, Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations,
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad)
Since the murder of Benazir Bhutto in Liaquat Bagh on 27 December 2007 again and again death has cast its
fearsome shadow over the promised land of the Indian Muslims. Media reports of target killings, suicide
bombings, beheadings, and death and destruction by inter-continental remote control roll over us every day like
garish billboard advertising: irreligious deeds in the name of religion, brutality and barbarism in the name of
democracy, national dishonour in the name of political expediency, all beamed out in high definition, all
available for re-play at the push of a button day or night.
Caught in the vise-grips of enemies whose names and faces they will never know, the people, the
sovereigns of the democratic state, take to the streets in the futile rage of a wounded beast, throwing stones,
smashing car windows, burning tyres, and bashing the heads of their fellow countrymen whose duty it is to keep
public order.
But pictures of blood-splattered casualties can also distract attention from the all important fact that
victims of terrorist attacks are often martyrs of the Idea of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam's vision of Pakistan as the
homeland of the Indian Muslims in which every citizen, regardless of his personal faith, is an equal shareholder in
the state and has equal freedoms of religion and expression. This social contract of Pakistan has been
underwritten again and again in the blood of these martyrs of humanity – the defenders of the vision of a nation
any man could be proud of.
They are heroes whose names will still be remembered with pride by the children of the children of
Pakistan when the names of their murderers if remembered at all will be as accursed as that of Šimar La'în. In the
present paper I shall re-visit the statements of Quaid-i-Azam on the future state of Pakistan and explore the
relevance of these statements for the Defenders of Jinnah's Pakistan, the Martyrs of Humanity.
But woe be unto us! Stripped of all rhetoric the true nature of the 'enemy' becomes clear:
“Iblîs said : 'In the manner in which You led me to error, I will make things on earth seem attractive to them
and lead all of them to error, except those of Your servants You have singled out for Yourself…
(Allah said: ) 'Surely, Hell is the promised place for all of them… As for the God-fearing, they shall be amid
gardens and springs. They will be told: 'Enter it in peace and security.' And we shall purge their breasts of
all traces of rancor; and they shall be seated on couches facing one another as brothers.” ? al Qur'ân,
sûra 15, 40-45.
21
The Role of Cultural Heritage in the Promotion of Social Science Research
Dr. Ihsan Ali (Vice Chancellor, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan)
Pakistan houses many cultures and civilizations dating back to more than 2 million years, representing all phases
of the development of human race and society, ranging from the Early Stone Age to the British Rule. The earliest
evidence of Pre-historic human occupation in Pakistan was reported from the Soan Valley near Rawalpindi,
followed by the Middle Stone Age site of Sanghao Cave in the Mardan District of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. However,
the discovery of more than 35 Middle Stone Age sites in the Mohmand-Bajaur region has further strengthened
this data. Same period sites were also reported from the Rohri Hills and Thar Desert in Sindh. This period was
followed by Neolithic Cultures, dating from 9th to 4th millennium BC.
The earliest evidence of this phase comes from the site of Mehrgarh in Balochistan and Gumla, Jhandi
Babar in the Gomal Valley, Dera Ismail Khan and Sheri Khan Tarakai in Bannu. This period was followed by the
Indus Valley or Harappan Civilization, which was almost contemporary to the Egyptian and Mesopotamian
Civilizations. After that, the invasion of Aryans in the 2nd millennium BC, represented by the Gandhara Grave
Culture sites in Swat, Dir, Malakand, Bajaur-Mohmand, Chitral, Peshawar and Taxila regions. This was followed by
Gandhara Civilization, which was first mentioned in the Rig-Veda. Pushkalavati (Charsadda) was its first capital
th st
from 6 century BC to 1 century AD.
Later, the Kushanas established their capital at Pushapura or Peshawar in the 1st century AD, known as
Kanishkapura from the Relic Caskit of Kanishka. In 7th century AD, the Shahi Dynasties of Kabul established capital
of Gandhara at Hund. In 633-34 AD, the Pak-Afghan Khyber Pukhtunkhwa belt received the first shock of Arab
expansions. In 711-12 AD, Sindh was invaded by Muhammad Bin Qasim. The Arab conquests of Sindh and south-
western Punjab were completed during the year 714 AD. The second phase of Muslim expansion began with the
establishment of a Turkish Muslim dynasty in Ghazni (modern Afghanistan), who invaded the Hund, the last
capital of Gandhara in 998 AD. Later, in 16th and 17th centuries AD, the glorious phase of Islamic architecture was
unfolded and a new chapter in the history of the Indian subcontinent was opened.
Zaheer ud Din Muhammad Babur was the first great Mughal Emperor. He came to power in 1526 AD.
Babur was followed by a line of rulers, blessed with an aesthetic and creative nature, who provided imperial
patronage to the development of arts and crafts in the Indian sub-continent. The Sikhs organized themselves in
the Punjab towards the later half of the 17th century. After the downfall of Sikhs, the British annexed Punjab in
1849. The British Raj continued until 1947 when Pakistan became a sovereign state, adhering to the teaching of
Islam.
This presentation highlights the developments in archaeological research in the different regions of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which helped in the promotion of social sciences. The contribution of the Department of
Archaeology, University of Peshawar, in the field of explorations and excavations were published in 19 volumes of
Ancient Pakistan and the antiquity preserved in SSAQ Museum. Likewise, the Directorate of Archaeology and
Museums, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was able to establish six new museums at Pushkalawati-
Charsadda, Gor Khuttree-Peshawar, Hund-Swabi, Bannu, Chitral and Mardan and documented a total of 3,830
new archaeological sites. The reports of explorations and excavations conducted by the Provincial Archaeology
Department were published in the four volumes of Frontier Archaeology.
During the Vice Chancellorship of Hazara University, the author was able to establish the School of
Cultural Heritage and Creative Technologies consisting of the Departments of Archaeology, Art and Design,
Tourism and Hospitality, and Conservation and Architecture for furthering research in the field of social sciences.
Two new museums at Abbottabad and Hazara University, recording of a total of 860 tangible and intangible sites,
and introduction of a new journal titled Pakistan Heritage are some of the contributions of archaeologists at
Hazara University to promote cultural heritage and tourism in the country.
The second portion of this presentation speaks of the establishment of Gandhara Research Centre at
Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, as a base for the promotion of the cultural heritage of Pakistan. Under this
Centre, we plan to publish Gazetteers, based on surveys, explorations and excavations to be undertaken in all
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districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Besides, a Museum will be established to preserve the tangible and intangible
heritage of the province. The Centre will also offer MPhil and PhD research facility to all those interested in the
protection, preservation and promotion of the cultural heritage of Pakistan.
Issues in the Teaching and Research of Foreign Policy and Diplomatic History in Pakistan,
1947-2010: What can be done to Improve Research on Foreign Policy in Pakistan?
Dr. Ilhan Niaz (Assistant Professor, Department of History, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad)
Introduction:
Foreign policy seems to be one of Pakistan's favorite subjects. At the Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), for instance,
the Department of International Relations (IR) is one of the most popular in the Faculty of Social Sciences (FSS).
The newspapers and periodicals regularly feature articles, comments and papers on foreign policy and many
retired practitioners from the civilian and military sides have committed their experiences to paper for the
benefit of posterity. From a social science and research methodological perspective, however, the study of
foreign policy in Pakistan leaves much to be desired. There is room for improvement in the realm of theory, as well
as in terms of the documentation and sources of foreign policy research. There is also a need to effectively link
Pakistan's domestic issues, such as its woeful record on governance, with impact on overall national power and
the implications for foreign policy.
Theory:
Practitioners and academics in the field of foreign policy co-opt ideas and perspectives from Western sources.
That in itself is not negative. The problem lies in the tendency to ignore or marginalize the study of the history and
geography of South Asia and its impact on the evolution of states in this part of the world. There also seems to be
little emphasis on writings by Chinese academics and the East Asian perspective though, in many respects, it is
more relevant and analogous to our own. To the best of my knowledge, no Pakistani scholar or practitioner has
attempted to develop a theory of international relations based on empirical appreciation of South Asian history.
Debates about the clash of civilizations and the uni-polar moment are all well and good, but without a rigorous
tradition of indigenous theorization, our forays in the study of foreign policy are perhaps doomed to remain
underdeveloped.
Basic Sources:
Pakistan's archives are inadequate when it comes to documentation pertaining to foreign policy decisions.
Declassification of papers relevant to foreign policy is practically non-existent. Unlike other countries, which
practice the selective declassification of files more than 20 or 30 years old, Pakistan, while having such rules in
place, does not implement them in the area of foreign policy. This leads to a number of problems for Pakistani
researchers. One problem is that the Pakistani side of the story, the thought process of Pakistan's leaders and
practitioners, is not properly documented. This places a premium on memoirs and reminisces by retired
diplomats and generals, but as memory is a selective medium, the accounts are not necessarily reliable. Another
problem is that even Pakistani authors are compelled to rely on the documents declassified by other countries.
And a third problem is that without adequate documentation, authentic histories of the Pakistani state's foreign
policy are few and far between. Assuming declassification was taken up seriously, the problem of access to the
archives would remain. A foreign policy archive separate from the existing archives or the National
Documentation Centre may be the best way forward and could be taken up by the HEC as a major initiative.
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Domestic Policy and Foreign Policy Linkages:
In the Arthasastra, the ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, Kautilya makes the case that domestic stability and
strength are essential to the pursuit of a vigorous foreign policy. There does not seem to be much appreciation of
this amongst foreign policy practitioners and experts even though Pakistan domestic vulnerability have
repeatedly circumscribed or determined Pakistan's foreign policy decision-making in some areas. In others,
Pakistan's foreign policy has exacerbated the country's internal problems, thus weakening the state it is
supposed to strengthen.
Steps for Improvement:

A number of steps can be taken to improve foreign policy research in Pakistan and relate them more effectively to
Pakistan's problems and interests. First, a greater historical emphasis on the teaching of foreign policy related
courses in universities intended to sensitize graduate students to the patterns and exigencies of South Asian
history. Second, more effective declassification of archival sources on foreign policy can be taken up at the
institutional level. Third, better coordination between foreign policy institutions and academia is required.
Fourth, award of competitive research grants for public sector academics working on foreign policy administered
through universities or directly by the HEC. Fifth, greater emphasis must be placed on language learning for areas
such as the Middle East or the former Soviet Union.
Social Science Research and Tenure Track Scheme: The Case of University of Balochistan
(Dr. Jahangir Achakzai, Associate Dean, Management Sciences/Assistant Professor,
Department of Economics, University of Balochistan, Quetta)
The state of social science research in Pakistan presents a dismal picture. The public sector Universities have been
the main hub of social science research in the country. In the past, due to lack of incentives, there has been less
attraction for the talented lot to join the profession of teaching at universities. Those who were already in the job
were also not actively involved in the research activities for the same reason. In 2002, the HEC took the initiative
by introducing the Tenure Track Scheme with the objective to improve the quality and performance of higher
education institutions in the country by offering higher salaries to more qualified faculty. The Scheme proved a
source for not only encouraging the academics to join the profession but also motivated the existing Social
Scientists to be more productive. The success of the scheme is reflected through the improvement in research
productivity of the faculty as well as the increase in the number of research publications in the universities.
The University of Balochistan was amongst the first few universities in the country which took the lead by
launching the Tenure Track Scheme. The faculty who were productive researchers mainly opted for Tenure Track
Scheme and further increased their research productivity in order to justify their stay in the scheme. The
improvement is reflected not only in the increase in the number of research publications, but also in the quality of
research papers produced by the learned faculty of the university. It is hoped that the same trend would continue
in future; rather it would improve further as a large number of young faculty is returning back to the university
after completing their MS and PhD degrees from abroad. However, the success of the scheme in future would
largely depend on the difference between the rates of incentive offered under Tenure track Scheme in relation to
the pay package under Basic Pay Scale.
The higher the difference the more are the chances for the new faculty to join Tenure Track Scheme and
the existing faculty to stay in the system and be increasingly productive. Due to the recent increase in Basic Pay
Scale, the difference between Tenure Track Scheme and Basic Pay Scale teachers' pay has been reduced, which
not only discouraged new faculty to apply for TTS but also proved a source for the existing faculty under Tenure
Track Scheme to switch back to Basic Pay Scale again, especially in the case of assistant professors. In order to
discourage this trend and make the scheme attractive in the days to come, the difference between the pay
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structures at the time of introduction of the Tenure Track Scheme and Basic Pay Scale has to be maintained by the
HEC.
Ensuring Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: The Relevance of Anthropological

Research
Dr. M. Azam Chaudhary (Associate Professor, National Institute of Pakistan Studies,
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad)
Let me start with a very provocative statement: “Culture is the biggest barrier in ensuring human rights.” Human
rights have an inherent characteristic of being uniform and universal. The basic requirement for ensuring human
rights is the enforcement of the rule of law. It is important for achieving the rule of law that laws are codified and
well known. Cultures are characterized by diversity. Anthropologists believe that every society has its own
distinct culture but that cultures are equal i.e. every culture has its own inherent logic. Anthropological research
aims at finding out and understanding this logic.
There is a close link between culture and law. Law in its practiced form reflects the values and customs of a
society. Anthropologists therefore often compare courts to the market places. The laws adverse to the culture
often become difficult if not impossible to implement. Law of Pakistan provides many examples of this such as
marriage of women to the Quran, daughter's share in the patrimony, honour killings, etc.
This should not be misunderstood to mean that I support any of these customs. In my opinion one major reason
for the gap between codified law and uncodified practices is the absence of legal anthropological research aimed
at understanding the logic in local culture. It will be shown by way of examples from my own research about the
daughter's share in the patrimony and the marriage of a woman to the Quran that these customs are generally
misunderstood.
The common perception is that the fathers/brothers do not give their daughters/sisters their due
share. It is generally argued that to block the transfer of the property daughters/sisters are given in marriage to
the cousins particularly father's brother sons, at least they are married within their biradaris (nearest translation:
patrilineage). The daughters/sisters are kept unmarried if a husband is not found in close family especially among
the feudal and the people belonging to the higher at least highest social hierarchies. Such women may even be
married to the Quran for keeping the property in the family. Exchange marriage known as watta satta is said to be
another way to block transfer of the landed property.
My assumption is that women do not claim their official share of inheritance because the traditional
share is more than the official half share. The traditional share of the sisters/daughters in their father's patrimony
is a very complex phenomenon embedded in the kinship and social structure particularly the relationship of
husband-wife versus brother-sister in the Pakistani society and need to be analyzed and understood in that
context.
Similarly, marriage of a woman to the Quran is not to stop the transfer of property but is a product of
the marriage system practiced in the Punjab and Sindh. The biradari endogamy, cousin marriage and even
marriage to the Quran, in my view, are not arranged to block inheritance claims of the women on the first place.
This is also evident from the fact that most of the conflicts related to land any way take place between cousins
especially patrilateral parallel cousins. The first concern in all such marriages including the watta satta is the
welfare of the daughter/sister and old age insurance.
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Social Sciences and Development
Dr. Mohammad Waseem (Professor of Political Science, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore)
The development of social sciences in Pakistan has been blocked by:

i. lack of theoretical and methodological grounding of both the faculty and students;
ii. ideological orientation, with a focus on the normative rather than empirical research; and
iii. deficit of trust, communication and physical interaction between social scientists and policymakers in
both the state structure and the corporate sector.
There is no community of social scientists in Pakistan, except only a few individual scholars who excel in terms of
their academic writings. Typically, if not universally, social science careers are shaped by non-social scientists.
Social sciences can contribute to development in terms of both policy and practice only when these are
themselves developed or at least developing in a real sense. The social sciences need to be:
a. unshackled from the identity-based approaches at the huge cost of issue-based approaches;
b. free to move beyond style to substance, from technological input to interpretative and analytical output
and from data to theory;
c. grounded in discipline-based periodical meetings and conferences;
d. operative through regular, substantive and multidimensional interaction with Western social scientists;
and
e. privileged to have access to information channels, policy forums of development planners and agenda-
setting platforms such as political parties, parliament, bureaucracy, NGOs and the donor community.
Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: The Role of Media and Civil Society
Dr. Muhammad Qasim Bughio (Pro Vice Chancellor, Mirpur Khas Campus, University of Sindh. Jamshoro)
Cultural diversity and freedom of rights serve as splendour of a society. Providentially, Pakistan is ranked among
those blessed countries where flush of various cultures could be found abundantly but regrettably in current
time period human rights and cultural diversity could not flourish appropriately due to social, political and
religious bigotry which is increasing rapidly.
Even at the international level, people belonging to various cultures are not protected; moreover, they
are treated with indifference. Culture of every civilization is very important to it; therefore, it should not be
ignored at any cost. It is identity of a civilization, so cultural values should find expression in life. Man is the crown
of creation, and is free to live according to his customs and traditions. Rousseau, years ago, successfully raised the
slogan: “Man is born free, but he is in chains everywhere,” he thus attempted to liberate humans from shackles of
exploitation.
This paper explores the importance of various cultures and human rights in a society and explicates how
media and civil society could collectively work for the uplift of human rights in accordance with Rousseau's
propounding. Media is the channel of communication and information. It plays significant role to aware the
masses about kind of things. Basically media works in two ways: it entertains and adds up in public knowledge
about facts and figures. In modern era, media has emerged as a major force in society. What is global civil society?
It is a society which works at the international level for the rights of human beings.
Hundreds are killed everyday in the world, in the name of religion, politics or sovereignty. Moreover, such
brutality is going unnoticed. States are considered all in all. Formation of civil society is an answer to those who
forget the value of human life. Mary Kaldor is one among the chief exponents of individual security and has
brilliantly focused upon this theme in an artistic way. Her book Global Civil Society: An Answer to War ascertains
that Kaldor has pleaded for the urgent need of cooperation from the side of global civil society.
While advocating for the rights of individuals and their security, she said: “We have to think about the
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security of individuals rather than the protection of borders.” Thus the role of media and civil society should be of
a “beacon of light” in the darkness of world. Unfortunately, it has been observed that many organizations work for
the sake of publicity. They are not concerned about solution of problems. Pomp and show should not be the goal
of organizations; rather they should communally work for the welfare of humanity at large with strong conviction
of selflessness.
Developing Institutional Capacity to Strengthen Social Science Research and

Academic Integrity
Dr. Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Jadoon (Director/Professor, Institute of Administrative Sciences,
University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan)
Institutional capacity refers here as the ability of higher education institutions to conduct rigorous and relevant
social research ensuring academic integrity. The principal determinants of institutional capacity for research in
any discipline are trained faculty, availability of research funds, MPhil/PhD programs, and strict observance of
research ethics. How to build such institutional capacity to strengthen social sciences research in Pakistan? This is
the principal question which will be addressed in the presentation. Having observed the low institutional
capacity for research in social sciences in the country, a special emphasis will be made on building collaborative
capacity to conduct rigorous and relevant research with minimum available resources.
The collaboration among social sciences departments within each institution and across institutions
within country and abroad for interdisciplinary research and joint PhD/MPhil programs will be argued as a
mechanism for strengthening social sciences research on issues relevant to our socio-political and economic
context. Two pronged strategy is required to build collaborative capacity. On the one hand, senior professors
need to be proactive in establishing professional links with academics outside their respective
departments/institutions/universities in their field. On the other hand, institutional environment is to be created
by offering incentives for collaborative research within the institution and across national and international
institutions.
Success stories and best practices will be shared with participants. Besides, developing collaborative
capacity, several other institutional measures are recommended including creation of research endowment
funds for social sciences, constitution of research ethics committees, continuous research workshop,
encouraging methodological pluralism, promoting university-community and industry linkages, and creation of
professional bodies in all social sciences.
Problems of Conducting Dissertation Research in Pakistan

Dr Nadia Saleem (Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Lahore, Lahore)
Research is not an easy task; one has to bear the pangs of creativity. This paper aims to closely look at some of the
research-related problems which vary from the emotional and psychological trauma to scarcity of resources.
There are issues of accessibility and reliability of data. A recent HEC report suggests that research degrees are
being offered without the required PhDs on the strength of departments. The paper investigates the roles of the
key players – the supervisor, the student and the peers. It also explores the environment of research and issues of
resources and incentives. Starting from the selection of topic for writing a research proposal to critically
evaluating the performance of the student, the role of the supervisor remains crucial.
Poor skills of the supervisor and lack of interest and inadequate knowledge of the subject make the
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conduct of research difficult and frustrating for the student. Students generally have very low interest and
motivation. They also have poor writing and analytical skills. Involving them in the research activity which is
mandatory is a tedious exercise. The supervisor has to introduce the research students to various networks.
Networking is again difficult because the academics in Pakistan themselves are not affiliated with networks; how
they can do this for their students becomes problematic.
The supervisors are unaware of issue-based research and with limited vision and exposure they are
simply unable to guide the student. Research is an unrewarding and thankless activity, and is considered an extra
burden. Providing a productive feedback to them and convincing them for research-based careers and to making
them aware about their future responsibilities is again a difficult job. Sometimes the supervisory authority is
misused, especially when gender awareness is lacking.
The paper is based on a small, rapid survey which was conducted in various social science departments
across universities. Respondents were research students and their supervisors. Purposive sampling frames were
used for collecting the data and analyzing the research problems in social sciences. The survey highlighted the
following set of issues: emotional and attitudinal issues; maintaining motivational level; interaction with the
students; involvement with the students; social issues in supervision; knowledge gap; spoon-feeding tendency;
issue-based research versus methodology-driven research; access to journals and books; reward of research;
networking; feedback; poor analytical skills; time management; poor citation skills and record of activities;
conceptualization problems; and ethical values of research.
The paper concludes that a proper incentive system can play an important role for encouraging issue-
based research. There is a need to put in place various social networks where supervisor and students can
interact. Administrative support is necessary but is a secondary issue. Emotional and professional support and
environment have the primary role in research activity.
To Teach or Not to Teach: Social Sciences in Pakistani Context

Dr. Nasir Jamal Khattak (Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat)
There is a lack of planning in terms of preparing education-seeking Pakistani youth for the problems of tomorrow.
Following narrow academic tunnels, students pursue their chosen stream of education without much awareness
about the issues their society faces today. The education and knowledge that students acquire hardly ever
translate into their application to society. The subjects that give students some 'idea' of their social environment
are Islamic Studies and Pakistan Studies. Introduced in the eighties, these two are taught as compulsory subjects
from high school to the undergraduate levels in universities in Pakistan in order to induce national integrity and
Islamic identity. They do not seem to have achieved either of the goals.
Both these subjects revolve around narratives which are deeply rooted in the past. They tell tales without
rationally questioning the events. Dissociated from the present; thriving on the “glorious past” that is no more;
these two subjects have overlooked the future; the trinity of time is not only blurred, it is twisted as well. The
students who pass through this kind of educational environment are bound to be lost.
The course contents of these two subjects, which are specifically designed and filtered to promote some
sort of an agenda, supplement and complement each other. Despite some blatant contradictions, the two
subjects do not encourage the spirit to openly and objectively question the contents. Both endorse 'otherization'
and demonization on the one hand and self-righteousness and self-glorification on the other.
All this gives birth to a false self-perception which does not have much to do with reality. The “ideal self”
that Islamic Studies and Pakistan Studies project is far from the immediate reality. The gap between the former
and the latter has a kind of emasculating effect. The immediate reality is too big a challenge for the skills and
ability that the students have. The rhetoric of the pseudo identity that Pakistan Studies and Islamic Studies teach
fails the test to which the changing and challenging times put it. The course contents of Pakistan Studies and
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Islamic Studies need to be drastically revised if not altogether eliminated.
The problems facing Pakistani society today have created an awareness of sorts in the public. The
institutes of higher learning have to evolve interdisciplinary research to help their graduates have a clear and
objective view of their social problems. There is a need to rationalize, re-visit, and re-write the tales we tell;
education, like economics, should not have any religion. The focus should be on the celebration of diversity
rather than on 'otherization' and demonization. Acknowledging the unacknowledged dark side of the country's
short history will only help prioritize the issues facing Pakistan, and perhaps resolve some of them too in the not-
too-distant future.
Credibility Gap in Data for Research on Sustainable Human Development,

Poverty and Inequality
Dr. Pervez Tahir (Former Chief Economist, Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan, Lahore)
Credible and good quality data is the first requirement of research. Since the adoption of an official poverty line
for 2001, data related to poverty, inequality and human development has been a matter of intense debate. This
paper traces the roots of this debate, brings out the roles of individuals and organizations in the management of
data to achieve political objectives and outlines the resultant demise of the integrity of the statistical system. In
particular, the paper focuses on the 'creative' methods employed to show a poverty reduction of as much as 10
percentage points in the short span of 2001-2005. The paper also puts in perspective the recent pause in poverty
estimation. Concluding observations are made on the autonomy of the statistical system to ensure its integrity
and credibility.
The State of Social Sciences in Pakistan

Dr. Rubina Saigol (Independent Researcher on Social Development, Lahore)
The social sciences and humanities have witnessed a global decline. In the past two decades departments of
social sciences and humanities have been closed down due to a shortage of funds and dearth of student interest
in the disciplines of sociology, psychology, anthropology, history, literature or philosophy.
In Pakistan the interest in the social disciplines has waned concomitant with the rise of an overwhelming
focus on IT, Business and Management Sciences. There are several reasons for the decline, however, three
fundamental causes are salient: one, the ascendancy of neo-liberal capitalism with its tendency to promote
managerial thinking, consumerism and market domination; two, the authoritarian state's nationalist ideologies
that inherently prefer a monolithic and fixed view of reality which is amenable to control; third, the rise of all-
encompassing religious fundamentalism which seeks to impose 'one truth' while erasing alternative
explanations of social phenomena.
The result of the decay in social sciences is that the capacity for producing alternative versions of social
existence has been greatly reduced. Social sciences have the potential to produce critical thinking based on
analyses, and an understanding of the competing and multiple paradigms invoked to explain human behaviour
and social relations. Contrary to popular thinking, it is not the hard sciences that have an inherent ability to
produce critical thinking and intellectual challenge. Scientists, engineers and doctors, thoroughly grounded in
the hard sciences, have, with increasing frequency, been observed with a tendency towards fundamentalist
thought and action. The challenge to a singular worldview based on religion, nationalism or neo-liberalism must
arise from social thought that is allowed to flourish freely.
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A study of a cross-spectrum of the social sciences and humanities revealed the dismal state of the social
disciplines. Firstly, there is a severe dearth of funding for social research and academic activities. Secondly, there
are few forums for cross-fertilization owing to a lack of interaction among social scientists through conferences,
meetings and seminars. Thirdly, there are hardly any professional social science associations that promote the
disciplines. Fourth, there are few academically sound and respected journals in which research may be published
and shared. Fifth, the research paradigms and methods used are outdated, mechanical and uninspiring leading
to lowered motivation. As a result of these and other factors, the research produced for MA, MPhil and even PhD
degrees is of a low standard and does not meet the international criteria for publication. The teaching is based on
outmoded models and perspectives with few opportunities for the germination of new ideas and philosophies.
There are few jobs in the market for social science students who end up with low-paying teaching jobs in schools,
colleges or universities. A few manage to get research positions in the development sector but lack the basic skills
and knowledge to conduct meaningful research. The overall consequence of the abysmal state of the social
sciences is that society is deprived of new ideas and fresh perspectives, and fails to challenge the dominant
paradigms that order social existence.
Informal Practice of Legal Norms in Pakistan

Dr. Rubya Mehdi (HEC Foreign Professor, Chief Editor, Journal of Law and Social Research,
Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan)
An informal practice of legal norms is a vast field in Pakistan and it has an historical background from ancient
times. Therefore during the Colonial period a great deal of research was conducted to collect practices of customs
and traditions in vast India. Informal sphere of norms continued playing a central role for the disposition of justice
in Pakistan after independence.
With globalisation and fast means of communication the classical isolation has been broken in villages of
the country. For the last decade penetration of religious conservatism has created another scenario in the
country. My presentation will be about the importance of research in this area for ensuring human rights and
cultural diversity and the role of media and civil society.
Coping Strategies and Life Satisfaction among Older Adults in Pakistan

Dr. Rukhsana Kausar (Department of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore)
Aging has been defined as progressive changes during the adult years that do not necessarily reduce an
individual's viability. In the context of positive aging, one's coping and satisfaction with life holds significant
importance. The ways of coping and life satisfaction have been recognized as important facets of positive aging.
In Pakistan, Older adults and elderly people are the most neglected ones among researchers. However, with
increased awareness, the recognition of physical, psychological and social needs of elderly in Pakistan has begun.
The present study was designed to examine older adults' coping with their ongoing stresses and its relationship
with life satisfaction. It was hypothesized that: the use of active practical and religious coping are likely to have
positive relationship with life satisfaction; and the use of active distractive and avoidance focused coping are
likely to have negative relationship with life satisfaction. The sample comprised of fifty male older adults who
were leading a retired life. The sample was recruited from twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad through snow
ball and convenient sampling procedures.
Coping Strategies Questionnaire and Satisfaction with Life Scale were used for assessment. Data was
analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics i.e. multivariate analysis of variance, paired sample t-test,
30
correlation and regression analyses, etc. Active practical coping and religious coping were used significantly
more than active-distractive and avoidance focused coping. Active practical coping had significant positive
relationship with life satisfaction whereas remaining coping strategies did not show significant relationship with
life satisfaction.
Regression analysis revealed that practical coping was a significant predictor of older adults' satisfaction
with life. Findings of the present study emphasize the importance of coping strategies used by older adults and
have implications for older adults' adjustment to the aging process and retirement. Considering Pakistan a
patriarchal society where a male member is head of the family who takes most of the family decisions, could have
necessitated use of active practical coping strategies by older adults.
Moreover, in the socio-cultural and religious context, retired parents are given respect and their
decisions are honoured particularly in case of those parents who provide monetary assistance to their families
through gratuity, pension and savings. Another important finding was the use of religious focused coping.
People are reported to turn to religion in times of adversity and their inclination towards religion increases in old
age. In the present study, problem focused strategies showed positive relationship with life satisfaction.
Problem-focused coping has been reported as an important determinant of an individual's subjective well being.
Findings of the present study warrant the need for geriatric counselling to help them cope more effectively which
in turn would enhance their satisfaction with life.
Pakistan: Internal Threats and External Challenges

Dr. S. Qalb-i-Abid (Dean, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of the Punjab, Lahore)
Pakistan is facing immense challenges and is fighting on many fronts at the same time. These challenges include:
economic and energy crises, civil-military relations, governance issues, corruption, rising food prices, inflation,
poverty, unemployment and power-sharing tussle between various institutions. The most important challenge,
however, for its leadership is to prove that all negative predictions about Pakistan's future are ill-conceived. The
leadership must address all the challenges, debate these issues at various levels in order to come up with the
answers to demonstrate that Pakistan has got potential to meet the challenges successfully in order to become a
reasonably doing-well and functional state. A united, comprehensive and disciplined response will definitely
shape Pakistan's future.
In some recent studies a very bleak picture of Pakistan's future has been painted concluding that it is a
failed state or a state that is very close to failure; that it is one of the weakest states in the world; that it will collapse
in near future and its nuclear assets will go under the control of the extremists within its Islamized Army. Some
other extreme scenarios for Pakistan are that it is going to be a fragmented state with minimum chances of
survival; that there would be rise of nationalism in Pushtoon, Baloch and Seraiki areas leading to its
Lebanonization.
The other major concern for Pakistan is to appropriately manage its foreign relations with US, India and
China. There is a great deal of mistrust between US and Pakistan due to a number of factors. The growing strategic
and nuclear partnership between India and the United States is having a negative impact on Pakistan. Similarly
US reluctance to upgrade its relationship with Pakistan like US-India nuclear deal is also creating mistrust
between US and Pakistan. Allegations and counter-allegations by CIA and ISI against each other are also a source
of mistrust. The US blames ISI of cooperating with the Taliban in Afghanistan and creating safe havens for them in
Pakistan; and the ISI accuses CIA of cooperating with terrorists' networking against the Pakistani state.
Pakistan has also been threatened that it will be punished if Faisal Shahzad like case happens again in the
United States. The shocking data demonstrates that from a layman to the highest Pakistani leadership, all believe
that the ultimate aim of the US is to destabilize Pakistan and take control of its nuclear assets. Most recently, the
CIA operatives were not allowed free roaming access especially in Balochistan and after the Raymond Davis case,
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it is reported that the ISI and CIA are reviewing their engagement rules of cooperation with each other.
Pakistan's relations with India have become more complicated due to the Indo-Israeli strategic partnership,
intelligence-sharing and adding into that is the deepening cooperation between US and India. There is a long
history of animosity between India and Pakistan including the wars and mini wars such as 1948, 1965 and 1971,
Kargil 1999, India-Pakistan standoff 2002, exchange of nuclear threats, Kashmir dispute, water-resource rivalries
and most recently India-Pakistan rivalry for influence in Afghanistan and Indian involvement in Balochistan
insurgency.
India has threatened Pakistan that a Mumbai like attack in India will invite massive/ disproportionate
action against Pakistan. Some think-tanks have even predicted possibility of a war between India and Pakistan in
next 10-15 years. In the meantime, India is on its way to become a great power by 2025, also demanding a
permanent seat on the Security Council. These areas are a big challenge for Pakistan to address.
Pakistan needs to have deeper ties with China, because the China factor in Pakistan's foreign policy has
always been a source of comfort and relief. China-Pakistan friendship is the world's most enduring relationship
for the last fifty years, commonly used phrase is that China is a natural ally for Pakistan, that China is an all-weather
friend, and that Chinese friendship is time-tested and is “higher than mountains and deeper than the oceans”.
China is the largest investor in Pakistan cooperating in all areas including energy and so far it has proved to be a
guarantor of security against India. But now China is showing greater flexibility in conducting its international
relations; it has upgraded its relationship with US and India which has to be addressed by the policymakers to be
in the best interests of Pakistan.
Pakistan needs to have a creative, innovative and incorruptible leadership with a vision to respond to all
the internal threats and external challenges; it needs to utilize all the potentials and sources to achieve its goals as
envisioned by its founding father Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Ensuring Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: The Role of Media and Civil Society
Dr. Sajjad Ahmad Paracha (Assistant Professor, Department of Media Studies,
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur)
The concept of human rights and cultural diversity is deep rooted in the history of human civilization. To
understand the role of media in these phenomena needs to study the relationship of media and society because
the media always take the form and coloration of social and political structures within which they operate.
Especially, they reflect the system of social control whereby the relations of individual and institutions are
adjusted. To discuss the role of media in true perspective, one must look at the social systems in which the media
function.
In authoritarian societies, mass media were assigned a specific role and were subjected to controls in
order not to interfere with the achievement of ultimate ends through the state. Licensing, censorship and
persecution were the main instruments to control the media under authoritarian system.
Under the libertarian concept, the functions of the mass media are to inform, educate, entertain, and to
provide basis of economic support through sales and advertising function. Basically the underlying purpose of
the media was to help discover truth, to assist in the process of solving political and social problems by
presenting all manner of evidence and opinion as the basis for decisions. The essential characteristic of this
process was its freedom from government controls or domination. Thus media were charged with the duty of
keeping government from overstepping its bounds. It was to provide that check on government, which no other
institution could provide.
The right and duty of the media in democratic society is to serve as a check on government. The media
was to keep officers of the state from abusing or exceeding their authority. It was to be the watchdog over the
workings of democracy, ever vigilant to spot and expose any arbitrary or authoritarian practice. And to fulfil this
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function adequately, the media had to be completely free from government control or domination by those
elements, which it was to guard against.
Because liberalism was forced to struggle for several centuries against authoritarianism, it considered
the established government its greatest enemy. Government authority, however, could be made to serve the
interests of liberalism if strong and effective checks on its use could be found. Media together with other
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institutions such as judiciary, opposition parties and civil society could fulfil this function. The 20 century,
however, brought a gradual shift away from pure libertarianism to the social responsibility theory of the media.
In Pakistan, independent media are essential for protecting and ensuring human rights. However, the media are
often complicit in covering up human rights abuses by governments and social groups. There is a dire need that
media should promote more awareness among the masses regarding their rights and concomitant
responsibilities. Pakistan is a multi-cultural country; these cultures should be promoted in a way that results in
harmony, peace and solidarity.
In view of the above, it is suggested that the higher education institutions should be strengthened so
that they become fully capable to prepare such media professionals who could fulfil their responsibilities to cope
with the challenges of ensuring human rights and cultural diversity in a civilized society.
Educational Marginalization and Issue of Equity

Dr. Shahid Siddiqui (Professor/Director, Centre for Humanities and Social Sciences,
Lahore School of Economics, Lahore)
This paper focuses on education as a tool of power that can play a crucial role in enhancing the life chances of
learners. One of the important objectives of education is to reduce the economic differences in a society. This,
however, can only be realized through provision of equal educational opportunities to diffident strata of society.
Realizing the potent linkage between education and life chances, the dominant groups in society always tried to
deprive the marginalized groups of their right to education. Historically, education as a right was denied to
certain groups on the pretexts of race, gender, class, location, and religion.
This deprivation from education led to their economic poverty and negatively impacted their image in
the society. It is important to note that impact of education is not just confined to the individual's job, but it leads
to one's recognition, respect and ultimately one's influence in a certain society. Thus less economic resources
may lead to educational marginalization which leads to less life chances. In the current educational scenario
where the rich are getting richer and the poor are becoming poorer, it is important that we should be focusing on
the question of equity i.e. 'equal opportunities to pursue a life of their choosing and be spared from extreme
deprivation in outcomes.”
The paper underlines the need to work for reducing the physical and academic differences between the
elite schools and the mainstream public schools. Enhanced funding, more physical facilities, better
management, and effective accountability are some areas that need attention of public schools. This also means
giving extra help, facilities, and encouragement to the downtrodden to enhance their life chances. It is only
through quality education that the have-nots can get recognition, respect, and power to influence decision-
making.
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Social Scientists as Public Intellectuals
Dr. Shuja Alhaq (HEC Foreign Professor, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad)
The Background Note of this conference presents a damning critique of Pakistani social scientists. In no uncertain
terms, it holds them responsible not only for 'the dismal state of social sciences in Pakistan', and 'lack of such
empirical data that truly analyze the Pakistani society,' but also for 'declining status of institutions, particularly
academic institutions,' while continuing 'to apply borrowed theoretical constructs and arguments to Pakistani
conditions without questioning, debating or commenting on the relevance and validity of the theory itself.'
And yet it would be hard for any social scientist in this conference to dispute any of these indictments.
Perhaps the most powerful indicator of the failure of Pakistani social scientific community in carrying out their
professional responsibility is the decline of the culture of critical, scientific discourse to which the Background
Note again refers. It has led to such rise of intolerance and extremism in our society that it threatens the very fabric
of the polity or social structure in which scientific discourse can take place.
To put it in stark terms, the last few decades have seen a steady increase in the power of the religious
intelligentsia, which openly professes its hostility to the scientific perspective, in almost all of our social
institutions. It would be no exaggeration to suggest that it is the single most internal challenge that Pakistani
state as a modern democratic institution faces at the moment, for every social scientist knows that democracy or
pluralism and science are historically the two sides of the same coin.
In this paper, an attempt is made to locate the sources of this predicament while suggesting the means
and measures to overcome it. Perhaps one of the most pervasive attitudes among the social scientific community
in this country is to place the whole responsibility of creating a progressive, enlightened polity on the shoulders
of the state and the government. But what we fail to see is that the very functioning of the state and government
in advanced Western societies assumes a broad, public consensus created by the social scientific community
over some core values. Some of the most fundamental of these values, we may remember, derive from the faith
that science enables man not only to bring natural forces at his service but also to regulate social forces according
to his will.
What I am suggesting, in other words, is that even though most of the social scientific community in
Pakistan and in the Islamic world in general may believe in the power of natural science to harness natural forces
for human benefit, it remains deeply ambivalent towards social science's claim to govern society in the interests
of all-round development of its members. Such ambivalence, it would be easier to see, has steadily led to the rise
of the religious intelligentsia as the chief public intellectuals of our country, which in its turn has made us a
laughing stock of the world.
Still, as a member of the social scientific community of this country and of the Islamic world, I attempt in
this paper to establish the hypothesis that all the blame for such ambivalence may not rest entirely on the
Pakistani and Islamic social scientific community. For it equally rests on the conception, or as the historian of
science Thomas Kuhn put it, the established 'image' of science itself that emerged after the Enlightenment.
This conception, to which modern Western academy adheres, and dogmatically expounded by the
physicists like Pervez Hoodbhoy in our midst and biologists like Richard Dawkins in the West, stands, in a word, on
an irreconcilable conflict between science and religion, or between man and God. It is for this very reason that the
Islamic social scientific community is reluctant to consider science as instrumental in all round development of
human individual. Religion might have become irrelevant in the trajectory of Western history, but it has by no
means become irrelevant in the trajectory of the history of the Islamic and of the non-Western peoples in general.
Now one of the most important empirical facts of our times of which most social scientists in this part of the world
seem unaware is what is known as crisis in social sciences born chiefly from the awareness within the Western
scientific community during the later half of the last century that science has indeed failed to deliver all that it
promised when it rejected religion as a relic of man's primeval ignorance.
While examining the nature of this crisis, we will also endeavour to show the developments within
science, chiefly in physics with the scientific revolution of the early twentieth century, and which have largely
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remained unnoticed to this date. These developments, it is argued, enable us, the social scientific community of
Pakistan and of the Islamic world in general, to draw a new image of science, especially in the light of the
anthropological theory, which overcomes the presumed antithesis between science and religion. To sum up,
only by the fulfilment of such critical, historical task the social scientific community in this part of the world will
overcome its ambivalence towards science and become a potent social force both locally and globally.
Some Observations on Social Science Research in Pakistan

Dr. Wolfgang-Peter Zingel (National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad)
Panel IV on New Developments in Social Science Research Techniques and Methodologies is to deal with new
developments in social science research techniques and methodologies. My concern is what has been
researched on and how research is being pursued in the field of South Asian studies in general and of Pakistan
studies in particular, inside and outside the country, rather than just what is new and trendy. As a member of an
institute, i.e. the South Asia Institute of Heidelberg University, Germany, that was set up half a century ago to
study South Asia in an interdisciplinary way, I feel tempted to do that. I am aware of the fact that as an economist
and outsider my assessment may be rightfully considered to be biased.
The fields of academic interest to some extent depend on the economic and political environment of the
social scientist. Career prospects determine the choice of the subject as well as the methods. The availability of
generous research funds for some topics and hardly any money for others play an eminent role in a country
where the teaching load can be heavy and where private means are lacking. Interdisciplinary research needs a
deeper understanding of concepts, approaches, and terminology of other disciplines and the insight that there
are no lead and supportive disciplines, and that we all need to learn from each other. Research must not be
hierarchical: Too much insight is lost, if field work, analysis and reporting is done by different people.
Quantitative and qualitative research have to go hand in hand, and last but not least, social science
research needs international comparison. There are economies and societies to be studied inside and outside of
the region. Finally, it should be profitable to do more research on research itself: Not only who is doing what and
how much has been published and where, but also how research results find entry into policy making and
teaching. If it does not exist already, a well monitored website for social science research findings might be
helpful. It would be much cheaper than a printed journal and would be instantly accessible everywhere.
As for methods, short lectures/films on relevant methods and their application could be put on the same
platform or on YouTube. Given the language constraints of students, explanations should be given in English and
Urdu. Some quality control might help which could be exacted by the HEC or by academic institutions in the
country assigned by the HEC. In order to create awareness and improve understanding, the abstracts of research
articles should be also available in the national language, i.e. Urdu.
Deficiencies and Solutions for Conducting Research in Pakistani Universities

Dr. Yasmin Nilofer Farooqi (Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore)
Unfortunately, our doctoral scholars lack the basic research skills and hands-on training on how to conduct
research within the boundaries of code of ethics and in the context of diverse psychological, sociological, cultural
and religious background; how to analyze data statistically or qualitatively; and how to apply research findings to
solve our own unique and indigenous psychological, sociological, political and economic problems with a
multidisciplinary approach.
Ironically enough, our universities fail to promote development of critical thinking, creativity, freedom of
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expression, multidisciplinary problem-solving approach and analytical reasoning among social scientists -
probably due to lack of research culture; limited financial resources; an acute shortage of well-trained and
competent faculty; ill-equipped laboratories, dismal state of our libraries and outdated computer rooms even
during this age of rapid advancement of science and information technology. Our libraries lack the resources
necessary to purchase the authentic latest books and journals on Research Methods in social sciences so that our
students are fully aware of the new trends in research methods as a result of a paradigm shift toward
multidisciplinary Holistic Approach in the field of social sciences.
Furthermore, a general lack of interest and non-encouraging environment for social science research in
our universities has resulted in woefully inadequate theoretical and empirical research in social sciences that fails
to truly address and analyze the unique Pakistani problems. It is pathetic that our universities are facing an
alarming shortage of social science researchers who are thoroughly trained and fully competent in the areas of
statistics, measurement and research methods.
Consequently, the Pakistani social science researchers often lack qualitative and quantitative
measurement skills which are necessary to conduct indigenous research and interpret research findings in the
context of our rapidly changing society with multiple psychosocial, economic, political, cultural and religious
conflicts. It may be argued that lack of research culture and freedom of expression has further reinforced the
habit of borrowing theories, constructs, instruments, testing materials from the advanced countries without
even questioning, debating or commenting on their reliability and validity for the Pakistani population.
Remember, it is not just memorizing formulas and doing cook-booking, which is what our doctoral
students in the fields of psychology, economics, social work, sociology, education, anthropology, media, history,
public administration and international relation often do in their research and statistics classes. In fact, there is
more to critically analyzing data than plugging it into a software package.
We have to teach our students how to interpret what comes out and do a careful check about whether or
not the results make sense in our own unique socio-cultural context. Thus, it is imperative that doctoral teaching
and training in qualitative and quantitative methods for conducting research in the social sciences must make
our university students really think with a creative mindset and professional integrity about the indigenous data
and learn the necessary skills that they will need to collect, analyze and understand data as well as report their
research findings honestly in the best interest of the people of Pakistan.
This paper explores the current scenario at the Pakistani universities and suggests ways to improve
supervision of research projects, teaching and training of the future social scientists in quantitative and
qualitative research methods as well as ethics of social sciences, so that the policymakers and the people of
Pakistan could benefit from their expertise in the long run.
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5
Abstracts of PhD Students
Theoretical Perspective for Researching a University Research Culture

Mr. Ahmad Sohail Lodhi (Lecturer, University of the Punjab, Lahore)
This paper presents theoretical perspectives on university research culture that is a part of my ongoing PhD
study. The study aims to understand precisely and conceptualize clearly the meaning of the notion of 'research
culture'. Moreover it also presents a theoretical framework that has an ability to investigate and explain the
interplay of various aspects: individual, social and environmental dimensions of university research culture.
A vibrant and sustained research culture is one of the common characteristics of all prestigious and highly-rated
universities in the contemporary world of knowledge. Despite its importance, the notion of research culture
seems to be a vaguely-defined and under-examined area in the existing academic literature. However, the
popular concept of 'organisational culture' offers two approaches: variable approach and root metaphoric
approach that may be applied to study a university research culture.
On the one hand, the adoption of culture-as-a-variable approach to investigate the phenomenon may
neglect the context-specific stimuli because it only considers the objective opinions of the academics about
predefined elements of research culture. On the other hand, root metaphoric traditions to examine the
organizational culture overemphasize the individual component and undermines the importance of social
demotion.
Therefore, it is also unable to provide solid theoretical foundations for conceptualizing the very concept
of university research culture. Moreover, the complex and dynamic mediation process between academics,
social and environmental domains of research culture remain unexplained regardless of whether these
approaches are applied together or separately.
In this scenario, Archer's morphogenetic approach and her recent work seems a suitable option in order
to investigate the notion of research culture. This approach was originally developed in the context of sociology
to offer an explanatory framework for cultural analysis. Unlike to other approaches for social analysis, it gives
equal prominence to individual, social and environmental dimensions of a social event.
By re-contextualizing the morphogenetic approach, this paper will propose a framework that will not
only conceptualize the notion of research culture but also supply a detailed template to examine the interplay
between various domains of research culture. Moreover, Evans' researcher development model will guide the
process of re-contextualization of the morphogenetic approach. This study will be significant to understand
research in a university. By understanding the factors affecting research culture, the management of a university
can refine their strategies for developing the research culture. Finally, this study may be a good contribution to
the limited body of knowledge on this topic.
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Gender and Organizational Practices in Public Sector Organizations:
A case of University of the Punjab, Lahore
Ms. Amani Moazzam Baig Mirza (Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore)
The thesis presents the finding of a case study conducted to explore the gendered organizational practices in
Pakistani organizations using Punjab University as a case in point. Taking organizational practices prevailing in
the university and using a gender lens, a comprehensive analysis was conducted. Punjab University being the
oldest and the highest seat of learning was selected as a case to analyze the organizational practices in a public
sector organization with 70% female representation into different academic programs.
Drawing from the concept of the Gender Organization System (GOS) and another conceptual framework
offered by Camilleri, the study discusses the implementation of an indigenous model especially developed for
Pakistani organizations. The study utilized both quantitative and qualitative measures for data collection and
analysis. In all, 280 respondents from the faculty of the university – both male and female – filled out the survey
questionnaires. The survey was also supported by semi-structured interviews conducted of the faculty and was
supported by other secondary sources of data.
The study explored and analyzed the reasons why there were so few women in the top echelons of higher
education particularly when the number of female faculty is on the rise. All the data collected provided a holistic
view of the HR practices of the university with the results pointing at three levels i.e., organizational, individual
and societal, with the societal factors being one of the top reasons for the lack of female representation at the top
levels of academia.
The findings revealed that the major organizational practices of Organizational Commitment (OC),
promotion opportunities, motivating factors, equal representation, diversity management, political skill and
networking are all affected by gender. It was also observed that meritocracy was an issue irrespective of gender,
however, subtle biases existed towards representation of females, though overt discrimination was not observed
very obviously at least not in major cases.
At the individual level the self-perception of an individual and the academia were one of the major
factors which led to the lack of female representation in public sector universities. Familial support has also been
recognized as an important factor for possible female progression in careers of their choice. At the societal level,
the basic culture of the country and its values have been recognized as a main contributor to female
underrepresentation in academia. Even though the Government of Pakistan has initiated programs and passed
legislations to make the workplace harassment-free, their implementation is yet to be seen.
The study presents useful recommendations to combat covert forms of discrimination such as greater
number of female administrative staff, increase in representation of females in different bodies, gender
sensitization of major educational departments along with student sensitization, in view of equitable gender
participation in academia.
Party Politics in Pakistan: A Case Study of PML (N), 1993-2008

Mr. Amjad Abbas Khan (Pakistan Study Centre, University of the Punjab, Lahore)
The success of the democratic institutions relies on the ability and organized performance of the political parties.
The institutionalization of political parties is necessary for the political stability of the societies. There is a great
need to analyze the form and substance of the country's political parties, especially those who have the ability to
influence the politics. It seems important to bring out the past, present and the future role of the political parties.
In Pakistan, unfortunately, political institutions have not been fully institutionalized. The civil-military
establishment is more organized and institutionalized than the political parties. The long stay in power of military
38
dictators, like General Ayub Khan, Yahya Khan, General Zia ul Haq and General Musharraf, has also affected the
growth and development of political parties in an institutionalized manner. Moreover, the leadership – rather
than the party ideologies – has a final say in the political parties. The present attempt is an effort to analyze the
Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) as a political party and its role in the national party politics.
The PML(N) is one of the leading political parties of Pakistan. The party's critics take exception to its status
as a national party with a mass following and its role in the party politics. So it seems necessary to analyze the
dynamics of the PML(N) with an objective angle in order to give a clear picture of its potential as a national party
on the basis of its past achievements and its present role in the politics of Pakistan. The rise and growth of the
PML(N) requires scholarly research. Until 1993, the party remained the favourite of the Establishment, but in
1993, under the leadership of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, it transformed into an anti-establishment party.
In Pakistan political parties are not well organized. The parties, including the PML(N), are leader-specific
rather than worker-oriented. The absence of elections in the parties has weakened the overall party politics in
Pakistan. Though still not an institutionalized political party, the PML(N) has had a mass following. The party has
gone through various phases. Initially it capitalized on anti-Bhutto vote bank, but later its leader Nawaz Sharif
developed his own following in the conservative middle class due to certain policies and measures. The
leadership of Nawaz Sharif has been a key factor in extending the support base of the PML(N). The present study
focuses on analyzing the role of the PML(N) in the national party politics of Pakistan from 1993 to the general
elections of 2008.
The current grave situation in our homeland may also be attributed to the failure of political parties to
deliver. The political parties in the past succumbed to narrow interests of the power game. They looked towards
the civil-military bureaucracy to reach the corridors of power, which resulted in the weakening of the democratic
institutions in the polity of Pakistan. The stability of the polity is directly related to the strengthening of the party
system. Corruption, division, instability and susceptibility to outside influence are all symptoms of a weak party
system. The political parties should work for the strengthening of the democratic institutions and values. Leaders
are directly responsible for the democratization of the parties. They must recognize their earnest duty to take the
homeland out of this precarious situation.
School Texts and Gender Socialization: Problems and Challenges

Mr. Arab Naz (Head, Department of Sociology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower)
In the recent past, gender development and empowerment has emerged as a key issue for social scientists as no
society can progress and prosper without it. Various agencies are on the run to attain gender balance and to allow
reasonable space to women to contribute their part in society. Among them, the significance of school is pivotal
in bridging the gender gap. This paper argues that school education mainly relies on prescribed textbooks to
train and educate the masses and to allow them to project their future. The textbooks in turn contain material
which presents and portrays life as normal, natural and obvious.
This paper analyzes the language and content of these books to explore the pattern of gender
socialization. The study is based on qualitative analysis of 42 textbooks ranging from grade I to grade X taught at
state-owned and private-run schools in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa including textbooks of English,
Urdu and Pashto. The analysis of data collected through library method contends that the textbooks, mainly
vehicled by language and contextualized pictures, attempt to portray gender roles and identities and socialize
students in their respective gender roles.
This paper highlights the inadequacies and deficiencies of the textbooks to truly portray and project
gender roles. In this context, it argues that on the one hand the text is predominantly masculine creation and on
the other it is in the grip of the local patriarchal culture. Consequently, the textbooks are marked by gender
disparities and underrepresentation of feminine gender.
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With reference to the words and labels incorporated in the textbooks, it is viewed that they serve as means to
preserve age-old gender inequalities manipulated and exploited by vested interest groups to erect a predefined
gender-biased social structure. Last but not the least, this papers also explores the challenges faced by our nation
particularly policy makers to bring the textbooks at par with global gender expectations.
Role of Social Support in Coping with Chronic Illness

Ms. Bushra Yasmeen (Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore)
The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to explore the role of social support (emotional, informational,
material and instrumental) in coping (physical, psychological and behavioural) and the subjective feeling of well-
being during chronic illness. The study is focused on two chronic diseases: heart and kidney. It was conducted on
the chronic patients who were taking treatment from government hospitals that were providing maximum
treatment services to all the citizens of Lahore. The respondents included 275 patients of both sexes (131 of heart
and 144 of kidney).
The main objective of the study was to examine the role of social support in coping with chronic illnesses
and the subjective feeling of well-being. Interviews were conducted with the patients to provide context to the
findings from the survey data. The results of the present study showed that age and gender among socio-
demographic variables indicated a significant effect on all facets of social support whereas education
significantly affected coping strategies.
Male and female respondents differed in received support but not in their coping strategies. Correlation
analysis suggested a positive strong relationship among all four facets of social support. Multiple regression
analysis results showed that emotional and informational social support work well in behavioural coping. All four
facets of social support showed positive influence on the psychological coping while instrumental social support
influenced the physical coping.
Overall, the findings suggested that behavioural coping has direct strong influence on the subjective
feeling of well-being as compared to physical and psychological coping. Behavioural coping also directly
influenced the physical coping. Subjective feeling of well-being was significantly associated with the
behavioural coping, but there was no significant relationship between subjective feeling of well-being and
physical and psychological coping.
Correctional Treatment of Offenders in Pakistan

Mr. Mazhar Hussain Bhutta (Department of Sociology, University of the Punjab, Lahore)
Community-based rehabilitation of offenders has got tremendous significance in criminal justice system as the
world sharply moved away from retributive to rehabilitative justice. It offers an effective strategy for achieving
the expected aim of justice that it is best achieved by a constructive community correctional program. The
concept of offender treatment in the community maintains that if the offender is to change, a comprehensive
effort must be employed that addresses the individual, his or her family and the influences that are directed
towards that family. On moral grounds, rehabilitation is the only justification of punishment that obligates the
state to care for an offender's needs
In this regard, probation/parole systems have been devised to meet the requirements of community-
based rehabilitation system. The philosophy of Probation/Parole system rests on the premise that punishment
only does not and cannot correct the criminals or protect the community. According to Probation of Offender
Ordinance Pakistan (1960), Probation is the postponement of final judgment or sentence in a criminal case,
40
giving the offender an opportunity to improve his/her conduct to readjust in the community, on conditions
imposed by the court and under the guidance and supervision of an officer of the court.
The parole is the early release of good conduct prisoners/offenders who have completed mandatory
period of substantive sentence as required under the Good Conduct Prisoner's Probation Release Act, 1926 and
Rules 1927 that provide for release of good prisoners on conditions imposed by the government. This is
commonly known as conditional release or Parole release.
The community-based justice has the following benefits: to reduce overcrowding in prisons and prevent
escalation of detention costs; to ensure public safety and security through effective supervision and control over
offenders who serve their sentences in the community to enhance rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders
into the community in order to strengthen their ability to live peacefully with other in the community setting; to
avoid an escalation in deviant behaviour when new offenders are mixed with hardened criminals.
The probationer/parolees must be linked to a range of services involved in the community and tied to the
family and other social institutions. The goal is to morally strengthen the individual, the family, and the
community. Communities must be stable and offer a decent and dignified existence as the fruits of respectable
and cooperative behaviour.
The Probation of Offenders Ordinance (1960) was promulgated by the President of Pakistan for
correctional treatment of offenders. The task of supervision and treatment of offenders on probation/parole has
been assigned to Reclamation and Probation (R&P) departments in four provinces of Pakistan. Unfortunately, the
R&P departments are facing legal, financial, professional and technical problems in realization of goals of
rehabilitative justice.
Consequently, probation/parole officers lack professional orientation, conceptual clarity, motivational
work environment, innovative correctional skills and training. The researcher has tried to explore the gaps
between the concept/philosophy and 'what works' situation of probation and parole system in Pakistan. The
research reveals that probation and parole systems have been a most neglected area of criminal justice system in
Pakistan.
In the recent past, the Chief Justice of Pakistan during the Committee meeting under National Judicial
Policy observed that the benefits of parole/probation laws are not being extended to the deserving good
conduct convicts/offenders. Research-based suggestions for reinvigorating probation and parole system in
Pakistan are also included in the paper.
Statistical Modelling for Determining the Risk Factors of Hepatitis C in Punjab, Pakistan
Mr. Muhammad Ghias (Department of Statistics, Government College University, Lahore)
Statistics plays a pivotal role in every field of human activity whether it is from social sciences or natural sciences.
Every quantitative research which is based on data cannot be finalized without the application of appropriate
statistical tools. Now statistics holds a central position in almost every field like Industry, Commerce, Trade,
Physics, Chemistry, Economics, Mathematics, Biology, Botany, Psychology, Astronomy and Medicine.
In this thesis, we aim to find out the statistically significant associated risk factors with hepatitis C in
Punjab and their predictive strength by using the statistical models. Hepatitis C is a worldwide viral disease
caused by HCV virus. It is common all over the world more particularly so in Pakistan. It is a slowly developing
blood-born disease that severely affects the liver cells and may create health complications.
It was estimated that about 200 million people are infected with HCV virus worldwide. Pakistan is a
developing country of 170 million people with low health and educational standards. In Pakistan about 10
million people are presumed to be infected with HCV. The prevalence of HCV in Pakistan is 4 to 6 percent, while a
community-based study in Hafizabad (Punjab) revealed the figure to be 6.5 percent. In another study, sero-
prevalence of hepatitis C was found to be 5-8 percent.
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This case-control study will be done to evaluate the current status of risk factors for acquisition in patients having
a positive serological evidence of HCV in the general population of Punjab, Pakistan. In the absence of a vaccine,
the only valuable option is the development of a well-built prevention program which can address the increasing
burden of HCV in developing countries like Pakistan. It can only be implemented if accurate risk factor
assessment is done satisfactorily in these countries. Hence after the completion of this study, comprehensive
knowledge and awareness can be provided to the people of our society enabling us to save precious human lives.
Adverse Health Experiences, Risk Perception and Pesticide Use Behavior

Mr. Muhammad Khan (School of Economics Sciences, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology,
Islamabad)
For Pakistan's economy, agriculture is the most important sector. It contributes about 22 percent of the gross
domestic product (GDP) and employs 45 percent of the national employed labour force. It supports directly or
indirectly about 65 percent of the population living in rural areas for their sustenance. It also contributes about 65
percent to total export earnings derived from raw and processed agricultural commodities.
It is evident that pesticides are used for some obvious benefits. However, their use leads to negative
externalities for the farmers and the society. Negative externalities may include serious effects on human health,
loss of biodiversity, degradation of natural ecosystems and irreversible changes in the environment. Various
kinds of pesticides have been used on a large scale in Pakistan since the early 1950s to protect crops from
damages inflicted by insects and diseases. After liberalization of pesticides in 1980, pesticide use increased
dramatically in Pakistan reaching 117,513 metric tonnes in 2005 which was only 12,530 metric tonnes in 1985.
The massive increase in pesticide consumption is not translated into productivity improvements, but rather
accompanied by a huge cost in terms of human health and degradation of the environment.
It is well established that the use of pesticides on the farm is largely governed by voluntary behaviour.
Therefore, it is important to understand what drives farmer's behaviour of pesticide use. Such information is
critical to identify the prospects and constraints to the adoption of alternative crop protection policy. According
to microeconomic consumer theory, individuals make choices following their preferences. However, economic
theory does not focus the processes of individuals' reasoning behind such choices.
Cognitive models in Public Health and Social Psychology argue that persons who have had adverse
health experiences are likely to undertake greater preventive behaviour. This study combines an approach from
social psychology with microeconomic consumer theory to understand individuals' reasoning behind their
decisions. Further, it also examines the health implications of pesticide use as caused by behaviour of the farmers
which help to inform policy makers about productivity reducing effects of pesticide use.
A survey of 318 farmers in Vehari and Lodhran districts of Southern Punjab was drawn. Results indicate
that farmers are frequently exposed to pesticides. Over 90 percent farmers reported at least one health problem
in district Lodhran, whereas in district Vehari, almost 80 percent farmers reported the same. However, they
appeared to give low priority to health considerations and grossly underestimating pesticides' health risk where
almost all the farmers did not visit hospital or doctor for proper medication.
This misperception is largely translated into practical behaviour where farmers were found heavily
skewed towards pesticide use for pest management and the use of protective measures to avoid direct exposure
of pesticides is not sufficient. Low level of education combined with cultural/local beliefs regarding health effects
of pesticide use is the main reason of this comportment. Moreover, about 80 percent pesticides used in the study
area are highly or moderately hazardous. In terms of crops, cotton alone received over 70 percent of total
quantity of pesticides.
A similar pattern appeared in terms of toxicity, where cotton consumed over 88 percent of highly
hazardous and moderately hazardous pesticides. Farmers were found to be overusing pesticides. They were also
42
found applying pesticides very frequently. During the survey, 73 percent of them reported that they applied
pesticide more than 10 times on cotton in a season. The spray frequency is as high as 16 on cotton crop in one
season. There is a dearth of formal training and information on proper use and safe handling of pesticides. Most of
the farmers did not know about Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Hardly few of them are using it which helps
them reduce dependence on pesticides.
The analysis supports the hypothesis that farmers who have had negative health experiences related to
pesticide use are more likely to have heightened risk perceptions than farmers who have not experienced such
problems. Education and training are also important determinant of risk perception. An association also existed
between the experience of health problems and the use of protective measures.
The results, however, do not support the hypothesis that the farmers who have had negative health
effects from pesticide use are more likely to adopt alternative pest management practices. This however does not
mean that farmers who have had such experiences do not care about the effects of pesticide use. The lack of
information or access to alternative pest management practices is the likely reason. The Contingent Valuation
(CV) analysis shows that farmers are willing to pay premium for safer alternatives to pesticides, which supports
our argument.
Finally, the nresearch findings have some important implications; for example, the empirical relation that
appears to exist between training of safe handling and Alternative Pest Management (APM) would suggest that
trained farmers significantly and effectively substitute IPM for pesticide use. Hence, to improve awareness,
necessary for better choices of pesticide use, specific and relevant information regarding the health effects and
environmental risks of using pesticide should be provided to farmers through training programs.
For this, the government should restructure current pro-pesticide extension system and design effective
outreach programs, such as farmer field schools which deal specifically with health risks of pesticide use, averting
behaviour and better management of pests. One such program (e.g. National IPM Program) is already in place but
with limited coverage which needs to be strengthened and broadened through increased efforts by government
and NGOs to educate farmers which may help reduce dependency on pesticide while at the same time
maintaining or improving production. Further, policy interventions should also include the restructuring of
incentives and punishment to reduce availability of highly toxic insecticides.
Role of Human Resource Development in the Industrial Development of Pakistan:

A Case Study of Pakistan Telecommunication Industry
Mr. Nadeem Malik (Lecturer, Department of Commerce, University of Balochistan Quetta)
The telecom sector is widely growing and substantially contributing to the GDP of Pakistan. Telecommunication
industry services promote economic and human resource development by serving as a medium that facilitates
the acquisition and transportation of information in cost-effective ways while minimizing the obstacles of
distance and time which directly and indirectly improve the human resource development of the country. The
telecommunication in Pakistan is currently going through a period of transition as technological advances and
liberalization of the industry move the industry into position to survive and compete in an increasingly
competitive world and regional environment.
Pakistan has opened up the telecom market in 2003 to private operators for fixed line and the cellular
mobile sector. As a result, the telecom sector has emerged as one of the fastest growing sectors in the region. The
intense competition has resulted into lowering of tariffs and other costs. The number of telephone users has
multiplied rapidly in the country. Fair implementation of telecom deregulation policy has shown positive impact
on foreign direct investment in telecom sector, number of subscribers, employment creation teledensity and on
total revenue of telecom sector. Reduction in telecom tariffs and the telecom sector's contribution to the national
43
exchequer have also been remarkable.
The trends and means of telecommunication are changing rapidly bringing improvement in the overall economy
of the country. Telecom industry is booming throughout the country as two million mobile subscribers were
added every month throughout the last year. The telecommunication sector has significantly contributed
towards stable national economy thus letting its benefits reach every nook and corner of the country.
Communication in this millennium has become the name of the game. De-regulation of telecommunications has
created a chain reaction of economic prosperity and innovation in new communication technologies is uplifting
the societies both at government and public levels.
The present study was conducted on two perspectives: macro and micro. In macro perspective, the study
measured the impact of telecom industry upon the economy which included inflow of foreign direct investment
(FDI), share of the industry in the GDP, employment opportunities created and revenue contributed in the
national exchequer. Specifically the impact of telecom industry was measured on the common man of all income
groups through questionnaire survey technique. Collected responses from 150 people belonging to different
income groups, showed positive impact as the cost of call is reduced. Now the cost of telecom services is
affordable for all and the cellular mobile previously considered as luxurious item now is a consumer item.
Similarly in micro perspective, the study was conducted to investigate the impact of HRD practices on
perceived organizational performance. Six HRD practices – training and development, performance
management and development, career and development, succession planning, compensation, selection, were
taken as independent variables while perceived organizational performance as dependent variable. Through
questionnaire survey, responses of 223 employees working in different telecom organizations were collected,
which showed that HRD practices are being implemented as the key contributor to the enhanced organizational
performance in the telecom sector while training and selection were found significantly related with perceived
organizational performance. The conclusion is presented on the basis of the objectives and the findings of the
study. This study helps to highlight the importance of telecommunication in the economic growth of the country.
Public Debt and Pro-Poor Economic Growth: Cross Country Analysis

with Special Reference to Pakistan
Mr. Naeem Akram (School of Economics Sciences, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology,
Islamabad)
Over the years most of the developing countries have failed to collect enough revenues to finance their budgets.
As a result, they have to face the problem of twin deficits and must rely on public external and domestic debt to
finance their developmental activities. However, the earlier triumphal view about debt-financed growth has
been replaced by a more balanced view of how it affects economic growth, employment, inequality of income
and wealth, and the incidence of poverty. The positive effects relate to the fact that in resource-starved
economies, debt-financing if done properly leads to higher growth and adds to their capacity to service and
repay external and internal debt. The negative effects work through two main channels: 'Debt Overhang' and
'Crowding Out' effects.
NGOs and anti-globalization movements have propagated the view that instead of reducing the poverty,
public debt has increased the miseries of the poor. The present study examines the consequences of public debt
for economic growth, investment and income inequality (pro-poor growth), and poverty with regard to selected
South East Asian countries viz. Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, the Philippines and Sri Lanka, for the period 1975-
2006. It develops a hybrid model that explicitly incorporates the role of public debt in the budget constraint and
growth equations. This model has been further extended to incorporate the effects of debt on income inequality
and poverty.
44
Using these models, two separate types of analyses have been conducted, one based on panel data, and the
other on time series data of individual country. The estimation based on panel data estimation shows that public
external debt negatively affects per capita GDP and investment, which points to the existence of the 'debt
overhang effect'. On the other hand, public external debt servicing has an insignificant relationship with per
capita GDP and investment which confirms the non-existence of the 'Crowding-out effect'.
The domestic debt has a positive and significant relationship with per capita GDP and a negative relationship
with investment. Neither public external debt nor external debt servicing has significant relationship with
income inequality, suggesting that public external debt is as good/bad for poor as it is for rich. However, domestic
debt has a negative relationship with the GINI coefficient indicating that domestic debt is helpful in reducing the
income inequality.
To strengthen these results, the time series estimation of the individual countries of the sample has also
been conducted. In the case of Bangladesh, public external debt along with debt-servicing has a negative
relationship with per capita GDP and investment, which confirms the 'Debt overhang effect' and shows that the
'crowding out' effect has adversely affected economic growth. Domestic debt has a negative impact on the
investment but positive impact on per capita GDP, which suggests that domestic debt to some extent enhances
public investment but 'crowds out' the private investment.. Public external debt does not have any distributional
effects. However, domestic debt is helpful in reducing the income inequality.
For India, external debt servicing and domestic debt have had a negative relationship with per capita
GDP. But for reasons explained in the text, the estimation results of the relationship of public external debt and
per capita GDP are ambiguous. As far as income inequality is concerned, the estimation results are spurious so
that we cannot infer any firm conclusions from them. In Pakistan and the Philippines, public external debt has
negative relationship with per capita GDP and investment confirming the existence of 'Debt Overhang effect'.
But due to insignificant relationships of debt-servicing with investment and per capita GDP, the existence of the
'Crowding-out' hypothesis could not be confirmed. Similarly, domestic debt has a negative, though insignificant,
relationship with investment and per capita GDP. In other words, it seems to have 'crowded out' private
investment.
In Pakistan, public external debt and debt servicing have insignificant relationship with GINI coefficient.
However, domestic debt tends to enhance income inequality. In the Philippines, external debt tends to raise the
level of income inequality, but domestic debt remains neutral for its distributional effects. In Sri Lanka, public
external debt has helped the process of economic growth. But debt-servicing has a negative relationship with
per capita GDP and investment.
Although external debt has played a crucial role in the development of this civil war-hit country, debt-
servicing is still a major concern there. Domestic debt has an insignificant relationship with per capita GDP. Also
unlike other countries in the model, public external debt has reduced income inequality and has proved to be
beneficial for the poor. However, domestic debt remains neutral for its distributional effects.
Comparison among Views of University Teaching Department Heads

regarding their Role in the Promotion of Communication
Mr. Rahmatullah Shah (Institute of Education and Research, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan)
Communication plays a very important role in the management of an educational institution. It is the soul of an
organization. An institution cannot be run without proper communication. The purpose of the study was to
explore views of university teaching department heads regarding their role in the promotion of communication
in universities.
45
The study compares views of university teaching departments heads by qualification, age, total length of service
and experience as a chair regarding their role in the promotion of communication. The population of the study
consisted of all public sector universities teaching departments heads in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The
researcher randomly selected eight universities out of 10. A questionnaire consisting of 27 items was filled by 124
respondents. AVOVA was used as a statistical technique for data analysis.
No significant difference was reported in the views of the department heads by qualification, age and
total experience. However, significant difference was found among the views of the department heads by
experience as chairpersons. This is concluded that demographic variables, i.e. qualification, age and total length
of service do not affect the role of heads in the promotion of communication, while experience as chair affects
this role of heads. To make a head-of-department an effective communicator, training in communication skills
may be given to them.
For this purpose, a communication training institute may be established where heads may be trained.
Heads may be provided with reorientation courses on communication skills. To generalize these results across
Pakistan, this study may be replicated in other provinces viz. Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan.
Marital Conflict: Nature, Sources, Consequences and Remedies

Ms. Riffat Jabeen (Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore)
The study explores marital conflict among couples married for different time periods. While studying the marital
relations between spouses, the nature, sources and personal and social consequences of the conflict are studied
in societal context. The objective of the study was to find out the deep-rooted causes of conflict between spouses
and to discover the contribution of growing materialism towards generating marital conflict. Moreover,
remedies are also suggested to address the growing conflict between spouses in Pakistani society.
A survey of married people was conducted. The universe comprised of married people resident in Lahore district
in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. A systematically stratified random sampling procedure was adopted to draw
a sample of respondents, with equal number of married men and women. Several data collection tools were used
to gather quantitative data and information.
Secondary sources of data from libraries, institutes, and other places were also explored. The qualitative
data (in the form of in-depth interviews) were gathered from (i) couples experiencing conflict; (ii) divorced
couples; (iii) academics and researchers from relevant fields; (iii) religious scholars; and (vi) other relevant
persons. The focus group discussions (FGDs) were also conducted with couples experiencing conflict. Topics
including the nature, sources, consequences, and possible remedies about the matrimonial conflicts were
covered. An effort was made to explore preventive strategies to promote those conditions that enhance
harmony and unity among recently wedded couples. The data were analyzed with the help of computer software
SPSS.
Relationship between Workplace Harassment and Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome

among Pakistani Female Health Care Professionals
Ms. Sadia Malik (Lecturer, Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha)
The current research was conducted to investigate relationship between workplace harassment and
posttraumatic stress syndrome among Pakistani female healthcare professionals. Survey research design was
used. The convenient sample was composed of 300 female healthcare professionals within age range from 20 to
46
59 years (100 doctors, 100 doctors on house-job and 100 certified nurses). The sample was drawn from five
different public hospitals (Mayo Hospital, Ganga Ram Hospital, Jinnah Hospital, Lady Willington Hospital and
Sheikh Zayed Hospital) of Lahore city. Written consent was individually obtained from all the participants.
Björkquist and Osterman's Work Harassment Scale (WHS), Kamal and Tariq's Sexual Harassement
Experience Questionnaire (SHEQ) and Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska and Keane's PTSD CheckList-Civilian
version (PCL-C) were individually administered to the participants to determine their reported workplace
harassment and posttraumatic stress syndrome. Written permission was granted by the authors to the
researchers for use of WHS (1992); SHEQ (1997); and PCL-C (1993) in the current research project. The SPSS
(version 16.0) was used. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was performed to determine the
relationship between workplace harassment and posttraumatic stress syndrome reported by the female
healthcare professionals.
The findings suggested significant positive relationship between general workplace harassment and
posttraumatic stress syndrome (r = .523, **p < .01); and sexual harassment and posttraumatic stress syndrome (r
= .651, **p < .01). Hierarchical Multiple Regression analysis was performed to determine the impact of
demographic variables and workplace harassment on posttraumatic stress syndrome. The results indicated that
general workplace harassment and sexual harassment were the strongest predictors for posttraumatic stress
syndrome; whereas none of the demographic variables accounted for the variance. Furthermore, the results
indicated significant differences among doctors, house-job doctors and nurses in the areas of general workplace
harassment, sexual harassment, unwanted sexual attention and posttraumatic stress syndrome.
The findings of this research would promote our understanding of the relationship among workplace
harassment, posttraumatic stress syndrome and the demographic variables; such as age, education, marital
status, job status of the female doctors, house-job doctors and nurses in the Pakistani healthcare system.
Furthermore, these findings have implications for the prevention of workplace harassment and posttraumatic
stress syndrome as well as introduction of timely interventions for the promotion of mental health of the victims
of workplace harassment in the Pakistani healthcare system.
Emigration, Trade and Foreign Direct Investment: Some Evidence from Pakistan
Mr. Shabir Haider (School of Economics Sciences, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology,
Islamabad)
The primary focus of this study is to investigate the impact of population emigration from Pakistan on its
economy. For this purpose, impacts of emigration on Pakistan's volume of international trade and on the inflow
of foreign direct investment (FDI) into Pakistan are analyzed by estimating gravity models using data on nine
countries selected from the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The study also
investigates how various economic and noneconomic factors affect population emigration from Pakistan. The
period of analysis is from 1990 to 2003.
Past studies on emigration from Pakistan have mainly focused on factors affecting emigration of workers
to the Middle Eastern countries. This study expands their focus by including data on some major OECD countries
and by analyzing the effects of Pakistani migrant networks on Pakistan's trade and foreign direct investment.
About 240,000 Pakistanis leave Pakistan each year to call a foreign country their home. However, they
maintain their economic and social ties with Pakistan. In their new countries of residence, they form social and
information networks which can help in many ways to reduce the transaction costs for residence of that country
that wishes to trade with and invest in Pakistan. In turn, this can help boost the volume of international trade and
of foreign direct investment in Pakistan both of which contribute to a country's economic development. So far,
academic and policy circles have ignored this role that the expatriates can play in Pakistan's economic
development.
47
The main findings confirm that Pakistani migrant networks in foreign countries have statistically significant
impacts on the volume of Pakistan's international trade with their host countries and also on the inflow of foreign
direct investment to Pakistan from them. Hence, development of a formal relationship with Pakistani migrants
resident in OECD countries can be an important step towards aiding future development of Pakistan's economy.
This relationship can be developed both by the government and private sectors. The impacts of various push and
pull factors, identified by previous literature, are also confirmed in this study.
By providing quantitative estimates of the contribution that Pakistani expatriates make towards
Pakistan's international trade and foreign direct investment, the present study is likely to generate a new debate
on their potential role in the country's economic development.
Linking Descriptive and Substantive Representation: Impact of Gender Quota

on Public Policy in Pakistan
Mr. Sher Muhammad (Department of Political Science and International Relations,
Bahuddin Zakariya University Multan)
The research regarding gender differences in legislator policy priorities has been confined to a small number of
industrialized democracies in the west, where women have achieved high levels of representation at different
levels including politics. The findings of these studies have been mixed and those lessons are not very helpful to
apply on developing countries like Pakistan because there is a huge gap between democratic experiences, level
of economic development, status of women and cultural values.
The case of Asia is totally different where women political empowerment and representation has been
slow. There has been relatively nominal research particularly on issue of women's political representation and its
impact on public policy. The main objective of this study is to investigate whether quotas are an effective tool for
ending gender inequality in the politics; and whether it is possible for the policymakers to 'engineer' equality.
This study will also analyze the ways the electoral and party systems influence the issues female
legislatures support in the parliament. It is also important to assess how the selection procedures of candidates
by the political parties shape the women legislative autonomy: Are women elected on reserved seats able to
substantively represent women? The study will analyze all key aspects of women political participation. Its focus
will be on women in the National assembly and the Senate, since these are the institutions where women can
begin to play a key role as public representatives.
This research addresses the impact of these women legislators on the formulation of public policy and
how gender quotas affect women political attitude and behaviour. The focus will be on variations in the number
of women elected to the parliament in Pakistan (descriptive representation), and the impact of women's
presence in the parliament (substantive representation).
Do women in public office make a difference? If so, what kind and under what circumstances? This study
offers preliminary answers to these questions by examining the relationship between the percentage of women
in state legislatures and their policy priorities. It also examines the impact women legislators have on overall
legislative policy.
The driving question of this research is whether gender quotas represent an effective tool for breaking
down gender inequality in the political sphere. The following hypotheses are formulated:
Women elected through gender quotas are more likely to suffer from intuitional constraints in the
legislature and therefore have tough time working on women issues than women elected on general
seats.
Legislatures with 'Critical Mass' of women (20% or more) will adopt women-friendly policies.
This dissertation uses the case of National Assembly of Pakistan from two legislative terms (2002-2010). This
48
study will use data from interviews with 50 female and 15 male members of National Assembly and
bibliographical information about 145 women in Pakistan from 2002-2010, as well as original content analysis of
party manifesto and parliamentary debate transcripts from the two legislative terms. This study will use both
qualitative and quantitative data.
There is paucity of research in Pakistan in this area This study will illustrate a new strategy for theorizing and
testing the link between Descriptive and Substantive Representation. This research will also be useful for policy-
makers, working with equality politics and affirmative action. It will find out under what conditions quota
contributes to the empowerment of women in politics, and when do quotas lead to stagnation.
Family Systems as Determinants of Self-Esteem in Patients of Hepatitis B and C

Mr. Sultan Shujja (Lecturer, Department of Psychology, Government College University, Lahore)
The study investigated the relationship between family system (joint and nuclear) and the level of self-esteem.
Sample of study comprised 105 patients of hepatitis B and C, 52 patients from joint family and 53 from nuclear
family system with age range 25-45 years (M = 35.5, SD = 7.7). All the participants were conveniently drawn from
different hospitals of Sargodha District. An indigenously developed scale named as Farida Rifai's Self-esteem
Scale (SES) was used to measure self-esteem of hepatitis patients.
Urdu version of this scale was used to ensure the suitability of SES for current sample as it was not highly
educated. A demographic form was used to obtain information about variables of interest e.g., age, type of family
system (joint /nuclear), gender (women/men), and type of hepatitis (hepatitis B/hepatitis C). Statistical analyses
suggest that there was no significant correlation between family systems and self-esteem in the patients of
hepatitis B and C.
On the other hand, men suffering from hepatitis found to have high self-esteem than that of women
patients and patients of hepatitis C scored high at Self-Esteem Scale compared to patients of hepatitis B. The
findings of current study can help health professionals to give attention to the psychological aspects of life-
threatening diseases like hepatitis and to develop insight into the cognitive functioning and self-concept of
hepatitis patients. The results are discussed in the light of specific cultural context of Pakistan.
Socio-Cultural Determinants of Women's Empowerment in Punjab

Dr. Tariq Mahmood Khan (Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics,
Government Postgraduate College Jaranwala)
Pakistan is among the countries where gender discrimination in all fields of life is apparent. Women's rights are
violated and exploited. Moreover, women do not have their voice or independent opinion; even they are not
given the right to decide about their life. Persisting socio-cultural norms and patriarchal structure of Pakistani
society restricts women's mobility, their participation in paid job and also deprive them from their inherited
property. It is a common perception that nations cannot make remarkable progress in any field of life until their
women are exploited and discriminated. Therefore, there is a need for empowering women to uplift their status
as well as the status of their family, community and nation. Keeping in view the significance of the issue, the
present study was conducted.
The main objectives of the study were to measure the empowerment level of women in the study area
and to identify the socio-cultural factors that influence women's empowerment especially in the domestic
sphere. For this purpose, a sample of 550 married women of reproductive age (15-49) excluding widows and
49
divorced was taken from two randomly selected districts (Faisalabad and Rawalpindi) of Punjab Province of
Pakistan. Information regarding demography, household, locality and other socio-cultural variables was
collected through a structured interview schedule. In order to understand the complexity of the phenomenon of
women's empowerment, key informant interviews were also conducted by using semi-structured interview
schedule.
Different statistical tools viz. mean, standard deviation, bar charts, t-distribution, chi square test for
association, gamma statistic, Somer's 'd' statistic, correlation coefficient, one-way analysis of variance technique,
and multiple regression analysis, were employed to systematically present the information, and to develop the
relationship among the various explanatory variables and dependent variable (women's empowerment). In
order to observe the causality of relationship between the variables, a multiple linear regression model was
developed. The univeriate/ descriptive analysis indicated that majority of women had lack of resources, their paid
job involvement was negligible, they were less educated as compared to their husbands, and they had low level
of awareness about their rights.
Their political interest and group participation were not encouraging. They had less decision-making
ability, less control over resources, less mobility and lower level of participation in family discussions. In contrast,
they had moderate level of social networking and were receiving good cooperation of their husbands in daily
affairs. The analysis based on key informant interviews revealed that safe and secure future of women ensures
their empowerment. Moreover, the inference based on bivariate analysis indicated that majority of variables
included in the study were statistically associated with women's empowerment.
However, the regression analysis identified thirteen variables for their significance influence on women's
empowerment. Among them the type of family; family headship; number of respondent's brothers; observing
veil; paid job involvement of respondents; awareness about the rights; social networking; husband's
cooperation; political participation; conjugal age; and respondent's education showed highly significant
influence on women empowerment with p < 0.001.
On the other hand, the variables 'local level facilities' and amount of 'dowry and property received by the
respondents from their parents' showed significant influence on women's empowerment at 0.01 < p < 0.05. The
2
value of adjusted R for the regression model was 0.516. The inference of the study suggests that dynamic change
in female education can bring greater knowledge and self-esteem. This study also highlights the importance of
active participation of government and non-government agencies for mobilizing and organizing women
groups, and thereby developing their awareness level, political interest, inherent skills and earning capabilities.
Impact of Optimism and Hardiness on Coping with Professional Life Stress

among House-Job Doctors
Mr. Yousaf Jamal (Lecturer, Department of Psychology, Government MAO College, Lahore)
The current research was conducted to investigate the impact of optimism and hardiness on coping with
professional life stress among the house-job doctors. Survey research design was used. A purposive sample of
200 (118 male and 82 female) house-job doctors was taken from different hospitals of Lahore city (Ganga Ram
Hospital, Jinnah Hospital, Mayo Hospital, Services Hospital and Sheikh Zaid Hospital). The house-job duration
was from 6 to 12 months. Written consent was individually obtained from all the participants.
Personal Views Survey, Third Edition (PVS III) by Maddi (2003); Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) by
Scheier, Carver and Bridges (1994); Professional Life Stress Scale (PLSS) by Fontana (1989); and Coping
Orientation to Problem Experienced (COPE) by Carver, Scheier and Weintraub (1989) were individually
administered to the participants to determine their coping with the professional life stress. Written permission
50
was granted to the researchers for use of PVS III (2003), LOT-R (1994), COPE (1989), and PLSS (1989) in the current
research project.
The SPSS (version 15.0) was used to perform hierarchical multiple regression analysis to determine the
impact of hardiness, optimism, coping strategies and demographic variables (age, gender, marital status,
dependent children, monthly income and house-job duration) on professional life stress reported by the house-
job doctors. Significant negative relationship was found among hardiness, denial and professional life stress.
However, positive relationship was found among positive personal growth, mental disengagement, focus on
venting emotion and coping with professional life stress.
Independent sample t-tests were performed to determine gender differences in optimism, hardiness,
coping strategies and professional life stress reported by the participants. No significant gender differences were
found in hardiness, optimism, coping strategies and professional life stress. The findings of this research have
implications for promoting understanding of the organizations about relationship among optimism, hardiness,
coping strategies and professional life stress so that gender-sensitive growth-enhancing faculty development
and human resource development programs could be introduced in the Pakistani health care system and other
public and private organizations.
51
6
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Foreign Participants
Dr. Jochen HIPPLER
Institute of Political Science
Faculty of Social Sciences
University of Duisburg-Essen
Duisburg, GERMANY
jochen.hippler@inef.uni-due.de, Post@Jochen-Hippler.de
Dr. Mehtab S. KARIM

Distinguished Senior Fellow/Affiliated Professor
School of Public Policy
George Mason University
Fairfax, VA, USA
mehtabkarim@gmail.com
Dr. Suresh SHARMA

Senior Fellow, Centre for the Study of Developing Societies
19, Rajpur Road,
Delhi, INDIA
suresh_sharma@csds.in
Prof. Rehman SOBHAN

Chairman, Centre for Policy Dialogue
House 40/C, Road 11, Dhanmondi R/A, GPO Box 2129,
Dhaka - 1205, BANGLADESH
rehman@citechco.net
Dr. James C. WITTE

Director, Center for Social Science Research
Arlington, Virginia, USA
jwitte@gmu.edu
52
Foreign Participants Currently in Pakistan
Dr. Peter H. ARMACOST
Rector
Forman Christian College University, Lahore
peterarmacost@fccollege.edu.pk
Dr. Grace C. CLARK

Professor
Department of Sociology
forsting@aol.com
Dr. Brady Steele COLEMAN

HEC Foreign Professor, Department of Law
International Islamic University, Islamabad
bradysteelecoleman@yahoo.com
Mr. Atle HETLAND

Former Head of Development Studies
University of Oslo, Norway
Islamabad
atlehetland@yahoo.com
Dr. Muhammad Nazrul ISLAM

HEC Foreign Professor
Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences
deanfss@iiu.edu.pk, nazrul_islam_dr@yahoo.co.in
Ms. Ursula SAARBECK

Director
German Academic Exchange Service
Islamabad
saarbeck@daad.de
Dr. Hugh van SKYHAWK

Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad
skyhawk@uni-mainz.de
Dr. Jillian Sian TAYLOR

HEC Foreign Professor, Department of Educational Development
Karakoram International University, Gilgit
jillsian@gmail.com, jillian.taylor@kiu.edu.pk
53
Dr. Emma VARLEY
Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences,
School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore
emma.varley@lums.edu.pk
Dr. Lukas Albert WERTH

Visiting Faculty, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences
Dr. Wolfgang-Peter ZINGEL

National Institute of Pakistan Studies
h93@ix.urz.uni-heidelberg.de
Keynote Speakers/Chairs
Dr. Rashid AMJAD
Vice Chancellor
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad
rashidamjad@pide.org.pk
Lt. Gen. (r) Muhammad ASGHAR

Rector
National University of Science and Technology, , Islamabad
rector@nust.edu.pk
Dr. Nadeem Ul HAQUE

Deputy Chairman
Planning Commission
Government of Pakistan, Islamabad
nadeem.haque@pc.gov.pk
Dr. Jochen HIPPLER

Institute of Political Science
Faculty of Social Sciences
University of Duisburg-Essen
Duisburg, GERMANY
jochen.hippler@inef.uni-due.de, Post@Jochen-Hippler.de
Dr. Ishrat HUSSAIN

Director
Institute of Business Administration, Karachi
ihusain@iba.edu.pk
54
Ms. Asma JAHANGIR
President, Supreme Court Bar Association/
Chairperson, Human Rights Commission of Pakistan
Lahore
asmalaw@hotmail.com, hrcp@hrcp-web.org
Dr. Mehtab S. KARIM

Distinguished Senior Fellow/Affiliated Professor
School of Public Policy
Fairfax, VA, USA
mehtabkarim@gmail.com
Dr. Nasser Ali KHAN

Director
Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar
nasserali@imsciences.edu.pk
Dr. Javaid R. LAGHARI

Chairman
Higher Education Commission, Islamabad
jlaghari@hec.gov.pk
Dr. Syed Sohail H. NAQVI

Executive Director
snaqvi@hec.gov.pk
Dr. Mohammad NIZAMUDDIN

Vice Chancellor
University of Gujrat, Gujrat
vc@uog.edu.pk, drmnizamuddin@gmail.com
Dr. Rasul Bakhsh RAIS

Professor of Political Science
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences
rasul@lums.edu.pk
Dr. Rubina SAIGOL

Independent Researcher on Social Development
Lahore
rubinasaigol@hotmail.com
55
Prof. Rehman SOBHAN
Chairman, Centre for Policy Dialogue
House 40/C, Road 11, Dhanmondi R/A, GPO Box 2129,
Dhaka - 1205, BANGLADESH
rehman@citechco.net
Dr. Zeba A. SATHAR

Country Director
Population Council, Islamabad
zsathar@popcouncil.org, zsathar@yahoo.com
Dr. James C. WITTE

Director, Center for Social Science Research
Arlington, Virginia, USA
jwitte@gmu.edu
Panelists/Lead Speakers
Dr. S. Qalb-i-ABID
Dean, Faculty of Arts and Humanities
University of the Punjab, Lahore
pu_history@yahoo.com, qabzu@yahoo.co.uk
Dr. Nuzhat AHMED

Professor/Director
Applied Economics Research Centre
University of Karachi, Karachi
nuzahmed@uok.edu.pk
Dr. Syed Jaffar AHMED

Director, Pakistan Study Centre
pscuok@yahoo.com
Dr. Muhammad Asir AJMAL

Chairperson, Department of Psychology
Government College University, Lahore
maajmal20@hotmail.com
Dr. Ihsan ALI

Vice Chancellor
Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan
ihsanali55@ymail.com, vc_awkum@yahoo.com
56
Dr. Muhammad Qasim BUGHIO
Pro Vice Chancellor, Mirpur Khas Campus
University of Sindh, Jamshoro
dean@arts.usindh.edu.pk, qbughio@hotmail.com
Dr. M. Azam CHAUDHARY

Associate Professor, National Institute of Pakistan Studies
azamchaudhary59@yahoo.de
Dr. Pervaiz Iqbal CHEEMA

Dean, Faculty of Contemporary Studies
National Defence University, Islamabad
picheema@hotmail.com
Dr. Grace C. CLARK

Professor
forsting@aol.com
Dr. Yasmin Nilofer FAROOQI

Professor, Department of Applied Psychology
dryasminfarooqi@yahoo.com, yasminfarooqi@hotmail.com
Dr. Muhammad HAFEEZ

Professor/Director
Institute of Social and Cultural Studies
drmhafeez@wol.net.pk
Dr. Naved HAMID

Director, Center for Research in Economics and Business/
Professor of Economics
Lahore School of Economics, Lahore
navedhamid@gmail.com
Dr. Iftikhar N. HASSAN

Professor, Department of Behavioural Sciences
inhassandr@gmail.com, inhassan@kiu.edu.pk
57
Mr. Atle HETLAND
Former Head of Development Studies
University of Oslo, Norway
Islamabad
atlehetland@yahoo.com
Dr. Muhammad Zafar Iqbal JADOON

Director/Professor
Institute of Administrative Sciences
zijadoon@gmail.com
Dr. Ali KHAN

Associate Professor/Acting Head
akhan@lums.edu.pk
Dr. Aliya H. KHAN

Professor, Department of Economics
ahkhan@qau.edu.pk
Dr. Durr-e-NAYAB
Chief of Research (Demography)/
Head, Department of Population Sciences, Islamabad
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics
nayab@pide.org.pk
Dr. Ashfaque Hassan KHAN

Dean, NUST Business School
National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad
nbs@nust.edu.pk, ahkhan@nbs.edu.pk
Dr. Saeeda Asadullah KHAN

Former Vice Chancellor
Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi
saeedaasadullah@hotmail.com
Mr. Zafarullah KHAN

Executive Director
Centre for Civic Education, Islamabad
zafar@civiceducation.org, Xupher@hotmail.com
58
Dr. Nasir Jamal KHATTAK
Vice Chancellor
Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan
khattaknasirj@yahoo.co.uk
Dr. Saba Gul KHATTAK

Member, Social Sector
Planning Commission
Government of Pakistan, Islamabad
saba@sdpi.org
Ms. Noor Amna MALIK

Director General, Learning Innovation
namalik@hec.gov.pk
Dr. Najma NAJAM

Vice Chancellor
najamnajma@yahoo.com
Dr. A.H. NAYYAR

Professor
nayyar@aie.edu.pk, nayyar@sdpi.org
Dr. Ilhan NIAZ

Assistant Professor, Department of History
niazone@yahoo.com
Dr. Tariq RAHMAN

Distinguished National Professor
Director, National Institute of Pakistan Studies
drt_rahman@yahoo.com, drtariqr8@gmail.com
Dr. Syed Mahmood RAZA

Adviser, Quality Assurance and Learning Innovation
smraza@hec.gov.pk
Dr. Abdul Razzaq SABIR

Director, Balochistan Study Centre
University of Balochistan, Quetta
arazzaqsabir@yahoo.com
59
Dr. Nadia SALEEM
Associate Professor, Department of Economics
University of Lahore, Lahore
nadia-saleem@hotmail.com
Dr. Sarah SAFDAR

Director, Institute of Social Development Studies
University of Peshawar, Peshawar
sarah1_safdar@yahoo.co.uk
Dr. Saeed SHAFQAT

Director/Professor
Centre for Public Policy and Governance
saeedshafqat@fccollege.edu.pk
Dr. Suresh SHARMA

Senior Fellow, Centre for the Study of Developing Societies
19, Rajpur Road,
Delhi, INDIA
suresh_sharma@csds.in
Mr. Nisar Ahmed SIDDIQUI

Director
Sukkur Institute of Business Administration, Sukkur
director@iba-suk.edu.pk
Dr. Pirzada Qasim Raza SIDDIQUI

Vice Chancellor
vc@uok.edu.pk
Dr. Shahid SIDDIQUI

Professor/Director
Centre for Humanities and Social Sciences
Lahore School of Economics, Lahore
shahidksiddiqui@yahoo.com
Dr. Sabiha H. SYED

Former Advisor
UNESCO
Islamabad
shsyed88@yahoo.com
Dr. Pervez TAHIR

Former Chief Economist
Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan, Lahore
perveztahir@yahoo.com
60
Dr. Mohammad WASEEM
Professor of Political Science
waseem@lums.edu.pk
Dr. Lukas Albert WERTH

Visiting Faculty, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences
Dr. Masoom YASINZAI

Vice Chancellor
vco@qau.edu.pk
Dr. Wolfgang-Peter ZINGEL

National Institute of Pakistan Studies
h93@ix.urz.uni-heidelberg.de
Participants
Dr. Jahangir ACHAKZAI
Associate Dean, Management Sciences
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics
jachakzai@yahoo.com
Dr. Nasim AKHTAR

Director, Institute of Languages
University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad
nasimakhtarraja@hotmail.com
Dr. Shuja ALHAQ

HEC Foreign Professor, National Institute of Pakistan Studies
salhaq@hotmail.co.uk
Dr. Anjum ALVI

Assistant Professor
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
anjum.alvi@lums.edu.pk
61
Dr. Peter H. ARMACOST
Rector
peterarmacost@fccollege.edu.pk
Dr. Qibla AYAZ

Director, Institute of Arabic and Islamic Studies
University of Peshawar, Peshawar
arabic@upesh.edu.pk, foisaa6@hotmail.com
Dr. Huma BAQAI

Chairperson, Department of Social Sciences
Institute of Business Administration, Karachi
hnbaqai@gmail.com, hbaqai@iba.edu.pk
Dr. Farzana BARI

Director, Center of Excellence in Gender Studies
farzana@comsats.net.pk
Mrs. Sultana BALOCH

Vice Chancellor
Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University, Quetta
Dr. Brady Steele COLEMAN

HEC Foreign Professor, Department of Law
bradysteelecoleman@yahoo.com
Dr. Muhammad Nazrul ISLAM

Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences
deanfss@iiu.edu.pk, nazrul_islam_dr@yahoo.co.in
Dr. Atif Ali JAFFRI

Head, Department of Economics
atif.ali@uog.edu.pk
Dr. Nasir JAVED

Project Director
The Urban Unit
Planning and Development Department
Government of Punjab, Lahore
nasir_dsp@yahoo.com
62
Dr. Rukhsana KAUSAR
Chairperson, Department of Applied Psychology
rukhsana.saddul@gmail.com
Dr. Ashraf Khan KAYANI

choudary@cwu.edu, kayaniashraf@hotmail.com
Prof. Durriya KAZI

Head, Department of Visual Studies
meethapani@yahoo.co.uk
Dr. Izhar Ahmad KHAN

Associate Professor, Department of Rural Sociology
University Of Agriculture, Faisalabad
Mr. Muhammad Javed KHAN

Adviser, Academics Department
mjkhan@hec.gov.pk
Dr. Rashid Ahmad KHAN

Professor/Dean
Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Law
University of Sargodha, Sargodha
rashid_khan192@yahoo.com
Dr. Shadiullah KHAN

Dean of Social Sciences
Chairman, Department of Public Administration
Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan
drshadiullah@yahoo.com
Dr. Talat KHURSHID

Advisor, Planning and Development
tkhurshid@hec.gov.pk
Dr. Muhammad LATIF

Director General, Research and Development
mlatif@hec.gov.pk
63
Dr. Zafar MAHMOOD
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad
zafarmah@gmail.com
Dr. Zahid MAHMOOD

HEC Foreign Professor/
Head, Department of Clinical Psychology
Government College University, Lahore
zmahm54084@aol.com, direcpu@gcu.edu.pk
Dr. Rubya MEHDI

HEC Visiting Professor
Chief Editor, Journal of Law and Social Research
Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan
rubya@hum.ku.dk
Dr. Sajjad Ahmad PARACHA

Assistant Professor, Department of Media Studies
University of Bahawalpur Pakistan, Bahawalpur
drparacha_mediastudies@iub.edu.pk
Dr. Riaz Hussain QURESHI

Adviser, HRD and Scholarship
rqureshi@hec.gov.pk
Mr. Rasool Bakhsh RAISANI

Pro Vice Chancellor
sab7@hotmail.com, balochistansc@yahoo.com
Ms. Ursula SAARBECK

Director
German Academic Exchange Service
Islamabad
saarbeck@daad.de
Dr. Maqbool H. SIAL

HEC Foreign Professor/
Dean, Faculty of Management and Administrative Sciences
University of Sargodha, Sargodha
maqsial@yahoo.com
64
Dr. Hugh van SKYHAWK
Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations
skyhawk@uni-mainz.de
Dr. Jillian Sian TAYLOR

HEC Foreign Professor, Department of Educational Development
jillsian@gmail.com, jillian.taylor@kiu.edu.pk
Dr. Emma VARLEY

Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences,
emma.varley@lums.edu.pk
PhD Students
Mr. Naeem AKRAM
naeem378@yahoo.com
Mr. Mazhar Hussain BHUTTA

bhuttamazhar@yahoo.com
Mr. Muhammad GHIAS

ghiasgcu@yahoo.com
Mr. Shabir HAIDER

shabir1975@hotmail.com
Ms. Riffat JABEEN

riffatjabeen@hotmail.com
Mr. Yousaf JAMAL

yousafjamal@hotmail.com
Mr. Amjad Abbas KHAN

amjadmagsi@gmail.com
Mr. Muhammad KHAN

mkhan_490@yahoo.com
Dr. Tariq Mahmood KHAN

pro_tariq@yahoo.com
65
Mr. Ahmad Sohail LODHI
edasl@leeds.ac.uk
Mr. Nadeem MALIK

nadeem_malik_uob@yahoo.com
Ms. Sadia MALIK

sadiamalik0454@yahoo.com
Ms. Amani Moazzam Baig MIRZA

amanimoazzam@yahoo.com
Mr. Sher MUHAMMAD

phdscholer2010@gmail.com
Mr. Arab NAZ

arab_naz@yahoo.com
Mr. Rahmatullah SHAH

rahmatullahshah@gmail.com
Mr. Sultan SHUJJA

shujja.sultan@gmail.com
Ms. Bushra YASMEEN

bushrayasmeen@gmail.com
66
7
HEC Committee for Development

of Social Sciences and Humanities
in Pakistan (CDSSHP)
Dr. Nasser A Khan (Chair) Rasool Bakhsh Raisani
Institute of Management Sciences University of Balochistan
Dr. M Nizamuddin Mrs. Sultana Baloch

University of Gujrat SBK Women's University
Dr. Rukhsana Kausar Dr. Abdul Razzaq Sabir

University of the Punjab University of Balochistan
Dr. Peter H. Armacost Dr. Asad Zaman

Forman Christian College International Islamic University
Dr. Qalb-i-Abid Dr. Farzana Bari

University of the Punjab Quaid-i-Azam University
Dr. Zafar Iqbal Jadoon Mr. Nasim Akhtar

University of the Punjab University of AJK
Nisar Ahmed Siddiqui

IBA
Dr. Qasim Bughio

University of Sindh
Dr. Moonis Ahmar

University of Karachi
Prof. Durriya Kazi

University of Karachi
Dr. Ihsan Ali

Abdul Wali Khan University
Dr. Nasir Jamal Khattak

KUST
Dr. Sarah Safdar

University of Peshawar
Dr. Qibla Ayaz

University of Peshawar
67
8
Organizing Committee
Chair:
Dr. Mohammad Nizamuddin, Vice Chancellor, University of Gujrat, Gujrat.
Consultants:
Dr. James C. Witte, Director, Center for Social Science Research, George Mason University, USA.
Dr. Grace C. Clark, Professor, Department of Sociology, Forman Christian College University, Lahore.
Dr. Anita M. Weiss, Head, Department of International Studies, University of Oregon, USA.
Members:
Dr. Nasser Ali Khan, Director, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar.
Dr. Rasul Bakhsh Rais, Professor, School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, Lahore University of
Management Sciences, Lahore.
Dr. Mehtab S. Karim, Distinguished Senior Fellow and Affiliated Professor, School of Public Policy,
George Mason University, USA.
Dr. Syed Jaffar Ahmed, Director, Pakistan Study Centre, University of Karachi, Karachi.
Dr. Yasmin Nilofer Farooqi, Professor, Department of Applied Psychology,
University of the Punjab, Lahore.
Mr. Fida Hussain, Director General (Quality Assurance Cell), Higher Education Commission, Islamabad.
Mr. Muhammad Anees Sadozai, Director General (Services), Higher Education Commission, Islamabad.
Syed Wasim Hashmi, Project Director, FFHP-UESTP-Faculty Development Program, Higher Education
Commission, Islamabad.
Mr. Sulaiman Ahmad, Deputy Director (Academics), Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of
Pakistan, Higher Education Commission, Islamabad.
Mr. Muhammad Murtaza Noor, Project Manager, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of
Pakistan, Higher Education Commission, Islamabad.
68
9
Conference Secretariat
Coordinator:
Mr. Mustafa Nazir Ahmad, Director, Press and Publications, University of Gujrat, Gujrat.
Members:
Dr. Fauzia Maqsood, Associate Director, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gujrat, Gujrat.
Mr. Javed Sajjad Ahmad, Senior Consultant, University of Gujrat, Gujrat.
Sheikh Abdul Rashid, Additional Registrar, Press, Media and Publications, University of Gujrat, Gujrat
Ms. Tanzila Qamar Gill, Deputy Registrar, University of Gujrat, Gujrat.
Ms. Sidra Maqsood, Deputy Chief, Semester System Implementation Cell, University of Gujrat, Gujrat.
Mr. Muhammad Faisal Iqbal, Personal Staff Officer to Vice Chancellor, University of Gujrat, Gujrat.
Mr. Muhammad Faisal, Accounts Officer, University of Gujrat, Gujrat
Mr. Hassan Raza Awan, Research Associate, Centre for Population, Urban and Environment Studies,
University of Gujrat, Gujrat.
69
10
Major Sponsors
1. Higher Education Commission (HEC)

2. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)-Pakistan Country Office
3. Centre for Civic Education (CCE)
4. National Testing Service (NTS)
5. University of Gujrat (UOG)
In addition, the following universities and degree awarding institutions contributed Rs. 100,000 each for the
organization of the Conference:
Agricultural University Peshawar, Peshawar
Beaconhouse National University, Lahore
Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar
Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat
National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad
Sukkur Institute of Business Administration, Sukkur
University of Swat, Saidu Sharif
70
Printing Coordination: Muhammad Yaqoob
Graphic Designer: Mian Muhammad Nadeem
University of Gujrat Press

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CONTENTS

4. Abstracts of Panelists and Participants

5. Abstracts of PhD Students

7. HEC Committee for Development of Social Sciences and Humanities 67

10. Major Sponsors 70

Details of the Activity

Working Group 1: Sustainable Human Development, Poverty and Inequality

Working Group 2: Costs and Opportunities of Pakistan's Rapidly Changing Structure:

Working Group 3: The State in Pakistan: Internal and External Threats

Working Group 5: Problems of Conducting Dissertation Research in Pakistan

1400-1700 SESSION III: Challenges for Promotion of Social Science Research in

[Working tea to be served at 1530]

Day 2: Tuesday, 19 April 2011

1115-1300 SESSION IV Continued

Working Group 1: Sustainable Human Development, Poverty and Inequality

Working Group 3: The State in Pakistan: Internal and External Challenges

Working Group 5: Problems of Conducting Dissertation Research in Pakistan

1400-1500 CONCLUDING SESSION

Challenges for Promotion of Linguistic and Languages Research

Sustainable Human Development, Poverty and Inequality

Good and Small Social Science Research Environments

Ensuring Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: Some Research Priorities

Martyrs of Humanity: The Defenders of Jinnah's Pakistan

Steps for Improvement:

Ensuring Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: The Relevance of Anthropological

The development of social sciences in Pakistan has been blocked by:

Developing Institutional Capacity to Strengthen Social Science Research and

Problems of Conducting Dissertation Research in Pakistan

To Teach or Not to Teach: Social Sciences in Pakistani Context

Credibility Gap in Data for Research on Sustainable Human Development,

The State of Social Sciences in Pakistan

Informal Practice of Legal Norms in Pakistan

Coping Strategies and Life Satisfaction among Older Adults in Pakistan

Pakistan: Internal Threats and External Challenges

Educational Marginalization and Issue of Equity

Some Observations on Social Science Research in Pakistan

Deficiencies and Solutions for Conducting Research in Pakistani Universities

Abstracts of PhD Students

Theoretical Perspective for Researching a University Research Culture

Party Politics in Pakistan: A Case Study of PML (N), 1993-2008

School Texts and Gender Socialization: Problems and Challenges

Role of Social Support in Coping with Chronic Illness

Correctional Treatment of Offenders in Pakistan

Adverse Health Experiences, Risk Perception and Pesticide Use Behavior

Role of Human Resource Development in the Industrial Development of Pakistan:

Public Debt and Pro-Poor Economic Growth: Cross Country Analysis

Comparison among Views of University Teaching Department Heads

Marital Conflict: Nature, Sources, Consequences and Remedies

Relationship between Workplace Harassment and Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome

Linking Descriptive and Substantive Representation: Impact of Gender Quota

Family Systems as Determinants of Self-Esteem in Patients of Hepatitis B and C

Socio-Cultural Determinants of Women's Empowerment in Punjab

Impact of Optimism and Hardiness on Coping with Professional Life Stress

Dr. Mehtab S. KARIM

Dr. Suresh SHARMA

Prof. Rehman SOBHAN

Dr. James C. WITTE

Dr. Grace C. CLARK

Dr. Brady Steele COLEMAN

Mr. Atle HETLAND

Dr. Muhammad Nazrul ISLAM

Ms. Ursula SAARBECK

Dr. Hugh van SKYHAWK