RESISTANCE TO CORROSION OF CONCRETE ABU SEKAM SULPHATE

ANDI KASYMIR
Chairman of TPK PNPM MP Ex. Bajoe

A. INTRODUCTION
Concrete as a construction material, has long been known as a building material that is strong
and durable, if it work well. This is evident from the buildings which have been outstanding for more
than a thousand years, which is still standing well into the past history of a case Pont Du Gard near
the city of Nimes in France. Until now, the concrete remains Brazilians the best construction
materials, in addition to its versatility to the desired shape planners architects, and the price is
relatively cheap.
However, in the course of civil construction, also known chemical factors in the construction
environment which may result in corrosion and degradation of the concrete material, such as in
underground construction; foundation; tunnel under the sea; bridge; dock; Nuclear power plant;
chemical plants; and others, especially if the concrete is less good workmanship.
However, concrete technology, as the most popular material in the construction of civil
buildings, has grown very rapidly in the last thirty years, so it can dahasilkan high strength concrete
and high performance, such as concrete that is resistant to corrosion.
Concrete corrosion can result olehbahan aggressive chemicals, such as sulfuric aggression. To
reduce the sensitivity of the concrete towards agesi sulfate, then calcium hydroxide (free lime) in
concrete, the concrete weaknesses which should be reduced as it supports the occurrence of
corrosion. Where corrosion can reduce the compressive strength of concrete crushed. Kalsim
hydroxide can be reduced by reaction with silicon dioxide. Sikon Dioxide (Silica) can be obtained
from tras material, fly ash (fly ash), mikrosilika (silicafume), rice husk ash (ash chaff) and others.
When the rice husk ash in amorphous nature pozzolan and generally contains about 90%
SiO2, allowing it to be used concrete resistance against aggressive environments that contain sulfate
salts. In some areas such as in South Sulawesi is only a waste quite a lot and grow every year along
with the increase in rice production.
At each location there is a rice mill husk ash pile that resembles a hill. The husk ash piles pose some
problems for society as occupying a wide space, thereby reducing prduktif land and environmental
eyesore. Besides easy husk fly ash carried by the wind to contaminate any nearby objects and
interfere with breathing and vision.
From the description above is appropriate when used as an ingredient husk ash concrete
mixture that can overcome the problems posed. On the other hand if the use of rice husk ash
senagai concrete mix can improve the durability of concrete can also have economic value to
society.
B. STUDY THEORY

1. Concrete
According Soetjipto and Prawiroharjo in Kasymir (1997: 5) concrete are:
Rocks consisting of some printed material mixture in a mold so that the viscous liquid, which is then
capable of hardened baiik.
Meanwhile, according to Nurlita Earth and Mohammad Junaedy R (2006: 1):
"Concrete is a mixing of fine and coarse granular material is sand, stone, crushed stone or other
similar materials, by adding sufficient adhesive cement and water as an adjuvant for the purpose of
chemical reactions during the hardening process and concrete treatment lasts".

Based on the above it can be said that the concrete is formed from a mixture of several ingredients,
the coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and cement as a binder which is hydraulically in artiakan bind
and harden properly if mixed with water.
In modern concrete technology, it turns out not only quality are improved and enhanced, but
also all the favorable performance use as civil construction material, such as proposed by Supartono
in Kasymir (1997: 6):
- In concrete pasta (fresh concrete), among others:
* Consistency in accordance with needs
* Workability optimal
* Ease of compacting (Compactibility)
- In the concrete has hardened (hardened concrete), among others:
* The strength, especially compressive strength
* Durability
* Resistance tehadap outside environment
* Deformabilitinya, especially the properties of visco elasticity.

In this tulisajn, the problems will be concentrated only on the aspects of ketahannya the external
environment, particularly resistance to corrosion sulfate, because it is a very big influence on the
strength and durability of concrete.
2. Tap Strength Concrete
The compressive strength of concrete is concrete ability menahamn / receive axial load (pressure).
Teakan strength concrete can be estimated by measuring the compressive strength test specimens
destroyed a cuboid or cylinder made of the concrete. In PBI. 1971. N.I. - 2 (1979: 39) explains that:
Concrete construction purposes is a material that has a typical compressive strength properties, ie
when checked with a large number of specimens, the value will be spread around an average value
specified.

Selanjunya in SNI 03-1974-1990 described:

Concrete compressive strength is the magnitude of the load per unit area, which
causes the concrete test specimens were destroyed when burdened with a certain compressive
force, which is generated by a press machine.

The second sense of the foregoing illustrates that, the compressive strength of concrete produced
from beberapabenda test after test press using a machine press, will produce concrete compressive
strength were spread around an average value tettentu. The average value is obtained from the test
results when the test specimen at 28 days is called the power karakeristik yan then diieentifikasikan
with the "quality" of his.
 The compressive strength of concrete is influenced by many factors as described by Soejipto
and Prawiroharjo in Kasymir (19 997: 7), among others:
- The influence of the quality Portland cement
- The effect of the comparison mortar
- The influence of the composition of the sand
- Effects of water to make a slurry
- The influence of the concrete age
- The effect of mixing time
- Effect of temperature.

Aside from influences Yag has diebutkan above, of environmental external (state circumference) will
also affect kekuatn of concrete (concrete quality) as where dijelskan by Mosley and Bungey in
Kasymir (1997: 8) as follows:
"The situation around and durability can also mempenaruhi rencna election of
mortar and concrete quality. A construction which is considered corrosive tehadap kondidsi in a
chemical plant, for example, would take some concrete quality higher than say the inside of a school
or an office block ".

3. Corrosion
In Big Indonesian Dictionary (1993), corrosion is defined as a "process, alteration, or destruction
caused by chemical reactions". While the materials causing corrosion yan called corrosive. Said
corrosive (Corrosion) comes from the Latin "Corrodore" meaning pollute or damage (to gnow to
pieces), (Hilyati, 1995). Corrosion process is a complex natural phenomena, which can damage and
destroy chemical and electro-chemical.

4. Mechanism of Corrosion on Concrete

In the reinforced concrete construction, steel corrosion is often associated with tulangannya. But
actually corrosion can also occur in materials concrete itself, especially in an aggressive
environment, that environment that contains many elements of sulfate salts, chlorides or other acid
which is a material that is corrosion, srta the support element of free lime (calcium hydroxide) and
calcium-aluminate-hydrate in concrete.
According Soetjipto and Prawiroharjo in Kasymir (1997: 9) The most vicious acid is:
"Gaam acid, saltpeter acid, and sulfuric acid. These acids react with the free lime
contained in the Portland cement, formed salts are soluble and also crystal-crystal. When formed
crystalline-crystalline example caused leh sulfuric acid, long concrete destroyed ".

Furthermore Soetjipto and Prawiroharjo in Kasymir (1997: 9) says:

"Levels of influence of chemical salts concrete tehadap very tergntung on chemical
composition and concentration than the salts. The most vicious are the salt of sulfuric acid and all
the salt which when dissolved in water will react acid, kalsiumsulfat, sodium sulfate and magnesium
sulfate are all damaging the concrete ".
Disebaban concrete destruction by chemical attack in the form of concrete material disintegration.
Supartono (1996) said:
"The process of disintegration of concrete material that is often encountered is caused by a
chemical attack on the concrete, which often comes from ground water in the basement building
with high groundwater conditions. Or seawater, especially in porous and permeable concrete. Since
it first to avoid corrosion protection
Concrete can be obtained actually by making concrete a relatively watertight ".

Furthermore Supartono (1996) said:

"Construction of concrete were built under the ground and at sea, the environment may
contain sodium, calcium, magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate. These elements when it
reacts with free lime will make concrete didalameton sensitive to sulfate attack, which was then
emdian form calcium sulfate. Furthermore, this will beeaksi sulfate salt with calcium aluminate-
hydrate would produce calcium - sulfo - alumminat or ettringite, which has the properties expands.
Due to the development of greater volume that exceeded its original volume, then this will cause a
chemical process peggelembungan, reyak-cracking, and peeling concrete ".

When the corrosion process (destruction) of concrete above described formulas

chemistry will be obtained as follows:
MgSO4

3Ca (OH) 2

─────>

3CaO.SO4

Mg.3H2O
Magnesium Sulfate

Calcium Hydroxide

Calcium Sulfate
3CaO.SO4

3CaO.Al2O3O.3H2O

─────>

6.CaO.SO4. Al2O3O
Calcium Sulfate

Calcium-aluminate-hydrate

Sulfo calcium aluminate (ettringite)

With such a concrete situation, then the destruction will decrease the compressive strength.
Furthermore, the damage spreads to the sehinggan reinforcement corrosion attack.
The corrosion rate is determined by several factors, among others (Supartono, 1996):
- Type and concentration of salt contained in the aggressive environment;
- The pressure and flow rate of water containing salt aggressive, if the concrete in the environment
of high groundwater or seawater;
- Quality and kekedapan concrete, which is largely determined by the type and proportion of cement
used and the amount of water mix.

5. Concrete Corrosion Resistant Sulfate

To increase the resistance of concrete against sulfate attack, can be taken several ways, among
others (Kasymir, 1997: 11):
- Reduce the amount of water used (or use a water-cement ratio relative).
- Using the type of cement C3A content primarily to low and high levels of silkat yan (Cement Type II
and Type V).
- Using aditifmineral in the concrete mixture.

The materials are often used as mineral additives in concrete mixture is yan materials containing
silica, which is pozzolan. The ingredients include (kasymir, 1997):
- Tras, adalahlapukan rocks from the volcano which contains silica.
- Abu fly (fly ash), is sisisa burning of coal in the form of a fine powder, which is usually obtained
from Steam Power (power plant) which uses coal as fuel.
- Mikrosilika (silicafume), a byproduct of an industry Silicon Metal. Mikrosilika containing more than
90% SiO2 ..
From the results of research that has no demonstrated that the addition of additives minerals (fly
ash and mikrosilika) can boost the quality of concrete and resistance to aggression sulfate, such
research has been done 0leh students of the Graduate Program of the Faculty of Civil Engineering,
University of Indonesia (PPS-FTS-UI ). As noted by Supartono, (1996) as follows:
In that study was made of three kinds of concrete specimen (normal concrete, fly ash
concrete, concrete mikrosilika) cylinder 10/20 with cement water factor of 0.25 to 0.30 were tested
press at 28 days. The research results are as follows (after diekivalenkan to bendauji cylinder 15/30).
- Concrete tmutu normal reach about 75 MPa (765 kg / cm2).
- Concrete with the addition of fly ash by 10% to reach the quality level of about 82 MPa (836.4 kg /
cm2).
- Concrete with added mikrosilika to achieve the quality levels of 7.5% around 85 MPa (876 kg /
cm2).

From the description above can be concluded that the higher the silica content of mineral additives
are used the higher the quality of the concrete is achieved.
Furthermore, research on fly ash as an additive mineral in increasing resistance of concrete against
aggressive environments that contain sulfates, which have been carried out by students of PPS-FTS-
UI to make the test specimens of normal concrete and concrete fly ash with levels of 20% fly ash, the
result can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1: Results of testing compressive strength Concrete and Concrete Normal Abu Fly
Age

Normal concrete

Concrete Abu Fly

Destroyed Compressive Strength (Kg / Cm2)

Destroyed Compressive Strength (Kg / Cm2)

Without Soaked

Soaked MgSO4

Without Soaked

Soaked MgSO4
2%

5%

7%

2%

5%
7%
3
7
14
28
60
90

337
416
472
489
530
537

489

521

516

489

517

511

-
489

508

409

182
336
361
429
469
459

-
-
-
492

474

504

-
-
-
429
514
529

-
-
-
429

522

544
.Sumber: Construction Industry Magazine (Supartono, 1996)
From Table 1 it can be concluded that the normal concrete located in aggressive environments
degraded, (compressive strength decreases), whereas fly ash concrete is not degraded, even
increasing compressive strength.

6. Abu Chaff
a. Understanding husk and rice husk ash.
Chaff is a grain that has been peeled off the skin after a grinding process. While the rice husk ash is
the result of a process of burning chaff, whether conducted in the oven and conducted in an open
space. Husk and rice husk ash is widely available in a rice mill.
According Soebijarso, (1978) in Arafat (1994): "In the processing of rice according to the average of
its kind to be obtained 63% to 70% rice, 10% to 12% bran and 20% to 25% husk".
Furthermore, according to Soematmadja in Arafat (1994): "From the burning in the open husk ash
typically produced approximately 20% of the weight of rice husk ash".

The husk fraction used by the community as a fuel in the manufacture of red stone, while the
rest hana is waste that is generally treated by burning it in the open around the rice mill. While a
small portion husk ash is used as an ash to clean umah household appliances, as a mixture of clay for
pembutan stove for cooking rice, and the rest is just a waste that is left so it causes problems for the
environment. The problem that arises is waste rice husk ash occupies a vast space, so that eyesore
environment and reducing productive land. In addition husk ash is carried away by the wind so that
contaminate the surrounding objects as well as disrupt breathing and vision. From the above
description can dusahakan that waste rice husk ash could be useful to have economic value
danmasalah thereof can be resolved.

b. The properties of Abu Chaff

Husk ash from combustion including burning the chaff in the open, husk burning in the furnace, and
burning the chaff in the oven generally contain silica. "Ash from burning the chaff in the open usually
contains 85% - 90% amorphous silica and 10% - 15% of carbon", (Soemaatmaja, 1980) in Arafat
(1994).
Burning the husks on suhutertentu can be generated husk ash containing silica in various forms, as
described by Djojowisastro in Kasymir (1997: 16), as follows:
Naturally silica in the husk are amorphous and remain dala denikian shapes when the chaff is burned
padasuhu between 500oC - 600oC. At temperatures above 600oC - 720oC husk ash contained silica
in the form of crystals and the combustion temperature of 800oC - 900oC formed quartz.
At prinsifnya burning chaff temperatures above 600oC will produce silica in the form
kristaldankwarsa, while the husk combustion temperatures below 600oC will produce ash
yangmengandung amorphous silica. Husk burning in the open the average temperature is below
600oC.
According to Arafat (1994): "The characteristics of rice husk ash containing amorphous silica that is
berwa rna grayish white little dsn may contain reactive carbon yangtidak".

As an illustration, the table presented husk ash sample composition at a temperature less than
300oC. (See Table 2).
No.

Composition

(%)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Water
SiO2
Fe2O3
Al2O3
Na2O
K2O
CaO
MgO
P2O5

2,78
91.15
0.01
0.03
1.96
0.19
1.48
0.15
seangin
Source: itung, Gani, et al (1986: 11)
Previously described, the normal concrete has hardened, there is often an element calcium
hydroxide resulting from cement hydration process, and is a weak part tehadap concrete sulfate
attack. Thus, the addition of rice husk ash will give some advantages as well as the following:
- Reduce the presence of the elements calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH) 2) in the concrete, which is a
subset weak concrete, and replace it, after beeaksi premises silicon dioxide (SiO2) into calcium-
silkat-hidrat.gel (CSH gel) which is the source concrete strength. Demikan concrete premises will
increase the strength and density, so that thereby will also increase kekedapannya. (Supartono,
1995).
- Pozzolan are generally fine grained sanagat will also fill the pores that are still common in the
junction between mortar and coarse aggregate in normal concrete mix, so we get a concrete
porosity is lower, (Supartono, 1996).
- Reduction of calcium hydroxide by silkon dioxide will reduce the sensitivity of aggression
betntrehadap sulfate, which is supported by the increasing density of the concrete so that the water
would be difficult yanmengandung aggressive compounds seep denagan masukdan thus not easily
corrode concrete. (Supartono, 1996).

The chemical reaction that occurs between calcium hydroxide and silicon dioxide in concrete is as
follows:
3Ca. (OH) 2

SiO2

─────>

3CAO.Si2.3H2
Calcium Hydroxide

Silicon Dioxide

Calcium-silicate-hydrate gel form preformance

C. CONCRETE ABU SEKAM

From the description in the literature review concluded that rice husk ash can be used as mineral
additives to improve the corrosion resistance of concrete against sulfate.
Furthermore, research on the use of rice husk ash as an additive mineral in increasing
resistance of concrete against aggressive environments that contain sulfates, which has been done
by Andi Kasymir, students of Department of Education Building Engineering Faculty of Technology
Education and Vocational Teachers' Training College Ujung Pandang (Department of Civil
Engineering and Planning Faculty of Engineering, University Negeri Makassar, now) in 1997, to make
a normal concrete specimen and specimen husk ash concrete with 20% ash content are cylindrical
hull 10/20 with cement water factor = 0.500 and considered ADQ air content as much as ± 1 in the
mixture. The test specimens, both normal concrete and concrete husk ash, each divided into four
groups:
- Group I: Specimens without soaking
- Group II: Specimens were immersed in a solution of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) at a concentration
of 2%.
- Group III: Specimens were immersed in a solution of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) at a
concentration of 5%.
- Group IV: Specimens were immersed in a solution of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) at a
concentration of 7%.
Then, each specimen was tested tap group at age 7, 14, 28, and 60 days, the result can be seen in
Table 3.
Table 1: Results of testing compressive strength Concrete and Concrete Normal Abu Chaff
Age

Normal concrete
Concrete Abu Chaff
Destroyed Compressive Strength (Kg / Cm2)

Destroyed Compressive Strength (Kg / Cm2)

Without Soaked

Soaked MgSO4

Without Soaked

Soaked MgSO4
2%

5%

7%

2%

5%

7%
7
14
28
60

134
193
210
250

121
177

195

192

120
163

179

174

117

155

172

123

74
99
166
194

80
105
172

200

90
118
184
225

96
124
209

256
 Source: Thesis "Utilization Abu Husk as Mineral Additives to Improve Corrosion Resistance
tehadap Concrete Sulfate" (Kasymir, 1997)
Description: The value listed in the table have not diekuivalenkan to 15/30 cylinder or cube 15 X15.

From Table 3 it can be concluded that the normal concrete located in aggressive environments
degraded, (compressive strength decreases), while the husk ash concrete is not degraded, even
increasing compressive strength. Thus it can be said that the rice husk ash concrete more resistant
than normal concrete to aggression (corrosion) sulfate.

D. CLOSING
a. Conclusion
Uaraian on the study of the theory known that concrete which was built around the area that the
environment contains many salts of sulfuric will be vulnerable to corrosion, thereby decreasing the
strength of concrete tekanhacur. One way to overcome this problem is the addition of mineral
additives in concrete mixture. In this paper used rice husk ash as a mineral additive.
Husk ash is limbahyang pollute the environment in ekitar, therefore it is necessary to overcome
them. On the other hand husk ash amorphous silica containing yangbersifat pozzolan, which is good
pozzzolan used as mineral additives to improve the corrosion resistance of concrete against sulfate.
Terjad of chemical reactions, in the last part can be explained that when the magnesium sulphate
reacts with the calcium hydroxide contained in the concrete will produce calcium sulfate. Then
calcium sulfate tesebut reacted calcium-aluminate-hydrate in the concrete, producing calcium-sulfo-
aluminate (ettringite). This ettringite can destroy concrete.
With the addition of abuekam, wherein the stretcher husk ash contains silicon dioxide, calcium
hydroxide then before reacting with sulphate salts that are around the concrete will first react with
the silicon dioxide that produces Calcium-Silicon-hydrates in the form of gel (CSHgel), see chemical
reactions on page 13, which is a source of strength BTON. Thus the concrete will increase the
strength and density, and thus will also increase kekedapannya so aggressive compounds in the
surrounding concrete is difficult to seep in. Therefore, it is not easily corrode.
From the above description, it can be said that the use of rice husk ash as a mineral additive can act
to improve the resistance of concrete against aggression sulfate salts as well the problems caused by
the surrounding husk ash waste can be resolved.
2. Suggestions
Ø For the people who will build concrete construction in the area of the environment a lot
mengadung sulfate salts should use mineral additives in concrete mixture.
Ø Create interested reader, it is advisable to do research:
- To find a good composition between rice husk ash and cement to produce high-quality concrete.

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