ASSIGNMENT (REINFORCE CONCRETE)

1. What are the properties of steel reinforcement used as construction material?

Steel is commonly used for construction along with concrete; they have different characteristic
when it comes to use. When we speak about steel in construction stuff, the word rebar is the first
word that would come out in our minds.

Rebar or reinforce concrete is commonly known as steel reinforcement. It is used as tension device
in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in
compression.

We all know that concrete is very good when it comes to compression stress but not in tensile
stress. While on the other hand, steel is very good when it comes to tensile stress.

Steel is idea for reinforced concrete in constructions due to some unique factors:

 Elastic properties- Steel consist of a high moduli. Due to this, it is not require to add bars to
provide the same serviceability. It has similar elastic properties under both tensile and
compression loads.
 Elongation under load- It contains important elongation under load providing for well-
defined cracks in the structure especially in overloading conditions.
 Uniform properties in 3D- Has uniform properties in all aspects and shear strength is the
same to its longitudinal strength.
 Yield- In loads less than yield, steel shows elastic properties that enable structure to
rebound upon reloading.
 Strength retention- Under extreme heat, steel manages to withstand temperature before it
strength and ductility properties change.
 Joining- Rebar can be joined using welding or couplers that have similar strength to that of
reinforcing steel.

2. What are the different philosophies in design? Explain each.

In designing a structure, the process of selecting proper materials and proportioned elements of the
structure, according to the art, engineering science and technology must be work on and consider.
In order to accomplish the purpose, the structure must meet its conditions of safety, serviceability,
economy and functionality.

Philosophies of design have long been dominant. The working stress method is focusing on
conditions at service load; it’s the principal method used on early 1900s to 1960s. Today, strength
design method is used, focusing on conditions where loads are greater than service loads where
failure may be present.

Strength design method

Also call the ultimate strength method. It is centered on the ultimate strength of the structural
members supposing a failure condition, whether it is due to crushing of concrete or the yield of the
rebars. There is additional strength in the bar after yielding, this additional strength in the bar is not
deliberated in the analysis or design or reinforced concrete members. In this method, actual loads re
multiplied by load factor to get the ultimate design loads. High percentage of factor for safety is
required in the design. The ACI code emphasizes this method of design.

ACI code is a standard of the American Concrete Institute. It is partly a specification-type code,
which incorporate acceptable design and construction methods in detail.

Working Stress Design

The design idea is based on elastic theory, supposing a straight line stress distribution along the
depth of the concrete. Actual loads acting on the structure are assessed and members are balanced
on the basis of allowable stresses both in concrete and steel. The allowable stresses are fractions of
crushing strength of concrete (fc’) and the yield strength (fy). Due to differences over the past
decades, the strength method has displaced the older stress design method.

Limit State Design

An additional step in the strength design method which indicates the state of the member in which
it concludes to meet service requirements. In example, losing its ability to endure external loads or
local damage. According to this, reinforced concrete must be analyzed into three limit states:

1. Load carrying capacity involving safety, stability and durability.

2. Deformation involving deflection, vibration and impact.
3. Formation of cracks.

The aim of this study is to guarantee that no limiting state will appear in the structural member
during its service life.