Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Industrial progress of a country depends on its committed labour force. In this regard
the importance of labour welfare was recognized as early as 1931, when the royal
commission on labour stated that the benefits which go under this nomenclature are of great
importance to the worker who is unable to secure by himself. The schemes of labour welfare
may be regarded as “a wise investment” which should and usually does bring a profitable
return in the form of greater efficiency.
The worker should at least have the means and facilities to keep himself in a state of
health and efficiency. This is primarily a question of adequate nutrition and suitable housing
conditions. The working condition should be such as to safeguard his health and protect him
against occupational hazards.
The work place should provide reasonable amenities for his essential needs. The
worker should also be equipped with the necessary technical training and a certain level of
general education.
Meaning
Review of literature
“Employee welfare is defined as the efforts to make worth living for work men”. It
suggests the measures which promote “the physical, psychological & general well being of
the working population”
1
Research questions
Understanding the connections between job satisfaction, loyalty of the worker to the
company, and commitment
Forecasting and predicting the supply and demand cycle within human resources.
How does at-work childcare compare to regular daycare when compared to the
satisfaction of employees with working while their young children are in care?
Discuss compensation packages and the effect of corporate employee benefits being
offered in order to retain human resources
What issues do family business owners face in the field of family business
consultants?
To study the employee welfare measures implemented by the Sagar Cement Pvt.
Ltd.
To study the awareness of employees regarding welfare amenities provided by the
company.
To examine to opinions of employees regarding welfare measures.
To know the impact of welfare measures on efficiency of the organization.
To draw conclusions and offers suggestions.
2
Hypothesis
It helps in improving recruitment.
Employers get stable labor force by providing welfare facilities. Workers take active
interest in their jobs and work with a feeling of involvement and participation.
The need for labour welfare arises from the very nature of the industrial system,
which is characterized by two basic factors, one, the conditions under which work is carried
on are not congenial for health and second, when a labourer join an industry, has to work in
an entirely strange atmosphere, which creates problems of adjustment. One author calls these
two factors “the long arm of the job”, and “the social invasion of the factory”.
The present study confined to the employee welfare in of Sagar Cement Pvt. Ltd. The study
also covered the procedure of employee welfare measures implemented in the company and
the opinions of employees regarding the employee welfare measures implemented by the
company.
Period of study
3
Research methodology
1. Primary data
1. Secondary data
1. Primary data
Primary data is collected from the employees with the help of questionnaire and
personal interviews. The primary data mainly relate to the experience and opinions of
respondents regarding various aspects of employee training and development.
a. Observation method
a. Interview method
a. Questionnaire method
2. Secondary data
Secondary data is collected from the company records and concerned the marketing
department.
Due to time limitation a large sample could not be selected, which would have helped
The employees may not give their opinion openly due to their personal problems.
4
INDUSTRY PROFILE
In the most general sense of the word, cement is a binder, a substance which sets and
hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The word "cement" traces to
the romans, who used the term "opus caementicium" to describe masonry which resembled
concrete and was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and
pulverized brick additives which were added to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder
were later referred to as cementum, cimentum, cäment and cement. Cements used in
construction are characterized as hydraulic or no hydraulic.
The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and concrete—the
bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to form a strong building material which is durable
in the face of normal environmental effects.
Concrete should not be confused with cement because the term cement refers only to
the dry powder substance used to bind the aggregate materials of concrete. Upon the addition
of water and/or additives the cement mixture is referred to as concrete, especially if
aggregates have been added.
The vast system of roman aqueducts also made extensive use of hydraulic cement.
The use of structural concrete disappeared in medieval europe, although weak pozzolanic
concretes continued to be used as a core fill in stone walls and columns.
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Modern cement
Modern hydraulic cements began to be developed from the start of the industrial revolution
(around 1800), driven by three main needs
Hydraulic mortars for masonry construction of harbor works etc, in contact with sea
water.
In britain particularly, good quality building stone became ever more expensive during a
period of rapid growth, and it became a common practice to construct prestige buildings from
the new industrial bricks, and to finish them with a stucco to imitate stone. Hydraulic lines
were favored for this, but the need for a fast set time encouraged the development of new
cements. Most famous was parker's "roman cement." this was developed by james parker in
the 1780s, and finally patented in 1796. It was, in fact, nothing like any material used by the
romans, but was”natural cement" made by burning septaria nodules that are found in certain
clay deposits, and that contain both clay minerals and calcium carbonate. The burnt nodules
were ground to a fine powder.
This product, made into a mortar with sand, set in 5–15 minutes. The success of
"roman cement" led other manufacturers to develop rival products by burning artificial
mixtures of clay and chalk. John smeaton made an important contribution to the development
of cements when he was planning the construction of the third eddystone lighthouse (17559)
in the english channel. He needed a hydraulic mortar that would set and develop some
strength in the twelve hour period between successive high tides. He performed an exhaustive
market research on the available hydraulic lines, visiting their production sites, and noted that
the "hydraulicity" of the lime was directly related to the clay content of the limestone from
which it was made. Smeaton was a civil engineer by profession, and took the idea no further.
Apparently unaware of smeaton's work, the same principle was identified by louis vicat in the
first decade of the nineteenth century. Vicat went on to devise a method of combining chalk
and clay into an intimate mixture, and, burning this, produced an "artificial cement" in 1817.
6
James frost working in britain, produced what he called "british cement" in a similar
manner around the same time, but did not obtain a patent until 1822. In 1824, joseph aspdin
patented a similar material, which he called portland cement, because the render made from it
was in color similar to the prestigious portland stone.
All the above products could not compete with lime/pozzolan concretes because of
fastsetting (giving insufficient time for placement) and low early strengths (requiring a delay
of many weeks before formwork could be removed).
Hydraulic lines, "natural" cements and "artificial" cements all rely upon their belite
content for strength development. Belite develops strength slowly. Because they were burned
at temperatures below 1250 °c, they contained no alite, which is responsible for early strength
in modern cements.
The first cement to consistently contain alite was made by joseph aspdin's son william
in the early 1840s. This was what we call today "modern" portland cement. Because of the air
of mystery with which william aspdin surrounded his product, others (e.g. Vicat and i c
johnson) have claimed precedence in this invention, but recent analysis of both his concrete
and raw cement have shown that william aspdin's product made at northfleet, kent was a true
alitebased cement. However, aspdin's methods were "ruleofthumb" vicat is responsible for
establishing the chemical basis of these cements, and johnson established the importance of
sintering the mix in the kiln.
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Types of modern cement
Portland cement
These are often available as underground mixtures from cement manufacturers, but
similar formulations are often also mixed from the ground components at the concrete mixing
plant.
Contains up to 70% ground granulated blast furnace slag, with the rest portland
clinker and a little gypsum. All compositions produce high ultimate strength, but as slag
content is increased, early strength is reduced, while sulfate resistance increases and heat
evolution diminishes. Used as an economic alternative to portland sulfate resisting and low
heat cements.
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Portland flyash cement
Contains up to 30% fly ash. The fly ash is pozzolanic, so that ultimate strength is
maintained. Because fly ash addition allows a lower concrete water content, early strength
can also be maintained. Where good quality cheap fly ash is available, this can be an
economic alternative to ordinary portland cement.
includes fly ash cement, since fly ash is a pozzolan, but also includes cements made
from other natural or artificial pozzolans. In countries where volcanic ashes are available (e.g.
Italy, chile, mexico, the philippines) these cements are often the most common form in use.
Addition of silica fume can yield exceptionally high strengths, and cements
containing 520% silica fume are occasionally produced. However, silica fume is more usually
added to portland cement at the concrete mixer
Masonry cements
Used for preparing bricklaying mortars and stuccos, and must not be used in concrete.
They are usually complex proprietary formulations containing portland clinker and a number
of other ingredients that may include limestone, hydrated lime, air entertainers, retarders,
water proofers and coloring agents. They are formulated to yield workable mortars that allow
rapid and consistent masonry work. Subtle variations of masonry cement in the us are plastic
cements and stucco cements. These are designed to produce controlled bond with masonry
blocks.
Expansive cements
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White blended cements
May be made using white clinker and white supplementary materials such as high
purity met kaolin.
Colored cements
Used for decorative purposes. In some standards, the addition of pigments to produce
"colored portland cement" is allowed. In other standards (e.g. Astm), pigments are not
allowed constituents of portland cement, and colored cements are sold as "blended hydraulic
cements".
Made from mixtures of cement with sand or with slag or other pozzolan type minerals
which are extremely finely ground together. Such cements can have the same physical
characteristics as normal cement but with 50% less cement particularly due to their increased
surface area for the chemical reaction. Even with intensive grinding they can use up to 50%
less energy to fabricate than ordinary portland cements.
Pozzolanlime cements.
Mixtures of ground pozzolan and lime are the cements used by the romans, and are to
be found in roman structures still standing (e.g. The pantheon in rome). They develop
strength slowly, but their ultimate strength can be very high. The hydration products that
produce strength are essentially the same as those produced by portland cement.
Slaglime cements.
ground granulated blast furnace slag is not hydraulic on its own, but is "activated" by
addition of alkalis, most economically using lime. They are similar to pozzolan lime cements
in their properties. Only granulated slag (i.e. Waterquenched, glassy slag) is effective as a
cement component.
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Supersulfated cements
These contain about 80% ground granulated blast furnace slag, 15% gypsum or
anhydrite and a little portland clinker or lime as an activator. They produce strength by
formation of ettringite, with strength growth similar to a slow portland cement. They exhibit
good resistance to aggressive agents, including sulfate.
Hydraulic cements made primarily from limestone and bauxite. The active ingredients
are monocalcium aluminate caal2o4 (cao · al2o3 or ca in cement chemist notation, ccn) and
mayenite ca12al14o33 (12 cao · 7 al2o3 , or c12a7 in ccn). Strength forms by hydration to calcium
aluminate hydrates. They are welladapted for use in refractory (hightemperature resistant)
concretes, e.g. For furnace linings.
Made from clinkers that include ye'elimite (ca4(alo2)6so4 or c4a3 in cement chemist's
notation) as a primary phase. They are used in expansive cements, in ultrahigh early strength
cements, and in "lowenergy" cements. Hydration produces ettringite, and specialized physical
properties (such as expansion or rapid reaction) are obtained by adjustment of the availability
of calcium and sulfate ions.
Their use as a lowenergy alternative to portland cement has been pioneered in china,
where several million tons per year are produced. Energy requirements are lower because of
the lower kiln temperatures required for reaction, and the lower amount of limestone (which
must be endothermic ally decarbonated) in the mix. In addition, the lower limestone content
and lower fuel consumption leads to a co 2 emission around half that associated with portland
clinker. However, so2 emissions are usually significantly higher.
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amounts of free lime. As with any natural material, such cements have highly variable
properties.
Geopolymer cements
Cement sets when mixed with water by way of a complex series of chemical reactions
still only partly understood. The component constituents slowly crystallise and the locking
together of the crystals gives it strength. Carbon dioxide is slowly absorbed to convert the
lime into insoluble calcium carbonate. After the initial setting, immersion in warm water will
speed up setting.
Cement manufacture causes environmental impacts at all stages of the process. These
include emissions of airborne pollution in the form of dust, gases, noise and vibration when
operating machinery and during blasting in quarries, and damage to countryside from
quarrying. Equipment to reduce dust emissions during quarrying and manufacture of cement
is widely used, and equipment to trap and separate exhaust gases are coming into increased
use. Environmental protection also includes the reintegration of quarries into the countryside
after they have been closed down by returning them to nature or recultivating them.
Climate
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types from novacem and ecocement can absorb carbon dioxide from ambient air during
hardening.
Selected waste and byproducts with recoverable calorific value can be used as fuels in
a cement kiln, replacing a portion of conventional fossil fuels, like coal, if they meet strict
specifications.
Selected waste and byproducts containing useful minerals such as calcium, silica,
alumina, and iron can be used as raw materials in the kiln, replacing raw materials such as
clay, shale, and limestone. Because some materials have both useful mineral content and
recoverable calorific value, the distinction between alternative fuels and raw materials is not
always clear. For example, sewage sludge has a low but significant calorific value, and burns
to give ash containing minerals useful in the clinker matrix.
Cement industry
In 2002 the world production of hydraulic cement was 1,800 million metric tons. The top
three producers were china with 704, india with 100, and the united states with 91 million
metric tons for a combined total of about half the world total by the world's three most
populous states.
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Modern cement
Modern hydraulic cements began to be developed from the start of the industrial
revolution (around 1800), driven by three main needs
Hydraulic cement render (stucco) for finishing brick buildings in wet climates.
Hydraulic mortars for masonry construction of harbor works, etc., in contact with sea
water.
In britain particularly, good quality building stone became ever more expensive during
a period of rapid growth, and it became a common practice to construct prestige buildings
from the new industrial bricks, and to finish them with a stucco to imitate stone. Hydraulic
lines were favored for this, but the need for a fast set time encouraged the development of
new cements. Most famous was parker's "roman cement". This was developed by james
parker in the 1780s, and finally patented in 1796.
It was, in fact, nothing like any material used by the romans, but was a "natural
cement" made by burning sectarian – nodules that are found in certain clay deposits, and that
contain both clay minerals and calcium carbonate. The burnt nodules were ground to a fine
powder. This product, made into a mortar with sand, set in 5–15 minutes. The success of
"roman cement" led other manufacturers to develop rival products by burning artificial
mixtures of clay and chalk.
14
John smeaton made an important contribution to the development of cements when he
was planning the construction of the third eddystone lighthouse (1755–9) in the english
channel. He needed a hydraulic mortar that would set and develop some strength in the
twelve hour period between successive high tides.
15
COMPANY PROFILE
Started on 20-01-1985 with an installe3d capacity of 200 tpd. Promoted by sri s. Veera
reddy, managing director, along with highly competent and successful technocrats. Plant
machinery is very contemporary and suitable a produce wide variety of cements.
Having lime stone mines of highest quality. Mineral available is suitable for all
varieties of cements.
From the day one, sagar cements is a success storey and stood first in all areas of its
activities, made big strides and grown rapidly in phases to its present cement capacity of
18100 tpd.
Quality consistency is an ongoing activity at sagar cements. Top management’s
priority is always to implement new technologies with in a time frame even at huge
investment and to be one of the best quality cement producing industry in india. Management
considers technology up gradation is of highest priority and spent huge amounts towards
latest machinery, systems and pollution control equipment.
Latest world best cooler for efficient cooling and better quality( i.k.n.g mbh, germany)
Usage of low ash imported stone.
Latest software for process optimization.
The result is sagar cements industry is of latest contemporary technology not only when
it was installed but also today and known in cement industry circle as one of the highly
efficient unit.
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Quality was given the prime importance even during the construction stage of the
project itself. The layout planning, equipment sizing, technology absorption etc., were
considered purely based on quality aspect of view.
The quality control department is accorded highest status in work and produced very
high quality cement very consistently. During 98 an amount of rs.40 lakes was spent for the
surveying and quality analysis of the available limestone in our mine. This is helping in
planning our mining activities to supply optimum quality limestone to factory; the consistent
well designed raw mix is helping in producing consistent quality cement.
Cement is accepted and appreciated by many govt. Institutions and big builders. Company is
producing follow grade of cement.
Till date sagar cements could produce any specialty cement required by the market for special
application.
The following are few of the many highly critical constructions made with sagar cements.
Bombay
Ircon project.
Chennai
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Metropolitan railway transport projects. ( intercity railway bridges)
Hyderabad
Kakinada
Vizag
H.p.c.l.project.
Khammam
Paleru dam
Nalgonda
Dindi project
Vijayawada
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Hyderabad industries limited kondapally.
The raw meal is fed to rotary kiln through pre-heater with precalciner system. The raw
meal under goes chemical reactions and reaches to sintering temperature (1350 – 14000 c)
and becomes clinker nodules. These clinker nodules are finally dropped in to grate cooler.
Here the clinker is cooled from 1300 to 100c and transported to clinker stockpile.
During the burning the strength giving clinker compounds are formed i.e., c3s,
c2s,c3a, &c4af.in opc43 grade clinker the c3s content is low (45%) and in 53 grade clinker
the c3s cement is higher (50-55%) . This clinker is ground to stable fineness with 3-4%
gypsum in a ball mill. These finally ground is called ordinary portland cement 43&53 grade.
53 grade cement requires higher fineness than 43 grade cement to give early strength. 43
grade opc clinker is made from lower concentration of lime (cao). 53 grade opc clinker
requires higher concentration of lime (cao).
Application
43 grade opc
Used for general concrete construction works where special properties are not required.
Its heat of hydration is lower than 53 grade opc but offer lower resistance to sulphate than
p.p.c.
53 grade opc
Used where high early strength are required. Thos helps in faster construction. The ratio
of sand and metal to cement can be higher.
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Ppc is manufactured by grinding portland cement clinker (53 grade) and 15 – 25% fly with 3-
4% gypsum. The fineness of ppc in higher to opc cements.
Application
Super grade produces low heat of hydration than 43 grade opc cements. And greater
resistance to the attack of aggressive waters then normal portland cements. So minimum
water required for curing than others cements. It reduces the leaching of calcium hydroxide
liberated during the hydration of cement. One of the important reasons for using pozzolzna
cements has been the increased resistance they offer to attack by chemical agencies and
particularly seawater.
Its initial strength may be lower but later strength is higher than normal opc. Its
superior properties are the cause for its present day world wide popularity. Its high resistance
and low porosity mad this grade of cement to be very good to constructions in general and
highly durable even in coastal areas.
Sagar priya special grade ordinary portland cement confirming to irst – 40 of indian
railways is made my sagar cements limited which is having full facilities to produce
consistent quality to give better strength.
The minimum strength after 7 days id maintained more than irs t-40 standard with 43
mpa and are progressively increased the 7 days strength.
The magnesia content in the lime stone of our mines is below 1% hence the concrete
products made out of this cement are sound.
Sagar priya cements works has been inspected by rdso, lucknow and approved our
process and facilities. The cement made as per irs t-40/1985 is tested by railway institute of
technical and economical services and recommended to supply for manufacturing process of
concrete sleepers.
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Sagar priya sulphate cement generally known as src made to is, bs & astm standards.
Selection of limestone in our mining area through surveying, core drilling and sample
collection of stone. Separate silo is required to store src raw meal iron ore fines from bellary
are to be mixed in the raw mill process. Raw meal sample will be checked thoroughly.
After confirming to the suitability then only passed to feed to kiln. For manufacturing
of src clinker low ash stone is required (25-27%) for reducing the alumina content.
The sulphate resisting properties in src are developed by restricting the c3a content to
below 5%. So there is no 0 excess c3a left to react with sulphates. Low heat of hydration, less
risk of the 3 rmal shrinkage.
Applications
Src can be used in coastal areas. Dockyards, bridges , aqua farm tanks, sewerage and
effluent- carrying drains it will protects the structure from sulphate attacks. Suitable for
massive constructions suitable where soils having higher percentage of water soluble
sulphates, i.e. More than 0.5% at seashore. Penetration of sulphate ions into concrete made
with opc can result in scaling and ultimately in some circumstances to complete
disintegration.
Cement which is stored unprotected for any considerable length of time absorbs
moisture causing lumps formation and resulting in a loss of hardening capacity. So long as
the lumps are easily crumbled between the fingers the strength will not be seriously affected.
If the cement is not properly stored at the construction site, about 10% of strength is lot in a
month’s time. So the period of storage should always be kept as a short as possible.
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Concrete is composed of a course aggregate forming the bulk of the mix, a fine
aggregate filling the voids between, and cement and water to bond the whole together. The
sand, or fine aggregate, and cement may together be regarded as a mortar in which the coarse
aggregate is set. The properties of the concrete depend primarily on the quality and amount of
this interstitial mortar and only secondarily on the coarse aggregate.
The proportions of cement and aggregate in concrete and expressed as one (1) cement.
X fine aggregate y coarse aggregate by volume or by weight, or alternatively as the weight of
cement per unit volume of mixed concrete.
The proper ties of the cement- sand motor, which binds the coarse aggregate together,
depends on the proportion of cement it contains the amount of water used, and on the fitness
of the sand. The finer the sand, the greater is the surface area it possesses, and hence the
larger the proportion of cement required to cover that surface. This is one reason why sand
should not be excessively fine and contain much material passing a 100 – mesh. An increase
in the amount of water above that necessary to give a workable mix renders the mortar
weaker and more permeable and increases the volume of voids which will be left empty when
the concrete dries out and excess water is removed. If the proportion of the sand in concrete is
not sufficient, then is if the mix is “ over sand” the fragments of coarse aggregate will be
separated more than necessary by the excess mortar and the mortar itself will be leaner in
cement.
The coarse aggregate in concrete is normally quite insert and impermeable and it is the
cement mortar which is the point of attack by most destructive agencies, and which forms the
channel by which water can permeate in to the concrete.
The presence of an excess of this mortar in a weaker condition tends therefore type
lower the resistance of the concrete to attack. The proportion of sand required decreases as
the maximum size of the coarse aggregate increases.
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As a rough working role about 30 -40% by volume of the aggregate should consist of
sand when the maximum size of coarse aggregate is ¾ inch, but this proportion has to be
adjusted to suit the particular aggregates used.
The use seawater is reinforced concrete should be avoided for increases the risk of
corrosion of reinforcement. It must never be used for mixing high alumina cement as it has a
very adverse effect on the strength.
The mixing and placing of concrete also play an important part in determining the
quality of the product. The ease with which concrete can be placed depends on the
workability of the max. The workability of concrete is measured by various tests such as the
slump test. The workability of concrete is influenced by the type and grading of the aggregate
as well as other factors.
The amount of water required of produce a given slump in a concrete mix increases
with the temperature of the mix. This increase from 60-100f raise the water requirement by
the order of 10% this results in a lower ultimate strength and increase in the subsequent
drying shrinkage.
Concrete can be damaged by lack of proper curing. It is essential for the development
of high strength that the concrete should be kept moist for a period and nor allowed to dry out
rapidly.
Once a concrete has been cured under moist condition for a sufficient period, its
resistance to attack by chemical action is increased by allowing it to remain in air and dry out.
A film of calcium carbonate forms over the surface of the material, blocking the pores and
producing a hard and dense surface skin.
And additional factor is involved in reinforced concrete where steel bars are embedded
in the material. The function of the concrete here is not only to provide a medium to with
stand the compressive stresses to which the reinforced concrete member may be subject, but
also to protect the steel reinforcement against corrosion. Any corrosion of the reinforcement
result in the formation of a film of iron oxide over the metal occupying a volume about 2.2
times that of the iron from which it is formed.
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The expansion which thus occurs results eventually in the flaking off or cricking of the
concrete overlies it. The corrosion hence damages not only the steel but also the concrete.
The degree of protection afforded to the reinforcement depends on the impermeability and
thickness of the concrete covering it. Reinforced concrete, which is exposed to seawater.
Reinforced concrete members may show the cracks arising from deflection under load (or)
from shrinkage of concrete.
Unsuitable materials.
Unsuitable materials
Poor mixing and the use of too wet or dry mixes with the accompanying troubles of
segregation, the last being aggravated by insufficient ramming. Bad jointing two days work;
inadequate curing may also be grouped under this head.
This shape of the voids present in a fractured surface may give some indication of the
consistence of the mix. Small double holes with smooth surface and spherical shape are
characteristic or rather wet mixers, while the presence of numerous voids of irregular shape
and an uneven distribution of the fine aggregate indicates the use of a mix which has been too
dry for the degree of ramming employed. Bad grading of the aggregates is also usually
indicated by the appearance of the fractured surface.
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Aggregates
Concrete or mortar is made up of cement, water, and aggregates (store chips and sand)
and at times chemical additives. The aggregates, fine (sand) and coarse (stone chips) make up
about 75 % of the volume of concrete. Generally sp. Gravity of aggregates 2.4 and 2.90.
The aggregates from main matrix of the concrete or mortar. The aggregate particles are
hold together by cement matrix, formed out of the past of cement. While the coarse
aggregates from the main matrix, the fine aggregates from the filler matrix between the
coarse aggregates. With cement and water the entire matrix binds together into a solid mass
called concrete. The aggregates may be igneous (granite or basalt) of sedimentary (lime
stone, etc,) rock.
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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Employee welfare is an important facet of industrial relations, the extra dimension, giving
satisfaction to the worker in a way which evens a good wage cannot. With the growth of
industrialization and mechanization, it has acquired added importance. The workers in industry
cannot cope with the pace of modern life with minimum sustenance amenities. He needs an
added stimulus to keep body and soul together.
Employers have also realized the importance of their role in providing these extra
amenities. And yet, they are not always able to fulfill workers demands however reasonable they
might be. They are primarily concerned with the viability of the enterprise .employee welfare,
though it has been proved to contribute to efficiency in production, is expensive. Each employer
depending on his priorities gives varying degrees of importance to labour welfare.
It is because the government is not sure that all employers are progressive minded and
will provide basic welfare measures that it introduces statutory legislation from time to time to
bring about some measures of uniformity in the basic amenities available to industrial workers.
After employees have been hired, trained and remunerated, they need to be retained and
maintained to serve the organization better. Welfare facilities are designed to take care of the
wellbeing of the employees, they do not generally result in any monetary benefit to the
employees. Nor are these facilities provided by employers alone. Governmental and non-
governmental agencies and trade unions too, contribute towards employee welfare.
The welfare amenities are extended in addition to normal wages and other economic
rewards available to employees as per the legal provisions. Welfare measures may also be
provided by the government, trade unions and non-government agencies in addition to the
employer. The basic purpose of employee welfare is to enrich the life of the employees and keep
them happy and contended.
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Meaning and definition
Welfare means faring or doing well. It refers to the physical, mental, moral and emotional
well-being of an individual. Further, the term welfare is a relative concept, relative in time and
space. It, therefore, varies from time to time, from region to region and from country to country.
Employee welfare, also referred to as betterment work for employees, relates to taking
care of the well-being of workers by employers, trade unions and government and non-
governmental agencies. It is rather difficult to define the term labour welfare precisely because of
the relatively of the concept.
The oxford dictionary defines employee welfare as “efforts to make life worth living for
workmen”. It is however, difficult to precisely define the scope of these efforts. Different writers
have defined it in different ways. Some writers say that only voluntary efforts on the part of
employers to improve the conditions of employment in their factories from the scope of
employee welfare efforts. Some others say that it includes not only voluntary efforts of the
employer but also the minimum standards of hygiene and safely laid down in general legislation.
Here are some of the definitions given by some of the experts.
“anything done for the intellectual, physical, moral and economic betterment of the
workers, employers, by government or by other agencies over and about what is laid down by
law or what is normally expected of the contractual benefits for which workers may have
bargained.”
“Such services, facilities, and amenities as adequate canteen, rest and recreation
facilities, sanitary and medical facilities, arrangements for travel to and from place of work,
and for the accommodation of workers employed at a distance from the homes; and such
other services, amities and facilities, including social security measures, as contribute to the
conditions under which workers are employed”
27
The encyclopedia of social sciences has defined labour welfare work as
The voluntary efforts of the employers to established, with in the exiting industrial
system, working and some times, living and cultural condition of the employees beyond what
is required by law, the custom of the country and the conditions of the market”
Importance
Industrial progress of a country depends on its committed labour force. In this regard
the importance of labour welfare was recognized as early as 1931, when the royal
commission on labour started that the benefits, which go under this nomenclature, are of great
importance to the worker who is unable to secure by himself. The schemes of labour welfare
may be regarded as “a wise investment” which should and usually does bring profitable
return in the form of greater efficiency. 20 years later, the planning commission realized the
importance of labour welfare, when it observed “in order to get the best out of a worker in the
matter of production, working conditions require to be improved to a large extent. The
workers should at least have the means and facilities to keep him in a state of health and
efficiency. This is primarily a question of adequate nutrition and suitable housing conditions.
The working condition should be such as to safeguard his health and protect him
against occupational hazards. The work place should provide reasonable amenities for his
essential needs. The worker should also be equipped with the necessary technical training and
a certain level of general education.”
On the basis of the various definitions, the basic charters tics of labour welfare work
may be noted thus
a) It is the work, which is usually undertaken with in the premises or in the vicinity
of the undertakings for the benefits employees and the members of their families.
b) The work generally includes those items of welfare which are over and above
what is provided by statutory provisions are required by the custom of the industry
or the employees expect as a results of a contract of services from the employers.
28
and cultural and intelectuaval development to make him a good worker, a good
citizen and a good member of the family.
e) It may be noted that not only intra mural but also extra mural, statutory as well as
non statutory activities, undertaken by any of the three agencies- the employers,
trade unions or the government- for the physical and mental development of
worker, both as a compensation for wear and tear the undergoes as part of the
production process and also to enable him to sustain and improve upon the basic
capacity of contribution on the processes of production, “which are all the species
of the longer family encompassed by the term ‘labour welfare’”
29
Most welfare activities (described later in this chapter) are considered to be mundane.
Obviously, not many authors provide space in their books for a discussion on this topic. But
we are of the opinion that what are considered to be temporal benefits elsewhere are being
neglected in our country particularly in the unorganized sector. We are also of the opinion that
the teachers and students should be enlightened about the concept of employee welfare and
how welfare measures are implemented or neglected.
After employees have been hired, trained and remunerated, they need to be retained
and maintained to serve the organization better. Welfare facilities are designed to take care of
the well- being of the employees they do not generally result in any monctary benefit to the
employees. Nor are these facilities provided by employers alone. ` governmental and non-
governmental agencies, and trade unions too, contribute towards employee welfare. The
welfare facilities together contribute to better work.
Nature of welfare
Welfare means faring or doing well. It is a comprehensive term, and refers to the
physical, mental, moral and emotional well- being of an individual. Further, the term welfare
is a relative concept, relative in time and space. It, therefore, varies from time to time, from
region to region and from country to country.
Labour welfare, also referred to as betterment work for employees, relates to taking
care of the well- being of workers by employers, trade unions, and governmental and non –
governmental agencies.
Ilo at its asian regional conference, defined labour welfare as term which is
understood to include such services, facilities and amenities as may be established in or in the
vicinity of undertakings to enable the persons employed in them to perform their work in
healthy, congenial surrounding and to provide them with amenities conducive to good health
and high morale.
Labour welfare has two aspects- negative and positive. On the negative side, labour
welfare is concerned with counteracting the baneful effects of the large-scale industrial
system of production-especially capitalistic, so far as india is concerned-on the
personal/family, and social life of the worker. On its positive side, it deal with the provision
of opportunities for the workers and his/her family for a good life as under tood in its most
comprehensive sense.
30
Features of employee welfare
Labour welfare includes various facilities, services and amenities provided to workers
for improving their health, efficiency, economic betterment and social status.
Welfare measures are in addition to regular wages and other economic benefits
available to workers due to legal provisions and collective bargaining.
Labor welfare schemes are flexible and ever-changing. New welfare measures are
added to the existing ones from time to time.
Welfare measures may be introduced by the employers, government, employees or by
any social or charitable agency.
The purpose of labor welfare is to bring about the development of the whole
personality of the workers to make a better workforce.
They provide better physical and mental health to workers and thus promote a healthy
work environment.
Facilities like housing schemes, medical benefits, and education and recreation
facilities for workers’ families help in raising their standards of living. This makes
workers to pay more attention towards work and thus increases their productivity.
Employers get stable labor force by providing welfare facilities. Workers take active
interest in their jobs and work with a feeling of involvement and participation.
Employee welfare measures increases the productivity of organization and promote
healthy industrial relations thereby maintaining industrial peace.
They social evils prevalent among the labors such as substance abuse, etc reduced to a
greater extent by the welfare policies.
Labour welfare is justified for several reasons. It is desirable to recollect the services
of a typical worker in this context. His/her labour helps ding and haul coal from the depths of
the earth- to fetch and refine oil. A further argument in favors of welfare is that a reputation
for showing concern helps improve the local image of the company as a good employer
and assists in recruitment .welfare may not directly increase productivity, but it may add to
general feelings of satisfaction with the company and cut down labour turn over.
31
The meaning of labour welfare may be clearer by listing the activities and facilities,
which are referred to as welfare measures. A comprehensive list of welfare activities on
labour welfare into two broad groups, namely 1. Welfare measures inside the work place; and
2. Welfare measures outside the work place.
32
Reading room
Library
Adults education
Daily news review
Factory news bulletin
Bank
Transport
Health and medical services dispensary, emergency ward, outpatient and in-patient
care, family visiting, family planning
(b) extra-mural
Intra-mural facilities
33
Extra-mural facilities
Extra-mural activities cover the services and facilities provided outside the factory
such as housing accommodation, indoors and outdoor recreational facilities, amusement and
sports, educational facilities for adults and children, and the like. It may be started that the
welfare activities may be provided by the employer, the government, non-government
organization and the trade unions, while, what employees provide will be started later; the
activities undertaken by other agencies are mentioned here.
these funds have been established in coal, mica, iron-ore, limestone, and dolomite
mines. The welfare activities covered by these funds including housing, medical, educational
and recreational facilities for employees and their dependents.
The act was first conceived in 1881 when legislation was enacted to protect children
and to provide health and safety measures. Later, hours of work were sought to be regulated
and were, therefore, incorporated in the act in 1911.the act was amended and enlarged in
1934 following the recommendations of the royal commission of labour. A more
comprehensive legislation to regulate working conditions replaced the act in 1948.
34
Labour welfare officer
Schedule 49 of the act provides that in every factory wherein 500 or more
workers are ordinarily employed, the employer, shall appoint at least one welfare officer.
The officer is expected to act as an advisor, counselor, mediator and liaisoning officer
between the management and the labour. Specifically. His/her duties include the following.
Supervision of
(i) Safety, health and welfare programmes like housing, recreation, and
sanitation services,
(ii) Working of joint communities;
(iii) Grant of leave with wages
(iv)Reprisal of workers grievances.
Counseling workers in
(i) Personal and family problems.
(ii) Adjustment to their work environment.
(iii) Understanding their rights and privileges
Advising management in matters of
(i) Appreciate the need for harmonious industrial relations in the plant;
Visioning with the management so as appraise the latter about workers viewpoints on
organizational matters.
35
Welfare provision chapter v of the act provide for welfare facilities. Specifically, the act
provides for adequately screened for the use of male and female workers; for drying of wet
clothes
Welfare funds
Non-statutory benefits
Non- statutory benefits, also called voluntary benefits, include loans for house
building, education of children .leave travel concession, fair price shops, loans for purchasing
personal conveyance and a lot of other facilities.
The various approaches to labour welfare reflect the attitudes and beliefs of the
agencies which are engaged in welfare activities. Welfare facilities may be provided on
religious, philanthropic or some other grounds. Moreover, the different approaches to labour
welfare reflect the evolution of the concept of welfare. In bygone days, the government of the
land to compel the owner of an industrial establishment to provide such basic amenities as
canteens, rest rooms, drinking water, good working conditions, and so forth, for their
employees. Much progressive management today provides welfare facilities, voluntarily and
with enlightened willingness and enthusiasm.
In fact, welfare facilities are not restricted to the workers alone. They have now been
extended to society in general. In other words, labour welfare as been extended in includes
social welfare. The Hindustan machine tools have a big playground and a community hall,
which are let out for competitions and functions.
a study of the approaches to labour welfare is desirable for the management, the
workers and the general reader. For the general reader, a study of approaches is essential
because his/her knowledge of the subject is incomplete without knowledge of these
36
approaches, and knowledge of approaches enables the manager and the worker to have a
better perspective on welfare work.
Religion theory
The religion theory has two connotations, namely, the investment aspects. The
investment aspect of the religion theory implies that the fruits of today’s deeds will be
reaped tomorrow.
The atonement aspect of the religion of the religion theory implies that the present
disabilities of a person are the result of the sins committed by him/her previously.
Philanthropic theory
Paternalistic theory
According to the paternalistic theory, also called the trusteeship theory ,of labour
welfare the industrialist or the employer holds the total industrial estate, properties and
profits accruing from them, in trust .
37
Placating theory
This theory is based on the assumption that appeasement pays when the workers are
organized and are militant. Peace can be bought by welfare measures. Workers are like
children who are intelligent, but not fully so. As crying children are pacified by sweets,
workers should be pleased by welfare workers.
According to this theory, welfare activities are provided to create a good impression
on the minds of the workers and the public, particularly the latter. Clean and safe working
conditions, a good canteen, crèche and other a munities, make a good impression on the
workers, visitors and the public. Some employers proudly take their visitors round the show
how well they have organized their welfare activities.
Social Theory
Welfare policy
The first step in welfare administration is to have a clearly defined policy towards it.
The policy towards it. The policy must cover willingness of the management, objectives
sought to be achieved, range of facilities to be provided, and the timing of the facilities.
The question of unwillingness has only academic interest because, every employer is
compelled to provide welfare either by a statute, or precedence already established by rivals,
or out of genuine interest towards employee welfare.
38
In most organizations, welfare is the responsibility of welfare officers. The factories
Act; 1948 mandates that every industrial establishment must appoint welfare officer if the
number of employees is 500 or more.
The minimum facilities are inadequate to protect the welfare of workers. Welfare
officers, too, often fail to enforce compliance of even the minimum requirements.
39
DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATIONS
Table-4.1
1 Yes 80
2 No 20
3 None 0
Total 100
Source - questionnaire
Chart-4.1
Interpretation
From the above analysis it is observed that 80% of respondent are aware about
welfare facilities and 20% of respondents are not having any awareness about welfare
facilities in the organization.
40
2. Do you think the welfare facilities are useful in improving employee’s performance?
Table-4.2
1 Yes 80
2 No 20
3 None 0
Total 100
Source - questionnaire
Chart-4.2
Interpretation
It is observed that 80% of respondents think that welfare facilities are useful in
improving employee’s performance and 20% of respondents said that it is not useful in
improving the performance of employee’s.
S. No Factors Respondents
1 Highly satisfied 30
2 Moderately satisfied 52
3 Dissatisfied 18
Total 100
Source - questionnaire
Chart-4.3
50
40
30
20
10
0
Highly Satisfied Moderately Satisfied Dissatisfied
Interpretation
From the above analysis 52% of the respondents are moderately satisfied with
drinking water facilities, 30% of the respondents are highly satisfied, 18% of the respondents
are dissatisfied.
42
4. What is your opinion on canteen facilities?
Table-4.4
1 Highly satisfied 8
2 Moderately satisfied 44
3 Dissatisfied 48
4 Total 100
Source - questionnaire
Chart-4.4
Canteen Facilities
60
50
40
RESPONDENTS
30
20
10
0
Highly Satisfied Moderately Satisfied Dissatisfied
FACTORS
Interpretation
From the above chart it is observed that 48% of respondents are dissatisfied with
canteen facilities because of improper services, 44% of respondents are moderately satisfied
and 8% of respondents are highly satisfied.
1 Very good 20
2 Good 50
3 Bad 30
Total 100
Source - questionnaire
Chart-4.5
50
40
30
20
10
0
Very good Good Bad
Interpretation
From the above analysis that 30% of respondents are having bad opinion on lunch
and rest room facilities, 50% of respondents felt good about the facilities ,20% of respondents
are not up to the expectation said that the lunch room facilities are excellent.
Table-4.6
44
S.no Factors Respondents
1 Yes 66
2 No 34
3 None 0
Total 100
Source - questionnaire
Chart-4.6
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No None
Interpretation
From the above analysis that 66% of respondents are satisfied with medical facilities
which were provided in the organization and 34% of respondents are dissatisfied
Table-4.7
45
S.no Factors Respondents
1 Moderately satisfied 40
2 Satisfied 40
3 Dissatisfied 20
Total 100
Source - questionnaire
Chart-4.7
Interpretation
From the above analysis 40% of the respondents are moderately satisfied with
transportation facilities, 40% are satisfied, 20% of the respondents said that transportation
facilities are excellent of respondents are dissatisfied with the given factors.
Table-4.8
46
S.no Factors Respondents
1 Yes 80
2 No 20
3 None 0
Total 100
Source - questionnaire
Chart-4.8
Interpretation
From the above analysis 80% of the respondents are felt happy with the assistance
provided to their children’s education by the company and 20% of respondents are unhappy.
9. What is your opinion about the dispensary and first aid room facilities?
Table-4.9
47
S.no Factors Respondents
1 Moderately satisfied 20
2 Satisfied 60
3 Dissatisfied 20
Total 100
Source - questionnaire
Chart-4.9
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Moderately Satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied
Interpretation
From the above analysis it is absolute that 60% of respondents are having satisfaction
with the dispensary and first aid facilities, 20% of respondents are dissatisfied, 20% are
moderately satisfied of respondents felt excellent about the dispensary and first aid.
10. Does the company provide any maternity benefits for woman employees?
Table-4.10
1 Yes 72
48
2 No 28
3 None 0
Total 100
Source - questionnaire
Chart-4.10
Interpretation
From the above analysis it is observed that the company is excellent in providing
maternity benefits for women employees.
Table-4.11
1 1-5 years 50
49
2 6-10 years 40
3 11-15 years 10
Total 100
Source - questionnaire
Chart-4.11
50
40
30
20
10
0
1-5 years 6-10 years 11-15 years
Interpretation
From the above analysis from 1-5 years 50% of respondents are worked in the
organization, 40% are working for ten years, 10% are working for 11-15years, above.
12. Do you satisfy with the welfare facilities provided in your organization?
Table-4.12
50
S.no Factors Respondents
1 Yes 70
2 No 30
3 None 0
Total 100
Source - questionnaire
Chart-4.12
Interpretation
From the above analysis it is observed that 70% of respondents are satisfied with the
welfare facilities provided in the organization and 30% of respondents are dissatisfied.
Table-4.13
51
S.no Factors Respondents
1 Yes 72
2 No 28
3 None 0
Total 100
Source - questionnaire
Chart-4.13
Interpretation
from the above analysis it is observed that 70% of respondents are felt happy and
30% of respondents are dissatisfied with the housing facilities provided by the organization.
Table-4.14
52
S.no Factors Respondents
1 Yes 45
2 No 55
3 None 0
Total 100
Source - questionnaire
Chart-4.14
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No None
Interpretation
From the above analysis it is observed that 55% of respondents said that there is no
counseling centers, 45% of respondents are said that counseling center facilities are up to the
mark.
15. How are the safety provisions provided, while operating the machine?
53
1 Excellent 10
2 Good 40
3 Average 50
Total 100
Table-4.15
Source - questionnaire
Chart-4.15
50
40
30
20
10
0
Excellent Good Average
Interpretation
from the above analysis it is observed that 40% of respondents are having a good
opinion on safety provisions, 50% of respondents having average opinion and 10% of
respondents having the opinion that the safety provisions are excellent.
16. Are you happy with working conditions provided by your organization?
Table-4.16
54
S.no factors Respondents
1 Yes 65
2 No 35
3 None 0
Total 100
Source - questionnaire
Chart-4.16
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No None
Interpretation
From the above analysis it is observed that 65% of respondent felt happy with
working conditions in organization and 35% of respondents are unhappy.
Table-4.17
55
S.no Factors Respondents
1 Moderately satisfied 20
2 Satisfied 60
3 Dissatisfied 20
Total 100
source - questionnaire
Chart-4.17
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Moderately satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied
Interpretation
From the above analysis it is observed that 60% of respondents satisfied, 20% are
moderately satisfied, and 20% are dissatisfied.
FINDINGS
56
It is observed that 80% of respondent are aware about welfare facilities and 20% of
respondents are not having any awareness about welfare facilities in the organization.
It is observed that 80% of respondents think that welfare facilities are useful in
improving employee’s performance and 20% of respondents said that it is not useful
respondents felt good about the facilities ,20% of respondents are not up to the
expectation, 15% said that the lunch room facilities are excellent.
66% of respondents are satisfied with medical facilities which were provided in the
satisfied, 20% of the respondents said that transportation facilities are excellent and
SUGGESTIONS
It is suggested that the management has to create more awareness regarding welfare
57
The company is conducting medical camps it is suggested that continue the same in
future also.
The overall performance of the company with regard to welfare faculties is excellent.
It is suggested that the mgt has to take steps in order to improve drinking water &
contain facilities.
It is advised that the lunch & rest rooms must be maintained in a proper manner in
cadres of employees.
It is suggested that the mgt has to focus more on safety measures so that it can reduce
accident rates.
CONCLUSIONS
Most of the respondents are having awareness about welfare facilities provided by
Sagar Cement Pvt. Ltd and the welfare facilities that which are provided by the
58
The company provides maternity benefits for women employees that which creates a
constantly.
Most of the employees are satisfied with welfare facilities provided by Sagar Cement
Pvt. Ltd.
The company is also good at providing housing facilities to their employees.
The company takes proper care and attention to the technical people by providing
conditions.
QUESTIONNAIRE
A) Yes B) No C) None
2. Do you think the welfare facilities are useful in improving employee’s performance?
A) Yes B) No C) None
59
5. What is your opinion on lunch and rest room facilities?
A) Yes B) No C) None
A) Yes B) No C) None
9. What is your opinion about the dispensary and first aid room facilities?
10. Does the company provide any maternity benefits for woman employees?
A) Yes B) No C) None
12. Do you satisfy with the welfare facilities provided in your organization?
A) Yes B) No C) None
A) Yes B) No C) None
A) Yes B) No C) None
15. How are the safety provisions provided, while operating the machine?
16. Are you happy with working conditions provided by your organization?
60
A) Yes B) No C) None
61
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Sno Year of
Book title Author name Publisher
Edition
2 Human resource
T.V. Rao Hill 2008
management
3 Himalaya
Research methodology C.R. Kothori 2007
publishing house
4 Management and
P. Subba Rao HPH 2010
industrial relations
Websites
www.netmbacom
www.citehr.com
www.sagaracements.com
62