A.

Standards for reuse water

Greywater reuse is promising alternative water source, which could be exploited on a continuous
basis and treated for non-potable uses (Chong et al., 2015). Recycling the water can help people’s
daily lives. Reduce water bills, use fewer water resources, cut down the amount of pollution going
into waterways, etc., are some of the advantages of reusing wastewater. Greywater treatment
methods vary based on site conditions and greywater characteristics. The design of a greywater
treatment system primarily depends on water quality, the quantity to be treated, and the reuse
applications. And here are the parameters and standards for water quality to achieve if the treated
greywater is ready to reuse.

Parameter Existing Standard Parameter Standard for the

Reprovisioned Sha Tin
WTW South Works
pH at 25oC 8.2-8.8 pH at 25oC 8.2-8.8
Colour Not exceeding 5 Colour Not exceeding 5 Hazen
Hazen units units
Turbidity Not exceeding 1.5 Turbidity Not exceeding 1.0 NTU,
NTU and not exceeding 0.3
NTU in 95% of daily
samples in any month
Iron(Fe) Not exceeding 0.1 Iron(Fe) Not exceeding 0.1 mg/L
mg/L
Manganese(Mn) Not exceeding 0.05 Manganese(Mn) Not exceeding 0.05 mg/L
mg/L
Aluminum(Al) Not exceeding 0.10 Aluminum(Al) Not exceeding 0.05 mg/L
mg/L
Free residual 0.5-1.5 mg/L Free residual 0.5-1.5 mg/L
chlorine chlorine
Fluoride(F) ± 10% of norminal Fluoride(F) ± 10% of norminal level
level (current 0.5 (current 0.5 mg/L)
mg/L)
Taste and odour Unobjectionable Taste and odour Unobjectionable
 Total Coliforms & Absent Total Coliforms & Absent
E.coli (no/100mL) E.coli (no/100mL)
Table 1: World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for water quality
Table 1 above shows all the regulatory parameters and standards of World Health Organization
Guideline. This guideline outlines microbiological requirements without considering the other
physical and chemical parameters.

B. Screening
Wastewater contains solids particles and grit that can interfere with treatment processes or cause
undue mechanical wear and increased maintenance on wastewater treatment equipment.
Preliminary treatment removes these constituents from the influent wastewater.
Screening is the first unit operation used at wastewater treatment plants. Screening separates or
removes solid particles, mixtures or grains to prevent damage and clogging of downstream
equipment, piping and appurtenances. Fine screen is typically used to remove material that may
create operation and maintenance problems in downstream processes, particularly in systems that
lack primary treatment. Very fine screens with openings of 0.2 to 1.5 mm (0.01 to 0.06 in) placed
after fine screens can reduce suspended solids to levels near those achieved by primary
clarification.
Grit removal is also part of the preliminary treatment. Grit includes sand, gravel, cinder, or other
heavy solid materials that are “heavier” (higher specific gravity) than the organic biodegradable
solids in the wastewater. Grit also includes eggshells, bone chips, seeds, coffee grounds, and large
organic particles, such as food waste. Removal of grit prevents unnecessary abrasion and wear of
mechanical equipment, grit deposition in pipelines and channels, and accumulation of grit in
anaerobic digesters and aeration basins.
Table below shows the mesh number of different materials:
Mesh Number Inches Microns Material
14 0.05560 1400
28 0.0280 700 Beach Sand
60 0.0098 250 Fine Sand
100 0.0059 150
200 0.0029 74 Portland Cement
325 0.0017 44 Silt
400 0.0015 37 Plant Pollen
(1200) 0.0002 12 Red Blood Cells
(48,000) 0.0001 2 Cigarette Smoke
Table 2: Mesh number of different materials
 Mesh size is usually denominated in mm or microns however it can also be assigned a mesh
number which is a number of holes per inch. A micron (µm) is one thousandth of a millimeter or
twenty-five thousandth of an inch. The mesh numbers in parentheses are too small to exist as
actual screen sizes; they are estimated and included just for reference.

Therefore, mesh number 60 for sand is preferable to use for filter system based on the reference
given.

REFERENCES
1. AZoM. (May 15,2002). Particle size-US Sieve Series and Tyler Mesh Size Equivalents.

2. Chang, A. A.-K. (Decembe, 2015). REVIEW OF THE GREYWATER AND PROPOSED

GREYWATER RECYCLING SCHEME FOR AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION
REUSES.

3. CHOUGULE, J. S. (n.d.). Greywater - Treatment and Reuse. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and
Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE).

4. EPA. (September 1999). Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet Screening and Grit Removal.

5. George Schlender, R. B. (September 1997). Water Reclamation and Reuse Standards.

6. Gil Hantzsch, M. P. (August 2007). Recirculating Media Filter Technology Assessment and
Design Guidance.

7. Mesh vs. Micron Comparison Chart . (n.d.). NETAFIM.

8. Ms. Anne Butler, M. G. (1995). WASTE WATER TREATMENT MANUALS-PRELIMINARY

TREATMENT.

9. Rousseau, S. S. (24-26 January 2011). Natural Systems for Water and Wastewater Treatment
and Reuse.