Executive Report Vol 1 Final

NAKIVUBO CHANNEL REHABILITATION PROJECT (NCRP)
KAMPALA DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN
GENERAL INDEX TO REPORT
VOLUME 1 : EXECUTIVE REPORT
VOLUME 2 : MAIN REPORT – PART I

INSTITUTIONAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND URBAN ASPECTS
VOLUME 3 : MAIN REPORT – PART II

ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS
VOLUME 4 : MAIN REPORT – PART III

DRAINAGE DEVELOPMENT
VOLUME 5 : INVENTORIES
VOLUME 6 : FIGURES AND MAPS

(All A3-size Figures and Maps)
KDMP – GENERAL INDEX TO MAIN REPORT

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NAKIVUBO CHANNEL REHABILITATION PROJECT
KAMPALA DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN
VOLUME 1
EXECUTIVE REPORT
CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND 1
1.2 CONSULTANCY SERVICES 2
1.3 STUDY LAYOUT 3
1.4 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS TERMINOLOGY 3
2. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 6
2.1 INTRODUCTION 6
2.2 THE NATURE OF STORMWATER MANAGEMENT 6
2.3 LEGAL BACKGROUND 8
2.4 KAMPALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET FRAMEWORK 9
2.5 NON-STRUCTURAL, PRE-EMPTIVE MEASURES 10
2.6 ORGANIZATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS WITHIN KAMPALA COUNCIL 11
2.7 FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS 12
3. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 13
3.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 13
3.2 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 13
3.3 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 15
4. URBAN DEVELOPMENT 18
4.1 INTRODUCTION 18
4.2 GROWTH TRENDS 18
4.2.1 City growth 18
4.2.2 Future growth 19
4.3 IMPLICATION FOR FUTURE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 20
4.3.1 Alternative scenarios for growth 20
4.3.2 Future densities 20
4.3.3 Framework for action 20
KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page i

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5. ENGINEERING ASPECTS 22
5.1 EXISTING DRAINAGE 22
5.1.1 General 22
5.1.2 Major Systems 22
5.1.3 Minor Systems 23
5.1.4 Problems Experienced by the Divisions 23
5.1.5 Black Spots 23
5.2 STORMWATER DISCHARGES 23
5.3 FLOODLINES 25
5.4 CONCEPTUAL DESIGNS 25
5.4.1 General 25
6. ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS 28
6.1 GENERAL 28
6.2 PROJECT COST ESTIMATES 28
6.2.1 Capital costs 28
6.2.2 Land acquisition costs 29
6.2.3 Operating and maintenance costs 30
6.3 IMPACT OF FLOODING 30
6.4 ALTERNATIVE FLOOD RETURN PERIODS 31
6.5 BENEFIT-COST ANALYSES 31
6.6 PRIORITIZATION OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS 32
7. DEVELOPMENT PLAN 33
7.1 GENERAL 33
7.2 DESIGN STANDARDS AND NORMS 33
7.3 LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 34
7.4 CAPITAL COSTS 36
7.5 IDENTIFICATION OF ARRANGEMENTS NECESSARY FOR IMPLEMENTATION 38
7.6 SHORT-TERM ACTION PLAN 41
7.6.1 General 41
7.6.2 Non-structural measures 42
7.6.3 Structural measures 43
KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page ii

The population of Kampala District has grown from 0,8 million in 1991 to
approximately 1,2 million in 2000. It is projected that the future population could
increase to 2,7 million by 2020 and 4,8 million by 2040. Human settlement and
industrial development are extending from the many hills to the lower lying areas on
the banks of the drainage channels within the floodplains. Encroachment into the
wetlands is inevitable if the increasing demand for more habitable and industrial land
is to be met. The natural and manmade drainage channels along the floodplains and
low-lying areas are regularly overtopped by floodwaters, causing damage to the
drainage systems, to people’s homes and industrial properties; seriously disrupts
traffic flow and economic activity in the city; and increases water pollution. All this
results in recurring costs to Kampala’s socio-economy. The overriding issue is
clearly the competition between storm runoff, the natural environment and human
settlement for the scarce resource of limited land.
1.2 CONSULTANCY SERVICES

The Ministry of Local Government and Kampala City Council (KCC) initiated the
preparation of a Kampala Drainage Master Plan (KDMP) to ensure that rehabilitation
and sustainable upgradings for overall stormwater planning are implemented in an
orderly and affordable manner. A portion of the credit received from the International
Development Association for the Nakivubo Channel Rehabilitation Project (NCRP)
has been allocated for this purpose. KCC is responsible for the overall management
of the planning assignment for which the Consultants were appointed.
The Terms of Reference for the study summarizes the main objectives of the study
as follows:
• preparation of a comprehensive KDMP covering further development of the
Kampala District to 2040
• preparation of an affordable long-term programme for the development of
drainage in the Project Area for the period up to the year 2040, with identified
successive stages of implementation
• preparation of a short-term action programme for the first five years, including
design briefs, conceptual designs and cost estimates for recommended
prioritized interventions
• identification of legislative, regulatory, institutional, financial, engineering,
implementation and operational arrangements necessary for the successful
implementation of the KDMP.
KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page 2

1.3 STUDY LAYOUT
Planning of stormwater drainage is a multi-faceted task, the most obvious of which
are the engineering and economic aspects of storm runoff and the planning, design
and construction of physical infrastructure. The “softer” issues, which are sometimes
overlooked or given inadequate attention, relate to the natural environment, the
social considerations and the institutional aspects. Urban planning and development
is often the link between the “softer” issues and physical infrastructure. A drainage
master plan is based on proper management of stormwater to ensure sustainable
future development and therefore entails an integration of the “softer” issues and the
engineering and economic aspects.
This volume of the report contains an executive summary of work carried out,
together with the main findings and recommendations as would be required by
politicians and decision-makers. For more detail, refer to the other volumes of the
report.
Volume 2 : Main Report – Part I

Institutional, Environmental and Urban Aspects
Volume 3 : Main Report – Part II
Engineering and Economic Aspects
Volume 4 : Main Report – Part III
Drainage Development
Volume 5 : Inventories
Volume 6 : Figures and Maps (A3-sizes)
1.4 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS TERMINOLOGY

The terminology used in this report to distinguish between the various drains and
channels required for effective stormwater drainage is defined below for clarity and
to facilitate easier reading of this report.
Kampala district is drained by eight main drainage systems or catchments as

shown in Figure B. The main channel in each drainage system is referred to as the
primary channel and all the tributaries (and sub-tributaries) are referred to as
secondary channels. The primary and secondary channels are also shown in
Figure B.

Stormwater runoff originates as overland flow, accumulating in small drains that
flow directly to the primary and secondary channels or to the roads and then via
underground pipes or small open drains along the roads (referred to as roadside
drainage) to discharge points into the primary and secondary channels. Each
drainage system thus consists of numerous small drains, roadside drains, a number
of secondary channels and a primary channel.
Different planning and design criteria are applicable to the various drains and
channels and it becomes essential and convenient to distinguish between minor
and major systems .
The minor systems correspond to the small drains between buildings and the
roadside drainage, as has traditionally been provided in Kampala, although this is
inadequate in many places. The purpose of the minor systems is to convey
stormwater to the major systems in such a way that inconvenience to pedestrian
and vehicular traffic is minimized. Minor systems are therefore planned and
designed to accommodate frequent storms of lower intensity. Failure or overflowing
of the minor systems usually does not result in damage to buildings or infrastructure
due to the relatively smaller peak stormwater discharges associated with minor
systems.
The major systems accumulate all the stormwater discharges from the various
minor systems and include, therefore, all the primary and secondary channels
including wetlands, as shown in Figure B. The major systems are planned and
designed to accommodate less frequent storms of higher intensity to minimize
physical damage, flooding of houses and industrial properties, and to ensure public
safety in general - especially vehicular safety at road crossings of the major
systems. The major systems are thus associated with relatively higher peak
stormwater discharges.

Figure B : Drainage systems in Kampala District

2. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
It has been established that problems arising in Kampala as a result of flooding
caused by stormwater can be addressed by improving the physical stormwater
drainage system. However, the construction of capital works alone will not resolve
the drainage problems to the satisfaction of the public or the authorities. It is
essential that a healthy balance be struck in Kampala between the provision of
stormwater drainage facilities, the provision of other municipal infrastructure and the
ongoing effective and efficient operation and maintenance of City facilities, including
stormwater drainage.
In this assignment the strong relationships between urban planning, environmental

assessments and institutional considerations are given full recognition and
conscious efforts are made to integrate the work on these modules in a way which
avoids repetition, maximizes the value of the synergy between these investigations
and ensures that no issues are omitted. The overriding consideration in this holistic
approach is that of sustainability of the City’s drainage plan and drainage system.
The technically best drainage system will not fulfill its objectives if the softer aspects
are not in place, eg if the institutions necessary for planning, development, operation
and management are not themselves created and maintained.
In Chapter 2 (Volume 2) on institutional aspects attention is focussed on various

facets of stormwater management, legal issues, pre-emptive measures,
organizational requirements, and budgetary implications.
2.2 THE NATURE OF STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

In order to arrive at a sustainable master plan for managing the drainage of
stormwater it is necessary to consider the multi-dimensional nature of the problem. It
is convenient to consider stormwater management in terms of the following:
• timing of interventions
• nature of interventions, and
• responsibility for interventions.

(a) Timing of stormwater management interventions
Three distinct time periods can be identified in relation to flooding caused by
storm rainfall in Kampala, namely:
(i) The period between rainfall events which cause flooding, usually
recalled as the period before a specific event. During this period pre-
emptive measures can be taken to avoid or at least limit the exposure of
people and property to the hazards of flooding.
(ii) The period during a flood situation when physical damage takes place,
normal activities are disrupted, inconvenience is caused and the safety
of humans may be threatened.
(iii) After a flood attention is focused on emergency relief measures, welfare

and health needs of flood victims and emergency reinstatement of
damage to property and infrastructure and in some cases, compensation
of affected people.
(b) The nature of interventions

Interventions during and after flood-producing storm events are by definition
reactive involving trained personnel, equipment and money and deserve
serious consideration in the formulation of a sustainable drainage master plan
for Kampala. Options for pre-emptive management of flooding events however
require ongoing attention and comprise most aspects of a drainage master
plan. These options are conveniently classed as structural measures and non-
structural measures.
Structural measures play a significant role in limiting damage and loss of life
and are capital-intensive.
Non-structural measures, on the other hand, are usually less capital-intensive

but have significant social and economic implications. The most important
non-structural measure is land-use zoning on floodplains.
(c) Responsibility for interventions

Responsibility for stormwater drainage interventions is determined in part by
provisions of the law of Uganda (and regulations) and in part by policy

decisions and administrative arrangements. Non-structural pre-emptive
measures are the responsibility of everyone from private citizens to National
Government. Responsibility for structural measures is mainly a function of
government (at all levels) and is determined by the legal framework in the
country.
2.3 LEGAL BACKGROUND

A drainage master plan is a major policy document of the City Council and should
be complementary to and compatible with a structure plan for the City, a traffic plan,
an environmental management plan and other future-orientated guidelines.
The Constitution of Uganda, 1995, is the overriding law of the land and sets out
national objectives and directive principles of State policy as a guide to all
organisations and persons who interpret and implement the laws of the land.
National objectives dealing with protection of natural resources (No. XIII), general
social and economic objectives (No. XIV), natural disasters (No. XXIII), and the
environment (No. XXVII) feature prominently in the Constitution and give general
guidance on policy directions in Uganda which impact on stormwater drainage.
Specific legal provisions and requirements are codified in the statutes of the land,
some of which are particularly relevant to this drainage master plan. The most
relevant Acts are those dealing with local government, town planning, land issues
and environmental management.
Policies prepared by the City Council represent the next layer of legal background
for drainage planning.
Recommendations related to the legal background of a drainage master plan are

the following:
• That Divisions be empowered to take full responsibility for the minor drainage
systems, ie construction, operation and maintenance, while KCC retains
responsibility for the major drainage systems.
• That necessary amendments to the law be considered to unambiguously

empower the City Council to prepare and implement land-use and zoning plans.

• That wetlands be marked on the ground as a matter of urgency (by the Wetlands
Inspectorate in consultation with NEMA) and that the conservation of these
areas be positively assigned to the City Council in terms of the Regulations.
The Strategic Framework for Reform (SFR) was adopted by Kampala City Council in
1997 “……… to provide and facilitate the delivery of quality, sustainable and
customer orientated services efficiently and effectively”. This represents an
important policy statement on how the City Council intends to carry out its functions
in future and therefore gives a good indication of the institutional arrangements that
are foreseen for implementing programmes such as a drainage master plan.
2.4 KAMPALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET FRAMEWORK

The City Council’s budget framework is a strong statement of policy on the
allocation of financial resources. The latest budget, for Financial Year 2001/2002,
has been drawn up in accordance with the Strategic Framework for Reform and
provides a useful basis for accommodating the implications of an unfolding, over a
long period of time, of projects in the drainage master plan.
The City Council recognises poor drainage and sanitation as one of its nine major
problems and constraints and envisages expansion, rehabilitation and maintenance
of drainage channels as one of the nine priority focus areas to improve the situation.
The Council’s single largest budget item in 2001/2002 is Ush 22,9 billion for
engineering works in the Technical Services and Works Sector which relies heavily
on funding from agencies such as the World Bank. This budget includes a
substantial provision (Ush 2,2 billion) for servicing the IDA loan for the Nakivubo
Channel Rehabilitation Project.
The indications are that substantial changes will have to be made to the budget to
provide for new capital works, upgrading of existing infrastructure and regular
maintenance and repair to ensure that the drainage master plan succeeds in its
objective of improving the protection against regular flooding, and consequent
damage and financial loss for all citizens.

2.5 NON-STRUCTURAL, PRE-EMPTIVE MEASURES
While land-use zoning is a major option for avoiding inconvenience, damage to
property and even loss of life through flooding by stormwater, other non-structural
measures should also be adopted as far as possible. In using land-use zoning as an
instrument the intention is to prevent human settlement and other uses from
encroaching upon flood-prone land. This may be possible only on payment of
compensation for the loss of individual or group rights.
Where encroachment has taken place, even when valid zoning plans are in place, a
case can often be made for resorting to expropriation of affected developed
properties in order to minimize the hazard to which people are exposed.
Expropriation is an option that can be adopted when it is socio-economically
advantageous and is the most cost-effective option available.
It is recommended that when specific projects are considered in the programme for
implementing the drainage master plan, the option of expropriating high hazard land
in flood-prone areas be given serious consideration.
The determination and marking (on the ground or on town plans) of floodlines and
continuous and effective communication with the public are prerequisites for even
the most basic non-structural measures.
It is recommended that the possible relevance and benefit of a flood warning system
for each flood-prone area in the city be evaluated when individual projects in the
drainage master plan are implemented.
Local government structures are empowered, and therefore expected, to implement

measures such as land-use planning, estimate floodlines, formulate emergency
action plans and the construction, operation and maintenance of drainage
infrastructure. Structural measures are usually the responsibility of local
government. The Government of Uganda, through Ministries and Departments
which are empowered by legislation, are responsible for formulating policy in
relation to aspects such as resource management, environmental management,
land tenure and land-use policy which have a direct impact on the management of
stormwater drainage.

2.6 ORGANIZATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS WITHIN KAMPALA COUNCIL
Bearing in mind (a) the constitutional and other legal obligations on the Kampala
City Council and (b) the Strategic Framework for Reform it is important that sufficient
human resource capacity is available to effectively and efficiently implement this
drainage master plan. It is necessary to bear in mind that the City Council, and in
particular the Directorate of Works and Urban Planning, is a going concern with
more responsibilities than only stormwater drainage.
Cognisance must also be taken of the working relationships and separation of

responsibilities between the City Council establishment at the centre and the five
Divisions within the City. There is provision in the existing structures, at least at
management and senior executive level, for attention to be given to stormwater
drainage. These positions require effective support from other sections such as
Town Planning, Surveying, Financial Management and Law Administration.
In order for new infrastructure contemplated in this drainage master plan to be

effective in improving the protection of the public against the effects of flooding,
existing and the new infrastructure must be properly operated and
maintained. While evaluating the present situation it became clear that
maintenance falls far short of requirements making the existing system less effective
than it could be.
For the KCC organization and the five Divisions to be able to assume their
responsibilities it is essential that the existing posts be filled with competent
engineering staff at a professional level and that these positions be supported by
sufficient technical and administrative staff.
Operation and maintenance, in this case mainly cleaning and repairs with possibly
some upgrading, of the drainage systems could well be contracted out, again under
professional supervision, but it would be advisable for the KCC to maintain a
number of core teams in-house. This facility is necessary to handle emergency and
unexpected situations and as a basis for setting standards and maintaining realistic
performance levels as a basis for out-sourcing the service.
At Division level the same model would apply with core competencies maintained in-
house and project managers supervising out-sourced services.

It is recommended that strengthening of the relevant staff sections in the City
Council and in the Divisions be attended to as a top priority as part of the short-term
action plan. It is expected that staff will have to be recruited but important advances
can be made with training and reorganization of duties and priorities of existing
personnel.
2.7 FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS

Both capital and recurring costs must be provided for to finance the development
and maintenance of the stormwater drainage system. Recurring annual costs of
operation and maintenance are distributed among the various accounts in the City
Council’s Cash Flow Trend up to 2012. For purposes of economic analyses and
capital budgeting decisions it is usual to assume that operation and maintenance will
cost 0,5% per annum of the capital value. The sources of funding for capital and
recurring costs are quite different. Internal sources should be allocated to fund
recurring costs.
Actual costs of operation and maintenance of a city drainage system is strongly

dependent on local circumstances, productivity levels and resources available. It is
recommended that an analysis of actual expenditure over recent years in the City
Council and in the Divisions, together with information on actual work programmes
and production levels, be used to formulate a budget for the whole system for future
years, bearing in mind improvements recommended in this drainage master plan.
Clearly staffing arrangements will strongly influence the budget for recurring costs.
It should be noted that the trend of internal sources of funding for the City Council
since 1991/92 will not change dramatically into the future although a steady increase
is expected, mainly from payments of rates, licence fees and other sources. Much of
this increase is earmarked for funding operational costs in the department of the City
Engineer and Surveyor. The costs of operating and maintaining the drainage system
must be funded from this allocation in competition with other needs such as
maintenance of roads and streets.
The cost of acquiring land by expropriation for the drainage system must also be
financed from internal sources since loans or grants from funding agencies cannot
be used for this purpose.

3. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
3.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

The environmental investigation identified issues to be taken into consideration
when planning the improvements to the drainage systems. It should not be seen as
a comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in terms of the Ugandan
National Statute of 1995 (Part V, section 20), but rather as a screening of the
environment at a pre-feasibility stage. More detailed information on issues that were
identified here must form part of the site-specific EIAs required in terms of the
National Statute of 1995 in the implementation phases.
This Environmental Assessment concentrates on wetlands for the following reasons:

The hills and valleys of Kampala with limited flat areas determines the drainage
pattern. Stormwater drains naturally from the hills to channels which discharge into
wetlands where runoff is stored and flood peaks are attenuated. Unfortunately most
wetlands have been encroached upon, sometimes leading to the flooding of houses
and factories that are located in high-risk areas. The KDMP aims to improve
drainage and as a result, channelization of some of the wetlands has been
proposed. The Environmental Assessment deals with the evaluation of such
proposals in terms of the impact they would have on the environment.
3.2 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

The environmental issues that were identified in the study, are described in
Chapter 3 (Volume 2). To assess the significance of issues, the issues that were
identified, have been grouped as follows:
Issues associated with the natural environment include

• encroachment into wetlands and consequent pollution from settlements
• the condition of the natural habitat and animal life
• the contamination of water sources
• the filtering action of wetlands
• eutrophication of the lake(s)
• the flood attenuation function of wetlands.

Issues with respect to the social and built environments:
• disruption of family life during flooding
• poor health caused by damp conditions (URT infections)
• occurrence of diarrhea due to polluted stormwater from inadequate sanitation
services
• wet areas that serve as breeding ground for mosquitos, leading to malaria
• the impact on the downstream situation, eg less retention in wetlands after
channelization.
Issues with respect to the economic environment:

• flooding of businesses, which leads to damage and loss of income
• damage to infrastructure
• the impact on activities such as brick-making, sand extraction and crafts
• the need to relocate residents because of problems with flooding
• the impact on cultivation and harvesting activities in the wetlands.
Issues that affect the institutional environment:

• conflicting laws and regulations
• legal uncertainty.
The impact of channelization on the environments of the eight drainage systems

within Kampala District has been assessed using the Rapid Impact Assessment
(RIAM) method. The most significant impact of channelization was found to be the
expected improvement of the situation regarding drainage, alleviation of unhealthy
and wet conditions and the elimination of mosquito breeding places. Although
wetlands in general are designated as Valuable Environmental Components (VECs)
in the Kampala Structure Plan (1994), only the lower Nakivubo has been gazetted
for protection and should thus not be channelized. The status of the other “green
areas” needs to be evaluated in subsequent environmental assessments to weigh
the benefits of the wetland in its natural state against the benefits of improved
drainage (ie channelization).

3.3 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Findings with respect to the environment are:

• There is concern regarding changes in water quality in Lake Victoria. These
have mostly to do with nutrients. Contamination of the Lake is in some part due
to polluted surface water entering the Lake from areas such as Kampala.
• Wetlands, to some extent, act as filters to alleviate the effect of pollution.

However, many wetlands in Kampala have been largely drained or modified, or
are in the process of being filled in. The reason for this is the general shortage of
land in Kampala, both for residential purposes and industrial purposes.
• Surface water pollution is due to a number of factors, but is essentially due to a

lack of sewer systems and unsatisfactory sanitation in informal areas. Improper
waste disposal leads to widespread pollution of streams and channels. The
entire Kampala District sewer system and the disposal of domestic (household)
waste into stormwater need to be investigated in depth.
• Communal use of wetlands should be permitted only if the principles and strategies
for environmental conservation and sustainable use (as contained in the National
Policy for the Conservation and Management of Wetland Resources) are adhered
to. Government should issue permits for wetland developers and to users (or a
single authority such as KCC for the management of the entire wetland on behalf
of the community).
• The wetland areas earmarked for preservation could be marked by planting trees
(resistant to goats) along the boundary. In areas that have low value for
preservation as wetland, property owners should be encouraged to construct
platforms to raise their buildings above the flood level. The water should be allowed
to drain via channels, or naturally where possible.
Justification of channelization of wetlands can be summarized as follows:
• Drainage system 1 : Nakivubo

The National Wetlands Programme and stakeholders intend to gazette this
wetland as a protected area, and although it has been almost 60% modified,
this wetland is in relatively good condition, and should be preserved as far as

possible. This implies that further channelization (downstream of the current
channels) should not be allowed (see Figure 3 in Volume 6).
• Drainage system 2 : Lubigi

Lubigi is partly channelized downstream of Hoima Road, but it is proposed
that further channelization of Lubigi be allowed only upstream of Hoima Road
crossing near the confluence with Secondary Channel 12 (see Figure 4 in
Volume 6). The lower Lubigi should be left to drain naturally, thus keeping the
wetland intact.
• Drainage system 3 : Nalukolongo

The area surrounding the Nalukolongo wetland floods excessively affecting
many homes and industries. Channelizaton of Nalukolongo upstream of Old
Masaka Road crossing near the confluence with Secondary Channel 2 can
assist in the management of the environmental consequences (see Figure 5 in
Volume 6). The wetland downstream thereof should be preserved.
• Drainage systems 4 : Kansanga and 4A: Gaba

Although almost 60% of the area has been modified, the condition of this
wetland has been rated as “relatively good”, and the wetland should be
preserved. Channelization of Kansanga downstream of Gaba Road crossing
near the confluence with Secondary Channel 1 may alleviate some of the
problems associated with the wetlands (see Figure 6 in Volume 6).
• Drainage system 5 : Mayanja/Kaliddubi

The area surrounding the Mayanja is under pressure from settlements, and
the upstream area is completely occupied. This wetland is a relatively poor
condition (50% modified), for which channelization of Mayanja (Secondary
Channel 1) may be beneficial, but the Kaliddubi (Primary Channel 5) should
be left to drain naturally (see Figure 7 in Volume 6).
• Drainage system 6 : Kinawataka

The condition of the south-eastern part of this wetland has been rated as
”good”, and should be preserved. Channelization of the rest of Kinawataka
(Primary Channel 6), but only to the west of the confluence with Wankolokolo,
may improve conditions (see Figure 8 in Volume 6).

• Drainage systems 7 : Nalubaga and 7A : Nakalere
These wetland areas have a moderate value for preservation. The
channelization of most of Nalubaga (Primary Channel 7) may improve
conditions at the wetlands, but Nakalere (Primary Channel 7A), which partly
falls outside the study area, should be preserved (see Figure 9 in Volume 6).
• Drainage systems 8 : Walufumbe and 8A : Mayanja North

The Walufumbe wetland is in a moderate condition (just more than 20%
modified), and has some value for preservation. However, channelization of
most of Walufumbe (Primary Channel 8) may be necessary to improve the
situation in this area (see Figure 10 in Volume 6).
It is evident from the environmental assessment that draining in Kampala should

take cognisance of the following:
• Channelization of parts of the wetlands to reduce the negative effects of
flooding must be subject to detailed EIAs, focussing on the specific receiving
environments;
• Preparation and implementation of a management (action) plan for waste

removal (solid and liquid waste) and sanitation is vitally important.

4. URBAN DEVELOPMENT
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The urban study was undertaken to provide the basic framework and guidelines for
the drainage master plan and to determine priority areas for drainage improvement.
Previous urban development policies and plans were reviewed, population and land-
use projections were analyzed, solutions to physical and environmental constraints
were identified and institutional and legal implications of implementing the drainage
master plan were outlined. The limitation of habitable land, leading to large scale
encroachment on wetlands for industrial and low income housing developments, is
the dominant factor influencing urban planning in Kampala.
4.2 GROWTH TRENDS

At national level the average population growth has been 2,9% p.a. since 1969. The
forecast is that it will be 2,7% p.a. between 1996 and 2040. Although the urban
growth rate is higher, the proportion of urban population to the national population
has remained generally low, increasing from 7,7% in 1969 to 11,3% in 1991 and
13,0% in 1994.
4.2.1 City growth

Kampala City has a relatively higher growth rate and share of national urban
population decreasing from 45% in 1969 to 36% in 1994.
Kampala City has especially grown in area and population by expansion of

boundaries. It has grown in size from an original 170 acres and a population of less
than 2000 persons to its present size and a population of 744 250 by 1991.
Land-use zoning practices in the city used to be by racial groups, ie European,

Asian and African groups. Even the industrial and commercial zones were
functionally dominated by the European and Asian communities. The African
residential areas were unplanned, unserviced and of high density. After
independence, zoning for high, medium and low density or high, medium and low
income areas was adopted.

Prior to 1980, the typical population characteristics consisted of male dominance
(56,4% on average) and low dependency ratio. The average household size is 4,2
persons and 1,3 households occupy a dwelling unit.
The tenure system and access to land have changed over time with a significant
influence on population distribution, land-use, densities, rate of development and
land transactions.
There have been different urban plans for the different divisions or municipalities
such as Nakawa, Kawempe and Mengo of Kampala prior to 1966 when the outline
scheme for Kampala was based on a population of 100 000 in 1951. The Kampala
Structure Plan of 1972 incorporated the municipalities into greater Kampala. The
plan designated land according to zones of different functional uses such as for
industrial, commercial, residential and agricultural purposes. Despite the rigid
specification of land-use, a lot of mixed and non-conforming land-uses persist.
There is lack of planning and administrative capacity to plan, implement and enforce
planning regulations. In view of the shortage of habitable land, encroachment on
wetlands has occurred unabated.
4.2.2 Future growth

This study did not benefit from the population census which should have taken place
in the year 2000, and the Kampala Urban Study was up to 2004 only. Therefore, the
projection of growth up to 2040 is based on the 1991 population census, limiting the
reliability of the result. The population is projected in two stages, ie 1991 to 2015
and 2016 to 2040, using different growth rates by divisions and parishes and then
aggregated to get the total population of the City. The total population of Kampala is
projected to be 2,4 million by the year 2015 and 4,8 million by the year 2040.
The minimum carrying capacity or density is used as the basic measure of land-use
or intensity of development and population distribution for purposes of the drainage
study. It is estimated that 50% of the parishes will have exceeded their carrying
capacity by the year 2016 and all the parishes will have done so by the year 2040.
The growth up to 2040 is expected to be accommodated within the existing
boundary and in accordance with the land-use designated by the 1994 Kampala
Urban Study.

4.3 IMPLICATION FOR FUTURE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
4.3.1 Alternative scenarios for growth

The practical and legal impediments to extension of the boundary restricts the
accommodation of future growth by increasing carrying capacity and density of
development in the various land-uses. This requires a number of strategic actions.
4.3.2 Future densities

The average densities in the city will increase for each category from 75 to 280 for
low density, 281 to 570 for medium density and 571 to 873 for high density. Each
land-use, in particular the low density residential and commercial areas, will be
developed intensively and with high rise buildings respectively. Mixed land-use will
increase. It is noteworthy that once a threshold density or development is achieved,
further increase in density or intensity of development will affect drainage only
marginally.
4.3.3 Framework for action

It is necessary to increase habitable land area by permitting some development in
the upstream reaches of wetlands, in particular by reserving them for development
of equally important environmental attributes. While the major functional land-uses
will remain the same, commercial zones will be the central places in each parish and
division. Industrial zones will be located in close proximity to low income high
density residential areas.
Redevelopment schemes for old areas where leases have expired or whose
minimum carrying capacities have been exceeded must be carried out in a planned
manner. In the process, plot ratios or building heights will increase; adequate roads
and parking and pedestrian facilities must be provided; land for essential services
must be provided such as for schools, health, places of worship, and playgrounds or
recreation or amenity open spaces. New areas must be developed on the basis of
detailed local area plans that provide for all the services and in particular
accessibility.
Transportation provides the framework for all development or the provision of initial
services. Transportation planning must provide for facilities for all modes, different
classes and standards of roads, parking facilities and street lighting. A transportation

study for Kampala was done in the sixties by Norconsult, but was not accepted.
Only the proposed southern and northern bypasses have been considered for
implementation.

5. ENGINEERING ASPECTS
5.1 EXISTING DRAINAGE
5.1.1 General
Surveys of all the natural and man-made channels, the culverts at road and rail
crossings, and roadside drainage were carried out to define and quantify the present
shortcomings or deficiencies of the existing drainage. Digital maps with 2m
contours, obtained from the Department of Surveys and Mapping, served as the
basis for all field surveys and investigations throughout the study.
5.1.2 Major Systems

The major systems consist of all the primary and secondary channels indicated in
Figure B. (Section 1 of this executive report). Field surveys to define the geometrical
dimensions of all the natural and manmade channels, as well as the culverts and
bridges at road crossings were carried out. The survey details, with photographs,
are contained in inventories in Volume 5. Discharge capacities of all the channels
and culverts were determined and related to return period to assist in identifying the
most critical or problem areas. It was found that the related return periods are
shorter than 2 years in most cases, which implies that most of the channels and
almost all of the culverts will be regularly overtopped. Most of the culverts are
causing damming-up of floodwaters due to an imbalance between the channel
cross-sectional areas and the through-flow areas of the culverts, as illustrated in
Photo A.
Photo A : Kazo Road crossing in Kawempe

5.1.3 Minor Systems
A field reconnaissance survey of the roadside drainage covering the whole of
Kampala District was carried out. The survey focussed on establishing the extent of
existing roadside drainage and distinguished between unlined and lined drains, and
underground drains and drains covered with gratings. The surveyed information is
shown on the digital maps contained in Volume 6.
To supplement the reconnaissance survey of road drainage, detailed surveys of

roadside drainage and other small drains between buildings in six pilot areas were
carried out and are representative of all the various land-use sectors in Kampala
District. This information was used to quantify the rehabilitation and upgradings
necessary to ensure proper drainage by the minor systems for the whole of
Kampala District.
5.1.4 Problems Experienced by the Divisions

Problems (causes of flooding) experienced by the five Divisions within Kampala
District, which emanated from discussions with the Division Engineers and their
assistants, can be summarized as follows:
• poor maintenance and lack of resources

• undersized culverts and channels
• inadequate road drainage
• encroachment into flood-prone areas
• siltation and urban litter disposal.
5.1.5 Black Spots

Problem areas or so-called black spots have been compiled into inventories
contained in Volume 5. A description together with the problems experienced and
the proposed upgrading is given for each black spot. All these identified black spots
emanated from information provided by KCC, discussions with Division Engineers,
field surveys and visual observations during rainfall storms.
5.2 STORMWATER DISCHARGES

Peak stormwater discharges or flood peaks were estimated along the primary and
secondary drainage channels at all road crossings, confluences of primary and

secondary channels and also at other problem areas or black spots for the existing
and projected future land-use.
Deterministic methods (namely the Rational and SCS methods) were employed due
to the lack of long-term peak flow data. Rainfall depth-duration-frequency (DDF)
relationships have been established on the basis of international relationships
derived by Bell for countries with sparse data and by means of frequency analyses
of the available daily rainfall data converted to shorter durations. The physical
properties (ie catchment area, length of watercourse, height fall and steepness) of
the catchments were obtained from the digital maps contained in Volume 6. Runoff
coefficients, as required for the Rational Method and curve numbers as required for
the SCS method, have been determined on the basis of the physical properties of
the catchments, the existing and projected future land-use and a soils map obtained
from the Department of Surveys and Mapping.
The results of stormwater discharges for future land-use indicate that the effect of
future urbanisation is minimal and limited to specific sub-catchments. However,
channelization is associated with future urban development, and this can affect the
roughness, length and gradient of the channel. Higher flow velocities are created,
which shorten the catchment response time and result in an increased stormwater
discharge for a given return period. This effect is more apparent with flatter slopes
associated with larger catchments where the peak discharge can increase by up to
50%, than for steeper slopes associated with catchments smaller than about 8km2
where the effect becomes insignificant.
An inventory of estimated stormwater discharges or flood peaks for return periods of

2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 years is contained in Volume 5 covering the following
catchment conditions:
• existing land-use
• projected future land-use
• future land-use with channelization.

5.3 FLOODLINES
Floodlines indicate the strip or area along a watercourse or channel that will be
prone to inundation by floodwaters. Floodlines have been hydraulically determined
for storm return periods ranging from 2 to 100 years. It should be noted that areas
outside the floodlines are still subject to inundation during floods with longer return
periods than those on which the specific floodlines are based.
Chapter 7 in Volume 3 describes the determination of floodlines in detail. The extent

of the floodlines is shown on the digital maps contained in Volume 6.
It was found that the width of flooding along the primary and secondary channels of
all eight drainage systems does not differ much for the different return periods. This
is caused by the relatively small cross-sectional areas of the natural channels along
the floodplains. When the capacity of the natural channel is exceeded (in most
cases for floods with return periods even shorter than 2 years), floodwaters spread
over the full width of the floodplain up to the steeper edges defining the floodplain.
The depth of flow increases slightly for longer return periods. Floodlines are shown
in Figures 12 to 22 and on the digital maps, all contained in Volume 6.
It is important to note that the accuracy of floodlines depends heavily on the

accuracy of the topographical maps used to define the floodlines. The accuracy of
the topographical information used in this study (ie the digital maps with 2m
contours shown in Volume 6) is considered adequate for master planning but more
accurate detail surveys will be an essential prerequisite for final design purposes.
5.4 CONCEPTUAL DESIGNS
5.4.1 General
Stormwater systems must control and remove surface runoff as efficiently as
possible. The conceptual designs associated with master planning are mainly aimed
at ensuring that feasible and compatible upgradings can be achieved in the various
channels, such that any particular upgrading is not aggravating flooding in other
areas.

5.4.2 Major Systems
As described, the major systems consist of the primary and of all the secondary
channels in each drainage system.
The options available for upgrading of the major systems are:
• expropriate land along the floodplains and leave the channel in its natural form
(this is particularly applicable to wetlands to be preserved)
• enlarge the channels by means of channelization (ie concrete lined, grouted
stone pitched and/or earth channels)
• provide temporary storage dams to attenuate and retard flood peaks
• combine the use of channelization and temporary storage dams.
The final selection of any of the last three options listed above is usually based on
the economy or the least-cost option. However, the available topographical
information, which is considered adequate for master planning, is not accurate
enough for a comparison of conceptual designs of the above options on a least-cost
basis. Detail surveys will be a prerequisite for such comparisons, which must be
carried out as part of the final design. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
will also have to be carried out for each of the above options, particularly temporary
storage dams during final design.
Suitable sites for flood attenuation dams are, in any case, limited within Kampala
District. The following potential sites have been identified:
• Kitante Channel (golf course)
• Lubigi Channel (Nsooba Wetland) and along the upper secondary channels
• Kabaka’s Lake (increasing the storage capacity)
• Kansanga Primary Channel.
For master planning purposes, attention was mainly focussed on the option of
channelization of the primary and secondary channels of each drainage system,
except for the wetland areas to be preserved. The details of the conceptual
channelization designs are given in Chapter 8 of Volume 3. The upgradings have
been based on the 10-year return periods and the channels should, with the allowed
freeboard, be able to roughly accommodate the 20-year floods before serious
overtopping occurs.

5.4.3 Minor Systems
Typical conceptual designs of the roadside and other minor drains for the six pilot
areas surveyed were carried out, as described in Section 5.1.3 of this executive
report. The locations of the six pilot areas are shown in Figure 11 of Volume 6.
Proposed minor system layouts were prepared for all six pilot areas, making as
much use of the existing drains as possible. The details are given in Chapter 8 of
Volume 3.

6. ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS
6.1 GENERAL
The scale of the impact of flooding within Kampala District is reflected by the extent
of current and anticipated future socio-economic development in the City. This
needs to be seen within the broad context of the rapid urbanization currently
underway in Uganda. As the commercial and industrial centre of Uganda, Kampala
can be expected to have significantly higher economic growth than the rest of the
country. Rapid economic and population growth will put pressure on the drainage
networks.
The purpose of the economic analyses were to:

• estimate capital costs associated with upgradings, as well as operating and
maintenance costs, and to identify beneficiaries
• estimate quantifiable damages and cost due to damages, and to indicate non-
quantifiable benefits
• use the evaluation for optimization and prioritization of the drainage systems and
for the compilation of a long-term implementation programme.
The present and future flooding impacts have been predicted on the current and
expected socio-economic development and the population and areas affected by the
floods in each drainage system. Specific land-use in the flooded areas has been
assessed by means of visual inspections and liaison with the Division Engineers and
local residents.
Full details of the cost estimates and economic analyses are described in Chapter 9
of Volume 3.
6.2 PROJECT COST ESTIMATES
6.2.1 Capital costs

Project cost estimates for upgradings in each drainage system have been based on
unit rates extracted from the Nakivubo Channel Rehabilitation Project’s contract
documents. These unit rates were escalated to a base date of September 2001
used in this study. Allowances were made for contingencies (15%) and engineering
and management (10%) in the total costs.

Table 6.1 summarizes the capital costs (including engineering and management
costs, but excluding land acquisition costs) for upgradings of the major systems by
means of channelization of the primary and secondary channels in each drainage
system to accommodate the 10-year floods.
Table 6.1 : Capital cost estimates for upgrading of the major systems
Drainage Primary Channels Secondary Channels Totals

System Ush million USD million Ush million USD million Ush million USD million
1.Nakivubo 0 0 11 190 6,39 11 190 6,39
2.Lubigi 9 502 5,43 30 108 17,20 39 610 22,63
3.Nalukolongo 10 968 6,27 5 527 3,16 16 495 9,43
4.Kansanga 6 930 3,96 2 341 1,34 9 271 5,30
5.Mayanja 8 940 5,11 0 0 8 940 5,11
6.Kinawataka 13 429 7,67 4 094 2,34 17 523 10,01
7.Nalubaga 4 675 2,67 5 118 2,93 9 793 5,59
8.Walufumbe 2 876 1,64 4 519 2,58 7 395 4,23
TOTALS 57 320 32,75 62 897 35,94 120 217 68,69
Note : Exchange rate : USD 1 = Ush 1750
6.2.2 Land acquisition costs

Land along and adjacent to the primary and secondary channels is required for
physical works and for right of way (ROW). This land has been categorized as:
• built areas
• agricultural areas
• other areas (scrubland and wetland).
Compensation rates for structures and buildings are officially established by the
Ministry of Lands and Environment and by KCC. The estimation of land acquisition
costs is fraught with difficulties and negotiation plays a major role in establishing
final compensation. The question of land ownership is extremely complicated due to
the different types of ownership and tenure. A review of land values in different parts
of Kampala District showed that there is considerable variation not only between
areas, but also within the areas themselves.
Land values to determine compensation and mitigation costs can be estimated more
accurately when designs are finalized and ROWs are defined. Provisional estimates
made for this study as described in Chapter 9 (Volume 3) are shown in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2 : Provisional land acquisition cost associated with a design return
period of 10 years
Land acquisition costs
Drainage System
Ush million USD million
1 495,0 0,28
2 738,1 0,42
3 680,6 0,39
4 138,2 0,08
5 55,0 0,03
6 259,8 0,15
7 66,7 0,04
8 98,6 0,06
TOTALS 2 532,0 1,45
6.2.3 Operating and maintenance costs

The annual operating and maintenance costs have been conservatively assessed at
1,0% of the capital investment costs shown in Table 6.1 for the purpose of economic
evaluations.
6.3 IMPACT OF FLOODING

The various categories of impact of flooding that were considered in the economic
evaluations are shown in Table 6.3.
Table 6.3 : Impact of flooding – basis for cost estimation

Category Costs
Residential Damage to buildings and structures
Impact on property values
Additional costs in flood prevention and reduction
Road Networks Physical damage
Maintenance costs
Traffic delays
Additional Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC)
Commercial and Industrial Physical damage to property and goods
Environment Deterioration
Health Disease
Loss of work/days
Mitigation Measures Applicable during construction
Agricultural Loss of crop areas
Where possible, all these costs have been quantified as described in Chapter 9 of
Volume 3.

6.4 ALTERNATIVE FLOOD RETURN PERIODS
The costs and impacts associated with the 10-year, 50-year and 100-year flood
return periods have been considered for Drainage Systems 2 (Lubigi), 3
(Nalukolongo) and 6 (Kinawataka). Only the 10-year flood return period was
evaluated for the other drainage systems.
6.5 BENEFIT-COST ANALYSES

The results of the benefit-cost analyses are shown in Table 6.4 for upgradings to
accommodate 10-year floods.
Table 6.4 : Results of economic analyses

Net Present Value
Internal Rate of
Drainage System (NPV) Benefit-cost Ratio
Return (IRR)
(Ush million)
1. Nakivubo Primary 24,00%
2. Lubigi System -864 7,80% 0,97
Lubigi Primary +18 443 18,62%
3. Nalukolongo System +16 213 13,66% 1,9
Nalukolongo Primary +15 911 16,20%
4. Kansanga System -6 266 3,13%
5. Mayanja System Negative
6. Kinawataka System +17 793 13,73% 2,3
Kinawataka Primary +13 832 13,73%
7. Nalubaga System No impact on development
8. Walufumbe System -7 184 Negative
Further analyses were also carried out with upgradings to accommodate the 50-year
and 100 year floods in three drainage systems listed in Table 6.5.
Table 6.5 : Variations in Internal Rates of Return (IRR)

Drainage System 10-year flood 50-year flood 100-year flood
2 Lubigi 7,80% 6,24% 5,93%
3 Nalukolongo 13,66% 10,58% 9,84%
6 Kinawataka 13,73% 11,25% 11,17%
As described in Section 5.3, the width of flooding along the primary and secondary
channels of all eight drainage systems does not differ much for different flood peak
magnitudes. Only the flow depth increases slightly for larger flood peaks. This
finding, together with the decrease in the IRRs for larger flood peaks as shown in
Table 6.5, leads to the conclusion and recommendation that the 10-year return
period be considered for design of upgradings of the primary and secondary

channels of the major systems, as was the case for the upgrading of the Nakivubo
Channel.
6.6 PRIORITIZATION OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

For compilation of a long-term upgrading programme, it is essential to prioritize the
drainage systems as a whole within their socio-economic context and the expected
economic return on investment. While the economic evaluations can present an
order of priority, it is important that non-quantifiable benefits also be taken into
account, as well as sectoral priorities within the local conditions since flooding has a
disproportionate impact in the various areas.
Prioritization has therefore been based on a weighting system of the following

aspects as described in Chapter 10 of Volume 3:
• existing and expected population in each drainage system area
• population directly affected
• impact on residents
• impact on transport
• impact on environment
• economic evaluation (IRRs)
• capital investment per capita
• non-quantifiable factors.
The results are shown in Table 6.6, which should be read in conjunction with Figure
B on page 5 of this Executive Report.
Table 6.6 : Recommended prioritization of drainage systems

Priority Drainage System
1 No. 2 – Lubigi
2 No. 1 – Nakivubo secondary channels
3 No. 3 – Nalukolongo
4 No. 6 – Kinawataka
5 No. 4 – Kansanga
6 No. 8 – Walufumbe
7 No. 5 – Mayanja / Kaliddubi
8 No. 7 – Nalubaga

7. DEVELOPMENT PLAN
7.1 GENERAL
The purpose of drainage master planning is to accomplish given objectives and
goals, such as:
• to protect the health, welfare and safety of the public, and to protect property
from flood damage by safely routing and discharging stormwater along channels
with minimum or no risk of damage
• to improve the quality of life of affected communities
• to avoid or at least minimize negative impacts on the natural environment
• to ensure environmental sustainability while pursuing economic development
• to provide the optimum methods (eg minimizing costs) of managing runoff
• to ensure all affected or possibly-affected persons have access to information
regarding flood hazards.
Accomplishment of these goals can only be achieved through pre-emptive

management of stormwater drainage. As already described, options for
management of stormwater drainage are conveniently classified as structural and
non-structural measures. Proposals and recommendations with regard to both
structural and non-structural measures are briefly described in this section. Full
details are given in Chapters 11 to 14 in Volume 4.
7.2 DESIGN STANDARDS AND NORMS

Design standards and norms are essential to provide a uniform basis for future
detail design of upgradings to the drainage systems. Design standards are
influenced by many physical factors and site-specific conditions and recommended
standards merely serve as a guide to minimum requirements that must be enforced
by KCC.
The recommended design standards and norms are described in Chapter 11 of

Volume 4 and cover design return periods, floodlines, hydraulic design, stormwater
drainage components and public inconvenience and exposure to damage. The flood
peak magnitudes affect the overall sizing (and cost) of stormwater drainage systems
and are thus considered to be the most important and critical factor in final designs.
In this regard, the following return periods are recommended for estimating peak
stormwater discharges or flood peaks.

• Major Systems
- Primary and secondary channels : 10 years (minimum)
- Temporary storage dams for flood
peak attenuation : 50 years
• Minor Systems (including roadside drainage)

- Residential and institutional (eg schools) : 2 - 5 years
- General commercial and industrial : 5 years
- High-value central business districts : 5 - 10 years.
7.3 LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
7.3.1 Major Systems

The recommended development plan of structural measures required to accomplish
sustainable drainage upgradings and the compilation of a long-term implementation
programme have been based on evaluation and integration of the following aspects:
• existing drainage facilities
• upgradings already planned and under construction
• expected urban development
• environmental impacts
• economic and financial issues
• extent of structural measures required
• traffic impacts.
The main objectives of the study, as described in Section 1, specifically require that
the long-term implementation programme covers the period up to 2040. This long
period will result in the implementation programming of structural measures being
subject to regular revision and updating to suit the present unknown future changes
in conditions and circumstances. To cover the period up to 2040, it was therefore
considered beneficial to distinguish between three distinct 13-year periods based on
the level of priority as follows:
• 2002 – 2014 : high priority period
• 2015 – 2027 : medium priority period
• 2028 – 2040 : low priority period

Programming for the first 13-year period can be done with much more certainty than
for the second and third 13-year periods due to circumstances and conditions that
will definitely change over time. The first 13-year period includes the short-term
action plan for the first five years as described in Section 7.6. In this regard it may
be in the interest of KCC to revise and update the long-term programme every five
years, taking changing circumstances into account to define a short-term action plan
at the beginning of every five-year period.
The details of the recommended long-term implementation programme are given in

Chapter 12 of Volume 4. In general, the culverts at road and rail crossings of the
primary and secondary channels were given relatively higher priorities than the
upgrading of the channels. Improved crossings will already assist in alleviating the
flooding problems and will also help in spreading out the required capital
investments.
The first 13-year high priority period mainly covers the critical areas of Drainage
System 1 (Nakivubo), Drainage System 2 (Lubigi), Drainage System 3
(Nalukolongo) and Drainage System 6 (Kinawataka).
7.3.2 Minor Systems

The minor systems convey stormwater runoff to the major systems in such a way
that inconvenience to pedestrian and vehicular traffic is minimized. The minor
systems therefore mainly correspond to roadside drainage, but also include
drainage away from the roads between buildings on individual plots.
The provision of proper drainage between buildings on individual plots is considered

to be the responsibility of the prospective land owners. This stormwater, which is
usually conveyed by means of small open drains or by underground pipes, is either
discharged directly into a major system or into the longitudinal drains along the
roads. Roadside drainage forms the main component of the minor systems.
The reconnaissance survey of roadside drainage within Kampala District together

with the detail survey and conceptual designs of six pilot areas has shown that
roadside drainage is either undersized in many places or non-existent. General
upgrading and provision of new roadside drainage forms part of, and must be
considered in conjunction with, the long-term planning of rehabilitation and

upgrading of the roads and streets. The capital costs required to upgrade roadside
drainage also form part of the cost of road rehabilitation and provision of new roads.
It will thus serve no purpose to compile a long-term implementation programme for
upgrading of roadside drainage without considering the future planning of
upgradings of the existing road systems in Kampala District.
In the short-term it is, however, essential to give attention to specific problem areas
where the inadequate roadside drainage results in regular flooding and
inconvenience to vehicular traffic. Numerous problem areas, or black spots, on the
minor systems (particularly roadside drainage) have been identified and are listed in
Section 5 of Volume 5. Improvement of the flow conditions at these black spots has
become an urgent matter. It is thus recommended that detail designs for upgradings
(taking planned upgradings of the roads into account) be carried out as soon as
possible and that implementation be scheduled as part of the short-term action plan
described in Section 7.6.
In general, the roadside drainage in the Central Division has also been identified as
a problem area or black spot. The existing inadequate minor drainage system in the
Central Division would probably require most of the sizes of underground pipes to
be increased, together with upgradings of the kerbs and kerb inlets. This will be a
costly exercise and needs to be programmed over a longer period. A detail study of
roadside drainage in general in the Central Division will, however, be a prerequisite
for programming of implementation.
It is recommended that 5-year action plans be compiled for upgrading of roadside

drainage at the beginning of every 5-year period, as described in Section 7.6 for the
first 5-year period or short-term action plan.
7.4 CAPITAL COSTS
7.4.1 Major Systems

The distribution of capital costs (inclusive of an allowance of 10% for engineering
and management costs, but excluding land acquisition costs) required for the
recommended upgradings of the major systems is listed in Table 7.1. Estimates of
land acquisition costs associated with the recommended upgradings are shown in
Table 7.2.

Table 7.1 : Distribution of capital costs – Major Systems
Capital costs (Ush million)
Drainage System Channel High Priority Medium Priority Low Priority

2002 to 2014 2015 to 2027 2028 to 2040
Channels Culverts Channels Culverts Channel Culverts
Primary Channels - - - - - -
Secondary Channels 7 150 637 250 45 2 100 40
No. 1 - Nakivubo
Sub- Ush million 7 150 637 250 45 2 100 40
Totals USD million 4,1 0,36 0,14 0,03 1,20 0,02
Primary Channels 9 202 230 - 90 - -
No. 2 - Lubigi Secondary Channels 9 095 369 14 891 271 3 247 -
Sub- Ush million 18 297 599 14 891 361 3 247 -

Totals USD million 10,45 0,34 8,51 0,21 1,86 -
Primary Channels 10 668 300 - -
No. 3 – Nalukolongo Secondary Channels 2 286 143 1 100 40 491 -
Sub- Ush million 12 954 443 1 100 40 491 -

Totals USD million 7,40 0,25 0,63 0,02 0,28 -
Primary Channels - 20 6 830 60 - 20
No. 4 & 4A – Secondary Channels - 10 500 23 1 967 24

Kansanga & Gaba
Sub- Ush million 30 7 330 83 1 967 44
-
Totals USD million 0,02 4,19 0,05 1,12 0,03
Primary Channels - 45 8 850 45 - -

Secondary Channels - - - - - -
No. 5 – Mayanja
Sub- Ush million - 45 8 850 45 - -
Totals USD million - 0,03 5,06 0,03 - -
Primary Channels 13 279 150 - - - -
No. 6 – Kinawataka Secondary Channels 1 626 246 1 500 - 721 -
Sub- Ush million 14 905 396 1 500 - 721 -

Totals USD million 8,52 0,23 0,86 - 0,41 -
Primary Channels - - - 25 - -
No. 7 & 7A – Secondary Channels - - - 20 - -

Nalubaga & Nakalere
Sub- Ush million - - - 45 - -
Totals USD million - - - 0,03 - -
Primary Channels - - - - - -
No. 8 & 8A – Secondary Channels - - - 30 - 60
Walufumbe & Mayanja
North Sub- Ush million - - - 30 60
Totals USD million - - - 0,02 0,03
Ush million 53 306 2 150 33 921 649 8 526 144

TOTALS
USD million 30,46 1,23 19,38 0,37 4,87 0,08
Note : 1. Base date of cost estimates : September 2001

2. Exchange rate : USD 1 = Ush 1 750

Table 7.2 : Land acquisition costs
Land acquisition costs
Drainage System
Ush million USD million
1 495,0 0,28
2 738,1 0,42
3 680,6 0,39
4 138,2 0,08
5 55,0 0,03
6 259,8 0,15
7 66,7 0,04
8 98,6 0,06
TOTALS 2 532,0 1,45
7.4.2 Minor Systems

It is recommended that the following unit costs be considered in the planning of
upgradings associated with the minor systems (including roadside drainage):
• Central Business District : Ush 7 million/ha

• Industrial areas : Ush 6 million/ha
• Residential areas
- High density : Ush 8 million/ha
- Medium density : Ush 5 million/ha
- Low density : Ush 4 million/ha
7.5 IDENTIFICATION OF ARRANGEMENTS NECESSARY FOR IMPLEMENTATION

The drainage master plan comprises a short-term action plan and a long-term
development programme, each of which comprises specific projects. Arrangements
must be put in place to ensure that each project can be successfully implemented,
i.e. managed through the entire project cycle from detailed planning and design,
through construction and commissioning to operation and maintenance. The
arrangements necessary include setting up the appropriate organization with staffing
structure, budgeting and funding procedures, management and control
The arrangements envisaged could include technical (but not necessarily all
professional) staff at the Centre as well as in the Divisions who have a clear
responsibility for the stormwater drainage system. This group of people would carry
out carefully planned routine inspections of all components of the drainage system
and maintain a data file recording aspects such as date of inspections, damage,

siltation, and garbage accumulation. They would also log all incidents of flooding in
detail, so building up a very valuable data base for planning of cleaning,
maintenance and planned improvements.
Cleaning and maintenance then becomes easy to plan, budget and manage as
goal-directed operation and maintenance. The data base on flooding events will
reflect the growing and changing need for new works which are documented in the
Master Plan. This will confirm expected needs for new works and may as time
passes, lead to changes in priority for specific items.
Once specific new works are identified and motivated, technical staff in KCC and the
Divisions must be in a position to formulate project briefs and initiate the planning,
design and implementation, probably by appointing consultancies to undertake the
work. Care must be taken to plan sufficiently far in advance to be able to provide
realistic cost estimates, maintain budget provisions and arrange for project
financing. This will require the usual liaison with the City Treasurer.
The necessary arrangements for implementation have been dealt with throughout
the study and entails the following:
(a) Legislative arrangements

It has been found desirable to harmonize the provisions of the Local
Government Act, the National Environmental Statute and the Town and
Country Planning Act to remove ambiguity and empower the City Council to
prepare and implement land-use and zoning plans. Perhaps the most
controversial and sensitive issue during implementation will be the relocation
of people as part of the implementation programme and the fair compensation
payable in terms of Ugandan law. Success will depend on the ability of the
City Council to exercise its authority to significantly impact on the rights of
individuals and even of communities in the interest of the broader public.
(b) Regulatory arrangements

It is recommended that regulatory provision be made for the Divisions to take
full responsibility for the minor drainage systems while the City Council itself
remains responsible for the major drainage systems. Attention should be
given to removing possible legal ambiguity between the definition in the

Second Schedule to the Local Government Act, 1997, of the categories of
drainage systems and the definitions used in this master plan.
Arrangements for preparing and implementing land-use plans as regulatory

instruments of stormwater management will provide cost-effective, non-
structural options.
(c) Institutional arrangements

The variety of projects in the drainage master plan have to be implemented
over a long period of time and operated and maintained indefinitely. Present
arrangements for implementing the Nakivubo Channel Rehabilitation Project
(NCRP) through a Project Coordination Unit working in close liaison with the
City Engineer and Surveyor’s Department (CE and S) and the Town Clerk
offers a basis for future arrangements. These units within the KCC and the
Divisions all have significant roles which must be carefully coordinated. The
requirements of the Strategic Framework for Reform in the City provide further
guidance on organization design and allocation of functions for implementing
the drainage master plan.
In view of present limitations on the human and financial resources available

to the City Council and the Divisions, even the existing stormwater drainage
system cannot be operated and maintained for maximum benefit to the
citizens. Careful attention must be given to these institutional aspects as a
high priority when implementing this drainage master plan.
(d) Financial arrangements

Specific attention must be given to financial arrangements to support long-
term commitments such as the drainage master plan. Grant and loan funding
from multi-lateral agencies such as the World Bank as well as own sources
from the revenue must be considered and it is essential to institute
arrangements for capital budgeting and provision of funds for recurring costs.
These arrangements must be fully compatible with budgeting processes in the
City.
Cognisance is taken of the present, limited access to funds for financing

recurring annual costs of operation and management and the cost of acquiring
land, and the fact that this is not likely to change dramatically in the near

future. This aspect may call for special financing arrangements for
implementation, particularly in the short-term.
(e) Operational Arrangements

The operation and stormwater drainage can not be dissociated from
maintenance.
Organization design and staffing levels must take account of the Strategic
Framework for Reform. It is expected that the arrangements found to be
appropriate for operating and maintaining the existing drainage systems will
also be adequate for the improved systems envisaged in this drainage master
plan. Arrangements must be made to ensure that the projects emanating from
the short-term action plan and the long-term programme are well defined,
initiated timeously and managed with great discipline. This will require strong
project management expertise at City Council and Division levels.
(f) Engineering and implementation arrangements

The engineering arrangements relate basically to the detail design with
contract documents of the proposed structural interventions. Similarly the
implementation arrangements relate to the invitation of tenders, tender
adjudication and finally construction and commissioning.
It is recommended that these tasks be out-sourced under the guidance and

management of either KCC for the major systems or the Divisions for the
minor systems.
7.6 SHORT-TERM ACTION PLAN
7.6.1 General
This section briefly describes the recommended short-term action plan for the first
five years. Specific reference is made to design briefs, conceptual designs and cost
estimates for the recommended prioritized interventions. Although these
requirements only correspond to structural measures, it is essential that attention
also be given to non-structural measures during the initial stages of the short-term
action programme. This mainly entails setting-up the necessary arrangements for
implementation of the KDMP (see Section 7.5) and operation and maintenance, as
well as improving the rainfall and runoff data collection and consideration. The short-

term action plan has thus been conveniently divided into non-structural and
structural measures.
7.6.2 Non-structural measures

(a) Organizational structures
These are dealt with in Section 2 and Sub-section 7.5 of this Executive Report
and these should be put in place as far as possible as part of the short-term
action plan.
(b) Operation and maintenance

The organizational structure for operation and maintenance has also been
dealt with in Section 2. Lack of funds is presently the main issue affecting the
poor quality of maintenance being experienced.
(c) Rainfall and runoff data collection

Verification and refinement of the estimated peak stormwater discharges or
flood peaks can only be achieved with recorded rainfall and runoff data over a
reasonable period of time.
It is recommended that two new rainfall stations be installed close to the

western and northern boundaries of Kampala District and that three existing
rainfall stations be upgraded to measure rainfall over short durations.
It is also recommended that in addition to the existing flow measuring station

on the Nakivubo Channel at 5th Street, two more flow measuring stations be
installed; one on the Lubigi Channel and the other on Kinawataka Channel.
The capital costs of these additional rainfall and flow measuring stations are
estimated at Ush 4 million (USD 2 285) and Ush 4,5 million (USD 2 750)
respectively. The installation, operation and maintenance of these rainfall and
flow measuring stations must fall under the supervision of the Department of
Meteorology and Water Resources, respectively.

7.6.3 Structural measures
(a) Major systems
As far as the major systems are concerned (ie primary and secondary
channels), the first five years, from 2003 to 2007, of the long-term
implementation programme represents recommended prioritized interventions
applicable to the short-term action plan, as shown in Table 7.3. These short-
term prioritized interventions mainly cover all the known and identified problem
areas or black spots as listed in Section 5 of Volume 5. It might not be
possible to accomplish upgrading of all the channels and road crossing listed
in Table 7.3 within five years, and it may become necessary to revise the
programme in two years time, for example.
(b) Minor systems

Roadside drainage is either undersized or non-existent in many places.
Upgrading of the roadside drainage is an enormous task and it is
recommended that the short-term action plan focusses on the known and
identified problem areas or black spots that are listed in Section 5 of
Volume 5.
Although it is possible to upgrade the drainage at all the black spots related to
the minor system within a period of one to two years, the programming for
upgrading has been spread over five years, from 2003 to 2007, as shown in
Table 7.4. The only exception is the general upgrading of roadside drainage in
the Central Division, which has also been identified as a black spot, and which
will take more than five years to upgrade.
(c) Conceptual Designs

Conceptual designs have been carried out to a level of detail which ensured
that reasonable accurate cost estimates could be made and also to quantify
the extent of upgradings as required for implementation programming. The
existing topographical survey information (ie the digital maps contained in
Volume 6) with 2m contours posed a major problem during the conceptual
designs, particularly for the roadside drainage where sizing of pipes and
drains along the roads depends on the available gradient or slope, which can
only be defined on the basis of more accurate surveys. The existing
topographical surveys also do not extend into the low-lying areas or wetlands,

which is extremely important for designing the outlet transition from a
channelized reach to a wetland. Accurate surveys are a prerequisite for detail
design.
The details of the conceptual designs for the major systems are given in
Chapter 8 (Volume 3) for all the primary and secondary channels in Kampala
District and not only for the prioritized interventions covered by the short-term
action plan. The final selection of upgradings should be based on the least
cost option of channelization and flood attenuation dams or a combination of
both measures. More accurate topographical surveys will be essential for
designing flood attenuation dams.
The proposed upgradings of the prioritized interventions on the minor systems

are listed in Section 5 (Volume 5).
(d) Design Briefs

The aspects to be considered for detail design are the following:
• Surveys
• Environmental Impact Assessments
• Planned infrastructure development
• Engineering design
• Cost estimates and optimization
• Reporting
A holistic approach will be required to ensure that all of the various aspects
are investigated and that the design work is not delayed by certain aspects
which require a longer period of time for investigation.
(e) Cost Estimates

(i) Major systems
To upgrade all the identified black spots associated with the major
systems during the first five years would require investment capital of
Ush 49770 million (USD 28,44 million) as shown in Table 7.3, excluding
land acquisition costs.

About 73% of this cost is required for improvements of three primary
channels only, namely Lubigi, Nalukolongo and Kinawataka. These
channels are considered very critical for further development of Kampala
and if upgrading can not be accomplished as part of the short-term
action plan due to the availability of funds, it will be advisable to
programme these upgradings over a longer period.
However, the planned Northern Bypass along the Lubigi Channel

necessitates that this channel be upgraded during the construction of the
bypass. The culverts at road crossings will in any case have to be
upgraded to suit the Northern Bypass.
(ii) Minor systems

The cost estimates to upgrade the identified black spots associated with
the minor systems are shown in Table 7.4, totalling Ush 4424 million
(USD 2,53 million).

Table 7.3 : Major Systems – Black Spots
Short-term upgrading programme and provisional capital cost estimates
Black Spot
Drainage
Year Provisional
System
No.
Location/Description Cost Estimate
(Refer Section
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (Ush million)
5, Vol. 5)
Secondary 1 (Silver Spring) from St. Kizito
1A and Kintintale Channel downstream of Port
Bell Road 600 600 1200
1B Secondary 2 (Kibira) from CMB to Nakivubo
100 100
Secondary 3 (Lugogo) from Naguru Road to
1C
Nakivubo Channel 1130 800 1930
Secondary 4 (Kitante) from golf course to
1D
Nakivubo Channel 750 750 1500
No. 1 – Nakivubo
Secondary 5 downstream of Kibuli Road to

1E
Nakivubo 100 100
Secondary 6 from Railway line to Nakivubo
1F
Channel 100 100
Secondary 7 (Katwe) from Katwe Road to
1G
Nakivubo Channel 60 60
Secondary 7 upstream and downstream of
1H
Mutebi Road 100 100
Secondary 8 from Kafumbe Road to
1J
Secondary 9 (Jugula) from Butikiro Road to
1K
Secondary 10 (Kakajjo) from Sir Appollo
1L
Kaggwa Road via Aga Khan School 445 445
Lubigi Channel
2A - from Hoima Road to Gayaza Road
3500 3500
- from Gayaza Road to Kira Road
1500 932 9432
2B Bombo road across Nsooba Channel 75 75
2C Secondary 3 at lower Magema Road 36 36
2D Secondary 3 at upper Magema Road 30 30
No. 2 – Lubigi
2E Secondary 3 at Sentema Road 16 16

Secondary 6
2F - Upper reach
949
- Lower reach
949 1898
2G Secondary 6 at Makere Hill Road 35 35
2H Secondary 7 – Lower reach 516 516
2I Secondary 8 – Downstream of round-about 400 325 725
2J Secondary 9 – Lower reach 590 590
Secondary 10 – Downstream of Bukoto
2K
Valley Road 655 600 1255
Nalukolongo Channel
3A - Upper reach
3500 3500
Nalukolongo
- Lower reach 3600 3068 13668

No. 3 -
3B Secondary 2 – Masaka Road crossing 19 19

3C Secondary 3 – Entire length 501 500 1001
Secondary 5 – downstream of Kabaka’s
3D
Lake 246 246
Kinawataka Channel
6A - Upstream of Kireka Road
Kinwataka
3000 3000
No. 6 -
- Downstream of Kireka Road 4000 3279 13279

6B Secondary 2 from Jinja Road Done
Secondary 4 from Megha Industries to
6C
Kinawataka 475 475
Ush million 13505 13759 10674 9460 2372 49770
Total capital costs
USD million 7,72 7,86 6,10 5,40 1,36 28,44

Table 7.4 : Minor Systems – Black Spots
Short-term upgrading programme and provisional capital cost estimates
Black Spot
Provisional
Division
No. Year
Cost
(Refer Location
Estimate
Section 5, 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (Ush million)
Vol. 5)
C1 Wampemo Round-about 65 65
C2 Kafumbe Road 15 15
C3 Yusufu Lule-North Round-about 37 37
C4 Kira Road 14 14
C5 William Street 64 64
Central Division
C7 CBD Roads in general 200 300 150 50 700

C8 Lugogo Bypass 32 32
C9 Queens Lane 21 21
C10 Buganda Road 122 122
C12 Kisenyi Road 142 100 242
C13 Siad Barre Avenue 35 35
C14 Ben Kiwanuka Road 77 77
C15 McKay Road 24 24
C16 Junction of Yusufu and Shimon Roads 22 22
R1 Lubaga Road 109 109
Lubaga Division
R2 Junction of Hoima and Masiro Roads 140 140 280

R3 Hoima Road 79 79
R4 Lubiri Ring Road 170 170
R5 Junction of Kabusu and Masaka Roads 53 53
R6 Ndeeba Police Play Ground area 41 41
Kawempe
Division
K1 Nakerere Round-about
44 44
Nakawa
Division
N1 Luthuli Avenue
89 89
N2 Luzira Drain
218 218
M1 Industrial Area : 5th, 6th, 7th & 8th Streets 641 600 1241
M2 Nsambya Road 102 102
M3 Inceptor drain from Namuwongo Road 121 121
Makindye Division
M4 Mukwaano Round-about 178 178

M5 Nabisalu Kisenyi wing area 33 33
M6 Katwe II (Primary school) 33 33
M7 Katwe II (Tawo Zone) 66 66
M8 Kisugu (Kasanvu Zone) 32 32
M9 Kabalangala (Karazi Zone) 22 22
M10 Kansanga (Gaba Road) 43 43
Ush million 1312 1372 777 565 398 4424
Total capital costs
USD million 0,75 0,79 0,44 0,32 0,23 2,53


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NAKIVUBO CHANNEL REHABILITATION PROJECT (NCRP)

KAMPALA DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN

GENERAL INDEX TO REPORT

VOLUME 1 : EXECUTIVE REPORT

VOLUME 2 : MAIN REPORT – PART I

VOLUME 3 : MAIN REPORT – PART II

VOLUME 4 : MAIN REPORT – PART III

VOLUME 6 : FIGURES AND MAPS

KDMP – GENERAL INDEX TO MAIN REPORT

KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page i

KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page ii

1.2 CONSULTANCY SERVICES

KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page 2

Volume 2 : Main Report – Part I

1.4 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS TERMINOLOGY

Kampala district is drained by eight main drainage systems or catchments as

KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page 3

KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page 4

KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page 5

In this assignment the strong relationships between urban planning, environmental

In Chapter 2 (Volume 2) on institutional aspects attention is focussed on various

2.2 THE NATURE OF STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page 6

(iii) After a flood attention is focused on emergency relief measures, welfare

(b) The nature of interventions

Non-structural measures, on the other hand, are usually less capital-intensive

(c) Responsibility for interventions

KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page 7

2.3 LEGAL BACKGROUND

Recommendations related to the legal background of a drainage master plan are

• That necessary amendments to the law be considered to unambiguously

KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page 8

2.4 KAMPALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET FRAMEWORK

KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page 9

Local government structures are empowered, and therefore expected, to implement

KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page 10

Cognisance must also be taken of the working relationships and separation of

In order for new infrastructure contemplated in this drainage master plan to be

KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page 11

2.7 FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS

Actual costs of operation and maintenance of a city drainage system is strongly

KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page 12

3.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

This Environmental Assessment concentrates on wetlands for the following reasons:

3.2 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Issues associated with the natural environment include

KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page 13

Issues with respect to the economic environment:

Issues that affect the institutional environment:

The impact of channelization on the environments of the eight drainage systems

KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page 14

Findings with respect to the environment are:

• Wetlands, to some extent, act as filters to alleviate the effect of pollution.

• Surface water pollution is due to a number of factors, but is essentially due to a

Justification of channelization of wetlands can be summarized as follows:

• Drainage system 1 : Nakivubo

KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page 15

• Drainage system 2 : Lubigi

• Drainage system 3 : Nalukolongo

• Drainage systems 4 : Kansanga and 4A: Gaba

• Drainage system 5 : Mayanja/Kaliddubi

• Drainage system 6 : Kinawataka

KDMP – VOLUME 1 – EXECUTIVE REPORT Page 16

• Drainage systems 8 : Walufumbe and 8A : Mayanja North