Waves EQ MS

1.
(a) Optical interference effects can be observed by the superposition of light waves from
coherent sources. Explain the meanings of the words in italics.
superposition ..............................................................................................................
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coherent .....................................................................................................................
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(2)
(b) A laser, emitting light, is used to illuminate two parallel slits, giving coherent sources.
(i) Interference takes place where light beams from the two slits overlap.
With the aid of a diagram, explain how this overlap is produced.
(ii) State and explain what two changes you would expect in the fringe system if each
of the slits were made narrower, but their separation were kept the same.
change 1 ...........................................................................................................
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change 2 ...........................................................................................................
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(4)
(Total 6 marks)
–7
2. Red light of wavelength 7.00 × 10 m, incident normally on a diffraction grating, gave a first
order maximum at an angle of 75°.
(a) Calculate the spacing of the diffraction grating.
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(1)
Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 1

(b) Calculate the angle at which the first order maximum for violet light of wavelength
–7
4.50 × 10 m would be observed.
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(1)
(c) At what angle or angles would a detector receive radiation which is of wavelength
–7
7.50 × 10 m transmitted by the grating? Explain your answer.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
3. Explain the differences between an undamped progressive transverse wave and a stationary
transverse wave, in terms of (i) amplitude, (ii) phase and (iii) energy transfer.
(i) amplitude
progressive wave ..............................................................................................
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stationary wave .................................................................................................
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(ii) phase
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stationary wave .................................................................................................
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(iii) energy transfer
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stationary wave .................................................................................................

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(Total 5 marks)
4. The diagram for this question is drawn to scale and 1 mm on the diagram represents an actual
distance of 5 mm.
R
S1
S2
Y '
S1 and S2 are identical coherent transmitters emitting, in phase, microwaves with a wavelength
of 25 mm. They are positioned 250mm apart on a horizontal surface and a detector can be placed
anywhere along the line YY¢ which is in the same plane as the transmitters and parallel to the
line containing S1 and S2.
(a) Explain what is meant by coherent.
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(2)
(b) By making measurements on the diagram and using the scale, determine the number of
wavelengths in the path
(i) S1R,
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(ii) S2R.
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(iii) Use your answers to (i) and (ii) to determine whether or not you expect the signal
received by a detector placed at R to be a maximum. Explain your answer.
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(5)
(c) Describe how you would expect the signal strength to vary as the detector is moved from
R to P via Q.
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(2)
(d) Calculate the frequency of the microwaves.
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(1)
(Total 10 marks)
5. (a)

w h ite s c re e n
n = 5 0 .8 6 0 m
n = 4 0 .6 8 7 m
n o t to s c a le
n = 3 0 .4 9 9 m
n = 2 0 .3 1 6 m
g r a tin g n = 1 0 .1 7 3 m
c e n tra l
la s e r
m a x im u m
2 .0 m
figure 1
In a laboratory experiment, monochromatic light of wavelength 633 nm from a laser is

incident normal to a diffraction grating. The diffracted waves are received on a white
screen which is parallel to the plane of the grating and 2.0 m from it. Figure 1 shows the
positions of the diffraction maxima with distances measured from the central maximum.
By means of a graphical method, use all these measurements to determine a mean value
for the number of rulings per unit length of the grating.
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(6)

(b) Describe and explain the effect, if any, on the appearance of the diffraction pattern of
(i) using a grating which has more rulings per unit length,
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(ii) using a laser source which has a shorter wavelength,
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(iii) increasing the distance between the grating and the screen.
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(6)

(c) Figure 2, below, shows the diffracted waves from four narrow slits of a diffraction grating
similar to the one described in part (a). The slit separation
AB = BC = CD = DE = d and EQ is a line drawn at a tangent to several wavefronts and
which makes an angle q with the grating.
figure 2
(i) Explain why the waves advancing perpendicular to EQ will reinforce if superposed.
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
(ii) Show that this will happen when sin q = d .
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(3)
(Total 15 marks)
6. The diagram shows two identical loudspeakers, A and B, placed 0.75 m apart. Each loudspeaker
emits sound of frequency 2000 Hz.
n o t to s c a le
A E
0 .7 5 m C
B D
5 .0 m
Point C is on a line midway between the speakers and 5.0 m away from the line joining the
speakers. A listener at C hears a maximum intensity of sound. If the listener then moves from C
to E or D, the sound intensity heard decreases to a minimum. Further movement in the same
direction results in the repeated increase and decrease in the sound intensity.
–1
speed of sound in air = 330 m s
(a) Explain why the sound intensity
(i) is a maximum at C,
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(ii) is a minimum at D or E.
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(4)

(b) Calculate
(i) the wavelength of the sound,
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(ii) the distance CE.
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(4)
(Total 8 marks)
7. (a)
w h ite s c re e n
n = 5 0 .8 6 0 m
n = 4 0 .6 8 7 m
n o t to s c a le
n = 3 0 .4 9 9 m
n = 2 0 .3 1 6 m
g r a tin g n = 1 0 .1 7 3 m
c e n tra l
la s e r
m a x im u m
2 .0 m
figure 1
In a laboratory experiment, monochromatic light of wavelength 633 nm from a laser is

incident normal to a diffraction grating. The diffracted waves are received on a white
screen which is parallel to the plane of the grating and 2.0 m from it. Figure 1 shows the
positions of the diffraction maxima with distances measured from the central maximum.

By means of a graphical method, use all these measurements to determine a mean value
for the number of rulings per unit length of the grating.
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(6)

(b) Describe and explain the effect, if any, on the appearance of the diffraction pattern of
(i) using a grating which has more rulings per unit length,
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(ii) using a laser source which has a shorter wavelength,
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(iii) increasing the distance between the grating and the screen.
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(6)

(c) Figure 2, below, shows the diffracted waves from four narrow slits of a diffraction grating
similar to the one described in part (a). The slit separation
AB = BC = CD = DE = d and EQ is a line drawn at a tangent to several wavefronts and
which makes an angle q with the grating.
figure 2
(i) Explain why the waves advancing perpendicular to EQ will reinforce if superposed.
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
(ii) Show that this will happen when sin q = d .
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(3)
(Total 15 marks)
8. (a) For a sound wave travelling through air, explain what is meant by particle displacement,
amplitude and wavelength.
Particle displacement..............................................................................................
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amplitude ..............................................................................................................
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wavelength...............................................................................................................
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(4)

(b)
d is p la c e m e n t d is p la c e m e n t
tim e d is ta n c e a lo n g
w ave
g ra p h A g ra p h B
Graph A shows the variation of particle displacement with time at a point on the path of a
progressive wave of constant amplitude.
Graph B shows the variation of particle displacement with distance along the same wave
at a particular instant.
(i) Show on graph A
(1) the wave amplitude, a,
(2) the period, T, of the vibrations providing the wave.
(ii) Show on graph B
(1) the wavelength of the wave, ,
(2) two points, P and Q, which are always p/2 out of phase.
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
9. (a) A helium-neon laser produces monochromatic light of wavelength 632.8 nm which falls
normally on a diffraction grating. A first order maximum is produced at an angle of 18.5°
measured from the normal to the grating.
Calculate
(i) the number of lines per metre on the grating,
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(ii) the highest order which is observable.
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(6)
(b) When the grating is used with a different monochromatic source, the first order maximum
is observed at an angle of 17.2°
Calculate the wavelength of this second source.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
10. (a) A double slit interference experiment is set up in a laboratory using a source of yellow
–7
monochromatic light of wavelength 5.86 × 10 m. The separation of the two vertical
parallel slits is 0.36 mm and the distance from the slits to the plane where the fringes are
observed is 1.80m.
(i) Describe the appearance of the fringes.
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(ii) Calculate the fringe separation, and also the angle between the middle of the central
fringe and the middle of the second bright fringe.
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(iii) Explain why more fringes will be seen if each of the slits is made narrower,
assuming that no other changes are made.
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(8)
–7
(b) Light of wavelength 5.86 × 10 m falls at right angles on a diffraction grating which has
400 lines per mm.
(i) Calculate the angle between the straight through image and the first order image.
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(ii) Determine the highest order image which can be seen with this arrangement.
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(5)
(c) Give two reasons why the diffraction grating arrangement is more suitable for the accurate
measurement of the wavelength of light than the two-slit interference arrangement.
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(2)
(Total 15 marks)

11. Stationary waves in air can be demonstrated using a long horizontal tube which contains fine
powder. With a loudspeaker connected to a signal generator positioned at one end of the tube,
stationary waves are formed by reflection of waves from the ends of the tube. The diagram
shows part of the tube in such an arrangement. The powder forms heaps at nodes.
–1
Speed of sound waves in air = 340 m s
P Q
0 .2 7 m
(a) Determine
(i) the wavelength of the waves,
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(ii) the frequency of vibration of the loudspeaker.
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(2)
(b) Distinguish between longitudinal waves and transverse waves and state which type of
wave is being generated in the tube.
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(3)
(c) P and Q are two points in the tube. Compare the motion of air particles at P with the
motion of air particles at Q with reference to
(i) frequency,
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(ii) amplitude,
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(iii) phase.
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
12. (a) A double slit interference experiment is set up in a laboratory using a source of yellow
monochromatic light of wavelength 5.86 × 10–7 m. The separation of the two vertical
parallel slits is 0.36 mm and the distance from the slits to the plane where the fringes are
observed is 1.80 m.
(i) Describe the appearance of the fringes.
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(ii) Calculate the fringe separation, and also the angle between the middle of the central
fringe and the middle of the second bright fringe.
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(iii) Explain why more fringes will be seen if each of the slits is made narrower,
assuming that no other changes are made.
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–7
(b) Light of wavelength 5.86 × 10 Tim falls at right angles on a diffraction grating which
has 400 lines per mm.
(i) Calculate the angle between the straight through image and the first order image.
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(ii) Determine the highest order image which can be seen with this arrangement.
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(5)
(c) Give two reasons why the diffraction grating arrangement is more suitable for the accurate
measurement of the wavelength of light than the two-slit interference arrangement.
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(2)
(Total 15 marks)

13. The graph shows the variation of displacement of the particles with distance along a stationary
transverse wave at time t = 0 when the displacement of the particles is greatest. The period of the
vibrations causing the wave is 0.040 s.
d is p la c e m e n t
/m m Z
20
W
0
20 60 100 120
40 80
d is ta n c e /m m
20
V
(a) Using the same axes,
(i) draw the appearance of the wave at t = 0.010 s, labelling this graph B,
(ii) draw the appearance of the wave at t = 0.020 s, labelling this graph C,
(iii) show an antinode labelled A and a node labelled N.
(3)
(b) (i) Describe the motion of the particle at V, giving its frequency and amplitude.
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(ii) State the amplitude of the particle at W and its phase relations with the particle at V
and the particle at Z.
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(6)
(Total 9 marks)

14.
sc re e n
n a rro w s lit
la s e r
F ig u r e 1
Red light from a laser is passed through a single narrow slit, as shown in Figure 1. A pattern of
bright and dark regions can be observed on the screen which is placed several metres beyond the
slit.
(a) The pattern on the screen may be represented as a graph of intensity against distance
along the screen. The graph has been started in outline in Figure 2. The central bright
region is already shown. Complete this graph to represent the rest of the pattern by
drawing on Figure 2.
in te n s ity
d ista n c e a lo n g s c re e n
c e n tre o f p a tte rn
F ig u r e 2
(4)
(b) State the effect on the pattern if each of the following changes is made separately.
(i) The width of the narrow slit is reduced.
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(ii) With the original slit width, the intense red source is replaced with an intense source
of green light.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
15. The diagram shows two closely spaced narrow slits illuminated by light from a single slit in
front of a monochromatic light source. A microscope is used to view the pattern of bright and
dark fringes formed by light from the two slits.
m o n o c h r o m a tic
lig h t s o u rc e a x is
m ic ro s c o p e
s in g le s lit
p a ir o f n a rro w s lits
(a) (i) Explain qualitatively why these fringes are formed.
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(ii) Describe what is observed if one of the narrow slits is covered by an opaque object.
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(8)
(b) The microscope is replaced by a fibre-optic detector linked to a computer. The detector
consists of the flat end of many optical fibres fixed together along a line. The other end of
each optical fibre is attached to a light-sensitive diode in a circuit connected to a
computer. The signal to the computer from each diode is in proportion to the intensity of
light incident on the diode. The computer display shows how the intensity of light at the
detector varies along the line of the detector when both of the narrow slits are open.
c e n tre o f
d e te c to r, C
in te n s ity
d e te c to r
m o n o c h ro m a tic
lig h t s o u r c e
c a b le to
s in g le s lit c o m p u te r
C
p a ir o f n a rro w
d is ta n c e f ro m C
s lits
d is p la y s e e n o n c o m p u te r
(i) Describe and explain how the pattern on the display would change if the slit
separation were increased.
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(ii) Each fibre consists of a core of refractive index 1.50 surrounded by cladding of
refractive index 1.32. Calculate the critical angle at the core-cladding boundary.
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(iii) The diagram below shows a light ray entering an optical fibre at point P on the flat
end of the fibre. The angle of incidence of this light ray at the core-cladding
boundary is equal to the critical angle. On the diagram, sketch the path of another
light ray from air, incident at the same point P, which is totally internally reflected
at the core-cladding boundary.
c la d d in g
a ir
P
c o re
c la d d in g
(7)
(Total 15 marks)
16. A vertical screen is placed several metres beyond a vertical double slit arrangement illuminated
by a laser. The diagram below shows a full-size tracing of the pattern of spots obtained on this
screen. The black patches represent red light whilst the spaces between them are dark.

(a) Using the wave theory, explain how the pattern of bright and dark patches is formed.
You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication provided in your
answer.
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(3)
(b) The slit separation was 0.90 mm and the distance between the slits and the screen was 4.2
m.
(i) Calculate the spacing of the bright fringes by taking measurements on the diagram
of the tracing.
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(ii) Hence determine the wavelength of the laser light used.
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)

17.
m e ta l p la te
d e te c to r
m ovem ent
m ic ro w a v e
tra n s m itte r
A microwave transmitter directs waves towards a metal plate. When a microwave detector is
moved along a line normal to the transmitter and the plate, it passes through a sequence of
equally spaced maxima and minima of intensity.
(a) Explain how these maxima and minima are formed.
You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your answer.
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(4)
(b) The detector is placed at a position where the intensity is a minimum. When it is moved a
distance of 144 mm it passes through nine maxima and reaches the ninth minimum from
the starting point.
Calculate
(i) the wavelength of the microwaves,
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(ii) the frequency of the microwave transmitter.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
18. (a) State the conditions that are necessary for the formation of a stationary wave.
You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication provided in your
answer.
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(2)
(b)
P Q R S
1 .2 0 m
Figure 1
The diagram represents a stationary wave on a stretched string. The continuous line shows
the position of the string at a particular instant when the displacement is a maximum. P
and S are the fixed ends of the string. Q and R are the positions of the nodes. The speed of
–1
waves on the string is 200 m s .
(i) State the wavelength of the waves on the string.
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(ii) Calculate the frequency of vibration.
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(iii) Draw on the diagram the position of the string 3.0 ms later than the position shown.
Explain below how you arrive at your answer.
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(5)
(Total 7 marks)
19. (a) The diagram below shows an arrangement used to investigate the properties of
microwaves.
X T R Y
tra n s m itte r re c e iv e r
When the transmitter T was rotated through 90° about the straight line XY, the receiver
signal decreased to zero. Explain why this happened and state the property of microwaves
responsible for this effect.
You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your answer.
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(3)
(b) A microwave oven produces microwaves of wavelength 0.12 m in air.
(i) Calculate the frequency of these microwaves.
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(ii) In a certain oven, explain why food heated in a fixed position in this oven would be
uncooked at certain points if stationary waves were allowed to form.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
20. The diagram below shows a section of a diffraction grating. Monochromatic light of wavelength
 is incident normally on its surface. Light waves diffracted through angle q form the second
order image after passing through a converging lens (not shown). A, B and C are adjacent slits
on the grating.
C q
d E
B D
d
(a) (i) State the phase difference between the waves at A and D.
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(ii) State the path length between C and E in terms of .
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(iii) Use your results to show that, for the second order image,
2 = d sin q,
where d is the distance between adjacent slits.
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(3)
5 –1
(b) A diffraction grating has 4.5 × 10 lines m . It is being used to investigate the line
spectrum of hydrogen, which contains a visible blue-green line of wavelength 486 nm.
Determine the highest order diffracted image that could be produced for this spectral
line by this grating.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
21. A plane–polarised laser beam is incident on a sheet of polaroid. The power of the transmitted
laser beam is controlled by rotating the sheet of polaroid, as shown in Figure 1.
tra n s m itte d b e a m
in c id e n t p la n e -p o la ris e d
la s e r b e a m s h e e t o f p o la ro id
Figure 1
(a) Use the axes in Figure 2 to sketch a graph to show how the power of the transmitted beam
varies with the angle of rotation, q, of the polaroid from its position at
maximum transmitted power for one complete rotation of the polaroid sheet.
(3)

tra n s m itte d
pow er
0 90 180 270 360

q /d e g re e
Figure 2
(b) The laser beam has a power of 0.50 mW and consists of monochromatic light of
wavelength 650 nm.
(i) Calculate the energy of a photon emitted by the laser.
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(ii) Calculate how many photons the laser emits each second.
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2
(iii) The laser beam has an area of cross-section of 1.8 mm . When it is directed
normally at a polaroid of thickness 1.0 mm, orientated for maximum
absorption, almost all the incident light entering the polaroid is absorbed.
Estimate the average number of photons absorbed per second by an atom, of
diameter 0.30 nm, of the polaroid material.
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(6)
(Total 9 marks)

22. A diffraction grating was used to measure the wavelength of a certain line of a line emission
spectrum.
(a) The grating had 600 lines per millimetre. The angle of diffraction of the second order line
was 35.8°.
(i) Calculate the wavelength of this line.
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...........................................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the energy, in eV, of a photon of this wavelength.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(5)

(b) The line emission spectrum observed in part (a) was produced by a hot gas.
(i) The energy level diagram for the atoms that produced the line spectrum is shown in
the diagram below. Mark on the diagram a vertical arrow to show the electron
transition between the two levels that produced photons of energy 6.8 eV.
________________
0 E
________________
–2.2 eV D
________________
–5.2 eV C
________________
–7.8 eV B
________________
–12.0 eV A
(ii) The temperature of the gas was 5000 K. Show that the mean kinetic energy of a gas
atom at this temperature is 0.65 eV.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

(iii) Describe how the atoms of a gas produce a line emission spectrum and explain why
the gas at a temperature of 5000 K can produce a line of the wavelength calculated
in part (a)(i).
You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your
answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 11 marks)
23. (a) State the characteristic features of
(i) longitudinal waves,
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(ii) transverse waves.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) Daylight passes horizontally through a fixed polarising filter P. An observer views the
light emerging through a second polarising filter Q, which may be rotated in a vertical
plane about point X as shown in Figure 1.
p o la ris in g
filte r
P
p o la ris in g
d a y lig h t filte r
Q
o b se rv e r
ro ta tio n a b o u t X
Figure 1
Describe what the observer would see as Q is rotated slowly through 360°.
You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication provided in
your answer.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
24. (a) State what is meant by coherent sources of light.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)
screen
s lits
s lit
S 1
m o n o c h ro m a tic
so u rc e S
S 2
Figure 1
Young’s fringes are produced on the screen from the monochromatic source by the
arrangement shown in Figure 1.
You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your answers.
(i) Explain why slit S should be narrow.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(ii) Why do slits S1 and S2 act as coherent sources?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)

(c) The pattern on the screen may be represented as a graph of intensity against position on
the screen. The central fringe is shown on the graph in Figure 2. Complete this graph to
represent the rest of the pattern by drawing on Figure 2.
in te n s ity
p o s itio n o n th e s c re e n
c e n tre o f p a tte rn
Figure 2
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
25. (a) superposition

two or more vibrations(or waves) give a single vibration (or wave) (1)
coherent
same wavelength (or frequency) and constant phase relationship (1) 2
fr in g e s in
o v e rla p
(b) (i)
diagram showing overlap (1)

waves diffracted at slits, stated or shown (1)
(ii) diffraction pattern wider (or more overlap or more diffraction) (1)
more fringes (1)
fringes less bright because less light through narrow slit (1) max 4
[6]
 n  (1  7.00  10 –7 )
 
d =  sin q  = sin 75 –7
26. (a) = 7.2 × 10 m (accept 7.3) (1) 1

 4.5  10 –7 
 
 1  7.2  10 – 7 
(b) q = sin–1   = 39° (accept 38°) (1) 1
 7.5  10 –7
(c) d = 7.2  10 – 7 > 1 (or sin q > 1) (1)
0° (or straight through position) because no first order line (1) 2
[4]
27. amplitude: each point along wave (1)

has same amplitude for progressive wave
but varies for stationary wave (1)
phase: progressive wave, adjacent points vibrate with different phase (1)
stationary wave, between nodes all particles vibrate in phase
[or there are only two phases] (1)
energy transfer: progressive wave, energy is transferred through space (1)

stationary wave, energy is not transferred through space (1) max 5
[5]
28. (a) constant phase relationship (1) (1)

[or same frequency (wavelength) (1) and same phase difference (1)] 2
(b) S1R = 15cm on diagram (1) =75cm \ 30 waves (1)

S2R = 16cm on diagram (1) = 80cm \ 32 waves (1)
2 whole waves difference so in phase at R (1) maximum (1) max 5
(c) (falls then rises to) maximum at Q (1)

(then falls and rises to) maximum at P (1) 2
 c 3.0  108
 
f    = 25  10 = 1.2 × 10 Hz (or 12 GHz) (1)
–3 10
(d) 1
[10]
29. (a)
x/m sin q
1 0.173 0.086
2 0.316 0.156
3 0.499 0.242
4 0.687 0.325
5 0.860 0.395

1
If angles only calculated 1/2
at least 4 points plotted correctly (1)

best straight line (1)
gradient calculated from suitable triangle, 50% of each axis (1)
correct value from readings (1)
appropriate use of d sin q = n (1)
5 –1
hence N (rulings per metre) = 1.25 × 10 m (1.1 to 1.4 ok) (1)
max 2/6 if no graph and more than one data set used correctly, 1/6 only one set
if tan calc but plotted as sin, mark as scheme
tan or distance plotted, 0/6 max 6
(b) (i) maxima wider spaced [or pattern brighter] (1)

sin q or q increases with N [or light more concentrated] (1)
(ii) maxima spacing less (1)

sin q or q decreases with  [or statement] (1)
(iii) maxima wider spaced [or pattern less bright] (1)

same q but larger D [or light more spread out] (1) 6
(c) (i) waves in phase from (1)

any sensible ref to coherence (1)
whole number of wavelengths path difference (1)

(ii) use of geometry to show that sin q = d (1) max 3
[15]
30. (a) (i) superposition (1)

between waves in phase (1)
gives constructive interference (1)
(ii) at D or E waves out of phase (1)

so destructive interference (1) max 4
330
3
(b) (i)  = 2  10 = 0.165m (1)
D
separation between maxima = s (1)
 0.165  5 
 
 0.75  = 1.10(m) (1)
1
distance CE (= 2 × separation)= 0.55 m (1) 4
[8]
31. (a)

x/m sin q
1 0.173 0.086
2 0.316 0.156
3 0.499 0.242
4 0.687 0.325
5 0.860 0.395
1
If angles only calculated 1/2

0 .5
0 .4
0 .3
sin q
0 .2
0 .1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
n
at least 4 points plotted correctly (1)

best straight line (1)
gradient calculated from suitable triangle, 50% of each axis (1)
correct value from readings (1)
appropriate use of d sin q = n (1)
5 –1
hence N (rulings per metre) = 1.25 ×10 m (1.1 to 1.4 ok) (1)
max 2/6 if no graph and more than one data set used correctly, 1/6 only one set
if tan calc but plotted as sin, mark as scheme
tan or distance plotted, 0/6 max 6
(b) (i) maxima wider spaced [or pattern brighter] (1)

sin q or q increases with N [or light more concentrated] (1)
(ii) maxima spacing less (1)

sin q or q decreases with  [or statement] (1)
(iii) maxima wider spaced [or pattern less bright] (1)

same q but larger D [or light more spread out] (1) 6
(c) (i) waves in phase from (1)

any sensible ref to coherence (1)
whole number of wavelengths path difference (1)

(ii) use of geometry to show that sin q = d max 3
[15]
32. (a) (i) displacement is distance of particle (1)
from mean [or equilibrium] position (1)
in direction of wave (energy) (1)
amplitude is maximum displacement (1)
wavelength is shortest distance (1)
between two points in phase (1) max 4

tim e
T
(b)
d is ta n c e a lo n g w a v e


any two points 4 apart (1) 4
[8]
° –9
33. (a) (i) (since d sin q = n) d sin l8.5 = 632.8 × 10 (1)
–6
d = 1.99 × 10 (1)
1
5
number of lines per metre = d = 5.01 × 10 (1)
–6 °
(ii) n = 1.99 × 10 sin 90 (1)
1.99
n = – 0.6328 = 3.1(5) (1)
hence highest order is third (1) 6
632.8 10 –9  sin 17.2 

sin 18.5 
or1.99410 –6
 sin 17.2  
(b) new = (1)
= 590nm(1) 2
[8]

34. (a) (i) vertical or parallel (1)
equally spaced (1)
black and yellow [or dark and light] bands (1)

 D  5.86  10 –7  1.8
 
w  s  = 0.36  10
–3
(ii) (1)
–3
= 2.9 × 10 m (1)
2  2.9  10 –3
tan q = 1.8 (1) gives q = 0.18° (1)
(iii) narrower slits give more diffraction (1)

more overlap (so more fringes) (1)
fringes same width (1) max 8
1
3
(b) (i) d = 400  10 (1)
1
400  103 × sin q = 5.86×10–7 (1)
q = 13.6° (1)
(ii) q = 90° and correctly used (1)

1
3 –7
n = 400  10  5.86  10 = 4.3 \ 4th order (1) 5
(c) brighter images (1)

large angles (1)
sharper (or narrower) lines (1) max 2
[15]
 0.270 
  2
35. (a) (i)  3  = 0.18m (1)
 c 340
 
(ii) f    3
= .18 = 1.89 × 10 Hz (1)
0 2
(b) transverse
direction of vibration perpendicular to propagation
[or can be polarised] (1)
longitudinal
direction of vibration parallel to propagation
[or cannot be polarised] (1)
longitudinal (1) 3
(c) (i) frequency same (1)
(ii) ap ñ aq
(iii) phase difference = p (1) 3
[8]

36. (a) (i) vertical or parallel (1)
equally spaced (1)
black and yellow [or dark and light] bands (1)

 D  5.86  10 –7  1.8
 
w  s  = 0.36  10
–3
(ii) (1)
–3
= 2.9 × 10 m (1)
2  2.9  10 –3
tan q = 1.8 (1) gives q = 0.18° (1)
(iii) narrower slits give more diffraction (1)

more overlap (so more fringes) (1)
fringes same width (1) max 8
1
3
(b) (i) d = 400  10 (1)
1
400  103 × sin q = 5.86 × 10–7 (1)
q = 13.6° (1)
(ii) q = 90° and correctly used (1)

1
3 –7
n = 400  10  5.86  10 = 4.3 \ 4th order (1) 5
(c) brighter images (1)

large angles (1)
sharper (or narrower) lines (1) max 2
[15]
37. (a) (i) B line along distance axis (1)
(ii) C negative sine wave starting at O (1)
(iii) A, N (1) 3
(b) (i) s.h.m. [or particle stationary] (1)

amplitude = 20 mm (1)
1
–1
f = T = 25 Hz or s (1)
(ii) 10 mm (1)
W,V phase difference p [or antiphase or 180°] (1)
W,Z in phase (1) 6
[9]
38. (a) graph to show:

maxima of successively smaller intensity (1)
subsidiary maxima/minima equally spaced (1)
(at least two each side of central axis)
width of subsidiary sections half width of central section (1)
symmetrical pattern each side of central axis (1) 4

(b) (i) broader maxima or pattern (1) [or fringes wider apart]
dimmer pattern (1)
(ii) maxima are closer (1) [or narrower fringes]

green and dark regions (1) max 3
[7]
39. (a) (i) fringes formed when light from the two slits overlap (or diffracts) (1)
slits emit waves with a constant phase difference (or coherent) (1)
bright fringe formed where waves reinforce (1)
dark fringe formed where waves cancel (1)
[or if 3rd and 4th not scored, waves interfere (1)]
path difference from slits to fringe =
whole number of wavelengths for a bright fringe (1)
whole number + half a wavelength for a dark fringe (1)
[or phase difference is zero (in phase) for a bright fringe (1)
and 180° for a dark fringe (1)]
(ii) (interference) fringes disappear (1)

single slit diffraction pattern observed
[or single slit interference observed] (1)
central fringe (of single slit pattern) (1)
side fringes narrower than central fringe (1) max 8
(b) (i) fringes closer (1)

(because) each fringe must be closer to the centre for the
same path difference
[or correct use of formula as explanation] (1)
n2 132
.
(ii)
n
sin qc (= 1 ) = 150
. (1) (= 0.88)
qc = 61.6° (1)
(iii) for second light ray, diagram to show:

smaller angle of incidence at P than first ray (1)
point of incidence at core/cladding boundary to right of first ray (1)
total internal reflection drawn correctly or indicated
at point of incidence to right of right angle (1)
[alternative if ray enters at P from above:

correct refraction at P (1)
TIR at boundary if refraction at P is correct (1)
angle of incidence visibly ³ critical angle (1)] 7
[15]
40. (a) slits act as coherent sources (1)

waves/light diffract at slits (1)
waves overlap/superpose/meet/cross (1)
bright patches : constructive/waves in phase/reinforce (1)
dark patches : destructive/waves out of phase/cancel (1) max 3

The Quality of Written Communication marks were awarded for the quality of answers to
this question (2).
76  1(mm)
(b) (i) spacing w = 26 = 3.0 or 2.9 mm (1) (2.92 ± 0.04 mm)
15 or more fringes used (1)

ws 2.92  10 3  0.90  10 3
(ii) (use of  = D gives)  = 4.2 (1)
-7
= 6.62 × 10
(allow C.E. for sensible value of w from (i)) 4
[7]
41. (a) interference or superposition (1)

reflection from metal plate (1)
two waves of the same frequency/wavelength (1)
travelling in opposite directions (or forward/reflected waves) (1)
maxima where waves are in phase or interfere constructively (1)
minima where waves are out of phase/antiphase or interfere destructively (1)
nodes and antinodes or stationary waves identified (1) max 4
QWC 2

(b) (i) (distance between minima = 2 ) (1)
   144 gives
2 9   = 32.0 mm (1)
8 –1
(ii) c = f and c = 3 × 10 (m s ) (1)
3  108
–3
f = 32  10 = 9.38 × 10 Hz (1)
9
(allow C.E. for value of  from (i)) 3
[7]
42. (a) two waves that overlap/meet/superpose (1)

same wavelength or frequency (1)
equal and opposite velocities (1)
same or similar amplitudes (1) max 2
QWC 2
(b) (i) 0.8(0) m (1)
c f   200 
(ii) 
(use of f = gives)  0.8  = 250 Hz (1)
(allow C.E. for value of  from (i))
1 1
(iii) f
(use of T = gives) T = 250 = 4.0 ms (1)
3T 3
3.0 ms = 4 [or 4 of one cycle or vibration (1)
(to be drawn on the diagram)
(1) 5

(allow C.E. for value of T from (ii) if diagram still shows
a stationary wave)
[7]

43. (a) microwaves from transmitter are polarised
[or vibrate in certain plane or direction] (1)
rotating transmitter through 90° rotates plane of
vibration/polarisation of the microwaves (1)
receiver signal becomes zero when receiver is perpendicular
to plane/direction of vibration/polarisation of the microwaves (1) 3
QWC 2
 8

f   3.0  10 
0.12
(b) (i) (use of c = f gives)   = 2.5 × 109 Hz (1)
(ii) no energy/amplitude/intensity/vibrations at nodes (1)

food at nodes would not be heated (1) 3
[6]
44. (a) (i) 0, 2p or 4p [or 0, 360° or 720°] (1)
(ii) 4 (1)
CE
(iii) sin q = AC (1)
BD
[or sin q = AB ]
CE = 4 and AC = 2d (1) (hence result)
[or BD = 2 and AB = d] max 3
(b) (limiting case is when q = 90° or sin q = 1)

2.22  106 (1)
n  d sin q  
   486  10 9 (1) (= 4.6)
highest order is 4th (1) 2
[5]
45. (a) graph to show: maximum power at 0°, 180° and 360° (1)
zero power at 90° and 270° (1)
correct shape and same maximum power at the maxima (1) 3
 8 
f  c  3.0  10– 9
(b) (i)   650  10  = 4.6(2) × 1014 (Hz) (1)
–34 14 –19 –19
E(= hf = 6.63 × 10 × 4.62 × 10 ) = 3.1 × 10 J (1) (3.06 × 10 J)
  0.50  10 –3 
 –19 
number of photons/sec =  3.06  10  = 1.6(3) × 10 (1)
15
(ii)
(allow C.E. for energy of photon from (i)
–9 3 –29 3
(iii) volume of atom [»(0.3 × 10 ) ] = 2.7 × 10 (m ) (1)
–6 –3 –9 3
volume of polaroid in path of beam [= 1.8 × 10 × 1 × 10 ] = 1.8 × 10 (m ) (1)

 1.8  10 –9 
 – 29 
number of polaroid atoms in path of beam =  2.7  10  »7 × 10 (1)
19
 » 1.63  1015 
 
number of photons absorbed per sec per atom  7  1019  » 2 × 10–5 (1)
(allow C.E. for number of photons from (ii)

[alternative method for (iii)
1  103
–10
no. of layers of atoms along beam = 3  10
6
» (1) (= 3.3 × 10 )
  beam area 
no. of atoms per layer in beam  cross - sectional area of atom 
1.8  106
= (p / 4)(3  10 ) (1) (= 2.7 × 10 )
–10 2
13
1.6  1015
no. of photons per sec absorbed by layer = 3.3  10 (1)
6 8
(= 4.8 × 10 )
 4.8  108 
 –13 
no. of photons per sec absorbed per atom  2.7  10  @ 2 × 10 (1)] max 6
–5
[9]
46. (a) (i) (use of d sin q = n gives) 2 = d sin 35.8° (1)

d 1 ( m)
600  103 –6
(1) (= 1.67 × 10 )
  sin 35.8 
 3 
  2  600  10  = 4.9 × 10 m (1)
–7 –7
(4.87 × 10 m)
f   c  3.0  10 – 7  6.1(6)  1014 ( Hz) 

8
(ii)   4.87  10 
–34 14 –19 –19
E (= hf = 6.63 × 10 × 6.16 × 10 ) = 4.1 × 10 (J) (1) (4.0(8) × 10 (J))
 4.08  10 –19 
  
 1.6  10 –19 
E = 2.6 (eV) (1) (2.55 (eV)
–19
(for E = 4.1 × 10 (J) = 2.56 (eV) 5
(b) (i) from C to A (1)
–23 –19
(ii) (use of Ek = 3/2kT gives) Ek = 1.5 × 1.38 × 10 × 5000 = 1.0(4) × 10 J
[or = 0.64(7) eV] (1)
(iii) some gas atoms have enough kinetic energy to cause excitation by
collision (1)
photons (of certain energies) only released when de-excitation
or electron transfer to a lower level, occurs (1)
gas atoms have a spread of speeds/kinetic energies (1)
mean Ek (of gas atoms) proportional to T (1)
excitation can occur to level C (1)
de-excitation from C to B produces 2.6 eV photon/light
of this wavelength (1) max 6
QWC 1
[11]

47. (a) (i) particle vibration (or disturbance or oscillation) (1)
same as (or parallel to) direction of propagation (or energy transfer) (1)
(ii) (particle vibration)

perpendicular to direction of propagation (or energy transfer) (1) 3
(b) variation in intensity between max and min (or light and dark) (1)
two maxima (or two minima) in 360° rotation (1) 2
QWC 1
[5]
48. (a) same wavelength or frequency (1)

(same phase or) constant phase difference (1) 2
(b) (i) narrow slit gives wide diffraction (1)

(to ensure that) both S1 and S2 are illuminated (1)
(ii) slit S acts as a point source (1)

S1 and S2 are illuminated from same source giving
monochromatic/same λ (1)
paths to S1 and S2 are of constant length giving constant phase
difference (1)
[or SS1 = SS2 so waves are in phase] Max 4
QWC 1
(c) graph to show:

maxima of similar intensity to central maximum (1)
[or some decrease in intensity outwards from centre]
all fringes same width as central fringe (1) 2
[8]

Waves EQ MS

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1.

(a) Calculate the spacing of the diffraction grating.

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 1

progressive wave ..............................................................................................

stationary wave .................................................................................................

progressive wave ..............................................................................................

stationary wave .................................................................................................

(iii) energy transfer

progressive wave ..............................................................................................

stationary wave .................................................................................................

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 3

(a) Explain what is meant by coherent.

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 4

(d) Calculate the frequency of the microwaves.

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 6

In a laboratory experiment, monochromatic light of wavelength 633 nm from a laser is

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 7

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 8

(ii) using a laser source which has a shorter wavelength,

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 10

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 11

(a) Explain why the sound intensity

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 12

(i) the wavelength of the sound,

(ii) the distance CE.

In a laboratory experiment, monochromatic light of wavelength 633 nm from a laser is

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 14

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 15

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 16

(ii) using a laser source which has a shorter wavelength,

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 18

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 19

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 20

(i) Show on graph A

(1) the wave amplitude, a,

(2) the period, T, of the vibrations providing the wave.

(ii) Show on graph B

(1) the wavelength of the wave, ,

(i) the number of lines per metre on the grating,

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 21

Calculate the wavelength of this second source.

(i) Describe the appearance of the fringes.

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 23

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 25

(i) the wavelength of the waves,

(ii) the frequency of vibration of the loudspeaker.

Thornleigh Salesian College, Bolton 26

(i) Describe the appearance of the fringes.

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(a) Using the same axes,

(iii) show an antinode labelled A and a node labelled N.

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(i) The width of the narrow slit is reduced.

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(a) (i) Explain qualitatively why these fringes are formed.

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(ii) Hence determine the wavelength of the laser light used.

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(a) Explain how these maxima and minima are formed.

(i) the wavelength of the microwaves,