International Conference on Current Research in Engineering Science and Technology (ICCREST-2016)
CFD Analysis Of Performace Charectristics Of
Centrifugal Pump Impeller To Minimising Cavitation
Alex George
PG scholar, Engineering Design
Anna University Regional Campus
Madurai, India
Abstract—Design and development of turbo machines like
centrifugal pump is highly complex due to turbulence flow
structure, unsteadiness and cavitation inside the pump. The
pump suffers with loss of efficiency, erosion of material,
degradation of its useful life caused by cavitation. Computational
Fluid Dynamics technique has been applied by the researchers to
carry out different improvements on centrifugal pump in
cavitational analysis, efficiency prediction. The analysis is done
through various turbulence models in CFD to get accurate
numerical results. Cavitation and its interaction to the impeller
and volute of centrifugal pump appeared as the research field for
further development of pump performance. The effects of
cavitation in the performance of centrifugal pump is identified,
the scope for further improvement presented in this paper.
Certain number of parameters is derived from the literatures
which may act as causes for cavitation in the centrifugal pump.
They are analyses and obtained optimum value to reduce the
effect of cavitation.
Keywords—centrifugal pump; caitation; impeller;
cfd;performance
I. INTRODUCTION
A centrifugal pump is a turbo machine which is used to
raise water from lower level to higher level due to centrifugal
action. It consists of a bladed disc, the impeller revolving in a
casing called volute. During its operation, it creates negative
pressure inside the casing which is less than atmospheric
pressure at its inlet port causing fluid to be pushed up through
the inlet pipe by the atmospheric pressure. This action creates
fluid lift which is generally described as fluid arises from the
pump suction. Fluid is drawn in to the axis of the pump and
flung out to the periphery by the centrifugal force. The
dynamic pressure generated by the forced vertex motion of the
blade lifts the water from the lower level to higher level. Since
the fluid leaving the impeller has a higher velocity, fixed guide
blades are often provided around the impeller to act as
diffusers and raise the static pressure. The flow through the
diverging passage between guide vanes brings about the
desired reduction of velocity and pressure raise. But the design
and performance prediction process is still a difficult task,
mainly due to the great number of geometric parameters
involved. On the other hand, the significant cost and time of
the trial and error process by constructing and testing physical
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Dr. P Muthu
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering
University College of Engineering
Ramanathapuram, India
prototypes reduces the profit margins of the pump
manufacturers. CFD is the efficient tool to analyze the various
geometric and flow parameters of pump. For continuous and
smooth working of centrifugal pump require some method of
controlling the problem of cavitation.
In the centrifugal pumps, the term cavitation implies a
dynamic process of formation of bubbles inside the liquid,
their growth and subsequent collapse as the liquid flows
through the pump, i.e. when water flows over the surfaces of
these convex curvatures, the pressure near the surface is
lowered and the flow can separate from the surface. If the
pressure is low enough, water vapor pockets or bubbles can
form in the separated area and then collapse or implode upon
entering an area of higher pressure. The formation and
collapse of water vapor bubbles can occur thousands of times
over a very short linear distance of travel. Occurrence of
cavitation generally due to local static pressure is less than the
vapour pressure of the fluid. It is possible either due to the
entry of gas along with the fluid to the pump or insufficiency
of the available Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) or internal
recirculation phenomenon. Cavitation occurring in the pump
impeller was found to cause a decrease in performance of the
pump because of a reduction or closure of flow passage and
vibration. If cavitation continues, erosion occurs both at the
impeller and volute casing, results in the failure of the pump.
Therefore, to design the pump with high performance and
expended suction conditions, a reliable prediction of cavitation
is necessary. CFD simulation makes possible to visualize the
flow condition inside a centrifugal pump, and provides
valuable information about the centrifugal pump. Simulation
result is used to predict the performance of a centrifugal pump
to replace or reduce the experiments in the process of pump
design. CFD reduces the difficulty of critical analysis of
highly complex flow in the pump which is turbulent and three
dimensional in nature. Due to the CFD analysis labor work
will be saved, as well as it helps in shortening the design
cycle. CFD analysis is currently being used in hydrodynamic
design of different types of pumps. Numerical simulations can
provide quite accurate information on the fluid behavior in the
machine, and thus helps to obtain a thorough performance
evaluation of a particular design.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
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 International Conference on Current Research in Engineering Science and Technology (ICCREST-2016)
This section describes the research work done by the
investigators, with CFD as a numerical simulation tool to
carry out effects of cavitation, in the performance of
centrifugal pump for performance enhancement.
A. Performance Prediction Analysis
Salem (2013) presented information about the
experimental work which has been done to monitor cavitation
in centrifugal pump using acoustic signals. Analysis of head,
efficiency, flow rate are shown graphically with the amplitude
of the signals. Standard deviation methods are implemented
for analyses the influence of flow rate in pump. Jafarzadeh et
al. (2011) presented a general three-dimensional simulation of
turbulent fluid flow to predict velocity and pressure fields for
a centrifugal pump. Investigation on the effect of number of
blades on the efficiency head coefficient as the selection
criteria showed that the impeller with 7 blades has the highest
head coefficient when compared with 5 and 6-blade pumps at
all range. Finally, it was observed also that the position of
blades with respect to the tongue of volute has great effect on
the start of the separation. Houlin Liu et al. (2013) carried out
impeller analysis by using different turbulence model. The
cavitational study was done for standard k-e model and
modified k-e model. Occurrence of vapour content at different
pressure ranges is illustrated. The author compared the derived
analysis data with experimental result and showed that the
modified turbulence model has good agreement with the
results. Dazhuan (2010) carried out simulations for different
transient flow for the determination of cavitation effect. The
author found that the breakdown of pump performances is
mainly due to the development of cavitation. Weidong Shi et
al. (2014) investigated the flow feature in the design condition
in a turbulence model. Head flow and back flows were
analyzed. It was found that when the flow rate decreased
below a certain value of the design flow rate, backflow
occurred near the pressure surface of the pump impeller and
cavitation is occurred take place at this stage. Three different
pump models were investigated using the turbulence model.
Shalin Marathe et al. (2013) presented the effect of outlet
blade angle on cavitation in centrifugal pump. Modeling of the
centrifugal pump along with the different configuration of the
impeller having different exit blade angles was carried out
using Creo Parametric. Numerical simulation was carried out
using ANSYS CFX and standard k-ε turbulence model is
implemented for the analysis purpose. From the results, the
author found that the pump having low value of the blade exit
angle will have less chances of getting affected by the
cavitation phenomenon..
B. Different Turbulence Model
Spyridon Kyparissis (2014) studied the effect of flow
conditions and the blade leading edge angle on the cavitation
and performance of a centrifugal pump. A pump test rig has
been developed and rotational speed of 1200 rpm and flow
rate of 35m3/h were applied. Studying the effect of the blade
leading edge angle on the cavitation, it was observed that as
the blade leading edge angle increases, both the total head and
the total efficiency increase for the examined operating
conditions. It is noticed that as the net positive suction head
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decreases the total head decreases slowly for all the examined
blade leading edge angles.
Li et al. (2006) developed cavitation model and
algorithm for the prediction of the hydrodynamic performance
of a centrifugal pump under cavitating flow condition. The
developed centrifugal pump was analyzed using a single phase
Reynolds averaged Navier stokes solver. The mathematical
model has good agreement with results Masao Oshima et al
(2012) showed the location of cavitation in centrifugal
impellers vary with the flow rate. This study pointed out that
higher suction performance does not always cause a higher
initial recirculation flow. The minimum continuous flow
should be determined by taking all the factors that affecting
the pump operation into account, including the energy
received by the inlet reverse flow. In addition, inlet blade
angle was the controlling factor for altering the initial inlet
reverse flow during pump design. Xianwu Luo et. al. (2003)
analysed the 3-D turbulent flow inside those pumps using on
RNG k-ε turbulence model and VOF cavitation model. It was
found that impeller inlet geometry had an important influence
on performance improvement in the case of centrifugal pump.
Favorite effects on performance improvement have been
achieved by both extending the blade leading edge and
applying much larger blade angle at impeller inlet. The
extended leading edge have favorite effect for improving
hydraulic performance, and the much larger blade angle at
impeller inlet have favorite effect for improving cavitation
performance for the test pump and uniform flow upstream of
impeller inlet is helpful for improving cavitation performance
of the pump.
.
Pande et al (2015) used a general three dimensional
simulation of turbulent fluid flow to predict velocity and
pressure fields for a centrifugal pump. CFD was used to solve
the governing equations of the flow field. This study described
a finite volume method to examine the pump cavitation at the
pressure drop region on the blade. It easy found that there was
a significant spike in residuals, in the outlet pressure
difference, and absolute pressure is low enough to induce
cavitation. Mouhammed khuladhar abbas et al. (2010)
numerically studied the flow through the blade passage with
CFD code, ANSYS CFX in order to detect formation of
cavitation in centrifugal pump. Head drop curve has a knee
shape that head remain constant while NPSH decreased and
head will be rapidly decreased at critical point. The beginning
of cavitation in the blade passage can be detected and shown
in quality and quantity with numerical simulation. The
inception of cavitation is take place on the suction surface
where the leading edges meet the tip. In pressure distribution
plot shows that the cavitation zone expanding to the trailing
edge especially in super cavitation case. Author concluded that
the available NPSH of the system must be equal to or greater
than the NPSH required by the centrifugal pump in order to
avoid cavitation difficulties.
C. Various Flow Conditions
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 International Conference on Current Research in Engineering Science and Technology (ICCREST-2016)
Myung Jin Kim et al. (2012) accurately predicted
cavitation of a centrifugal pump in various flow conditions. In
this study, numerical analysis was compared with
experimental results modeled on a small industrial centrifugal
pump for reliable prediction on cavitation of a centrifugal
pump. To improve validity of the numerical analysis, transient
analysis was conducted on the calculated domain of full type
geometry. The numerical analysis from the results was
considered to be a reliable prediction of cavitation.
Ragavendra muttali et al. (2014) analyzed the flow through a
centrifugal pump using commercial CFD package. CFD
analysis was carried out at design and off design condition and
was reported. The simulation results were obtained at different
operating speed with different mass flow rates for
transportation of fluid. The Simulation was performed by
using turbulent modeling k-ε and cavitation analysis, pressure
contours and velocity vector contour were predicted. The
performance results were satisfactorily matching with test
data. Li (2012) newly developed cavitation model and
algorithm for the prediction of the hydrodynamic performance
of a centrifugal pump under cavitating flow condition is
presented. The cavitation model is implemented in an RANS
flow solver method. The liquid or vapour interface is tracked
and obtained by an iteration procedure between the flow field
computation and the interface updating. The capability of the
model to capture some important phenomena of cavitation
flows in a centrifugal pump impeller is demonstrated. The
iterations of the cavity shape updating are quite stable the
cavity size, thus the blockage of the channel, increases
dramatically with the decrease in the cavitation number and so
does the loss of the head rise
Liu Houlin et al. (2010) stated the blade number of impeller
is an important design parameter of pumps, which affects the
characteristics of pump heavily. The model pump has a design
specific speed and an impeller with 5 blades. The blade
number is varied with the casing and other geometric
parameters keep constant. The inner flow fields and
characteristics of the centrifugal pumps with different blade
number are simulated and predicted in non cavitation and
cavitation conditions by using commercial code FLUENT.
The impellers with different blade number are made by using
rapid prototyping, and their characteristics are tested in an
open loop. The comparison between prediction values and
experimental results indicates that the prediction results are
satisfied. With the increase of blade number, the head of the
model pumps increases too, the variable regulation of
efficiency and cavitation characteristics are complicated, but
there are optimum values of blade number for each one.
Chakra borty et al. (2011) shows a general three dimensional
simulation of turbulent fluid flow to predict velocity and
pressure fields for a centrifugal pump. ANSYS CFX is used to
solve the governing equations of the flow field. This study
describes a FVM method to examine the pump cavitation at
the pressure drop region on the blade. The method is based on
an analysis of the blade number variations in the pump suction
and discharge in a simple pump model. There is a significant
spike in residuals, in part due to the outlet pressure difference
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and absolute pressure is low enough to induce cavitation.
Chakraborty et al. (2011) evaluated the performance of
impellers with the same outlet diameter having different blade
numbers for centrifugal pumps. Centrifugal pump with
impeller blades 5, 6 and 7 was prepared and its efficiency at
3000 rpm was assessed by FLUENT 6.3 software. The
numerical analysis revealed that with the increase of the head,
blade number, the head and static pressure of the model
become greater, but the efficiency of centrifugal pump varies
with number of blades.
D. SUMMARY OF LITARATURE REVIEW
Various authors proved that below listed parameters
have influence on the performance of centrifugal pump but the
research not has been done on the area of cavitation. As the
number of impellers changes the performance of the hydraulic
machine also changes. In order to find its influence on
cavitation blade number variations is taken as a parameter.
The cavitation inside the volute and between the impeller
occurs mainly due to alteration in the pressure. So the inlet
and outlet pressure is allowed to vary over a range and find its
effect on the cavitation. The fluid is sucked up in to the pump
due to the difference between pressure inside the pump and
the atmospheric pressure. As the fluid enters to the system and
starts move along with vanes. So the edge angle and inlet flow
angle being contact with the fluid. These parameters like flow
angle and edge angle are also affect the performance of the
pump. In order to find the effect of these parameters in the
performance of the pump further investigations are necessary.
Based on the literature review, the following objectives have
been found for the present study.
 To accurately predict the cavitational behavior of the
centrifugal pump with the help of Computational Fluid
Dynamics.
 To present the cavitation model in a centrifugal pump
impeller without the use of experimental works.
 To shows how the operating conditions and input
parameters affect the impeller geometry.
 To modify the blade flow passage this affects the
development of cavitation. To design centrifugal
impellers that can operate more efficiently and quietly.
III. VALIDATION OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION
Ansys Blade Gen was used to simulate the inner
flow field under non cavitation condition. The standard k
-ε turbulence Model applied to solve the RANS
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 International Conference on Current Research in Engineering Science and Technology (ICCREST-2016)
equations. The simulation is steady and moving reference
frame is applied to take into account the impeller volute
interaction.
ANSYS BladeGen is a geometry creation tool that
is specialized for turbo machinery blades. BladeGen is a
component of ANSYS Blade Modeler. The Blade
Modeler software is a specialized, easy to use tool for the
rapid 3-D design of rotating machinery components.
Incorporating extensive turbo machinery expertise into a
user-friendly graphical environment, the software can be
used to design axial, mixed-flow and radial blade
components in applications such as pumps, compressors,
fans, blowers, turbines, expanders, turbochargers,
inducers and others. In order to devolop the blade model
following parameters are taken in to the concideration.
Flow rate, Q= 50 m3/hr
Head, H = 32 m
Rotation speed, N = 2900 r.p.m.
Specific speed Ns =92.7
Blade number, Z= 5
Inlet flow angle, =90º
Trailing edge angle, = 33º
Inlet pressure, =283000 Pa
Outlet pressure, =300000 Pa
Velocity inlet, = 2.88 m/s
Fig.1 impeller model
The model created in the Blade Gen software is shown in
fig. 1. After the generation of the blade it is meshed in to
fine number of nodes for effective analysis.
Fig.2 Meshed impeller model
For the effective analysis of the impeller geometry should me
meshed to fine number of contours. The fig.2 shows the
meshed geometry of a five blade impeller. For variations of
each number of blades, numerical simulation result is listed.
Corresponding experimental NPSHR taken from the paper,
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which is provided in the table, I .the data is drawn in the
graphical form in the fig.3. Deviations of the numerical
simulation from experimental result are minimum. There for
simulation results are valid.
Table I VARIATIONS OF NUMERICAL DATA
Blade Experimental Numerical %
number(Z) NPSHR(m) NPSHR(m) error
4 4.04 4.07 1.4
5 3.68 3.63 1.3
6 4.66 4.22 9.4
7 4.95 5.02 7
Fig.3. NPSHR and blade number
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The number of impeller is an important design
parameter among pumps, which affects the characteristics of
pump heavily. The investigation focuses mostly on the
performance characteristics of axis flow pumps, the influence
of blade number on inner flow filed and characteristics of
centrifugal pump has not been understood completely.
Therefore, the methods of numerical simulation and
experimental verification are used to investigate the effects of
blade number on flow field and characteristics of a centrifugal
pump.
A. Effect Of Blade Number On Pump Characteristics
The blade number of impeller is an important design
parameter of pumps, which affects the characteristics of pump
heavily. At present, the investigation focuses mostly on the
performance characteristics of axis flow pumps, the influence
of blade number on inner flow filed and characteristics of
centrifugal pump has not been understood completely.
Therefore, the methods of numerical simulation and
experimental verification are used to investigate the effects of
blade number on flow field and characteristics of a centrifugal
pump. The model pump has a design specific speed of 92.7
and an impeller with 5 blades. The blade number is varied to
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 International Conference on Current Research in Engineering Science and Technology (ICCREST-2016)
4, 5, 6, 7.The following figure shows vapour content and Table II BLADE NUMBER AND AMOUNT OF VOLUME FRACTION
pressure generation in a 5 number impeller.
Blade number(Z) contours of volume
When blade number is increased to 5, it s clear that pressure is
fraction
also rising according to the increment. There is an
accumulation of pressure at the edge of the impeller. This is 4 0.976
the static pressure developed inside the pump. The pressure
5 0.955
contours for the five number of blade is shown in the fig.4.
6 0.981
7 0.875

Fig.4. Contours of pressure fraction

As the number of blade is increases to 5, there is a decrement

in the development of vapour. The maximum amount of
vapour content is much minimum than the 4 impeller blades.
The vapour concentration for the 5 impeller blade is shown in Fig.6 volume fraction and blade number
fig.5.
B. Variations Of Outlet Pressures
The second parameter selected for the study is suction and
delivery gauge pressure. the normal pressure range is lies
between 250000 Pa and 300000Pa. So in this tests fix the
number of impeller is fixing as 5 from the previous
observations. The contour of static pressure for the impeller
outlet pressure 305000 is shown in the fig.6. There is a large
lever rising of the pressure in the impeller.

Fig.5. contours of volume fraction

From the fig.4 and 5 we conclude that the chance of cavitation

parameter is less at blade number, Z=5. This is because net
positive suction head required is increasing as the number of
blade increases. In the 7 number of blade, cavitation is found
the minimum value compared to all other number of blades.
But the NPSHR is quite high for this number of blade. Thus Fig.7. Contours of static pressure
the default value of number of blade is set as 5. Further
analyses are done on this default value. The contours of When the pump of impeller 5 is operating under the pressure
volume fraction list out in the table I. From the graphical range, detection of cavitation is minimum. At this operating
representation of data in the fig.6 from t the table II shows 7 condition is very much suitable for the operation. This is
number of blade impeller having minimum amount of shown in the fig.7.
cavitation. But for seven number of blade impeller, having
quite large value in head. From the fig.3 it can be concluded
that five number of having minimum amount if vapour
generation. So the blade number is selected as five.

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 International Conference on Current Research in Engineering Science and Technology (ICCREST-2016)
V. CONCLUSION
The effects of blade number, inlet and outlet
pressures, and characteristics of centrifugal pump were
researched by using the methods of numerical simulation. The
main research conclusions are below. With the increase of
blade number, the head of centrifugal pump grows all the
time, the change regulations of efficiency and NPSHR are
complex, but there is an optimum value for the best efficiency
and cavitation characteristics, the optimum blade number of
the model pump in this paper for is 7 and 5 blades. The head
required for the pump is quite large for seven impeller blade.
Fig.8. Contours of volume fraction But in the case of five number of blade head is minimum and
amount of cavitation is also minimum. So the model pump
In this study we set the input pressure value (283000 with the 5 blades has the best general characteristics.
Pa) is setting as a default value and outlet pressure is varying. With increasing the outlet gauge pressure with
This is why because In centrifugal pump the fluid is sucked in respect to the inlet pressure the volume fraction amount is in
to the volute from the normal pressure to tremendous high decreasing manner. The optimum pressure value for the
pressure. Both fig.6 and 7 shows the static pressure and minimum occurrence of cavitation is 305000Pa.
amount of volume fraction occurred in the 5 number impeller Effectve opertion of centrifugal pump with minimum
blade with 305000Pa.From the observations in fig.8 drawn catational effect canbe achived by operatiing the pump in
according to the table II, we can find out that while increasing above mentioned conditions.
the outlet gauge pressure with a constant value with the inlet
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