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Linux in Minutes
Hello Friends,
Prerequisites:
All students must have a little understanding of computers and passion to
learn new technology.
Distributions:
This courseware is presently supported on the latest releases of Linux
distributions like Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS, Debian, Ubuntu, etc.
Course Objectives
Section 1: Introduction To Linux and OS Installations
Linux Boot Process
Linux File System Hierarchy
Installation of CentOS 7
Installation of Various Linux Distributions including Debian, RHEL, Ubuntu,
Fedora, etc
Installation of CentOS on VirtualBox
Dual Boot Installation of Windows and Linux
Section 2: Essentials of Basic Linux Commands
List Files and Directories Using ‘ls’ Command
Switch Between Linux Directories and Paths with ‘cd’ Command
How to Use ‘dir’ Command with Different Options in Linux
Find Out Present Working Directory Using ‘pwd’ Command
Create Files using ‘touch’ Command
Copy Files and Directories using ‘cp’ Command
View File Content with ‘cat’ Command
Check File System Disk Space Usage with ‘df’ Command
Check Files and Directories Disk Usage with ‘du’ Command
Find Files and Directories using find Command
Find File Pattern Searches using grep Command
Section 3: Essentials of Advance Linux Commands
Quirky ‘ls’ Commands Every Linux User Must Know
Manage Files Effectively using head, tail and cat Commands in Linux
Count Number of Lines, Words, Characters in File using ‘wc’ Command
Basic ‘sort’ Commands to Sort Files in Linux
Advance ‘sort’ Commands to Sort Files in Linux
Pydf an Alternative “df” Command to Check Disk Usage
Check Linux Ram Usage with ‘free’ Command
Advance ‘rename’ Command to Rename Files and Directories
Print Text/String in Terminal using ‘echo’ Command
Section 4: Some More Advance Linux Commands
Switching From Windows to Nix – 20 Useful Commands for Newbies – Part 1
20 Advanced Commands for Middle Level Linux Users – Part 2
20 Advanced Commands for Linux Experts – Part 3
20 Funny Commands of Linux or Linux is Fun in Terminal – Part 1
6 Interesting Funny Commands of Linux (Fun in Terminal) – Part 2
51 Useful Lesser Known Commands for Linux Users
10 Most Dangerous Commands – You Should Never Execute on Linux
Section 5: User, Group and File Permissions
Management
How to Add or Create New Users using ‘useradd’ Command
How to Modify or Change Users Attributes using ‘usermod’ Command
Managing Users & Groups, File Permissions & Attributes – Advance Level
Difference Between su and sudo – How to Configure sudo – Advance Level
How to Monitor User Activity with psacct or acct Tools
Section 6: Linux Package Management
Yum Package Management – CentOS, RHEL and Fedora
RPM Package Management – CentOS, RHEL and Fedora
APT-GET and APT-CACHE Package Management – Debian, Ubuntu
DPKG Package Management – Debian, Ubuntu
Zypper Package Management – Suse and OpenSuse
Linux Package Management with Yum, RPM, Apt, Dpkg, Aptitude and Zypper –
Advance Level
27 ‘DNF’ (Fork of Yum) Commands for RPM Package Management – New Update
Section 7: System Monitoring & Cron Scheduling
Linux Process Monitoring with top Command
Linux Process Management with Kill, Pkill and Killall Commands
Linux File Process Management with lsof Commands
Linux Job Scheduling with Cron
20 Command Line Tools to Monitor Linux Performance – Part 1
13 Linux Performance Monitoring Tools – Part 2
Nagios Monitoring Tool for Linux – Advance Level
Zabbix Monitoring Tool for Linux – Advance Level
Shell Script to Monitor Network, Disk Usage, Uptime, Load Average and RAM –
New Update
Power on
BIOS (Basic Input Output System) is a software program comes pre-built in a
motherboard chipset.
BIOS loads and scans for devices such as Hard Disk, CD-ROM, RAM, etc.
BIOS searches for MBR (Master Boot Record: 1st sector) of the primary hard
drive, it scans for 1st stage loader (In our case boot loader is (GRUB LILO) and
hands over the responsibility to MBR.
Boot PROM/FLASH/BIOS is proficient of loading the MBR into RAM and
executing it.
MBR (Master Boot Record)
512 bytes of space –> MBR
MBR contains the information of loader of most operating system
e.g UNIX, Linux and WINDOWS
MBR holds the small binary information of 1st stage of loader
MBR consist physical sector of the first disk drive (i.e 512 bytes) and it’s not part
of any partition.
Placed on the prime disk drive, in the prime sector of the first cylinder of track is
0 and head is 0 (this whole path is generally booked for boot programs)
MBR involve a mini executable programs and a table specify the primary
partitions.
partition 1: 16 bytes
partition 2: 16 bytes
partition 3: 16 bytes
partition 4: 16 bytes
# /sbin/lilo -v
Trivia 3
The GRUB second stage loader resides within the MBR and
within /boot partition. Once GRUB is loaded into memory it becomes 2nd stage
loader.
Trivia 4
The /initrd directory should not be removed it is a temporary place holder for
kernel to have quick access to the modules that it needs to start the system
modules include device drivers.
Kernel initialization highlights include:
initialize CPU components, eg, MMU
initialize the scheduler (PID 0)
mount the root filesystem in rw mode
fork off the init process (PID 1)
In essence, kernel initialization does two things:
Start the core system of shared resource managers (RAM, processor and mass
storage).
Starts a single process, /sbin/init.
Init process (sbin/init) is the very fist process which loads all the various
daemons and mounts all the partitions which are listed under /etc/fstab.
About /etc/fstab
The /sbin/init reads /etc/inittab file
Set default runlevel ( the telinit command allows administrators to tell
the init process to change its current runlevel)
Calls /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit and /etc/rc.d/rc x (where ‘x‘ is a runlevel)
In /etc/rc.d/rc5.d directory files starting with letter K –> kill scripts and files
starting with letter S –> Startup scripts.
Start up the tty processes and xdm ( X display manager)
Starts User’s login screen
/bin : All the executable binary programs (file) required during booting, repairing,
files required to run into single-user-mode, and other important, basic
commands viz., cat, du, df, tar, rpm, wc, history, etc.
/boot : Holds important files during boot-up process, including Linux Kernel.
/dev : Contains device files for all the hardware devices on the machine
e.g., cdrom, cpu, etc
/etc : Contains Application’s configuration
files, startup, shutdown, start, stop script for every individual program.
/home : Home directory of the users. Every time a new user is created, a directory
in the name of user is created within home directory which contains other
directories like Desktop, Downloads, Documents, etc.
/lib : The Lib directory contains kernel modules and shared library images
required to boot the system and run commands in root file system.
/lost+found : This Directory is installed during installation of Linux, useful for
recovering files which may be broken due to unexpected shut-down.
/media : Temporary mount directory is created for removable devices
viz., media/cdrom.
/mnt : Temporary mount directory for mounting file system.
/opt : Optional is abbreviated as opt. Contains third party application software.
Viz., Java, etc.
/proc : A virtual and pseudo file-system which contains information about running
process with a particular Process-id aka pid.
/root : This is the home directory of root user and should never be confused
with ‘/‘
/run : This directory is the only clean solution for early-runtime-dir problem.
/sbin : Contains binary executable programs, required by System Administrator,
for Maintenance. Viz., iptables, fdisk, ifconfig, swapon, reboot, etc.
/srv : Service is abbreviated as ‘srv‘. This directory contains server specific and
service related files.
/sys : Modern Linux distributions include a /sys directory as a virtual filesystem,
which stores and allows modification of the devices connected to the system.
/tmp :System’s Temporary Directory, Accessible by users and root. Stores
temporary files for user and system, till next boot.
/usr : Contains executable binaries, documentation, source code, libraries for
second level program.
/var : Stands for variable. The contents of this file is expected to grow. This
directory contains log, lock, spool, mail and temp files.
Exploring Important file, their location and their
Usability
Linux is a complex system which requires a more complex and efficient way
to start, stop, maintain and reboota system unlike Windows. There is a well
defined configuration files, binaries, man pages, info files, etc. for
every process in Linux.
/boot/vmlinuz : The Linux Kernel file.
/dev/hda : Device file for the first IDE HDD (Hard Disk Drive)
/dev/hdc : Device file for the IDE Cdrom, commonly
/dev/null : A pseudo device, that don’t exist. Sometime garbage output is
redirected to /dev/null, so that it gets lost, forever.
/etc/bashrc : Contains system defaults and aliases used by bash shell.
/etc/crontab : A shell script to run specified commands on a predefined time
Interval.
/etc/exports : Information of the file system available on network.
/etc/fstab : Information of Disk Drive and their mount point.
/etc/group : Information of Security Group.
/etc/grub.conf : grub bootloader configuration file.
/etc/init.d : Service startup Script.
/etc/lilo.conf : lilo bootloader configuration file.
/etc/hosts : Information of Ip addresses and corresponding host names.
/etc/hosts.allow : List of hosts allowed to access services on the local machine.
/etc/host.deny : List of hosts denied to access services on the local machine.
/etc/inittab : INIT process and their interaction at various run level.
/etc/issue : Allows to edit the pre-login message.
/etc/modules.conf : Configuration files for system modules.
/etc/motd : motd stands for Message Of The Day, The Message users gets upon
login.
/etc/mtab : Currently mounted blocks information.
/etc/passwd : Contains password of system users in a shadow file, a security
implementation.
/etc/printcap : Printer Information
/etc/profile : Bash shell defaults
/etc/profile.d : Application script, executed after login.
/etc/rc.d : Information about run level specific script.
/etc/rc.d/init.d : Run Level Initialisation Script.
/etc/resolv.conf : Domain Name Servers (DNS) being used by System.
/etc/securetty : Terminal List, where root login is possible.
/etc/skel : Script that populates new user home directory.
/etc/termcap : An ASCII file that defines the behaviour
of Terminal, console and printers.
/etc/X11 : Configuration files of X-window System.
/usr/bin : Normal user executable commands.
/usr/bin/X11 : Binaries of X windows System.
/usr/include : Contains include files used by ‘c‘ program.
/usr/share : Shared directories of man files, info files, etc.
/usr/lib : Library files which are required during program compilation.
/usr/sbin : Commands for Super User, for System Administration.
/proc/cpuinfo : CPU Information
/proc/filesystems : File-system Information being used currently.
/proc/interrupts : Information about the current interrupts being utilised currently.
/proc/ioports : Contains all the Input/Output addresses used by devices on the
server.
/proc/meminfo : Memory Usages Information.
/proc/modules : Currently using kernel module.
/proc/mount : Mounted File-system Information.
/proc/stat : Detailed Statistics of the current System.
/proc/swaps : Swap File Information.
/version : Linux Version Information.
/var/log/lastlog : log of last boot process.
/var/log/messages : log of messages produced by syslog daemon at boot.
/var/log/wtmp : list login time and duration of each user on the system currently.
That’s all for now. Keep connected to Tecmint for any News and post related
to Linux and Foss world. Stay healthy and Don’t forget to give your value-able
comments in comment section.
Requirements
CentOS 7.0 DVD ISO
CentOS 7.0 Installation Process
1. After downloading the last version of CentOS using above links or using
official CentOS download page. Burn it to a DVD or create a bootable USB stick
using LiveUSB Creator called Unetbootin.
2. After you have created the installer bootable media, place your DVD/USB
into your system appropriate drive, start the computer, select your bootable
unit and the first CentOS 7 prompt should appear. At the prompt choose Install
CentOS 7 and press [Enter] key.
CentOS 7 Boot Menu
3. The system will start loading media installer and a Welcome screen should
appear. Select your Installation Process Language, that will assist you through
the entire installation procedure and click on Continue.
CentOS Installer Loading
Select Installation Process Language
4. The next step, present screen prompt is Installation Summary. It contains a
lot of options to fully customize your system. First thing you may want to setup
is your time settings. Click on Date & Time and select your server physical
location from the provided map and hit on upper Done button to apply
configuration.
Select Date & Time and Location
5. The next step is to choose your Language Support and Keyboard settings.
Choose your main and extra language for your system and when you’re
finished hit on Done button.
Select Language and Keyboard
Select English Language
6. The same way choose your Keyboard Layout by hitting the plus button and
test your keyboard configuration using the right input filed. After you finish
setting up your keyboard, again hit on upper Done button to apply changes
and go back to main screen on Installation Summary.
Choose Keyboard Layout
Choose English Keyboard
7. On the next step you can customize your installation by using
other Installation Sources than your local DVD/USB media, such as a network
locations using HTTP, HTTPS, FTP or NFS protocols and even add some
additional repositories, but use this methods only if you know what you’re
doing. So leave the default Auto-detected installation media and hit on Done to
continue.
Choose Installation Sources
Auto Detect Installation Type
8. On the next step you can choose your system installation software. On this
step CentOS offers a lot of Server and Desktop platform environments that
you choose from, but, if you want a high degree of customization, especially if
you are going to use CentOS 7 to run as a server platform, then I suggest you
select Minimal Installwith Compatibility Libraries as Add-ons, which will install a
minimal basic system software and later you can add other packages as your
needs require using yum groupinstall command.
Software Selection
Select CentOS 7 Minimal Install
9. Now it’s time to partition your hard-drive. Click on Installation
Destination menu, select your disk and choose I will configure partitioning.
Choose Installation Destination
Installation Device Selection
10. On the next screen, choose LVM (Logical Volume Manager) as partition
layout and, then, click on Click here to create them automatically, option which
will create three system partition using XFS filesystem, automatically
redistributing your hard-disk space and gathering all LVS into one big Volume
Group named centos.
/boot – Non LVM
/(root) – LVM
Swap – LVM
Select LVM Partition Type
Create Partitions
11. If you are not pleased with the default partition layout done automatically
by the installer you can completely add, modify or resize your partition scheme
and when you finish hit on Done button and Accept Changes on the Summary of
Changes prompt.
Summary of Partition Changes
NOTE: For those users, who have hard-disks more than 2TB in size, the
installer automatically will convert partition table to GPT, but if you wish to use
GPT table on smaller disks than 2TB, then you should use the
argument inst.gpt to the installer boot command line in order to change the
default behaviour.
12. The next step is to set your system hostname and enable networking.
Click on Network & Hostname label and type your system FQDN (Fully
Qualified Domain Name) on Hostname filed, then enable your Network
interface, switching the top Ethernet button to ON.
If you have a functional DHCP server on you network then it will automatically
configure all your network setting for enabled NIC, which should appear under
your active interface.
Set System Hostname
Enable Ethernet Interface
13. If your system will be destined as a server it’s better to set static network
configuration on Ethernet NIC by clicking on Configure button and add all your
static interface settings like in the screenshot below, and when you’re finished
hit on Save button, disable and enable Ethernet card by switching the button
to OFF and ON, and, then hit on Done to apply setting and go back to main
menu.
Enter Network Settings
14. Now it’s time to start installation process by pressing on Begin
Installation button and set up a strong password for root account.
Click on Begin Installation
Select Root Password
Enter Root Password
15. After you finish setting up a strong password for root account move to User
Creation and create your first system user. You can designate this user to
become a System Admin with root privileges using sudo command by
checking the box Make this user administrator, then click on Done to go back on
main menu and wait for the installation process to finish.
CentOS 7 Installation Process
User Creation and Set Password
16. After the installation process finishes, the installer will show a successfully
message on screen, demanding to reboot your system in order to use it.
CentOS 7 Installation Complete
Congratulation! You have now installed last version of CentOS on your bare
new machine. Remove any installation media and reboot your computer so
you can login to your new minimal CentOS 7 environment and perform other
system tasks, such as update you system and install other useful software
needed to run day to day tasks
Sec1.4 (Skip)
Sec1.5
VirtualBox 5.1 Released – Install on
RHEL/CentOS/Fedora and
Debian/Ubuntu/Linux Mint
VirtualBox is an open source cross-platform virtualization software, it can be
installed on any operating system and enable you to install and run multiple
guest operating systems on same computer. For example, if you install it on
your Linux system, you can run Windows XP operating system under it as
a Guest OS or run Linux OS on your Windows system and so on. This way, you
can install and run as many as guest operating systems as you like, the only
limit is disk space and memory.
# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
# wget http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/rpm/rhel/virtualbox.repo
For RHEL/CentOS 5
# wget http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-
4.noarch.rpm
# rpm -Uvh epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm
# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
# wget http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/rpm/fedora/virtualbox.repo
# yum update
Next, replace user_name in the following command with your own user name.
Troubleshooting
If you get any error message like KERN_DIR or if your kernel source directory
not detected automatically by build process, you can set it by using following
command. Make sure you change kernel version according to your system as
shown in red color.
KERN_DIR=/usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-229.7.2.el7.x86_64
## Export KERN_DIR ##
export KERN_DIR
# VirtualBox
VirtualBox Screenshots on CentOS 7
# wget
http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/5.1.0/Oracle_VM_VirtualBox_Extensio
n_Pack-5.1.0.vbox-extpack
To install the extension pack, you must have Virtualbox 5.1 installed, once you
downloaded vbox-extpack open with Virtualbox as shown below. If it doesn’t
work out, then open Virtaulbox –> Preferences –> Extensions and browse for
the vbox-extpack to install it.
Install VirtualBox Extension Pack
On Ubuntu/Linux Mint
Remove VirtualBox
If in case you want to remove VirtualBox completely, just use the following
command to remove it completely from your system.
On RHEL/CentOS/Fedora
# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
# rm -rf virtualbox.repo
On Ubuntu/Linux Mint
You can also Download VirtualBox 5.1 for other Linux, Windows and Mac OS
X platforms.
Sec1.6 Installing CentOS 7.1 Dual
Boot With Windows 8.1 on UEFI
Firmware Systems
This tutorial discusses the installation of CentOS 7.1 in dual-boot with Windows
8.1 on UEFI Firmwaremachines that comes pre-installed with Windows
Operating System.
However, if your machine has no Operating System installed by default and
you still want to use the dual-boot, Windows alongside CentOS, it’s
recommended that you first install Windows OS, create the necessary
partitions during the Windows installation process and, then, install CentOS or
any other Linux Operating System.
Prerequisites
One important thing needed to be mentioned is that in order to install a Linux
system on machines that comes with UEFI firmware you must
enter UEFI settings and disable the Secure Boot option (if your system supports
this option, although it has been reported that CentOS can boot with Secure
Boot enabled).
Also, be aware that booting your machine on UEFI mode and installing an
Operating System in this mode implies that all your disks will be formatted
in GPT partition layout (MBR partition style can be used in conjunction with
Legacy Mode).
Also, if you want to install CentOS from a different media type than a DVD
ISO image, such as a USB bootable drive, you must create a bootable CentOS
USB drive using a utility such as Rufus, which can format your USB drive to be
compatible with UEFI systems and GPT partition style.
To boot in UEFI/Legacy Mode please consult your machine motherboard
manual for the specific boot function key (such as F2, F8, F12) or push a small
button located on machine sideways, usually found on new Laptops.
However, if you can’t install or boot CentOS from UEFI mode,
enter UEFI settings, switch to Legacy Mode (if supported) and use the
traditional DVD/USB method to install the systems.
Another mention I would like to remind you stands for machines that comes
pre-installed with Windows 8 or 8.1Operating System and a single partition. In
order to make some available disk space required for the CentOSinstallation,
open Windows Command Prompt with Administrator privileges and run
the diskmgmt command to open Disk Management system utility.
Once Disk Management console opens, go to C: partition and Shrink Volume in
order to create available disk space for CentOS partitions.
Requirements
CentOS 7.1 Bootable DVD ISO Image http://centos.org/download/
Installation of CentOS 7.1 Dual Boot with
Windows 8.1
1. Once you have burned CentOS DVD ISO image or prepared a bootbale USB
drive using Unetbootin utility, place the DVD/USB image into your machine
DVD drive or USB port, restart the computer and enter UEFI settings in order
to instruct the machine to boot from the DVD/USB from UEFI firmware.
2. After the booting sequence a new screen should appear on your display.
Choose the first option, Install CentOS 7, press Enter key and wait for the
installer to load the kernel and all the required modules and services.
CentOS 7.1 Boot Menu
Loading Required Kernel Modules
3. After the installer loads all the necessary programs, the Welcome screen
should appear. Choose the languagethat will be used for the installation
process and click the below Continue button to proceed further.
Select Installation Language
4. On the next step the Installation Summary screen should appear. This screen
gathers almost all your system settings for the installation process. First start
by setting up your system Date and Time. Hit the Date & Timemenu, then
select from the map your nearest physical location. Once the location is set hit
the above Donebutton and you will be brought back to the initial settings
screen.
Select Date and Time
Select Country Location
5. Next, hit the Keyboard menu and choose your keyboard input language. If
you need to add extra keyboard languages support, hit the plus (+) button and
add the language. When you’re done, hit the above Done button to go back to
the main settings screen.
Select Keyboard
Select Keyboard Language
6. On the next step click the Language Support menu and configure your
system Language. After you finish language settings, hit the Done button
again to go back.
Select Language Support
Select to Install Language
7. The next step is to configure your Installation Sources. If you are installing the
system from a local DVD/USB media, then you can skip this step. This step is
only required if your using as an network installation method from an PXE
server or you have an extra storage on hard drive with an CentOS ISO image.
The installation media DVD/USB should be automatically detected by the
installer.
Configure Installation Source
Select Installation Source
8. On the next step hit the Software Selection menu in order to choose your
installation environment. Form here you can choose a minimal installation
type (only command line) or a Graphical Installation with your favorite Desktop
Environment.
If the machine is not destined to be a server (you can also optate for a server
with GUI), then choose a complete Gnome Desktop Environment from the left
filed with the following Add-Ons:
Gnome Applications, Internet Applications, Legacy X Window System Compatibility,
Office Suite and Productivity, and Compatibility Libraries. If you want to develop
applications and secure your system, then, also, check Development
Tools and Security Tools.
The same Add-Ons also apply in case you want to use KDE Plasma Desktop
Environment. Once you’re done with system environment hit Done button to
move forward with the installation settings.
Software Selection
Mark Software for Installation
9. The next step is the most important one, because you will now configure
your system partitions. Hit the Installation Destination menu, check your hard
drive, choose the I will configure partitioning option, then hit Done to proceed
further with the manual disk partition.
Select Installation Destination
Select Installation Drive
10. Now it’s time to manually partition your disk. If you already have Windows
OS installed on your machine, then you will notice that some partitions are
already present on your partition table as illustrated on the below screenshots.
Important: Do not touch or alter those partitions in any way. In exchange you
will use the free space from your hard disk to create the Linux partitions. For
this guide we will configure three partitions for the system in the following
manner:
1. Swap partition – double size of your RAM Memory – no mount point.
2. Root partition – at least 10 GB – mount point / – Standard partition type –
Formatted XFS
3. Home partition – the rest of space – mount point /home – – Standard partition
type – Formatted XFS
Manual Partitioning
11. First create the swap partition by hitting the below plus (+) button, choose
swap as Mount Point with the space value for this partition, then hit Add mount
point as presented on the below screenshot.
Create Swap Partition
12. Then, create the root partition by hitting the plus button again with / as a
mount point and at least 10 GBspace. Hit Add mount point, then, from the right
menu choose Standard Partition.
Create root Partition
Select Root Filesystem Type
13. Repeat the same steps as above to create the /home partition with the left
free space (leave the Desired Capacity value empty in order to use all the
remained free space).
Create Home Partition
Select Home Filesystem
Don’t worry about the /boot/efi partition, because it will be added automatically
to your partition table.
14. Once you finish with configuring the partitions, hit the above Done button,
review your new partition table and Accept Changes from the pop-up warning
window in order to proceed further with the last installation settings.
Accept Partition Changes
15. Once you’re back to the main installer screen, hit the Kdump menu and
uncheck the Enable kdump feature. Hit Done to apply settings and go back to
main screen.
Enable kdump
Kdump Selection
16. On the next step configure your Network and Hostname. Choose a
descriptive name for your machine Host name (you can type use a FQDN
name). If you want to set up your Network Interface with static IP
configurations, hit the below Configure button, go to IPv4 Settings tab,
select Manual and enter your network IP addresses.
When you’re done hit the Save button, switch the Ethernet to ON, then hit
above Done button to go back to the main screen. The following screenshots
illustrates this steps.
Select Configure Network
Set System Hostname
Set Network IP Address
17. Now it’s time to install the system. Hit the below Begin Installation button
from the Installation Summaryscreen and a new screen with User
Settings should appear.
From this point on the installation procedure is automatically started and can’t
be reverted. Select the Root Password menu and enter your system root
password twice. Hit Done when you finish to go back and create the first user.
Root Password
Set Root Password
18. The last setting of User Creation is optional. If you want to create a user,
then hit the User Creation menu and enter the username and the password for
this new user.
Check the Make this user administrator box if you want to add root privileges for
this user and, also, check the Require a password to use this account box for
extra security. As soon as you finish, hit the Done button to go back to the
main screen and wait for the installer to complete.
Select User Creation
Create User Account
19. Now you’re almost done. Once the installation process finishes, Reboot the
system, choose CentOS from the Grub menu (you will notice that Windows
Boot Loader is also present here), hit the License Information menu and check
the I accept the license agreement box. Hit Done to go back and Finish
Configuration button.
CentOS Grub Menu
Select License Agreement
Accept License Agreement
20. That’s all! Now, Sign in to CentOS system with the new user credentials
created during the installation process and you’re done. To view CentOS
release version, open a Terminal and issue the following command:
$ cat /etc/centos-release
Also, make sure your system is up-to-date by issuing the following command:
21. CentOS 7 has no default support for NTFS filesystem. In order to be able to
mount and access Windows NTFS partitions, add the Epel repositories
package to CentOS and install the ntfs-3g package by issuing the below
commands:
23. After installing ntfs-3g, you can mount your Windows NTFS partitions using
following command.
$ sudo mount -ro ntfs-3g /dev/sda5 /mnt
$ cd /mnt
$ ls -l
Where /dev/sda5 is the my default Windows Partition, in your case the drive
may be different..
Enjoy CentOS 7.1 in dual-boot with Windows 8.1 on your machine. To switch
back to Windows Operating System, reboot the machine and choose Windows
Boot Manager from the Grub menu.
Section 2: Essentials of Basic Linux
Commands