2005 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution
Conference & Exhibition: Asia and Pacific
Dalian, China
A STUDY OF ALGORITHM AND
APPLICATION IN TRANSIENT SIGNALS
WAVELET POST-ANALYSIS METHODS1
Zhengyou He, Xiaoqin Chen, Yumei Cai
Abstract--The research and application actuality of wavelet
post-analysis methods in electrical transient signal analysis was
introduced, and several wavelet post-analysis methods were
presented, then wavelet average entropy and wavelet distance
entropy were taken as examples to show its feasibility,
simulation results showed that wavelet entropy is effective for
fault detection, which also opened new train of thoughts on fault
classification. Finally, application of several post-analysis
methods in power system transient signal was discussed, which
showed the importance of wavelet post-analysis.
Index Terms--post-analysis methods, transient signal,
wavelet entropy, fault classification.
I. INTRODUCTION
A s an important subject of power system application,
electrical transient signal analysis has always been an
important task for electrical researchers, and relative research
on detection and classification has been applied broadly in
many fields, such as, fault detection and classification, relay
protection, electrical energy analysis, fault distance
measurement and fault location, device state monitoring,
transient stability analysis, etc. The introduction of wavelet
technology opens new train of thoughts. Although wavelet
can realize transient signal detection and classification, the
transformed results contain abundant decomposition
information and data. Usually, in normal detection methods,
the interruption and supposition of certain condition are
required, as for classification methods, abundant
decomposition information makes the intelligent differentiate
system bulk. So, using appropriate post-analysis methods for
reference, the vector dimension and quantity of wavelet
decomposition information can be reduced, providing
effective pretreatment for detection and classification devices,
and the basis for fault diagnosis, fault distance measurement
and relay protection. Present researches show that
appropriate data fusing methods for wavelet transform
information is also a good post-analysis method, it may offer
one or a series of universal quantities to detect and classify
fault.
On this basis, several post-analysis methods, i.e. module
maxima and singularity, wavelet coefficient clustering and
1
This work was supported by Chinese National Science Fund:
No.50407009, Sichuan Province application research Fund: No.02GY029-
039 and SWJTU application research Fund: No.2003B02.
Zhengyou He, Xiaoqin Chen and Yumei Cai are with the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, SC 610031
PRC (e-mail: zheng_u@263.net).
0-7803-9114-4/05/$20.00 ©2005 IEEE.
statistic, energy distribution, wavelet neural network and
wavelet entropy, are introduced. Take wavelet average
entropy and wavelet distance entropy as examples,
simulations are carried out. Finally, the applications of these
post-analysis methods are analyzed.
II. RESEARCH ACTUALITY OF WAVELET POST-ANALYSIS IN
ELECTRICAL TRANSIENT SIGNAL
Recently, wavelet analysis is introduced into electrical
transient signal analysis, all kinds of post-analysis methods
are put forward and applied in analysis and research.
In Ref.[1], traveling wave based fault startup component
is introduced, according to its simulation result, some rules
are obtained: with the increase of scale factor, the module
maxima of traveling wave increase, while the module
maxima of noise decrease, so it is easy to distinguish
traveling wave from noise, so to avoid misoperation. So, we
can see to detect fault using traveling wave based on module
maxima is effective. Singularity theory is utilized in traveling
wave based fault distance measurement, in which singular
points of traveling wave are picked up to locate the fault, just
as Ref.[2-4] shown. Its main idea is to decompose singular
and transient signal by wavelet transform, and gain the fault
information denoted by module maxima in different scales,
then determine time-lag between time when fault occur and
the time when reflected wave surge arrive, using travel
velocity, the fault distance can be calculated.
In Ref.[5], wavelet fuzzy neural network is utilized to
realize precise fault distance measurement, the influence of
fault resistor is eliminated. In Ref.[6-8], wavelet transform
and artificial neural network are combined to recognize
disturb in energy quality analysis, abundant EMTP
simulation results show that wavelet network constructed in
Ref.[6] can recognize system surge and other kinds of fault
condition, it can get satisfying result even in the worst
condition. In some researches, wavelet neural network are
applied in data compression, harmonic detection.
Unfortunately, the wavelet coefficients at each scale are too
abundant for ANN as the input. While in some other papers,
wavelet fuzzy neural network can be used in detection and
analysis of electrical energy quality: firstly, the disturb
component is picked up from the original signal and
eliminate the noise component, then the eigenvalue can be
obtained after wavelet transform, finally, analysis and
recognition are made through ANN. In this method, the
1
number of eigenvalue is reduced, and it is adapt to every
kind of disturb. Additionally, in order to solve the problem
that wavelet based ANN is restricted by its own structure, the
Maximum likelihood method is used to replace perturbation
classification of ANN block, the time variable harmonious
analysis method combined wavelet and least square method
is put forward, also the data compression method combined
wavelet and HUFFMAN code principle.
In a word, recent researches focus on the pick-up of
module maxima, singularity detection and wavelet neural
network, other post-analysis methods, such as statistic,
clustering and energy analysis are easy to realize, few paper
study on them, only corresponding processing is needed
according actual application. The application of wavelet
entropy in power system is rather new, Ref[10] has shown
the ability and application prospect of entropy, this paper
also indicated that the combination of wavelet and entropy,
by utilizing their virtues, avails to seek some universal
applicable quantities to signify fault. Universal applicable
quantity must possess the following several conditions.
Firstly, it should be able to reflect omni-directional, every
level of systematic characteristic; Secondly, it can reflect
long-term system function state, also function state in some
time can be analyzed. In addition, there is its peculiar law in
specific trouble, and regular change law within some time, so
we hope it reflect this kind of law again; Thirdly, the states at
normal running to appearing little troubles, to reach real
trouble state, even more serious calamity, should be reflected;
Fourthly, it can produce the corresponding change with the
change of electric current, voltage, etc. Based on these, there
is a simulation analysis about wavelet entropy especially in
the fourth section of the whole paper.
III. POST-ANALYSIS METHODS OF WAVELET TRANSFORM
AND ALGORITHM
Wavelet presentation of signal includes continuous
wavelet transform and multi-resolution based fast wavelet,
etc., it is the same as to electrical transient signal, following
is the introduction of several wavelet post-analysis methods
and their algorithm.
A. Singularity Detection and Module maxima pick-up
1. Singularity analysis
Theorem 1[14]: Given n as a integer, Ψ as a wavelet with
n order vanishing moments, n order successive derivatives
and compact set, x(t)∈L1(c,d)（[c,d]is a real number zone）,
If there is scale a0>0, a<a0, t∈(c,d), |Wx(a,b)|have no local
maxima, then in zone(c+ε,d-ε)is consistently Lipschitz α(ε is
plus quantity which can be small arbitrarily).
In actual application, the singular point and singularity are
usually taken as the eigenvector of the signal, singular
exponent indicates the singularity of the signal. If α=1, the
signal is not singular at all; if α=0, it is discontinuous; if
0<α<1, the smoothness of signal decrease. This phenomenon
means: bigger the scale α is, smoother the signal is. Smaller
the scale α, abrupter the signal is. This theory proves, if there
2
is no local maxima in smaller scale, then there is no
singularity in adjacent zone. The existence of singular points
relates to the module maxima in each scale, as the scale
smaller, module maxima converge to singular point. Multi-
resolution is just suitable for decomposition in multi-scale.
2. Module maxima pick-up[10]
Suppose Wf(s,t) as wavelet transform of f(t) at scale s0，
call (s0,t0) as local maxima, if ∂ W f ( s0 , t ) ∂t equals to zero
at point t0 ， also call (s0,t0)as wavelet transform module
maxima point. For any t belongs to adjacent zone of t0 ，
|Wf(s0,t)|≤|Wf(s0,t0)|.
Suppose θ (t ) as a low-pass smooth function, take its first
derivatives ψ ′(t ) = dθ (t ) dt as wavelet, there exist：
d
W f ′ (s, t ) = f (t ) ∗ψ s′ (t ) = s [ f (t ) ∗θ s (t )] (1)
dt
( )＝1 (sθ (t s )) ，the differential coefficient of
Where θｓｔ
the transformed f(t) by wavelet that corresponds to the first
order differential coefficient after f(t) is smoothed by θs(t) at
scale s, which utmost condition is step point. Take the
extremum of Wf´(s,t) as signal, abrupt point of which can be
detected, because its maximum and minimum can be
differentiated.
B. Wavelet coefficient cluster analysis
In order to describe the difference of different categories,
the expanding of dimension is required. One way is to cluster
wavelet coefficients in different frequency section. In
statistic, distance is used to describe the similar, close or
intact relation of sample, here sample is the wavelet
coefficient in different scales, for example, Dpq is the distance
of Cp and Cq, according to shortest and largest distance, these
coefficient are clustered. The number varies as the scale
change. Another way is the technology of vector quantization
with divided frequency band, as the frequency band cluster,
it can get the time-frequency information of signal.
Wavelet coefficients are abundant in characteristic
expression, they provide many available characteristic subset.
While standard is needed to judge its classification ability, so
to choose the best characteristic, in ref.[12], three indices of
separation degree are put forward.
C. Wavelet coefficients statistic analysis method
Picking-up characteristic by inputting wavelet coefficient
or wavelet component into classification device directly is
rather complex, its computing procedure is complex, too,
while the effect is not necessarily good. In order to simplify
computation and reduce dimension of vector and lessen
storage, the statistical characteristic of wavelet coefficient are
calculated in engineering, for example:
Average value: AVG j = C j (k ) ∑ k
(2)
Absolute average value: AVG j = ∑C
k
j (k ) (3)
Covariance: CONV j = CONV [C j (k ), C j (k )] (4)
 Willison magnitude Willison: Using window energy for reference, characteristics of
WAMPj = ∑sgn(C (k) − C (k + 1) )
k
j j (5) transient signal can be taken from its energy distribution after
transformed by wavelet, thus a wavelet post-analysis method
Zero crossing number: is built up based on energy distribution.
ZC j = ∑
sgn{[−C j (k ) − θ j ][C j (k + 1) −θ j )]}
k
(6) For orthogonal wavelet transform, energy in each scale
can be obtained by the square of wavelet coefficients. For
Average frequency of divided frequency band: bio-orthogonal wavelet, energy in each scale can be obtained
by multiplying wavelet coefficients by dual wavelet
∑
F j (k ) Pj (k )
k
coefficients. Energy in every scale is the distribution of
Fj = (7) energy in every frequency section, suppose C j (n ) as the
∑ F (k ) j
k component of x(n) at scale j , energy distribution coefficient
In Eq.(7), Pj(k) 、 Fj(k) are power spectrum and its and energy fluctuation coefficient as follows:
corresponding frequency at each scale respectively. N
Ej
1
Calculating average energy in each scale is a kind of statistic B j = E[|| C j (k ) || 2 ] =
N k =1 ∑
|| C j (k ) || 2 =
N
(13)
analysis methods, take the sum of squares of trend
coefficients at each scale as characteristic parameter: Bj E[|| C j (k ) ||2 ] Ej
1 Sj = = = , j = 1,2,L J (14)
Ej =
2 j ∑ k
c 2jk (8) B j +1 2
E[|| C j +1 (k ) || ] E j +1

Additionally, through the linear or nonlinear transform, E. Wavelet neural network analysis method
such as main component analysis, to the coefficient matrix Nowadays, wavelet analysis and neural network are
obtained after being transformed by wavelet, just a few data combined by two ways: expanded combination, namely,
can reflect abundant information. Pick-up of main wavelet analysis provide characteristic vector for neural
component shown as follows: network, it is the pre-processing way; another way is
Suppose wavelet coefficients at different scale compose compact combination, which is to use wavelet function or
matrix C，of which each element is cjk(k=1…P, j=1…n), a scale function as excitation function of neuron. The latter is
column vector is cj=(cj1,cj2,…,cjp)´,so C=(c1,c2,…cp) usually called Wavelet neural network, Wavelet network for
n short.
∑ c = (c ) ( )
1
c= j 11 c12 L c1 p ′ + c 21 c 22 L c 2 p ′ x1
n j =1 w1i
ui
(
+ L + c n1 c n 2 L c np ′ = c1 c 2 L c p ′) ( ) (9 )
w yi
x2 2i θ i
n

∑ (c j − c )(c j − c )′
1
∑= (10)
n −1 wni
j =1 si
xn
Where ∑ is a p × p matrix, λ1 ≥ λ 2 ≥ L ≥ λ p ≥ 0 are p
Fig.1. Configuration Model of Neuron
characteristic roots of ∑ ， choose l1 to make a maximum
In figure1, u i is the internal state of neuron, θ i is
Var (Y1 ) = l1′Σl1 = λ1 , that is maximum characteristic root, l1 threshold, x j is input signal (here its wavelet coefficient),
is the characteristic vector corresponding to maximum
w ji is the weight from u j to u i , si is input signal outside (in
characteristic root λ 1 of Σ , so the first main component is：
some condition, it can control neuron u i , keep it maintain
Y = l ′C
1 1
some state), above model can be described as following,
If the first component is not enough to reflect the
information former p indexes can reflect, then the second
⎧σ i =
⎪ ∑ j
w ji x j + s i − θ i
⎪⎪
component Y = l ′C is required, the mth components is
2 2 ⎨u i = f (σ i ) (15)
⎪ y = g (u ) = h(σ ), h = (g o f )
picked up until the following condition is met: ⎪ i i i
m ⎪⎩
∑λ
i =1
i If the neuron has no internal state, let yi = ui , h = f , f
Accumulated contributive rate: p
> 85% (11) is activation function (here it can be wavelet function and
∑λ
i =1
i scale function). Additionally, there are other methods to
combine wavelet analysis with other nonlinear transform
Yi = li ′C is irrelevant to Y j = l j ′C : li′l j = 0 (12) technology, such as fuzzy processing, genetic algorithm,
least squares and so on.
D. Energy distribution analysis method F. Wavelet entropy analysis method
3
 In ref.[13][14], six wavelet entropies have bee defined:
Wavelet energy entropy (WEE), Wavelet time entropy
(WTE), Wavelet singularity entropy (WSE), Wavelet time-
frequency entropy (WTFE (kT,a) ), Wavelet average entropy
(WAE) and Wavelet distance entropy (WDE), they are
wavelet post-analysis methods with high integration.
Wavelet average entropy (WAE) and Wavelet distance
entropy (WDE) will be introduction briefly.
Definition 1[13]:Given signal coefficients WT(t,a) at scale
a and instant t0, dividing the signal wavelet transform time-
frequency plane (t,a) by N scaled time-frequency window
area
[kT − a∆ψ , KT + a∆ψ ] × [ω * / a − ∆ ω / a, ω * / a + ∆ ω / a ] ,
( ∆ψ , ∆ ω are the time domain radius and frequency radius of
the mother wavelet, ω ∗ is the mid-point of the mother
wavelet, T is the discrete step and k is the discrete
sequence 0,1,2…N). If the energy of each area is
Ei (i = 1,2,...., N ) and the total energy is E =
N entropy values are not zero during fault. So, for two phase
standardize each energy and we get Pi = Ei / E . So
∑P
i =1
which is satisfied with the standardization condition of the
information entropy. Therefore the definition of the wavelet
average entropy is :
N
W AE = − ∑ P ln P
i =1
i i (16)
Definition 2[14]: The discrete wavelet presentation
WTx ( kT , a = 2 j ) is in fact a two dimension matrix. Along
with variable k we can get a vector sequence WTx (k ) . In
reference to the definition of distance and introduce the
information calculation methods then we define wavelet
distance entropy (WDE) as follows,
m m
WDE ＝ ∑ ∑ d′ kl ln d kl′ (17)
k = l l =1
Where d kl′ is the standardized distance of d kl ,
m m
d kl′ = d kl / ∑ ∑ d kl . The distance is
k = l l =1
d kl =|| WTx (kT ) − WTx (lT ) ||, k , l = 1,2,⋅ ⋅ ⋅m (18)
VI. SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS
The theory of module maxima pick-up and singularity
detection are discussed in many papers, many simulation and
analysis have been carried out, as for wavelet entropy such a
new task, the first four wavelet entropies (WEE, WTE, WSE
and WTFE) are simulated in ref.[13], their practicability are
shown in ref.[13], so only Wavelet average entropy and
wavelet distance entropy will be taken as examples of
simulation analysis in this paper. Wavelet average entropy
indicates the average complexity of the whole signal, it does
not change when the time or frequency changes. In actual
analysis, wavelet distance entropy can choose a movable
window w=80 to calculate the entropy within the window
just as wavelet average entropy. Along with the move of
time-window, we can get entropy value in different time
section, thus to determine whether fault occur or not.
Now we built EMTDC simulation model (see figure 2),
only source A supplies power in this system. At 0.2s, phase
C ground fault and a two phase short circuit fault occur at
location F which is 20km away, the fault last 0.05s, system
turn back to normal state at 0.25s, the sampling frequency is
20kHz, we can get zero-sequence current when single phase
to ground fault occur and faulty phase current when two
phase short circuit fault occur, and entropy value (see figure
3).
Other loads Other load
10kV 10kV
F
A B
20km
Fig.2. Simulation Model of Fault
We can see from figure3, wavelet average entropy values
N
increase significantly at the instant when fault occurs, while
∑E
i =1
i
,
they are zero in other instants. While wavelet distance
i =1, short circuit, wavelet average entropy and wavelet distance
entropy can indicate the time when the fault finish, so to
determine the fault is instantaneous or permanent, it is a
novel way of fault classification. While there is not such a
rule for single phase to ground fault, so more work is
required to find the characteristic of different fault.
V. APPLICATION ANALYSIS
From nowadays research actuality and the algorithm and
expression, we can get the application of wavelet post-
analysis as follows:
Pick-up of module maxima and singularity detection
principle utilize maximum value in each scale and the
subscript as characteristic to recognize the change of signal,
they can keep the information and have high recognition
ability. They can pick up characteristics of signal, through
the detection of module maxima point, the time when the
fault occur and its duration can be determine. In power
system fault detection, module maxima is often used to find
the fault location and detect the fluctuation and twinkling,
which are the main tasks in the energy quality analysis.
Additionally, module maxima is used to eliminate noise, it is
also used in data compression.
In wavelet coefficient clustering analysis, through
clustering of wavelet coefficients in different frequency
section, current and voltage signal are classified. This
method can be used to analyze the harmonic component of
signal, thus to analyze electrical energy quality and fault, etc.
As for wavelet coefficient statistical analysis, its
calculation is quite simple, characteristic vector’s dimension
is small, storage and computing amount are rather small, so
its calculation speed is fast. For example the referred main
component analysis, the analyzed data diminished, so this
method can be applied in electric power transmission and
storage.
4
 Energy distribution coefficient (Bj) and energy fluctuate
coefficient (Ej) are defined in energy analysis, Bj can reflect
the evolvement rule when striding characteristic subspace of
transient signal’s wavelet result; while Ej can reflect local
dynamic. So energy analysis inspects energy and distribution
of transient signal at different scales. i.e., Faults can be
detected and identified according to Bj and Ej, when in EHV
transmission line of electric power system.
Wavelet neural network analysis method can estimate
operation parameter on-line, and applied in transient signal
Fig 3. Zero-sequence Current, Fault Current and their WAE and WDE When Single Line-to-ground or Line-to-
line Short Circuit Occurs
VI. CONCLUSION
Wavelet post-analysis method play important role in
electrical transient signal analysis, especially wavelet entropy
is a novel research task, the simulation and analysis of
wavelet average entropy and wavelet distance entropy
indicate that the new theory is feasible in fault detection,
furthermore study is needed in fault classification.
VII. REFERENCES
[1] Dong Xinzhou, He Jiali, Ge Yaozhong. APPLICATION OF WAVELET
TRANSFORM IN DETECTION OF FAULT TRAVELLINGWAVES.
RELAY, vol.26, No5, pp. 1-4, Sep. 1998.
[2] WANG Xianming,TAO Shiwei, TAO Ye, CAI Deli.THE FAULT
LOCATION FOR POWER SYSTEM TRAVELING WAVE WITH
WAVELET TRANSFORM, JOURNAL OF GUIZHOU UNIVERSITY
OF TECHNOLOGY, vol.30, No.3, pp. 50-53, Jun. 2001，
[3] Xu Bingyin, YL Jing, Chen Ping, Chen Yu, Dong Xinzhou, Ge Y
aozhong, P. F. Gale. MODERN FAULT LOCATION TECHNIQUES
BASEDON FAULT GENERATED TRAVELL INGWAVES AND
THEIR APPL ICATIONS, AUTOMATION OF ELECTRIC POWER
SYSTEMS, pp.62-65, Dec. 2001
[4] Dong Xinzhou, Geng Zhong xing ,Ge Yaoz hong, Zhang Fusheng. THE
APPLICATION OF WAVELET TRANSFORM TO POWER SYSTEM
FAULT SIGNAL ANALYSIS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHINESE
5
analysis, data compression, fault diagnosis and classification,
state monitoring, load prediction, electrical energy analysis
and dynamic evaluation of system security.
Wavelet entropy relates to the state of power system closely, it
can describe the uncertainty of power system. From above
simulation and analysis of wavelet average entropy and wavelet
distance entropy, we can see wavelet entropy can describe
quantitative fault characteristic, it open new thoughts for fault
classification.
SOCIETY FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, vol.17, No.6, pp.421-
424, Nov, 1997.
[5] FAN Chun-ju, ZHANG Zhao-ning, YU Wei-yong. APPLICATION OF
WAVELET FUZZY NERUAL NETWORK TO FAULT LOCATION
OF SINGLE LINE GROUNDING IN DISTRIBUTION LINES,
POWER SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY, Vol.26, No.9, pp.13-17, Sep. 2002.
[6] Mao Peng, Zhang Zhaoning, Lin Xiangning, Sun Yaming. WAVELET
NEURAL NETWORKS BASED RECOGNITION OF SWING AND
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[7] Peilin L.Mao and Raj K. Aggarwal, A Novel Approach to the
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Combined Wavelet Transform and Neural Network. IEEE Transactions
on Power Delivery, Vol.16,No.4, pp.654-660, Oct.2001
[8] Xu Yonghai, Xiao Xiangning, Yang Yihan, Cheng Xueyun.
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SYSTEMS, Vol.23.No.23 pp.55-58, Dec.1999.
[9] WANG Jing, SHU Hongchun, CHEN Xueyun. A SURVEY OF
WAVELETS TRANSFORM APPLYING TO POWER SYSTEM
ENGINEERING, POWER SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY,
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[10] HE Zhengyou, LIU Zhigang, QIAN Qingquan. STUDY ON WAVELET
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[11] DIAO Yanhua, WANFG Yutian, CHEN Guotong. SINGULARITY
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[12] Zhang Xiaowen, Yang Yupu, Xu Xiaoming. WAVELET BASED
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[14] He Zhengyou Cai Yumei Qian Qingquan ,A STUDY OF WAVELET
ENTROPY THEORY AND ITS APPLICATION IN POWER
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INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS SOCIETY, PROCEEDING OF
ICIMA2004, pp.847-852,2004

VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
Zhengyou He, received the PH.D. degree in school of
electrical engineering at Southwest Jiaotong University,
in Mar. 2001. B.S degree in school of computation
engineering from Chongqing University, P.R.China, in
1992. He received M.S. degree in same department from
Chongqing University in June 1995. His research
interests are in the area of wavelet transform and its
application in electrical power system.

Xiaoqin Chen, is a graduate student, who is studying

for a M.S degree in school of electrical engineering at
Southwest Jiaotong University. Her research interests
are in the area of comprehensive automation in
electrical power system.

Yumei Cai, received the B.S degree in school of

electrical engineering at Southwest Jiaotong University,
in July, 2002. Her research interests are in the area of
comprehensive automation in electrical power system.