} { JZS(Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani, 2007, 9 (1( Part A (

} { A )1 ( )1 (9 2007

Flexural Behavior Compared with Marshall

Stability of Asphalt Paving Mixtures
Noori Sadiq Ali
College of Engineering, University of Salahaddin / Hawler ,Kurdistan Region-Iraq

Abstract
The flexural failure strength of asphalt mixtures was investigated as a first local trial study
to compare and construct relationships with corresponding Marshall stability . The type and
grading of aggregate were taken into consideration .
The results include Marshall stability – flexural load relationship ; flexural load variation with
asphalt contents ; Marshall stability quotients (Marshall stability / flow ) comparison with
flexural load quotients ( flexural load / deflection ) with variation of asphalt contents and
constructing their relationships ; and variation of flexural strength (modulus of rupture ) with
asphalt contents .
The results showed that there is second degree polynomial relationship between Marshall
stability and flexural load on one hand and between Marshall stability and flexural load
quotients on the other hand . Significant differences resulted between Marshall stability and
flexural loads and between their load quotients for each asphalt content . The type and grading
of aggregate affect flexural stiffness with asphalt contents .

Keywords :- Stiffness of asphalt , Flexural strength of asphalt

Introduction
Analytical approach to pavement design
requires the knowledge of the various
materials used in the layers of pavement
structures. laboratory testing has been used
extensively in research and this has resulted in
a fundamental understanding of the
mechanical behavior of bituminous mixes.
There are two aspects of material properties
relevant to pavement design: firstly, the load
deformation or stress-strain characteristics
required for the analysis of the structure;
secondly,the performance characteristics
which determine the mode of failure.The main
performance criteria are fatigue cracking or
permanent deformation [1] .
When a wheel load is applied to a pavement ,
two primary stresses are transmitted to hot
mix asphalt (HMA):vertical compressive
stress within the asphalt layer, and horizontal
tensile stress at the bottom of the asphalt
layer. The HMA must be internally strong and
resilient to resist the compressive stresses and
Email:- noori_1953@yahoo.com
prevent permanent deformation within the
mixture. In the same manner, the material
must also have enough tensile strength to
withstand the tensile stresses at the base of
asphalt layer , and also be resilient to
withstand many load applications without
fatigue cracking .
In one case , the rutting is caused by too much
repeated stress being applied to the sub-grade
( or sub-base or base ) below the asphalt layer
(( Fig.(1)). Although stiffer paving materials
will practically reduce this type of rutting ,
Essentially , there is no enough pavement
strength or thickness to reduce the applied
stresses to a tolerable level .It may also be
caused by a pavement layer that has been
unexpectedly weakened by the intrusion of
moisture . The deformation occurs in the
underlying layers rather than in the applied
layers [2]
In– situ testing of full-scale trial sections is
impractical in most cases ,and therefore

1
} { JZS(Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani, 2007, 9 (1( Part A (
} { A )1 (
Fig. (1) Rutting from Weak Sub-grade
engineers have to rely on laboratory testing.
These tests should reproduce the anticipated
in-situ conditions as closely as possible, i.e.,
temperature, loading time, stress conditions,
degree of compaction ,etc [1] .
In this study, flexural resistance load
(bending tests using beams ) of asphalt mixes
are tested at 60 ºC and compared with
corresponding Marshall stability .
The flexural resistance load is measured for
A beam of paving mixture shown below in Fig
(1) .
Experimental Program
The primary objectives of the experimental
phase of study were to1.construct relationship
between Marshall stability load and flexural
(rupture ) load of paving asphalt considering
the crushed type for well and open grading of
aggregates .
Load Gauge
Deflection Gauge
2. investigate flexural load variation with
asphalt content considering the type (crushed
and uncrushed ) and grading ( well and open )
of aggregates.
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)1 (9 2007
(b)
Fig. ( 2 ) Flexural (bending ) Rupture Test
Beam
.compare the variation of Marshall stability
quotients ( i.e Marshall stability load divided
5.plot the variation of flexural strength
(modulus of rupture) with asphalt contents .
Experimental Design
The asphalt paving materials prepared in the
study [3] were remolded in a typical mold (of
150 mm x 100 mm x100 mm) compacted at
150-160 C giving equivalent compaction
effort of 175 blows of 4.5kg(10 lb) weight
falling 45.72cm (18”) [3, 4 , 5 ].
Factors investigated were aggregate type and
its grading . The aggregate were crushed and
uncrushed ( rounded river gravel ) of well and
open gradings . Five asphalt contents , 4.0 ,
4.5 , 5.0 , 5.5 , and 6 percents of total
aggregate weight . The specimens were tested
at 60 ºC .
Testing equipment and procedure
The basic equipment consisted of a loading
system and measurement of deflection
( flow at failure ) as shown in Fig.(2) . The
flexural load was measured at 60 C .
Parameters , Marshall stability quotients,
flexural quotient , and flexural strength
(modulus of strength) are calculated (As were
shown in Tables and Figures in Appendix ) .
by its flow ) with flexural quotients ( i.e
flxural load divided by its deflection ) for
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} { JZS(Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani, 2007, 9 (1( Part A (
} { A )1 ( )1 (9
mixes with crushed of well and open graded
aggregate .
4.construct relationships between Marshall
stability load quotients and flexural load
quotients.
Results and Discussion
Marshall Stability – Flexural Load
Relationships
The Marshall stability load increases at a low
rate with increase of flexural load. Fig. ( 3 )
shows linear and polynomial models of this
relationship well and open graded crushed
aggregate.
The linear models
y = 3.3671 x2 + 9.518 R2 = 0.3017 (well–
graded aggregate) and y = 2.1467 x2 + 12.326
where x = flexural load, and
y = Marshall stability load
R2 = 0.3301 (open–graded aggregate)
are relatively of weak correlations . The
ANOVA analysis is shown in Table (1) . In the
case of open-graded aggregate the values of
R2 and F are higher than those of well-graded
aggregate whereas polynomial models
y = 10.558x + 20.705x - 19961
R2 = 0.6712 ( well –graded aggregate) and y
= 2.7958 x2 +4.6058 x - 15.705 R2 = 0.3954
(open– graded aggregate)
give stronger relationships with higher values
of R2 and F.
The range of values for Marshall stability and
flexural loads are 9.87 - 18.637 kN and 0.56 –
1.88 kN respectively.
Flexural Load Variation with Asphalt
Content
The variation of flexural load with asphalt
content seems to be relatively similar to that
of Marshall stability load and asphalt contents
for both well and open graded of crushed and
uncrushed aggregates . It appears that grading
of aggregate has no significant effect on
flexural load as per Fig. (4A-a) and Fig.(4A-
b) ,while there is significant effects due to
type of aggregate. Fig.(4A-c) and Fig.(4A-d)
show these effects .
Fig.(4B) shows corresponding flexural
strengths in which the grading has no
3
2007
significant effect on flexural strength , while
the type of aggregate has significant effect
.The crushed aggregate causes greater strength
than uncrushed aggregate .
Marshall Stability and Flexural Load
Quotients
Load quotient (load/flow) ratio particularly
flexural load quotient can be considered as
good indication for stiffness of flexible
pavement.The high value of flexural quotient
means low flow or deflections governs high
stiff pavement or low flexibility.
Fig.(5-a) shows the variations of Marshall
stability and flexural load quotients with
asphalt contents for crushed aggregate of well
and open gradings. In each case of variations
first rises to peak value and then falls .
Marshall stability quotients for both well and
open gradings are approximately the same (i.e
with no significant differences) and of
relatively low values ranging from3.76 to
6.92KN/mm compared to that of flexural
quotient values which ranges between 1.0 and
28.4KN/mm . There are significant
differences in flexural quotient values for well
and open graded aggregate , in which well
graded aggregates result higher values
.Flexural load quotient (load/deflection)
indicates the relative stiffness . The higher the
value of the quotient means the higher
stiffness .. Fig.(5b) shows histogram
representation of all above Marshall stability
and flexural load quotients .
Marshall Stability and Flexural
Quotients Relationships
Marshall stability – flexural load quotient
relationships of quadratic model gives
relatively good correlations shown in Fig.
( 6) :
y = -11.879x2 + 124.13x – 289.9
R2 = 0.4721
y = -17.004 + 210.86x –625.79
R2 = 0.6759
The ANOVA analysis for this relationships is
shown in Table (2)
 } { JZS(Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani, 2007, 9 (1( Part A (
} { A )1 ( )1 (9 2007

Modulus of elasticity with Asphalt The author recommends specification for

Content flexural behavior varying material
The modulus of elasticity varies in relatively constituents ( i.e asphalt gradings , filler types
the same pattern of flexural resistance load , aggregate type and their grading …etc).
with asphalt content increasing .The type and Further the author proposes developing this
grading have great effect the modulus of work for prediction of rutting of asphalt
elasticity values in which well-graded crushed pavement based on that
aggregate gives higher values than that of carried by T.F.. Fwa et al [6]
rounded (uncrushed) open aggregate . Fig ( 7 )
show these variations . Appendix
S = P L / 2 b d2
E = PL/ (48 I )
Conclusions and Where : S = Flexural strength ( KN/mm2 )
Recommendations P = applied failure load ( KN)
L = effective span (mm)
The following conclusions can be drawn from
B = breadth (mm ) and
this study:
d = depth ( mm )
1. There is a direct relationship between
E = modulus of elasticity
Marshall stability and flexural loads .
= deflection (mm)
2. The Marshall stability quotient load
I = moment of inertia ( b d2 /12 )
increases with increasing flexural load
quotient up to 5-6 KN/mm and then
Marshall stability Marshall stability load
decreases .
3. Flexural load increases significantly in load quotient ------------- --------
the case of using well-graded crushed Flow
aggregate compared with those mixes Flexural load
using open-graded uncrushed aggregate . Flexural load quotient = -------------
Deflection

References
1.“ The Shell Bitumen Handbook , Shell Bitumen , 1990 , U.K .
2.Asphalt Institute “ SUPERPAVE , Super pave Mix Design “ , Super pave Series
1996.2 (SP-2) , printing .
3.Ali , N.S. “ Effect of Gap Graded Aggregate on Asphalt Concrete Properties “ ,
ZANCO , The Scientific Journal of Salahaddin University/ Arbil 1993. 5 , No. 3,
1992-1993 .
4.Ali ,N.S. 2003 “Skid Resistance Evaluation of Asphalt Paving Mixtures “ , ZANCO,
Journal of Pure and Applied Science Salahaddin University/ Arbil, 2004. 16, 3.

5 . El-Rawi , N.M. " Skid Resistance of Sulphate Mixtures " , Journal of Building
Research , Building Research Centre , Council for Scientific Research. Baghdad .
1983,2 , No.1, May,.
6. Fwa,T.F. , Tan,S.A. , and Zhu,L.Y. “Rutting Prediction of Asphalt Pavement layer Using C-Ø Model” ,
Journal Transportation Engineering , 2004,130 , pp. 675-683 (September / October

‫ثةيوةندى نيَوان بارى ضةمانةوة و بارى مارشالَى جيَطير لة تيَكةلَةى‬

‫ريطاوبان‬ِ ‫قيرى‬

‫نورى صادق عةلى‬.‫د‬

4
 ‫( ‪} { JZS(Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani, 2007, 9 (1( Part A‬‬
‫{ }‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫( ‪)1‬‬ ‫‪)1 (9‬‬ ‫‪2007‬‬

‫بةشى ئةندازيارى شارستانى ‪ /‬كؤليَذى ئةندازيارى ‪ /‬زانكؤى سةلحةدين ‪/‬‬

‫هةريَمى كوردستان ‪-‬عيَراق‬

‫ثوختة‬

‫لةم باسةدا بارى جةمانةوةى تيَكةلةى قيِرى ثشكيَنراولة طةل دروست كردنى‬
‫ثةيوةندى لة ني ََوان بارى مارشالى جيَطير و بارى جةمانةوة و جوَر و طريَدى ضةو و لم‬
‫رِاضاو كرا‪.‬‬
‫ئةنجامةكان بري ََتيبون لة‪ :‬ثةيوةندى نيَوان بارى مارشالى جيَطير و بارى ضةمانةوة و‬
‫ة كورينى ريذةى قبِر‬ ‫طؤرِانةكانى هةردوو بارى مارشالى جيَطير و بارى جةمانة وة لة ط َ‬
‫و ثةيوةندى نيَوان بارى مارشالى جيَطيرى ريذةيى (بارى مارشالى جيكيرى دابةش لة‬
‫سةر كشان) و بارى جةمانةوةى رِيَذةيى (بارى جةمانةوة دابةش لة سةر دابةزين) ‪ ،‬لة‬
‫طةل بةراوردكردن لةنَيوانيان بة طؤرِينى رِيذةى قيِر و ثيَوانى بةرهةلَستى جةمانةوة بة‬
‫طؤرِينى رِيذةى قيِر ‪.‬‬
‫تويَذينةكة دةريخست كةوا ثةيوةنيديةكى ضةماوة لة نيَوان بارى جةمانةوة و بارى‬
‫ل دةركةوتنى‬ ‫مارشالى جيَطير هةيةلة ليةكيتر لة نيَوان هةردوو بارى رِيَذةيى ‪ ،‬لةطة َ‬
‫جياوازى بار و بةرهةلَستى ضةمانة بة طؤرِينى جوَر و طريَدى ضةو و لم ‪.‬‬

‫علقه حمل النحناء مع حمل مارشال المستقر فى خلطات الرصف السفلتى‬

‫نورى صادق على‬

‫قسم الهندسة المدنية ‪ /‬كلية الهندسة ‪ /‬جامعة صلح الدين ‪ /‬أقليم كردستان ‪ -‬العراق‬

‫تم قياس و فحص قوة و مقاومة النثناء كمحاولة أولية محلية لدراسة المقارنة و بناء علقة مع‬
‫قوة استقرار مارشال ‪ .‬وقد تم اخذ نوع و تدرج الركام بنظر العتبار وشملت النتائج كل من ‪:‬‬
‫علقة قوة استقرار مارشال – قوة الثنى و تغييرات قوة الثنى مع محتوى السفلتى و علقة قوة‬
‫استقرار مارشال النسبية (قوة استقرار المارشال مقسومة على الزحف) – قوة الثنى النسييه‬
‫(قوة الثنى مقسومة على الود ) و المقارنه بينهما بتغيير محتوى السفلتى و حساب قيمة‬
‫مقاومة الثنى و تغييراتها مع محتوى السفلتى‪.‬‬
‫و قد بينت نتائج الدراسة بوجود علقة غير خطية من الدرجة الثانيه لكل من قوة الثنى مع قوة‬
‫استقرار المارشال من جهة و بين قوة الثنى النسبيه قوة مارشال النسبيه و لوحظ فارق كبير‬
‫نسبى بين قوة استقرار المارشال و قوتها النسبيه مع قوة الثنى و قوتها النسبيه بتغيير نوع و‬
‫تدرج الركام ‪.‬‬

‫‪Received on13/6/2004 and Accepted in.‬‬ ‫‪11/2/2006‬‬ ‫‪13/6/2004‬‬

‫‪.11/2/2006‬‬

‫‪5‬‬