HVAC

ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING SERVICES

VEDITA BHAT

ROLL NO-03
  HVAC stands for heating ventilation and air conditioning system.
 The system is used to provide heating and cooling services to buildings.
It is the mechanical systems that provide thermal comfort and air quality
in an indoor space and are often grouped together because they are
generally interconnected.
 HVAC systems includes central air conditioners, heat pumps, furnaces,
boilers, rooftop units, chillers, and packaged systems.
 HVAC systems have become the required industry standard for
construction of new buildings. Before the creation of this system, the
three elements were usually split between three or more devices.

NEED FOR HVAC SYSTEM

 Improvement of air quality

 Moisture regulation
 Depression
 Maintenance of constant temperature throughout the year
 Energy conservation
 Prevent air contamination

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR HVAC CAPACITY

 Heating: The amount of thermal energy that needs to be added to the

space.
 Cooling: Thermal energy will sometimes need to be removed from a
particular space in order to bring the temperature down.
 Humidifying: This refers to the process of increasing the relative
humidity through the addition of water vapour into the system.
 Dehumidifying: Process of removing water vapour from the given
space.
 Cleaning: Purifying the air by the removal of dust, smoke, pollen and
other pollutants.
 Air Movement: Ensuring that there is ample movement of air to keep
the inhabitants comfortable.
SYSTEMS OF HVAC
There are 4 basic systems of hvac system depending upton the capacity
and function.
The choice of which air conditioner system to use depends upon a
number of factors including how large the area is to be cooled, the total
heat generated inside the enclosed area, etc.

1) Window AC-
 Window air conditioner is the
most commonly used air
conditioner for single rooms.
 In this air conditioner all the
components, namely the
compressor, condenser, expansion
valve or coil, evaporator and
cooling coil are enclosed in a single
box.
 This unit is fitted in a slot made in
the wall of the room, or more commonly a window sill
 Capacity- 1-3 tons
 Window air conditioners are comprised of components like the
compressor, condenser, expansion valve or expansion coil, and
the evaporator or the cooling coil, all housed in a single box.
 There is also a motor which has shafts on both sides. On one side
of the shaft the blower is connected, which sucks hot air from the
room and blows it over the cooling coil, thus cooling it and
sending it to the room.
 On the other shaft the fan is connected, which blows the air over
Freon gas passing through the condenser
2) Split air conditioner-

 The split air conditioner comprises of two

parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit.
 The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room,
houses components like the compressor,
condenser and expansion valve.
 The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or
cooling coil and the cooling fan. For this unit
you don’t have to make any slot in the wall
of the room.
 It is the indoor unit that produces the cooling
effect inside the room. The indoor unit of the
split air conditioner is a box type housing in which all the important parts
of the air conditioner are enclosed. The most common type of the
indoor unit is the wall mounted type though other types like ceiling
mounted and floor mounted are also used.
 Further, present day split units have aesthetic appeal and do not take
up as much space as a window unit.
 A split air conditioner can be used to cool
one or two rooms
WORKING-The refrigerant from the tubing
at very low temperature and very low
pressure enters the cooling coil.
 The blower absorbs the hot room air or the
atmospheric air and in doing so the air
passes over the cooling coil which leads to
the cooling of the air.
 This air is then blown to the room where the
cooling effect has to be produced.
 The air, after producing the cooling effect is
again sucked by the blower and the process
of cooling the room continues.
 After absorbing the heat from the room air, the temperature of the
refrigerant inside the cooling coil becomes high and it flows back
 through the return copper tubing to the compressor inside the outdoor
unit.
 The refrigerant tubing supplying the refrigerant from the outdoor unit
to the indoor unit and that supplying the refrigerant from indoor unit to
the outdoor unit are both covered with the insulation tape.

Packaged Air Conditioner-

 An HVAC designer will suggest this

type of air conditioner if you want to
cool more than two rooms or a larger
space at your home or office.
 There are two possible arrangements
with the package unit. In the first one,
all the components, namely the
compressor, condenser (which can be
air cooled or water cooled), expansion
valve and evaporator are housed in a
single box.
 The cooled air is thrown by the high capacity blower, and it flows
through the ducts laid through various rooms.
 In the second arrangement, the compressor and condenser are housed
in one casing.
 The compressed gas passes through individual units, comprised of the
expansion valve and cooling coil, located in various rooms.
CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM-

•The refrigerants after absorbing heat

from the evaporator become gaseous.

•The gaseous refrigerant then gets

compressed at compressor and thus,
the pressure of the refrigerant
increases.

•The high pressure and high

temperature refrigerant then go to the
condenser. Here the refrigerant is
condensed (becomes liquid) after releasing heat to the atmosphere.

•The refrigerants then pass through a throttle valve, which converts the
refrigerant to low temperature gas, ready to absorb more heat from
evaporator.

•The blowers circulate and recirculate air in the building. The air flows over the
evaporator as well as over the heater.

LAWS OF REFRIGERATION

1.Fluids absorb heat while changing from

a liquid state to a vapour state. Fluids give
up heat in changing from a vapour to a
liquid (Function of Expansion Valve)

2.The temperature at which a change of

state occurs is constant during the
change, provided the pressure remains
constant. (Heat Exchanger)

3.Heat flows only from a body which is at

a higher temperature to a body which is at
a lower temperature (hot to cold).
(Evaporator)
COMPONENTS OF HVAC

• Compressor

• Condenser coil

• Evaporator coil

• Condenser fan motor

• Evaporator fan motor

• Thermostatic expansion valve

Compressor- This component is the heart of the system.Pumps refrigerant and

oil throughout system. Separates the high pressure side of the system from the
low pressure side. If compressor fails, no cooling is possible

Condenser- Condenser coil is what gets rid of the heat in the system.Can be
water or air cooled, however most are air cooled in retail application. Located
outdoors (air cooled). Fins on coil are subject to corrosion in salt water
environment. Special coatings can be applied. Fins are subject to damage from
hail. Traps dirt and requires periodic cleanings

Evaporator Coil- Provides cold air to the space. Located after the system air
filters. Return air is blown over the coil and chilled. Removes moisture from air
(condensate). Traps dirt that gets past air filters, reducing cooling capacity
(95% is bacterial). Requires periodic chemical cleaning

Evaporator Fan Motor- Located behind condenser coil. Draws ambient air
across condenser coil. System may have up to 4 or more motors based on
system capacity. Motors are direct drive with fan blades attached. Requires
little if any maintenance (sealed bearings)

Thermal Expansion Valve- Located at the evaporator coil. Provides the correct
amount of refrigerant to the evaporator coil for proper cooling. Separates the
high pressure side of the system from the low pressure side. Failure could
cause compressor failure and loss of system cooling capacity. Frequently
overlooked in diagnosing system problems. Requires manual setting of
superheat for proper operation.