(KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006 , 4(1) part A (159 – 164)

‫ ذ‬4 ‫بةرط‬,
-1592006 ‫ ئازارى‬2706 ‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى‬
( ‫لثةرة‬
164) A ‫) بةشى‬1(

The Cooling of Computer Radiator System

by Numerical Simulation

*Aree Ali Mhammad and **Karwan Hama Faraj

* Department of Physics **Department of Mathematics

College of Science , University of Sulaimani , Kurdistan Region Iraq.

Abstract
In the paper we develop a mathematical model to study the stationary equation of heat in one dimension.
This model leads to incorporate a cooling system for a computer radiator. The model will be implemented
by using numerical simulation.

Keywords: heat transfer, ordinary differential equations (ODE), modelling,

optimization, simulation, visualization.

Introduction Linux platform For the program / computer

Over the past few years, CPU speeds part, the logistics repose on several models
have been increasing at a dramatic rate. In indicated in the Fig (1).
order to generate the new speeds, CPUs
have more transistors, are drawing more Platfomr
Compiler
Visualisation
C++
power. This leads to an ever larger heat m Text
editor
Software
Text treatment

produced by the CPU in the computer. Unix

Windows Xemacs
WinEdt
gcc – g++ gnuplot LateX

The numerical simulation on computer is a

great tool of understanding and control
[1,2]. It allows a best analysis of the
problems and accelerates the industrial
developments.
The simulation carries several stages:
modelling, sampling, algorithm,
implementation, and exploitation. In the
first stage the problem is setting in
equations; in the second stage these
equations are digestible for computer; in
the third stage the algorithms will be
translate under software form (C, C++ for
example); in the last stage the software will
be exploit and render more convivial.
The code in this work is implemented by
C++ language and operates under
Windows,
Fig1: Logistics for the program –
computer part
The utilisation of the numerical analysis by
computer constitutes an important tool in
many scientific domains (physic,
engineering, biology, economy) [2,3,4,5].
In general manner, the numerical
simulation is defined as a process that
allows numerically a certain phenomena on
computer describing by a mathematical
model [7].
The typical stages of a numerical
simulation are illustrated in Fig(2).

E-mail : areeali@hotmail.com

159
 (KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006 , 4(1) part A
‫ ذ‬4 ‫بةرط‬, 2006 ‫ ئازارى‬2706 ‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى‬
A ‫) بةشى‬1(

Physical phenomena Mathematical

(Observation and model
modelling) Evolution of ODE

Mathematical analysis Numerical analysis

of ODE (Sampling of ODE)

Existence, unique Method, scheme

Character of ODE Error estimation
Analytical solution Algorithm

Programming

 Optimization
 High level language
 Visualization

Fig2: stages of one numerical simulation

Within the computer the processor is raised

with a device of cooling. This device
insures a good functionality of the
computer, because when the frequency
becomes high, the emission of heat
becomes a problem. So, we use different
stages of scientific calculations by study
the dissipation of the heat in the radiator
[3,4,6,8]. To analyze theoretically and
numerically the relative importance of the
cooling - radiator mechanism, one has to
take in account the evolution low of ODE.
The condition that rends the problem in
one dimension is the thinness of the
radiator (T depend only on x).
This paper is organized as follows. Sec. II,
we set in equations the proposed problem,
while in section Sec. III we indicate all the
steps which are necessary to analyze
mathematically the equations. The results
and all relevant discussions appear in Sec.
IV. Finally the main conclusions are
Fig3: geometry of the model
Stationary heat equations
The geometry of our device just for one
layer of the radiator is showing in the
Fig(3).
The geometry is described by the length L,
the transversal section S, the temperature
generated by the processor T0 , and the
ambient temperature Ta . To find the
temperature distribution in the radiator T ,
we suppose that the layer is sufficiently
thin to consider our problem one-
dimensional. The thermal equilibrium of an
infinitesimal element dx is writing as:
q ( x) S − q( x + dx) S − hc ( x)( pdx)(T − Ta ) = 0 → (1)
              
int ernal flow external flow
loss by air

summarized in Sec. V. The first term describe the internal flow of

heat while the second term represents the
external flow of heat. The last term of the
above equation [3,7] indicate the heat loss
by air.

160
 (KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006 , 4(1) part A
‫ ذ‬4 ‫بةرط‬, 2006 ‫ ئازارى‬2706 ‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى‬
A ‫) بةشى‬1(
where q is the flux of heat by the unit of h2 h3 
θ m− 1 = θ ( xm − h) = θ ( xm ) − hθ ′( xm ) + θ ′ ( xm ) − θ ′ ′ ( xm ) + O(h 4 ) 
surface and time [Watt/m²], hc is a surface 2 6 
 → (7)
h2 h3
coefficient of thermal transfer [W/(m² θ m+ 1 = θ ( xm + h) = θ ( xm ) + hθ ′( xm ) + θ ′ ( xm ) + θ ′′ ( xm ) + O(h 4 )
2 6 
Kelvin)] and p is the perimeter of the
surface. Mathematical Analysis
If we denote θ ( x) = T ( x) − Ta , our
Dividing equation (1) by S dx for dx → 0
mathematical model becomes:
,
because the radiator layers is sufficiently
− θ ′′( x) + a( x)θ ( x) = 0, where 0 < x < L 
thin.  → (5)
θ (0) = θ 0 , and θ ′( L) = 0 
dq hc ( x) p
− − (T −Ta ) = 0 → ( 2) The hypothesis a ( x) > 0, play a crucial
dx S role to make our model in one solution
(existence, uniqueness) [9,10].
The Fourier law express the proportionality
between head flux and gradient of When a (x) is a constant function, there is
temperature [6]: another important information in the
practical point of view. This information is
the existence of an exact solution of
dT equation (5).
q = −k , k is thermal conductivity
dx
[W/(mk)]
cosh[ a ( L − x)]
2
θ ( x) = θ0 → ( 6)
d T
h ( x) p cosh( a L)
−k 2 + c (T − Ta ) = 0 → (3) Model Sampling
dx S
Finally, the distribution of temperature will
The first step in sampling consist in
be described by the ODE:
decomposition the segment [ 0, L] in M
L
d 2T intervals of length h = . We obtain thus
− 2 + a ( x )( T − Ta ) = 0 → (4) M
dx the mesh that consists of M + 1 points of
abscises x m = mh , m = 0,1,..., M . The
hc ( x) p This equation is idea of the numerical resolution is to find
a ( x) = [1 / m²] defined for
kS an approximation Θ m of the exact solution
0 < x < L , so it θ m = θ ( x m ) . To obtain the discrete
must add the boundary conditions [2,7]
equation which take the values θ m , we
T (0) = T0 (Dirichlet type condition) need to sampling the derivation operator.
dT By using Taylor series expansion about x m
= 0 (Neuman type condition)
dx x =L
and adding these relations in below, we
That is heat transfer through the final
obtain a development of the second
section q L is negligible in comparison to
derivation at the point x m [4,9,10].
the flux through the initial solution q 0 .

161
 (KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006 , 4(1) part A
‫ ذ‬4 ‫بةرط‬, 2006 ‫ ئازارى‬2706 ‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى‬
A ‫) بةشى‬1(
θ m +1 − 2θ m + θ m −1 Consider the case that we take one layer of
θ ′′( x m ) = + O( h 4 ) → (8) Aluminium, of section 4[mm] * 50[mm]
h2
From the eq(8), we can approximate the and L=40[mm]. The temperature of the
operator of second derivation by the first processor T0 = 46 °C
term of the development and eq(5) and the ambient temperature is Ta = 20 °C
becomes . For Aluminium, the thermal
conductivity is 164 [W /(m k )] and the
Θ m +1 − 2Θ m + Θ m −1 coefficient of heat transfer take the
− + am Θ m = 0 → (9)
h2 [
constant value hc = 200 W /(m k ) . By
2
]
taking inaccount the above data [7], we can
Using study the variation of temperature
θ (0) = θ 0 = Θ 0 and θ ′( L) = Θ ′( L) = 0
distribution on the Aluminium layer
range [ 0, L] .
eq(8) is writing for the index
m = 1,2,..., M − 1 and form a linear system After implemented our algorithm, we
present the output results on the Fig(4).
as:
Θ  Θ 
 2 + h 2 a1 −1 0 ... ... 0  1   0 
  Θ   0 
 −1 2 + h 2 a2 −1 ... ... 0    
2

  Θ 3   0 
 0 −1 2 + h a3 2
−1 ... 0 
 = .
     
    . 
    
  .
 0 0 ... 0 −1 1 + h aM − 1   Θ   0 
2

 M−1  

Clearly, that the above linear system has a

unique solution. To resolve it we can use
Gauss-Seidel algorithm as below [2,5,10]:

Initialization with Θ ( 0) ∈ R M −1 , but

Θ ( 0 ) = (0,0,...,0)
Next Iterations j

Next loop: the components m = 1,2,..., M − 2 Fig(4) : Comparison between numerical

and exact solution for h=200
E
nd (
Θ(mj +1 j = Θ(mj+)1 + Θ(mj−+11) /(2 + h 2 am )) In the physical point of view, we can
m
observe an important diminution of
Θ(mJ−+21) temperature within the layer
Θ ( J +1)
= Θ (Mj +1) =
M −1
(1 + h 2 am −1 ) (10 °C approximately ).
Θ (Mj )−1
This result is due to the important value of
Endj the coefficient of transfer. In the numerical
Results and Discussion point of view, we are sure of the validity of

162
 (KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006 , 4(1) part A
‫ ذ‬4 ‫بةرط‬, 2006 ‫ ئازارى‬2706 ‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى‬
A ‫) بةشى‬1(
our calculation because the numerical have only taken the first order of Taylor
solution is close to the exact solution. expansion.
We tested our algorithm for another case in
[
which the value of hc = 10 W /(m k ) .
2
]
The last result was showing on the Fig(5).
This figure explains that the decreasing of
the temperature is very low about 1 °C . In
fact the value of hc depend on the air flow
and it proportional directly with it.

Conclusion
In the paper, the results show the
efficiency of the given algorithm in terms
of time computation and precession. For
different values of surface coefficient of
thermal transfer the numerical solution is
Fig(5) : Comparison between numerical close to the exact solution.
and exact solution for h=10 Our perspectives of this work are to study
Nevertheless, at the neighbour of x = L the the non stationary heat equations which
two curves would be divergent because we describe the time evolution of our system.
The expect results will be compared with
the current work.
References
[1] Griewank,A., Computational Differentiation ,Springer ,2001.
[2] Shah,A. , Sammakia,B., and Srihari,H., A Numerical Study of the Thermal
Performance of an Impingement Heat Sink-Fin Shape Optimization ,May 30 June
IEEE On Thermal Phenomena, 2002, (02), 298-306.
[3] Long ,C. A., Essential Heat Transfer, 1999, printed in Malaysia, ISBN 0- 582-29279-4.
[4] Kincaid ,D. and Cheney,W., Numerical Analysis, 2002, printed in the US of American,
ISBN 0-534-3805-8.
[5] Agonafer,D.,Markell,J.,Sammakai,B.,and Lehmann,G., Numerical Investigate Of
Enclosure Effect on Spot Cooling Devices, IEEE On Thermal Phenomena,
2004 4, 339-343.
[6] Morrison ,I. , Flow responsive modelling of internal surface convection, 2001,
Proceedings of Building Simulation ’01, 923-930.
[7] Danaila,I. and Hecht,F., Simulation numérique en C++, 2003, Paris, ISBN 2-10-006975-6.
[8] Saini,M., and Weeb,R., Heat Rejection Limits of Air Cooled Plane Fin Heat Sink
For Computer Cooling , IEEE Transactions on , 2003 , 26 (1), 71- 79.
[9] William ,H. and Saul ,A., Numerical Recipes in C++, 2002, by Cambridge University,
ISBN 0-521- 75033-4.
[10] Ortega,J.M, and Grimshaw,A.S., C++ and Numerical Methods, Oxford University
Press,1999.

163
 ‫‪(KAJ) Kurdistan Academicians Journal, March 2006 , 4(1) part A‬‬
‫طؤظارى ئةكاديميانى كوردستان نةوروزى ‪ 2706‬ئازارى ‪, 2006‬بةرط ‪ 4‬ذ‬
‫(‪ )1‬بةشى ‪A‬‬

‫ساردكردنةوةى سيستةمى راديتةرى كؤمثيوتر بة هؤى‬

‫تيَروانينى ذمارةيى‬
‫كاروان حمة فرج جواميَر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ئارى على محمد‬
‫بةشى ماتماتيك‪/‬كؤليَذى زانست‬ ‫بةشى فيزيا‪/‬كؤليذى زانست‬
‫زانكؤى سليَمانى‪/‬هةريمى كوردستان‪ -‬عيَراق‬
‫ثوختة‬
‫لةم تويَذينةوةيةدا ثةرةمان سةند بة نمونةيةكى بيركارى بؤ ليَكؤلينةوةى هاوكيَشةى نةطؤرى‬
‫طةرمى كة يةك‬
‫طؤراوى سةربةخؤى تياية‪.‬ضارةسةرى نمونةكةمان كرد بة بةكارهيَنانى تيَروانينى ماتماتيكى‪.‬‬

‫تبريد نظام راديتر الكومبيوير بحكم العددى‬

‫كاروان حمه فرج جوامير‬ ‫و‬ ‫أرى على محمد‬
‫جامعة السليمانية‪-‬أقليم كردستانى‬ ‫قسم فيزيا‪/‬كلية العلوم‬
‫العراق‬
‫جامعة السليمانية‪-‬أقليم كردستان العراق‬

‫الخلصة‬
‫في هذا البحث طورنا نموذج رياضي لدراسة المعادلة الثابتة لحرارة ذات البعد واحد‪ .‬نعالج‬
‫نموذج بأستخدام محاكاة الرياضية‪.‬‬

‫‪Received on 19/7/2004, Accepted on 26/5/2005‬‬

‫وةرطيراوة لة ‪ ، 19/7/2004‬ثةسندكراوة لة ‪26/5/2005‬‬

‫‪164‬‬