M o D U L e 0 1 - 0 3 C Mathematics: Geometry Trigonometry

AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01 - Mathematics
Category  A  B1  B2  B3 03 – Geometry
Level  1  2  3 c – Trigonometry
Module 01-03c
Mathematics
Geometry
Trigonometry
01 – 03c- 1
Table of contents
SIMPLE TRIGONOMETRY: TRIGONOMETRICAL RELATIONSHIPS, USE OF TABLES AND RECTANGULAR AND POLAR COORDINATES ............. 3
1. TRIGONOMETRICAL CIRCLE:.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
2. COSINE, SINE AND TANGENT: ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
2.1. Definition - Cosine and sine: ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
2.2. Periodicity of cosine and sine: .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.3. Sign of cosine and sine:.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.4. Particular values of cosine and sine: .............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
2.5. Symmetrical properties of cosine and sine: .................................................................................................................................................................... 15
2.6. Tangent: .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
2.7. Cosine, sine and tangent in a right-angled triangle: ....................................................................................................................................................... 23
2.8. Trigonometric relationships............................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
3. GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: SINE, COSINE AND TANGENT:............................................................................................................... 29
3.1. The sine function:............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
3.2. The cosine function:........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 30
3.3 The tangent function: ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
4. RECTANGULAR AND POLAR COORDINATES: ............................................................................................................................................................... 32
4.1. Rectangular coordinates: ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 32
4.2 Polar coordinates ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33
4.3 Transformation between rectangular and polar coordinates ........................................................................................................................................... 34
01 – 03c- 2
SIMPLE TRIGONOMETRY: TRIGONOMETRICAL RELATIONSHIPS, USE OF TABLES AND RECTANGULAR AND POLAR
COORDINATES
1. TRIGONOMETRICAL CIRCLE:
The trigonometric circle is a circle with a radius of 1. For this reason, the trigonometric circle is also called the unit circle.
In the Cartesian coordinate system, it is centered at the origin O   0,0 
As the radius is equal to one, the angle θ between the radius and the x-axis is the length of the curve; thus angles are being measured in radians.
Measurements in the counterclockwise direction are positive angles and measurements in the clockwise direction are negative angles.
01 – 03c- 3
Examples:
1)   15  345
01 – 03c- 4
2)   90  270
3)   180  180
4)   0  360  360
For angles greater than 2π rad or less than −2π rad, simply continue to rotate around the circle.
In the trigonometric circle, angles are periodic with a period 2π rad = 360°.
2π rad = 360° is indeed one turn on the trigonometric circle.
You can also make several turns on the trigonometric circle. This corresponds to 2πn rad = 360° x n, with n an integer.
This means that if you add or subtract to an angle 2πn rad (or 360° x n), you get the same angle.
 (rad)    2 n
     n 360 n  1,2,3,4,...
Examples:
1)   375   360  15    15
2)   425   360  65    65
3)   3 rad   2    rad   rad
9  8     
4)    rad      rad   4   rad   rad
2  2 2  2 2
Considering a point M   x, y  on the circle, then the segment OM is the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle whose length is 1, the other sides of
the triangle having length x and y.
01 – 03c- 5
By Pythagoras’ theorem, we deduce that the coordinates  x, y  of any point M on the circle is such that: x 2  y 2  r 2  x 2  y 2  12  1 .
x2  y 2  1
01 – 03c- 6
2. COSINE, SINE AND TANGENT:
2.1. Definition - Cosine and sine:
The trigonometric functions cosine and sine are defined on the unit circle.
Given a ray from the origin O   0,0  that touches the circle at point M   x, y  and that makes an angle  (measured counter-clockwise) from the
positive axis, then:
cos  x and sin  y
By Pythagoras’ theorem, we deduce that the coordinates  x, y  of any point M on the circle is such that: x 2  y 2  1 , so that:
01 – 03c- 7
cos2  sin2  1
2.2. Periodicity of cosine and sine:

The trigonometric functions cosine and sine are defined on the unit circle.
As their value do not change when the angle makes one or several turns, cosine and sine functions are periodic functions with a period 2π rad =
360°.
cos  cos   2 n 

sin  sin  2 n 
Examples:
1) cos    cos    n  360  , or in radians, cos   cos   2 n 
cos  5   cos  5  360   cos  365 

 cos  5  720   cos  725 
 cos    n  360 
 cos  5  360   cos  355 
 cos  5  720   cos  715 
 cos    n  360 
2) sin   sin   n  360  , or in radians, sin  sin   2 n 

01 – 03c- 8
sin  25   sin  25  360   sin  335 
 sin  25  720   sin  695 
 sin    n  360 
 sin  25  360   sin  385 
 sin  25  720   sin  745 
 sin    n  360 
2.3. Sign of cosine and sine:


 First quadrant: When angle  is comprised between 0 and rad  90 , cosine and sine functions are positive.
2
0     rad 
2
cos  0 and sin  0

 Second quadrant: When angle  is comprised between rad  90 and  rad  180 , cosine function is negative, while sine
2
function is positive.
     rad 
2
cos  0 and sin  0
01 – 03c- 9
3
 Third quadrant: When angle  is comprised between  rad  180 and rad  270 , cosine and sine functions are negative.
2
    3 rad 
2
cos  0 and sin  0
3
 Fourth quadrant: When angle  is comprised between rad  270 and 2 rad  360 , cosine function is positive, while sine
2
function is negative.
3
    rad 
2
cos  0 and sin  0
01 – 03c- 10
01 – 03c- 11
01 – 03c- 12
01 – 03c- 13
2.4. Particular values of cosine and sine:

The value of the cosine or the sine of a given angle, expressed in radian or degree, can be obtained with tables, or by using a calculator. However, it is
very easy to remember some particular values.
01 – 03c- 14
These particular values concern the angles 0, π/6 (30°), π/4 (45°), π/3 (60°) and π/2 (90°):
   
 (rad) 0
6 4 3 2
 0 30 45 60 90
4 3 2 1 1 0
cos  1  0
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 1 2 3 4
sin 0  1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2.5. Symmetrical properties of cosine and sine:

We can use symmetrical properties of cosine and sine functions on the unit-circle to find other particular values.
 3 1  2 2   1 3 
1,0   ,  ,  ,   ,   0,1
 2 2  2 2  2 2 

 Given an angle  , and its corresponding cos  and sin , if we make one fourth of a turn in the anticlockwise (positive) direction ( rad  90 ) we
2
notice that:
   
cos       sin and sin      cos
 2   2

 If we make one fourth of a turn in the clockwise (negative) direction (  rad  90 ) :
2
   
cos      sin and sin       cos
 2  2
 If we make one half of a turn in the anticlockwise (positive) direction (  rad  180 ):
cos       cos and sin       sin

 If we make one half of a turn in the clockwise (negative) direction (  rad  180 ):
01 – 03c- 15
cos       cos  and sin       sin
 If we count angle  in the opposite direction:
cos     cos  and sin      sin
01 – 03c- 16
01 – 03c- 17
01 – 03c- 18
01 – 03c- 19
Examples:
     1
1) cos      sin    
6 2 6 2
     2
2) sin     cos   
 4 2  4
  2
01 – 03c- 20
    3
3) cos     sin 
3 2 3 2
    
4) sin      cos  
5 2 5
   
5) cos       cos  
 7  7
 4   4 
6) sin       sin  
 11   11 
   
7) cos       cos  
9  9
 2   2 
8) sin       sin  
 13   13 
   
9) cos     cos  
 7  7
 3   3 
10) sin      sin  4 
 4   
1
11) cos  30  90    sin  30   
2
12) sin  24  90   cos  24 
13) cos 12  90   sin 12 
14) sin  83  90    cos  83 
15) cos  5  180    cos  5 
01 – 03c- 21
16) sin 12  180    sin 12 
17) cos 17  180    cos 17 
18) sin  67  180    sin  67 
19) cos  14   cos 14 
20) sin  19    sin 19 
2.6. Tangent:
The ratio sin cos is defined as the tangent of the angle  . The tangent of an angle is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the
adjacent side: so called because it can be represented as a line segment tangent to the circle, that is the line that touches the circle.
tan  sin
cos
 sin
If cos   0 , that is, if  (rad)   2 n , tan  is not defined.
2 cos
sin 0
When sin  0 , that is, if  (rad)  0  2 n , tan   0.
cos 1
tan is a periodic function with a period π rad = 180°.

sin   n   sin   sin  
Indeed, tan   n      tan  
cos   n   cos   cos  
tan is the length of the segment tangent to the circle whose endpoints are located respectively on the x-axis and on the circle.
It can be proven geometrically that the length of the segment is also equal to the length of a segment perpendicular to the x-axis whose endpoints are
located respectively on the circle on the x-axis and on the line prolonging the radius.
01 – 03c- 22
2.7. Cosine, sine and tangent in a right-angled triangle:

So far, we have defined the cosine and sine on a right-angled triangle having the length of its hypotenuse equal to 1:
01 – 03c- 23
Starting from this triangle, let’s draw a new similar triangle:
As segments MN and PQ are parallel (since the triangles are similar), we can now use the intercept theorem:
ON OM MN OM
 and 
OQ OP PQ OP
The hypotenuse OM has a length of 1 and sides ON and MN are defined by ON  cos  and MN  sin ,
cos 1 OQ sin 1 PQ
  cos  and   sin  
OQ OP OP PQ OP OP
01 – 03c- 24
That is to say, in any right-angled triangle, the cosine and the sine can be defined with the lengths of the adjacent side, opposite side and hypotenuse:
cos  Adjacent side

Hypotenuse
sin  Opposite side

Hypotenuse
The tangent is then defined by:
01 – 03c- 25
Opposite side
sin Hypotenuse
tan   tan 
cos Adjacent side
Hypotenuse
That is to say,
tan  Opposite side

Adjacent side
2.8. Trigonometric relationships.

We have already found some trigonometric identities:
01 – 03c- 26
cos   cos   2 n  sin  sin   2 n 
cos2   sin2   1
sin
tan  tan    tan   n 
cos
       
cos       sin sin      cos  cos      sin sin       cos 
 2  2  2  2
cos       cos sin       sin cos       cos  sin       sin
cos     cos  sin      sin tan      tan
There are many other useful trigonometric relationships. You should know the relationships which concern the addition or the subtraction of angles:
 Adding angles:
cos  a  b   cos a cos b  sin a sin b
sin  a  b   sin a cos b  cos a sin b
tan a  tan b
tan  a  b  
1  tan a tan b
01 – 03c- 27
 Subtracting angles:
cos  a  b   cos a cos b  sin a sin b
sin  a  b   sin a cos b  cos a sin b
tan a  tan b
tan  a  b  
1  tan a tan b
01 – 03c- 28
3. GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: SINE, COSINE AND TANGENT:
3.1. The sine function:
Since sin ( + 2 kπ) = sin (), the sine function is called periodic: this period is 2π. The function f() = y = sin () is defined for any value of ,  being a
real number.
01 – 03c- 29
3.2. The cosine function:
Since cos ( + 2 kπ) = cos (), the cosine function is called periodic; this period is 2π. The function f() = y = cos () is defined for any value of , 
being a real number.
01 – 03c- 30
3.3 The tangent function:
Since tan ( + kπ) = tan (), the tangent function is called periodic; this period is π. The function f() = y = tan () is defined for any value of ,  being a
real number, except for  = (2k + 1) π/2, etc.
01 – 03c- 31
4. RECTANGULAR AND POLAR COORDINATES:
4.1. Rectangular coordinates:
The rectangular (or Cartesian) coordinates are the horizontal and vertical coordinates (x,y) which make it possible to locate a point on the Cartesian
plane.
The rectangular coordinate system is based on a grid, and every point on the plane can be identified by unique x and y coordinates. Locations on the
grid are measured relative to the origin, and are measured according to the distance along a pair of perpendicular axes. The x and y axes are number
01 – 03c- 32
lines, with positive distances to the right and negative to the left in the case of the x axis, and positive distances measured upwards and negative down
for the y axis.
The location of a point is specified by its x coordinate (the left or right displacement from the origin), and then the y coordinate (the up or down
displacement from the origin). Every point on the plane can be identified by a pair of numbers (x, y), called its rectangular coordinates.
4.2 Polar coordinates

Given a horizontal and a vertical axis, the polar coordinates of a point M are its distance from the origin O, called the radius r, and the angle  , counted
in the anticlockwise direction, between the horizontal axis and line OM.
Any point M on the plane can be located with its polar coordinates  r , 
The origin is sometimes called the pole, and the ray from the pole in the direction of point M is the polar axis.
The radius is also called radial coordinate, and the angle is also called polar coordinate, angular coordinate, or azimuth.
01 – 03c- 33
4.3 Transformation between rectangular and polar coordinates
In this section, we want to transform the rectangular coordinates (x, y) of a point M into its polar coordinates  r ,  and vice-versa.
Remember that in any right-angled triangle, the cosine and the sine can be defined with the lengths of the adjacent side, opposite side and
hypotenuse:
Adjacent side
cos  
Hypotenuse
Opposite side
sin 
Hypotenuse
If we choose the adjacent side to be the rectangular coordinate x, the opposite side to be the rectangular coordinate y, and the hypotenuse the radius
r, we get:
01 – 03c- 34
x y
cos   and sin 
r r
That is to say, we get the way to transform the polar coordinates  r ,  into rectangular coordinates (x,y). Knowing  r ,  , we get (x,y) by using the
formulas:
x  r cos
y  r sin
Now, if we want to transform the rectangular coordinates into polar coordinates, we can use the fact that:
2 2   sin r sin y
x 2  y 2   r cos    r sin   r 2 cos2   r 2 sin2   r 2  cos 2
  sin2   r 2 and tan   
   cos  r cos x
 1 
r  x2  y 2
tan  y
x
y
Knowing the value of tan  , you can use tables or a calculator, to get  .
x
y
On your calculator, you must use the function “Arctangent”, arctan   to get  .
x
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01 – 03c- 36

M o D U L e 0 1 - 0 3 C Mathematics: Geometry Trigonometry

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M o D U L e 0 1 - 0 3 C Mathematics: Geometry Trigonometry

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AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01 - Mathematics

2)   425   360  65    65

3)   3 rad   2    rad   rad

cos  x and sin  y

2.2. Periodicity of cosine and sine:

cos  cos   2 n 

cos  5   cos  5  360   cos  365 

2) sin   sin   n  360  , or in radians, sin  sin   2 n 

2.3. Sign of cosine and sine:

2.4. Particular values of cosine and sine:

 0 30 45 60 90

2.5. Symmetrical properties of cosine and sine:

cos       cos and sin       sin

13) cos 12  90   sin 12 

14) sin  83  90    cos  83 

15) cos  5  180    cos  5 

17) cos 17  180    cos 17 

18) sin  67  180    sin  67 

19) cos  14   cos 14 

20) sin  19    sin 19 

tan is a periodic function with a period π rad = 180°.

2.7. Cosine, sine and tangent in a right-angled triangle:

Starting from this triangle, let’s draw a new similar triangle:

cos  Adjacent side

sin  Opposite side

The tangent is then defined by:

tan  Opposite side

2.8. Trigonometric relationships.

cos   cos   2 n  sin  sin   2 n 

cos       cos sin       sin cos       cos  sin       sin

cos     cos  sin      sin tan      tan

cos  a  b   cos a cos b  sin a sin b

sin  a  b   sin a cos b  cos a sin b

cos  a  b   cos a cos b  sin a sin b

sin  a  b   sin a cos b  cos a sin b

4.2 Polar coordinates

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