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Sun, Wind & Light: architectural design

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G. Z. Brown
is a registered architect and professor of ar-
chitecture at the University of Oregon since
1977, where he has taught Computer-Aided
Architectural Design, Architectural Design,
Environmental Control Systems, Daylighting,
and Climate Analysis. He authored the first
edition of Sun, Wind & Light and coauthored
Inside Out: Design Procedures for Passive En-
vironmental Technologies. He also coauthored
the design software, Energy Scheming. Ad-
ditionally, he has published over 100 papers
and reports and has designed and consulted
on numerous award-winning buildings.
Mark DeKay
is a registered architect, Associate Professor,
and Chair of Grduate Studies in the College of
Architecture & Design at the Unbiversity of
Tennessee where he teaches climatic design,
technology integration, and integral sustain-
ability. The primary author for this second
edition, he is a 2000 Fulbright Fellow to India
and has won the AIA's Education Honor Award
and the AIA COTE's Award for Ecoliteracy
for his graduate courses in architecture. His
Ecological Design Resources web site can be
accessed at: http://www.ecodesignresources.
net.
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
New York • Chichester • Weinheim
Brisbane • Singapore • Toronto
ARCHITECTURE/ENVIRONMENT
How to design buildings that heat with the sun, cool with the wind, light with the sky,
and sail into the twenty-second century using renewable resources.
• Developed for rapid use during schematic design.
• Gives designers tools for designing sustainably.
• Clarifies relationships between form and energy.
• Applies the latest passive energy and lighting design research.
• Organizes knowledge by architectural elements at three scales:
- Building Groups: buildings, streets, and open space
- Buildings: rooms and courtyards
- Building Parts: walls, roofs, floors, and windows
• Each strategy includes explanations, examples, and design tools.
• 109 analysis techniques and design strategies, 35 new.
• Over 250 new illustrations, sizing graphs, and tables.
• Inch-Pound and Metric Units.
• Indexed by subject, building, architect, and design tools.
Cover Illustrations: Virginia Cartwright & Pallavi Kalia
Brown
DeKay SUN, WIND, & LIGHT SUN, WIND, & LIGHT
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STRATEGIES
second edition
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STRATEGIES This book is for designers who want to con-
A R C H I T E C T U R A L
sider the form-generating potential of sun,
second edition wind, and light in the earliest stages of the
design process. It is designed to fit with the
SUN, WIND, & LIGHT
rapid, conceptual, exploratory, and synthetic
thinking that characterizes the beginning of
the design process.
The book stresses the energy implications
of using sun, wind, and light. However, it is
organized by the architectural elements de-
signers manipulate – streets, open spaces and
buildings, rooms and courtyards, and walls,
D E S I G N
roofs, floors, and windows. These elements
are discussed in terms of their organization
– layered, elongated, dispersed, compact, and
zoned – and their attributes – shape, orien-
tation, enclosure, edge, and size. In addition,
the contents are matched to the scale that is
S T R A T E G I E S
being considered–building groups, individual
buildings, and building parts.
The Design Strategies section is intended
to help the designer formulate the basic con-
cept for a project. The Analysis Techniques
section helps the designer define the context
of the problem by understanding the sun,
wind, and light resources of a particular site
and climate, and how those resources can be
used in a particular building to reduce the
second energy used for heating, cooling, and light-
edition ing. The third section, Strategies For Supple-
menting Passive Systems, addresses the ways
ISBN 0-471-89506-7 design strategies can be supplemented with
G. Z. Brown and Mark DeKay conventional heating, cooling, and lighting
systems.
 SUN, WIND & LIGHT
A R C H I T E C T U R A L D E S I G N S T R AT E G I E S
 S U N, W I N D & L I G H T
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STRATEGIES
second edition

G. Z. Brown
Department of Architecture
University of Oregon

Mark DeKay
School of Architecture
Washington University in St. Louis

Illustrations
Virginia Cartwright
Mark DeKay
Chi-Wen Hung
Pallavi Kalia
Arjun Mande

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

New York • Chichester • Weinheim • Brisbane • Singapore • Toronto
This book is printed on acid-free paper. ∞

85% total recycled fiber, 30% post-consumer waste.

Text printed with ASA certified soy based ink.

Copyright © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

All sundials, sunpath diagrams, and climate data tables and mapes in the appendixes are
copyright by Mark DeKay and used by permission.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in

any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or
otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States
Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization
through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. Requests to the
Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-
6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ @ WILEY.COM.

This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the
subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in
rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the
services of a competent professional person should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Brown, G. Z.
Sun, wind & light: architectural design strategies / G.Z. Brown, Mark DeKay ;
illustrations, V. Cartwright … [et al.] ; research team, D. Barbhaya … [et al.].-- 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 0-471-34877-5 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Architecture and energy conservation. 2. Architecture and solar radiation. 3. Interior
lighting. I. Title: Sun, wind, and light. II. DeKay, Mark. III. Barbhaya, D. IV. Title.

NA2542.3 .B76 2000

720'.472--dc21 00-026334

Printed in the United States of America.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 First Edition Dedication
To ASB: for what it's worth

Second Edition Dedication

To H.T., Martha, Mona, and all those creating
ecologically sustainable places
 CONTENTS

Preface xiv D Combining Climate, Program, and Form 53

1st Editon Preface xvi 18 Building Bioclimatic Chart 54
Introduction xviii 19 Earth Contact 56
20 Shading Calendar 57
PA R T 1 A N A LY S I S T E C H N I Q U E S 2 21 Total Heat Gains and Losses 62
22 Balance Point Temperature 67
A Climate as a Context 4 23 Balance Point Profiles 68

1 Sundial 5 E Electric and Hot Water Loads 74

2 Sun Path Diagram 8
3 Solar Radiation 10 24 Electric Loads 75
4 Wind Rose 13 25 Service Hot Water Loads 77
5 Wind Square 15
6 Air Movement Principles 17 PA R T 2 D E S I G N S T R AT E G I E S 78
7 Site Microclimates 22
8 Sky Cover 27 A Building Groups 80
9 Daylight Availability 30 26 Radial Ventilation Corridors 81
10 Daylight Obstructions 33 27 Shared Shade 83
11 Bioclimatic Chart 35 28 Topographic Microclimates 86
29 Solar Envelopes 89
B Program and Use 38 30 Tall Buildings 99
12 Occupancy Heat Gain 39 31 Balanced Urban Patterns 102
13 Electric Lighting Heat Gain 42 32 Glazed Streets 105
14 Equipment Heat Gain 44 33 Loose or Dense Urban Patterns 107
34 Gradual Height Transitions 109
CONTENTS

C Form and Envelope 45 35 Daylight Envelopes 110

36 Breezy Streets 114
15 Skin Heat Flow 46 37 Dispersed Buildings 116
16 Window Solar Gain 48 38 East–West Elongated Building Groups 118
17 Ventilation/Infiltration Gain and Loss 51 39 Interwoven Buildings and Planting 121

vi
 40 Interwoven Buildings and Water 124 84 Low Contrast 232
41 Winter Outdoor Rooms 125 85 Skylight Wells 233
42 Neighborhood Sunshine 128 86 Solar Hot Water 234
43 Windbreaks 130 87 Breathing Walls 237
44 Green Edges 132 88 Insulation Outside 239
45 Overhead Shades 133 89 Separated or Combined Openings 240
90 Ventilation Openings Arrangement 242
B Buildings 135 91 Well-Placed Windows 244
92 Reflected Sunlight 245
46 Migration 136
93 Solar Apertures 248
47 Locating Outdoor Rooms 139
94 Daylight Apertures 251
48 Layer of Shades 142
95 Air Flow Windows 254
49 Clustered Rooms 145
96 Light Shelves 255
50 Permeable Buildings 146
97 Movable Insulation 258
51 Thin Plan 151
98 Daylight-Enhancing Shades 260
52 East–West Plan 153
99 External Shading 262
53 Deep Sun 155
100 Internal and In–Between Shading 270
54 Borrowed Daylight 158
101 Window and Glass Types 272
55 Heat-Producing Zones 161
56 Stratification Zones 162
57 Buffer Zones 163
58 Daylight Zones 166
PA R T 3 S T R AT E G I E S F O R
59 Rooms Facing the Sun and Wind 167 SUPPLEMENTING
60 Direct-Gain Rooms 169 PA S S I V E SY S T E M S 276
61 Sunspaces 172
62 Thermal Storage Walls 174 102 Task Lighting 278
63 Roof Ponds 176 103 Electric Light Zones 279
64 Thermal Collector Walls and Roofs 178 104 Rock Beds 281
65 Cross-Ventilation 182 105 Mechanical Mass Ventilation 284
66 Stack-Ventilation 185 106 Mechanical Space Ventilation 286
67 Wind Catchers 188 107 Ducts and Plenums 288
68 Night-Cooled Mass 191 108 Passive Buffer Zones and Air–Air Heat Exchangers 290
69 Evaporative Cooling Towers 194 109 Earth–Air Heat Exchangers 291
70 Atrium 197
71 Daylit Room Depth 201 Appendixes 292
72 Earth Edges 203 A Climate Data by Latitude/City 293
73 Water Edges 206 B Additional Climate Data 328
74 Breezy or Calm Courtyards 207 C Abbreviations and Unit Conversions 339
75 Shady Courtyards 210
Glossary 341
C Building Parts 213
76 Skin Thickness 214 Bibliography 348
77 Mass Surface Absorptance 218

CONTENTS
78 Daylight Reflecting Surfaces 219
79 Exterior Surface Color 220 Indexes 358
80 Photovoltaic Roofs and Walls 222 • Subject
81 Double-Skin Materials 225 • Building
82 Solar Reflectors 228 • Architect
83 Thermal Mass 230 • Design Tools: Tables, Graphs, and Rules of Thumb vii
 D E TA I L E D C O N T E N T S

Preface xiv 6 Use AIR MOVEMENT PRINCIPLES to adjust airport wind data to
approximate wind flow on a site. 17
1st Editon Preface xvi
Sun and Wind
Introduction xviii
7 The SITE MICROCLIMATES most favorable for locating buildings
can be determined by analyzing the combined availability of sun
PART 1 ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 2 and wind. 22

A Climate as a Context 4 Light

Sun 8 Plotting SKY COVER can determine the dominant daylighting
design condition for each month. 27
1 The SUNDIAL used with a model simulates the changing position
of sun and shade over the course of the day and throughout the 9 DAYLIGHT AVAILABILITY data can be used to determine required
year. 5 daylight factors for design. 30

2 The SUN PATH DIAGRAM, with existing site objects plotted, can 10 The effect of DAYLIGHT OBSTRUCTIONS on a site can be estimated
determine the times of the day and year in which the sun will be using daylight dot charts in conjunction with a sun path diagram. 33
available on a particular site. 8
Comfort
D E TA I L E D C O N T E N T S

3 SOLAR RADIATION available each hour can be used to determine

times when comfort can be achieved outdoors and to estimate 11 The BIOCLIMATIC CHART determines appropriate climatic
potential for solar heating in buildings. 10 responses that produce thermal comfort in a particular climate. 35

Wind
4 A WIND ROSE can be used to characterize the direction, speed, B Program and Use 38
and frequency of wind in a particular location by month or year. 13
Occupancy
5 The WIND SQUARE represents patterns of wind direction and 12 Estimate OCCUPANCY HEAT GAIN to understand the contribution
speed by time of day and month of the year for a particular of people to the building’s heating and cooling requirements. 39
viii location. 15
 Electric Lighting 22 BALANCE POINT TEMPERATURE: The outside temperature at
which the building makes a transition from a heating need to a
13 Estimate ELECTRIC LIGHTING HEAT GAIN to understand its cooling need determines when heating and cooling are required. 67
contribution to the building’s heating and cooling requirements. 42
23 BALANCE POINT PROFILES: The characteristics of the climate,
Equipment the building’s use, and the building's form can be used to
develop daily heating and cooling patterns that represent the
14 Estimate EQUIPMENT HEAT GAIN to understand its contribution
building’s performance over a year and to help identify climatic
to the building’s heating and cooling requirements. 44
design strategies. 68

C Form and Envelope 45 E Electric and Hot Water Loads 74

Envelope Electricity
15 Estimate SKIN HEAT FLOW to understand its contribution to the 24 ELECTRIC LOADS required for sizing photovoltaic surfaces can
building’s heating and cooling requirements. 46 be estimated from data on commercial and residential
electricity consumption. 75
Solar
Hot Water
16 Estimate WINDOW SOLAR GAIN to understand the sun’s
contribution to the building’s heating and cooling requirements. 48 25 SERVICE HOT WATER LOADS required for sizing solar hot water
systems can be estimated from end use consumption data. 77
Ventilation and Infiltration
17 Estimate VENTILATION or INFILTRATION GAIN and LOSS to
understand their contribution to the building's heating and PART 2 DESIGN STRATEGIES 78
cooling requirements. 51
A Building Groups 80
Streets, Open Spaces, and Buildings: Radial Organizations
D Combining Climate, Program, and Form 53 26 RADIAL VENTILATION CORRIDORS of streets or open space can
take advantage of cool air drainage and night thermal currents.
Design Strategies [cooling] 81

18 The BUILDING BIOCLIMATIC CHART, when plotted with monthly Streets, Open Spaces, and Buildings: Compact Organizations
temperatures and relative humidities, identifies potential
passive solar heating and cooling strategies appropriate for the 27 SHARED SHADE: Buildings can be arranged to shade each
building's climate. 54 other and adjacent exterior spaces. [cooling] 83

19 EARTH CONTACT effectiveness for load reduction and as a heat Streets, Open Spaces, and Buildings: Orientation and Location

D E TA I L E D C O N T E N T S
sink depends on regional climate. 56
28 Favorable TOPOGRAPHIC MICROCLIMATES can be used to locate
Shading Periods building groups. [heating and cooling] 86

20 SHADING CALENDAR times and dates plotted on the sun path Streets, Open Spaces, and Buildings: Shape and Orientation
diagram determine sun angles that require shade. 57
29 SOLAR ENVELOPES can be used to insure access to the sun.
Heating and Cooling Patterns [heating and daylighting] 89

21 TOTAL HEAT GAINS can be estimated to determine the loads 30 TALL BUILDINGS can be shaped in relationship to other
used to size passive cooling strategies. TOTAL HEAT LOSSES can buildings and to the wind to create favorable street and open-
be compared against energy conservation criteria. 62 space microclimates. [heating] 99
ix
 Streets and Buildings: Grid Organizations Open Spaces and Buildings: Shape and Orientation
31 BALANCED URBAN PATTERNS of streets and blocks can be 42 NEIGHBORHOOD SUNSHINE can be ensured by appropriate
oriented and sized to integrate concerns for light, sun, and shade configurations of buildings and open space, given a street
according to the priorities of the climate. [heating, cooling, and orientation. [heating] 128
daylighting] 102
Open Spaces and Buildings: Edges
Streets and Buildings: Thin Organizations
43 WINDBREAKS can be used to create edges that shelter
32 GLAZED STREETS provide light to each building organized buildings and open spaces. [heating and cooling] 130
to face them. [daylighting] 105
44 GREEN EDGES of irrigated vegetation can be formed to cool
Streets and Buildings: Dispersed and Compact Organizations incoming breezes. [cooling] 132
33 LOOSE URBAN PATTERNS maximize cooling breezes in hot Open Spaces and Buildings: Layers
climates, while DENSE URBAN PATTERNS minimize winter winds
in heating climates. [heating and cooling] 107 45 A layer of OVERHEAD SHADES can protect outdoor spaces and
buildings from the high sun. [cooling] 133
Streets and Buildings: Shape and Orientation
34 GRADUAL HEIGHT TRANSITIONS of building groups, sloped in
the direction of prevailing winds, minimize wind movement in
streets. [heating] 109
B BUILDINGS
Rooms and Courtyards: Zoned Organizations
35 DAYLIGHT ENVELOPES can be used to shape and space buildings
to ensure adequate daylight access to the street and adjacent 46 MIGRATION: Rooms and courts can be zoned so that
buildings. [daylighting] 110 activities can take place in cooler areas during warm periods
and warmer areas during cool periods of the day or season.
36 BREEZY STREETS oriented to the prevailing wind [heating and cooling] 135
maximize wind movement in urban environments and increase
the access of buildings to cross-ventilation. [cooling] 114 Rooms and Courtyards: Location and Orientation
47 LOCATING OUTDOOR ROOMS in relation to sun and wind can
Open Spaces and Buildings: Dispersed Organizations extend the seasons of outdoor comfort. [heating and cooling] 136
37 DISPERSED BUILDINGS with continuous and wide open spaces
preserve each building's access to breezes. [cooling] 116 Rooms and Courtyards: Layers
48 A LAYER OF SHADES overhead can protect the courtyard and
Open Spaces and Buildings: Elongated Organizations building from high sun, while vertical shades can protect from
38 EAST–WEST ELONGATED BUILDING GROUPS spaced in the low sun. [cooling] 139
north–south direction maximize solar gain while ensuring solar
access to each building. [heating] 118 Rooms: Compact Organizations
49 CLUSTERED ROOMS reduce skin area, thus heat loss and gain.
Open Spaces and Buildings: Interwoven Organizations
D E TA I L E D C O N T E N T S

[heating and cooling] 142

39 Organizations of INTERWOVEN BUILDINGS and PLANTING can be
used to reduce the ambient air temperature. [cooling] 121 Rooms: Combined Organizations
50 PERMEABLE BUILDINGS can combine open plans and sections
40 Organizations of INTERWOVEN BUILDINGS and WATER can be
for cross-ventilation, stack-ventilation, or both. [cooling] 145
used to reduce the ambient air temperature. [cooling] 124

Open Spaces and Buildings: Shape and Orientation Rooms: Thin Organizations
51 THIN PLAN room arrangements will have daylight available for
41 WINTER OUTDOOR ROOMS that are sunny and wind-protected
each space. [daylighting] 151
can be formed by the location and arrangement of buildings.
x [heating] 125
52 Long EAST–WEST PLAN arrangements increase winter 65 CROSS-VENTILATION through rooms is increased by large
sun–facing skin available to collect solar radiation. [heating] 153 openings on both the windward and leeward sides. [cooling] 182

Rooms: Solar Organizations 66 STACK-VENTILATION through rooms is increased by greater

distance between high and low openings. [cooling] 185
53 DEEP SUN in thick buildings depends on effectively organized
plans and sections. [heating] 155 67 WIND CATCHERS can capture breezes above roof level for
buildings whose windows have little access to breezes. [cooling] 188
Rooms: Differential Organizations
68 NIGHT-COOLED MASS: Thermal mass can be used to absorb
54 BORROWED DAYLIGHT is possible when small rooms are
heat from a room during the day and then be cooled at night
organized adjacent to larger or taller daylit rooms. [lighting] 158
with ventilation. [cooling] 191
Rooms: Zoned Organizations 69 EVAPORATIVE COOLING TOWERS can supply cool air to rooms
55 HEAT PRODUCING ZONES: Rooms can be zoned within buildings without the use of fans or wind. [cooling] 194
to use or reject sources of internal heat gain.
[heating and cooling] 158 70 An ATRIUM or light court within a building can provide light to
surrounding rooms. [daylighting] 197
56 STRATIFICATION ZONES: Rooms can be zoned vertically within
buildings to take advantage of temperature stratification. Rooms: Size
[heating and cooling] 161
71 DAYLIT ROOM DEPTH should be less than 2-1/2 times the
height of the window head to maintain a minimum level of
57 BUFFER ZONES: Rooms that can tolerate temperature swings
illumination and an even distribution of light. [daylighting] 201
can be located between protected rooms and undesired heat or
cold. [heating and cooling] 163
Rooms: Edges
58 DAYLIGHT ZONES: Rooms can be arranged within the building so 72 EARTH EDGES can be used to shelter buildings from extremes of
that activities that need higher lighting levels are near the heat and cold and to meet a portion of the building's cooling
windows, while activities that do not need as much light are needs. [heating and cooling] 203
farther from daylight sources. [daylighting] 166
73 WATER EDGES can be formed to cool incoming breezes. [cooling] 206
Rooms: Orientation
59 ROOMS FACING the SUN and WIND increase the effectiveness of Courtyards: Size, Shape and Orientation
solar heating and cross-ventilation. [heating and cooling] 167 74 BREEZY COURTYARDS should be low, wide, and permeable, while
CALM COURTYARDS should be closed and tall enough for wind
Rooms: Shape and Enclosure shelter, but wide enough to admit sun. [heating and cooling] 207
60 DIRECT GAIN ROOMS are open to collect the sun and can store
heat within a space. [heating] 169 Courtyards: Size, and Shape
75 SHADY COURTYARDS are tall and narrow and can be used as cold
61 SUNSPACES can be used to collect the sun's heat, store it air sinks. [cooling] 210

D E TA I L E D C O N T E N T S
centrally, and distribute it to other rooms. [heating] 172

62 THERMAL STORAGE WALLS collect and store solar heat at the

edge of a room. [heating] 174
C B U I L D I N G PA R T S 213
63 ROOF PONDS collect and store heat and cold in the ceiling plane Walls, Roofs and Floors: Size
of a room. [heating and cooling] 176
76 The building’s SKIN THICKNESS should be enough to
64 THERMAL COLLECTOR WALLS and ROOFS capture solar heat at accommodate the required insulation. [heating and cooling] 214
the edge of a room in a layer of air, which carries the heat to
storage in the building's interior structure. [heating] 178
xi
 Walls, Roofs and Floors: Color Walls: Materials and Location
77 MASS SURFACE ABSORPTANCE for interior thermal storage should 88 INSULATION OUTSIDE the mass of walls allows the mass to
be high to absorb radiation, while nonmassive surfaces should be store heat from the room and stabilize the interior air
reflective to redirect radiation to mass. [heating] 218 temperature. [heating and cooling] 239

78 DAYLIGHT REFLECTING SURFACES that are light colored increase Windows: Location and Orientation
the lighting level in the space. [daylighting] 219
89 Ventilation, light, and solar gain may be accommodated with
79 EXTERIOR SURFACE COLOR should be dark in cold climates to SEPARATED or COMBINED OPENINGS. [heating, cooling, and
absorb radiation and light in hot climates to reflect radiation. daylighting] 240
[heating and cooling] 220
90 VENTILATION OPENINGS ARRANGEMENT can be optimized to
Roofs and Walls: Size and Orientation increase the rate of cross-ventilation in a room and to move air
across occupants to increase their rate of cooling. [cooling] 242
80 PHOTOVOLTAIC ROOFS and WALLS should be oriented to collect
sun and large enough to meet the building's electric load. Windows: Size and Orientation
[power] 222
91 WELL-PLACED WINDOWS can reduce winter heat loss.
Roofs and Walls: Materials [heating] 244

81 DOUBLE SKIN MATERIALS should be selected to reflect solar heat 92 REFLECTED SUNLIGHT can be used for daylighting in clear sky
gain and avoid transmitting heat to the inner layer. [cooling] 225 climates. [daylighting] 245

Roofs and Walls: Shape and Material Windows: Size

82 Roofs and walls can be used as SOLAR REFLECTORS to increase 93 SOLAR APERTURES that collect sun can be enlarged to increase
the radiation entering sun-collecting glazing. [heating] 228 the percentage of the annual heating requirement supplied by
solar energy. [heating] 248
Walls and Floors: Size and Materials
94 DAYLIGHT APERTURES can be enlarged to increase interior
83 THERMAL MASS surfaces should be large enough and thick illumination levels. [daylighting] 251
enough to store adequate heat and cold. [heating and cooling] 230
95 The area of AIR FLOW WINDOWS used to temper fresh air for
Walls and Windows: Shape and Color ventilation supply or reclaim heat from ventilation exhaust can
be sized to match the ventilation load. [heating and cooling] 254
84 LOW CONTRAST between the window frame and adjacent walls
will reduce glare. [daylighting] 232
Windows: Layers
Roofs and Windows: Shape 96 LIGHT SHELVES can be used to shade view glazing, evenly
distribute light, increase light levels away from windows, and
85 SKYLIGHT WELLS should be shaped to distribute daylight to
reduce glare. [daylighting and cooling] 255
rooms. [daylighting] 233
D E TA I L E D C O N T E N T S

97 A MOVABLE INSULATION layer can be placed over windows to

Roofs: Size and Location reduce heat loss at night. [heating] 258
86 Roofs should be large enough as well as sloped and oriented to
collect sun for SOLAR HOT WATER systems. [power] 234 98 DAYLIGHT ENHANCING SHADES can protect windows from solar
gain while preserving sky view, reflecting daylight, and
reducing glare. [cooling and daylighting] 260
Walls: Size and Materials
87 Sunny BREATHING WALLS can preheat fresh air for 99 An EXTERNAL SHADING layer outside the window can shade the
ventilation. [heating] 237 glazing and reduce solar heat gain. [cooling] 262

xii
 100 An INTERNAL SHADING layer behind the window or an Fresh Air Ventilation: Pretempering and Heat Recovery
IN-BETWEEN SHADING layer separating two glazing panes can
reduce solar heat gain. [cooling] 270 108 PASSIVE BUFFER ZONES can temper fresh ventilation air before
it enters the occupied space, and AIR–AIR HEAT EXCHANGERS
Windows: Material can be used to reclaim heat or cold from the ventilation air.
[heating and cooling] 290
101 GLASS TYPES can be selected to balance concerns for daylighting,
winter solar gain, and summer shading. [heating, cooling, and Fresh Air Ventilation: Earth Tempering
daylighting] 272
109 EARTH–AIR HEAT EXCHANGERS can temper incoming ventilation
air in all seasons and help cool the building in summer.
[heating and cooling] 291
PA R T 3 S T R AT E G I E S F O R
SUPPLEMENTING
PA S S I V E SY S T E M S 276 APPENDIXES 292
A Climate Data by Latitude/City 293
Electric Lighting: Tasks
B Additional Climate Data 328
102 Electric TASK LIGHTING can be used for localized, high
illumination requirements and daylight for ambient lighting. C Abbreviations and Unit Conversions 339
[daylighting] 278

Electric Lighting: Layers

103 ELECTRIC LIGHT ZONES can be layered parallel to the window GLOSSARY 341
plane so that individual rows can be switched on as needed.
[daylighting] 279 BIBLIOGRAPHY 348
Storage of Heat and Cold: Remote Mass INDEXES 358
104 ROCK BEDS located remote from the occupied space can be used • Subject 359
to increase the amount of heat and cold that can be effectively
stored. [heating and cooling] 281 • Building 373

Fans: Night Ventilation Assistance • Architect 376

105 MECHANICAL MASS VENTILATION can be used to ensure adequate • Design Tools: Tables, Graphs, and Rules of Thumb 378
air movement past the building's thermal storage, thereby
improving its cooling potential. [cooling] 284

Fans: Natural Ventilation Assistance

D E TA I L E D C O N T E N T S
106 MECHANICAL SPACE VENTILATION can be used to cool the
building and people during times when natural ventilation
forces are weak. [cooling] 286

Moving Heat and Cold: Distribution Systems

107 DUCTS and PLENUMS can be used to move heat to cool parts of
the building and cold to hot parts of the building. [heating and
cooling] 288

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