09/02/2017

Toothed Gearing

Chapter - 3

Outline
 Law of gearing,
 Spur Gears: Definitions
 Cycloidal and involute teeth
 Involutometry
 Involutes rack and pinion
 Path of contact and Arc of contact
 Minimum number of teeth on the pinion to avoid
interference
 Methods of avoiding interference (Numerical)

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Intro
 To transmit power from one rotating shaft to another.

 Used:
1. distance between the axes of connecting shafts is short
2. the speed of shafts is low
3. the speed or the velocity ratio of the connecting shafts
is to be maintained constant
4. the torque transmitted is high and
5. to step up or step down the speed.

Classification
 Axes are parallel
• Spur and Helical Gears

 Axes are intersecting

• Bevel Gears

 Axes are skewed

• Spiral and Worm Gears

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Classification

Spur gear Helical gears Bevel gears

Worm gear Rack and pinion

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Gear Terminology

Terminology (Contd…)
GEAR RATIO (G)
defined as the number of teeth on the follower gear (driven gear) to
the number of teeth on the driver gear.
G = T2/T1
 where T is the number of teeth on gear.

Velocity Ratio (VR)

defined as the angular velocity of the follower gear (driven gear) to
the angular velocity of the driver gear.
VR= ω2 / ω 1 = N2/N1 = T1/T2
or
G = 1/VR

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Terminology (Contd…)
Pitch circle diameter or Pitch Diameter (D) It is the diameter
of a circular disc which by pure rolling action would transmit the
same motion as of the gear wheels. In case of spur gear, this
represents the diameter of the cylindrical disc which the gear has
replaced.

Pitch Surface It is the surface of the disc which the toothed gear
has replaced at the pitch circle.

Pitch point It is the point of contact of the two pitch circles of the
mating gears.

Pitch line It is the line of contact of two pitch surfaces.

Terminology (Contd…)
Pitch As applied to toothed gears, it is expressed as
a) Circular pitch (PC) It is the distance measured along the
circumference of the pitch circle from a point on one tooth to
the corresponding point on the adjacent tooth.
Pc= π D / T
where ‘D’ is pitch circle diameter and ‘T’ is number of teeth.
If the number of teeth and circular pitch are known,
D = PcT / π
 The use of circular pitch is limited as the value of D cannot be expressed exactly
because of the presence of π. Hence the centre distance between the shafts cannot
be expressed exactly.

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Terminology (Contd…)
b) Diametrical pitch (PD) It is defined as the number of teeth per
unit length of the pitch circle diameter.
PD = T/D
This is commonly adopted in F.P.S. system.
c) Module (m) It is expressed as the length of the pitch circle
diameter per tooth and it is the reciprocal of diametrical pitch.
It is commonly adopted in metric system.
m = D/T or D = mT or PC = π m
For two meshing gears, their module and their circular pitch
should be same.

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Law of Gearing

Velocity of Sliding

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ω1 + ω2 𝐶𝑃

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Cycloidal Teeth
 Cycloid: Locus of a point on the circumference of a circle
that rolls without slipping on a fixed straight line.

Cycloidal Teeth (Contd…)

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Involute Teeth
 Involute: Locus of a point
on a straight line which rolls
on the circumference of a
circle without slipping.
 The circle on which the straight
line rolls is called Base Circle.

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Comparison of Involute & Cycloidal teeth

Involute Teeth:
1. In involute system, the pressure angle is constant throughout the
engagement of teeth.This results in smooth running of the gears.
2. It involves single curve for the teeth resulting in simplicity of
manufacturing & of tools.
3.These are simple to manufacture & thus are cheaper.
4. A little variation in the centre distance does not affect the velocity
ratio.
5. Interference can occur if the condition of minimum number of
teeth on a gear is not followed.
6. The teeth have radial flanks & thus are weaker as compared to
cycloidal form for the same pitch.
7.Two convex surfaces are in contact & thus there is more wear.

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Cycloidal Teeth:
1. Pressure angle varies from maximum at the beginning of
engagement, reduces to zero at the pitch point & again increases to
maximum at the end of engagement, hence less smooth running of
gears.
2. It involves double curves for the teeth, epicycloid & hypocycloid.
This complicates the manufacture.
3. Due to difficulty to manufacture these, hence costlier.
4. Exact centre distance is required to transmit a constant velocity
ratio.
5. Phenomenon of interference does not occur at all.
6.The teeth have spreading flanks and thus are stronger.
7. In this a convex face always has contact with a concave flank
resulting in less wear.

Length of Path of Contact

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Length of Arc of Contact

Interference in Involute Gears

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Interference in Involute Rack & Pinion

Minimum number of teeth on the gear

to avoid Interference

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Minimum number of teeth to avoid

interference in Rack & Pinion

Involutometry

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