SECTION 9.

5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 585

Section 9.5
Extrema of ■ Understand the relative extrema of functions of two variables.
■ Use the First-Partials Test to find the relative extrema of functions of
Functions of Two two variables.
■ Use the Second-Partials Test to find the relative extrema of functions
Variables of two variables.
■ Use relative extrema to answer questions about real-life situations.

Relative Extrema
Earlier in the text, you learned how to use derivatives to find the relative
minimum and relative maximum values of a function of a single variable. In this
section, you will learn how to use partial derivatives to find the relative minimum
and relative maximum values of a function of two variables.

Relative Extrema of a Function of Two Variables

Let f be a function defined on a region containing !x0, y0". The function f has
a relative maximum at !x0, y0" if there is a circular region R centered at
!x0, y0" such that
f !x, y" ≤ f !x0, y0" f has a relative maximum at !x0, y0".
for all !x, y" in R. The function f has a relative minimum at !x0, y0" if there
is a circular region R centered at !x0, y0" such that
f !x, y" ≥ f !x0, y0" f has a relative minimum at !x0, y0".
for all !x, y" in R.

To say that f has a relative maximum at !x0, y0" means that the point
!x0, y0, z0" is at least as high as all nearby points on the graph of z ! f !x, y".
Surface: Similarly, f has a relative minimum at !x0, y0" if !x0, y0, z0" is at least as low as all
f(x, y) = −(x 2 + y 2 ) nearby points on the graph. (See Figure 9.24.)
z
Relative maximum
2
−4 Relative maximum
−4 (0, 0, 0)
2
4 2 y
4
x
Relative minimum Relative minimum

FIGURE 9.24 Relative Extrema

As in single-variable calculus, you need to distinguish between relative

F I G U R E 9 . 2 5 f has an absolute
maximum at !0, 0, 0".
extrema and absolute extrema of a function of two variables. The number f !x0, y0"
is an absolute maximum of f in the region R if it is greater than or equal to all other
function values in the region. For instance, the function f !x, y" ! " !x 2 # y 2"
graphs as a paraboloid, opening downward, with vertex at !0, 0, 0". (See Figure
9.25.) The number f !0, 0" ! 0 is an absolute maximum of the function over the
entire xy-plane. An absolute minimum of f in a region is defined similarly.

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586 CHAPTER 9 Functions of Several Variables

The First-Partials Test for Relative Extrema

To locate the relative extrema of a function of two variables, you can use a
procedure that is similar to the First-Derivative Test used for functions of a single
variable.

First-Partials Test for Relative Extrema

If f has a relative extremum at !x0, y0" on an open region R in the xy-plane,
and the first partial derivatives of f exist in R, then
fx !x0, y0" ! 0
and
fy !x0, y0" ! 0
as shown in Figure 9.26.

z Surface: z Surface:
z = f(x, y) z = f(x, y)

(x0, y0, z 0 )

(x0, y0, z 0 )
y y
(x0, y0 ) (x0, y0 )
x x

Relative maximum Relative minimum

FIGURE 9.26

An open region in the xy-plane is similar to an open interval on the real

number line. For instance, the region R consisting of the interior of the circle
x2 # y2 ! 1 is an open region. If the region R consists of the interior of the
circle and the points on the circle, then it is a closed region.
A point !x0 , y0" is a critical point of f if fx !x0, y0" or fy !x0, y0" is undefined
Surface: z = f(x, y) or if
z
fx !x0, y0" ! 0 and fy !x0, y0" ! 0. Critical point

The First-Partials Test states that if the first partial derivatives exist, then you need
y
only examine values of f !x, y" at critical points to find the relative extrema. As is
true for a function of a single variable, however, the critical points of a
x
function of two variables do not always yield relative extrema. For instance, the
Saddle point at (0, 0, 0):
point !0, 0" is a critical point of the surface shown in Figure 9.27, but f !0, 0" is
fx (0, 0) = fy (0, 0) = 0
not a relative extremum of the function. Such points are called saddle points of
FIGURE 9.27 the function.

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 SECTION 9.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 587

Example 1 Finding Relative Extrema

Find the relative extrema of

Surface: f !x, y" ! 2x 2 # y 2 # 8x " 6y # 20.

f (x, y) = 2x 2 + y 2 + 8x − 6y + 20
SOLUTION Begin by finding the first partial derivatives of f.
z
fx !x, y" ! 4x # 8 and fy !x, y" ! 2y " 6
6
Because these partial derivatives are defined for all points in the xy-plane, the
5 only critical points are those for which both first partial derivatives are zero. To
locate these points, set fx !x, y" and fy !x, y" equal to 0, and solve the resulting
4
system of equations.
3 (−2, 3, 3) 4x # 8 ! 0 Set f x !x, y" equal to 0.
2 2y " 6 ! 0 Set f y !x, y" equal to 0.
−4
1
−2
−3 The solution of this system is x ! "2 and y ! 3. So, the point !"2, 3" is the only
critical number of f. From the graph of the function, shown in Figure 9.28, you
x 1 2
can see that this critical point yields a relative minimum of the function. So, the
3 y
4 5 function has only one relative extremum, which is

FIGURE 9.28 f !"2, 3" ! 3. Relative minimum

✓CHECKPOINT 1
Find the relative extrema of f !x, y" ! x2 # 2y2 # 16x " 8y # 8. ■

Surface: Example 1 shows a relative minimum occurring at one type of critical

f (x, y) = 1 − (x 2 + y 2 )
1/3 point—the type for which both fx !x, y" and fy !x, y" are zero. The next example
shows a relative maximum that occurs at the other type of critical point—the type
z
(0, 0, 1) for which either fx !x, y" or fy !x, y" is undefined.
1
Example 2 Finding Relative Extrema
2
3 y
4 4
x Find the relative extrema of
f !x, y" ! 1 " !x2 # y2"1#3.
F I G U R E 9 . 2 9 fx!x, y" and fy !x, y" SOLUTION Begin by finding the first partial derivatives of f.
are undefined at !0, 0".
2x 2y
fx!x, y" ! " and fy ! x, y" ! "
3!x2 # y2"2#3 3!x2 # y2"2#3
These partial derivatives are defined for all points in the xy-plane except the point
!0, 0". So, !0, 0" is a critical point of f. Moreover, this is the only critical point,
because there are no other values of x and y for which either partial is undefined
✓CHECKPOINT 2 or for which both partials are zero. From the graph of the function, shown in
Find the relative extrema of Figure 9.29, you can see that this critical point yields a relative maximum of the
function. So, the function has only one relative extremum, which is
$1 " 16x " y4 .
2 2
f !x, y" ! f !0, 0" ! 1. Relative maximum
■

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588 CHAPTER 9 Functions of Several Variables

STUDY TIP The Second-Partials Test for Relative Extrema

Note in the Second-Partials Test For functions such as those in Examples 1 and 2, you can determine the types
that if d > 0, then fxx !a, b" and of extrema at the critical points by sketching the graph of the function. For
fyy !a, b" must have the same more complicated functions, a graphical approach is not so easy to use. The
sign. So, you can replace Second-Partials Test is an analytical test that can be used to determine whether
fxx !a, b" with fyy !a, b" in the a critical number yields a relative minimum, a relative maximum, or neither.
first two parts of the test.
Second-Partials Test for Relative Extrema
Let f have continuous second partial derivatives on an open region containing
Algebra Review !a, b" for which fx!a, b" ! 0 and fy!a, b" ! 0. To test for relative extrema of
For help in solving the system f, consider the quantity
of equations
d ! fxx !a, b" fyy !a, b" " % fxy !a, b"& 2.
y " x3 ! 0
1. If d > 0 and fxx !a, b" > 0, then f has a relative minimum at !a, b".
x " y3 ! 0
2. If d > 0 and fxx !a, b" < 0, then f has a relative maximum at !a, b".
in Example 3, see Example 1(a)
3. If d < 0, then !a, b, f !a, b"" is a saddle point.
in the Chapter 9 Algebra
Review, on page 620. 4. The test gives no information if d ! 0.

Example 3 Applying the Second-Partials Test

Find the relative extrema and saddle points of f !x, y" ! xy " 14 x 4 " 14 y 4.
SOLUTION Begin by finding the critical points of f. Because fx !x, y" ! y " x3
and fy !x, y" ! x " y3 are defined for all points in the xy-plane, the only critical
points are those for which both first partial derivatives are zero. By solving the
equations y " x3 ! 0 and x " y3 ! 0 simultaneously, you can determine that the
critical points are !1, 1", !"1, "1", and !0, 0". Furthermore, because
z
fxx !x, y" ! "3x 2, fyy !x, y" ! "3y2, and fxy!x, y" ! 1
)− 1, −1, )
1
2 1 you can use the quantity d ! fxx !a, b" fyy !a, b" " % fxy !a, b"&2 to classify the critical
(0, 0, 0) ) 1, 1, 1
2 ) points as shown.
−2
2 2
y
Critical Point d fxx !x, y" Conclusion
x
!1, 1" !"3"!"3" " 1 ! 8 "3 Relative maximum
!"1, "1" !"3"!"3" " 1 ! 8 "3 Relative maximum
f(x, y) = xy − 14 x 4 − 14 y 4 !0, 0" !0"!0" " 1 ! "1 0 Saddle point
FIGURE 9.30 The graph of f is shown in Figure 9.30.

✓CHECKPOINT 3
y2 x2
Find the relative extrema and saddle points of f !x, y" ! " .
16 4 ■

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Steve Maslowski/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Bass can help keep a pond healthy.
In sufficient numbers, they keep other
fish populations in check, thereby
balancing the food chain.
Algebra Review
For help in solving the system
of equations in Example 4, see
Example 1(b) in the Chapter 9
Algebra Review, on page 620.
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SECTION 9.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 589
Applications of Extrema
Example 4 Finding a Maximum
A lake is to be stocked with smallmouth and largemouth bass. Let x represent the
number of smallmouth bass and let y represent the number of largemouth bass in
the lake. The weight of each fish is dependent on the population densities. After
a six-month period, the weight of a single smallmouth bass is given by
W1 ! 3 " 0.002x " 0.001y
and the weight of a single largemouth bass is given by
W2 ! 4.5 " 0.004x " 0.005y.
Assuming that no fish die during the six-month period, how many smallmouth
and largemouth bass should be stocked in the lake so that the total weight T of
bass in the lake is a maximum?
SOLUTION The weight of the smallmouth bass population is xW1, and the
weight of the largemouth bass population is yW2. So, the total weight function is
T ! xW1 # yW2 Write total weight function.
! x!3 " 0.002x " 0.001y" # y!4.5 " 0.004x " 0.005y" Substitute.
! 3x " 0.002x2 # 4.5y " 0.005y2 " 0.005xy. Simplify.
The maximum total weight occurs when the two first partial derivatives are zero.
Tx ! 3 " 0.004x " 0.005y ! 0
Ty ! 4.5 " 0.005x " 0.01y ! 0
By solving this system simultaneously, you can conclude that the solution is
x ! 500 and y ! 200. The second partial derivatives of T are
Txx ! "0.004, Tyy ! "0.01, and Txy ! "0.005.
Because Txx < 0 and
d ! Txx!500, 200"Tyy!500, 200" " %Txy!500, 200"&2 ! 0.000015 > 0
you can conclude by the Second-Partials Test that !500, 200" yields a relative
maximum. The lake should be stocked with 500 smallmouth bass and 200
largemouth bass, and the maximum total weight is
T!500, 200" ! 1200 pounds.
✓CHECKPOINT 4
Repeat Example 4 assuming the weight of a single smallmouth bass is given by
W1 ! 2.5 " 0.002x " 0.0025y
and the weight of a single largemouth bass is given by
W2 ! 3 " 0.002x " 0.003y. ■
590 CHAPTER 9 Functions of Several Variables

Algebra Review Example 5 Finding a Maximum Volume

For help in solving the system
Consider all possible rectangular boxes that are resting on the xy-plane with one
of equations
vertex at the origin and the opposite vertex in the plane 6x # 4y # 3z ! 24, as
y!24 " 12x " 4y" ! 0 shown in Figure 9.31. Of all such boxes, which has the greatest volume?
x!24 " 6x " 8y" ! 0 SOLUTION Because one vertex of the box lies in the plane given by
1
in Example 5, see Example 2(a) 6x # 4y # 3z ! 24 or z ! 3!24 " 6x " 4y", you can write the volume of the
in the Chapter 9 Algebra box as
Review, on page 621. V ! xyz Volume ! !width"!length"!height"
! xy ! "!24 " 6x " 4y"
1
3 Substitute for z.
1
3 !24xy " 6x y " 4xy ".
2 2
! Simplify.
z
To find the critical numbers, set the first partial derivatives equal to zero.
(0, 0, 8) Plane: 1
6x + 4y + 3z = 24 Vx ! 3!24y " 12xy " 4y2" Partial with respect to x
1
! 3 y !24 " 12x " 4y" ! 0 Factor and set equal to 0.
Vy ! 13 !24x " 6x2 " 8xy" Partial with respect to y
1
! 3 x !24 " 6x " 8y" ! 0 Factor and set equal to 0.
( 43 , 2, 83 (
The four solutions of this system are !0, 0", !0, 6", !4, 0", and !3, 2". Using
4

the Second-Partials Test, you can determine that the maximum volume occurs
when the width is x ! 43 and the length is y ! 2. For these values, the height of
the box is
z ! 13 %24 " 6!43 " " 4!2"& ! 83.
y
(0, 6, 0) So, the maximum volume is
x (4, 0, 0)

FIGURE 9.31 V ! xyz ! !43 "!2"!83 " ! 64

9 cubic units.

✓CHECKPOINT 5
Find the maximum volume of a box that is resting on the xy-plane with one
vertex at the origin and the opposite vertex in the plane 2x # 4y # z ! 8. ■

CONCEPT CHECK
1. Given a function of two variables f, state how you can determine whether
'x0, y0( is a critical point of f.
2. The point 'a, b, f'a, b(( is a saddle point if what is true?
3. If d > 0 and fxx'a, b( > 0, then what does f have at 'a, b(: a relative
minimum or a relative maximum?
4. If d > 0 and fxx'a, b( < 0, then what does f have at 'a, b(: a relative
minimum or a relative maximum?

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 SECTION 9.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 591

The following warm-up exercises involve skills that were covered in earlier sections. You will use
Skills Review 9.5 these skills in the exercise set for this section. For additional help, review Sections 8.1 and 9.4.

In Exercises 1– 8, solve the system of equations.

1
1.
)3x " 5x2y !! 155 2.
)"x # 5yy !! 193
2
)
3. x # y ! 5
x " y ! "3
4.
)2xx #" yy !! 84
) 3x " 4y ! 7
5. 2 x " y ! 8
) 3x # y ! 7
6. 2 x " 4y ! 14 7.
)2yxx ## yx !! 00 8.
)xy # 3yx ## 6y2 !! 00
2 2

In Exercises 9–14, find all first and second partial derivatives of the function.
9. z ! 4x 3 " 3y2 10. z ! 2x 5 " y3 11. z ! x 4 " $xy # 2y
12. z ! 2x 2 " 3xy # y 2 13. z ! ye xy 2 14. z ! xe xy

Exercises 9.5 See www.CalcChat.com for worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

In Exercises 1–4, find any critical points and relative 16. f !x, y" ! x # y # 2xy " x 2 " y 2
extrema of the function. z
1. f !x, y" ! x 2 " y 2 # 4x " 8y " 11 3
2. f !x, y" ! x 2 # y 2 # 2 x " 6y # 6 2

3. f !x, y" ! $x 2 # y2 #1 −2 y
4
4. f !x, y" ! $25 " !x " 2" 2 " y 2 −2
4
In Exercises 5–20, examine the function for relative x
extrema and saddle points.
5. f !x, y" ! !x " 1"2 # ! y " 3"2
6. f !x, y" ! 9 " !x " 3"2 " ! y # 2"2 17. f !x, y" ! !x # y"e1"x
2
"y 2

7. f !x, y" ! 2 x 2 # 2 xy # y 2 # 2 x " 3 z

8. f !x, y" ! "x 2 " 5y 2 # 8x " 10y " 13 2

9. f !x, y" ! "5x 2 # 4xy " y 2 # 16x # 10
10. f !x, y" ! x 2 # 6xy # 10y 2 " 4y # 4
2
11. f !x, y" ! 3x 2 # 2y 2 " 12 x " 4y # 7 x
2 y

12. f !x, y" ! "3x 2 " 2y 2 # 3x " 4y # 5

−2
13. f !x, y" ! x 2 " y 2 # 4x " 4y " 8
14. f !x, y" ! x 2 " 3xy " y 2
18. f !x, y" ! 3e"!x "
2 #y2

1 z
z
15. f !x, y" ! xy
2 2
3
1

y −4
2
2 −4
x

4 4 y
x

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592 CHAPTER 9 Functions of Several Variables

19. f !x, y" ! 4exy In Exercises 33–36, find three positive numbers x, y,
z and z that satisfy the given conditions.
33. The sum is 30 and the product is a maximum.
4 34. The sum is 32 and P ! xy 2 z is a maximum.
35. The sum is 30 and the sum of the squares is a minimum.
2
36. The sum is 1 and the sum of the squares is a minimum.
y
2 4 37. Medicine In order to treat a certain bacterial infection, a
4 combination of two drugs is being tested. Studies have
x
shown that the duration of the infection in laboratory tests
can be modeled by
3
20. f !x, y" ! " D !x, y" ! x 2 # 2y 2 " 18x " 24y # 2 xy # 120
x2 # y2 # 1
z where x is the dosage in hundreds of milligrams of the first
drug and y is the dosage in hundreds of milligrams of the
2 second drug. Determine the partial derivatives of D with
−5
respect to x and with respect to y. Find the amount of each
−5 drug necessary to minimize the duration of the infection.
5 y 38. Animal Shelter An animal shelter buys two different
5 brands of dog food. The number of dogs that can be fed
x
from x pounds of the first brand and y pounds of the second
−3 brand is given by the model
D!x, y" ! "x2 # 52x " y2 # 44y " 1128.
Think About It In Exercises 21–24, determine (a) Find the number of pounds of each brand of dog food
whether there is a relative maximum, a relative that should be ordered so that the maximum number of
minimum, a saddle point, or insufficient information dogs can be fed.
to determine the nature of the function f 'x, y( at the
(b) What is the maximum number of dogs that can be fed?
critical point 'x0, y0(.
39. Volume Find the dimensions of a rectangular package
21. fxx!x0, y0" ! 9, fyy!x0, y0) ! 4, fxy!x0, y0" ! 6
of maximum volume that may be sent by a shipping
22. fxx!x0, y0" ! "3, fyy!x0, y0" ! "8, fxy!x0, y0" ! 2 company assuming that the sum of the length and the girth
23. fxx!x0, y0" ! "9, fyy!x0, y0" ! 6, fxy!x0, y0" ! 10 (perimeter of a cross section; see figure) cannot exceed
96 inches.
24. fxx!x0, y0" ! 25, fyy!x0, y0" ! 8, fxy!x0, y0" ! 10

In Exercises 25–30, find the critical points and test for

relative extrema. List the critical points for which the
Second-Partials Test fails.
25. f !x, y" ! !xy"2
26. f !x, y" ! $x2 # y2
27. f !x, y" ! x3 # y3
40. Volume Repeat Exercise 39 assuming that the sum of
28. f !x, y" ! x 3 # y 3 " 3x 2 # 6y 2 # 3x # 12y # 7
the length and the girth cannot exceed 144 inches.
29. f !x, y" ! x 2#3 # y 2#3
41. Painting a Room A home improvement contractor is
30. f !x, y" ! !x 2 # y 2"2#3 painting the walls and ceiling of a rectangular room. The
volume of the room is 4608 cubic feet. The walls will be
In Exercises 31 and 32, find the critical points of the given three coats of paint and the ceiling will be given two
function and, from the form of the function, determine coats of paint. Find the room dimensions that result in the
whether a relative maximum or a relative minimum minimum amount of paint being used. How many gallons
occurs at each point. of paint should the contractor buy? (Assume 1 gallon of
31. f !x, y, z" ! !x " 1"2 # ! y # 3"2 # z2 paint covers 500 square feet.)
32. f !x, y, z" ! 6 " %x! y # 2"!z " 1"& 2

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 SECTION 9.5
42. Weight A wooden storage crate has an open top (see
figure). The volume of the crate is 8 cubic feet. The
material for the base of the crate weighs twice as much
per square foot as the material for the sides. Find the
dimensions that minimize the weight of the crate.
43. Gardening A home gardener plans to enclose two
rectangular gardens with fencing. The dimensions of the
gardens, shown in the figure, are in meters.
12 − x y percent of salt contained in this medium is given by
x 12 − x − y
(a) Find the values of x and y that maximize the total area
enclosed.
(b) What is the maximum total area enclosed?
(c) How many meters of fencing are needed?
44. Volume Find the values of x and y that maximize the
total volume of the two rectangular solids in the figure.
What is the maximum total volume?
2 8−x 2
y 50. Volume A storage tank is in the shape of a cylinder with
x 8−x−y
45. Hardy-Weinberg Law Common blood types are
determined genetically by the three alleles A, B, and O.
(An allele is any one of a group of possible mutational
forms of a gene.) A person whose blood type is AA, BB, or
OO is homozygous. A person whose blood type is AB, AO,
or BO is heterozygous. The Hardy-Weinberg Law states
that the proportion P of heterozygous individuals in any
given population is modeled by
P! p, q, r" ! 2 pq # 2 pr # 2qr
where p represents the percent of allele A in the population,
q represents the percent of allele B in the population, and
r represents the percent of allele O in the population.
Use the fact that p # q # r ! 1 (the sum of the three
must equal 100%) to show that the maximum proportion
of heterozygous individuals in any population is 23 .
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Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 593
46. Shannon Diversity Index One way to measure
species diversity is to use the Shannon diversity index H. If
a habitat consists of three species, A, B, and C its Shannon
diversity index is
H ! "x ln x " y ln y " z ln z
where x is the percent of species A in the habitat, y is the
percent of species B in the habitat, and z is the percent of
species C in the habitat.
(a) Use the fact that x # y # z ! 1 (the sum of the three
must equal 100%) to show that the maximum value of
1
H occurs when x ! y ! z ! 3.
(b) Use the results of part (a) to show that the maximum
value of H in this habitat is ln 3.
47. Biology A microbiologist must prepare a culture
medium in which to grow a certain type of bacteria. The
S ! 12 xyz
where x, y, and z are the amounts of nutrient solutions (in
liters) to be mixed in the medium. For the bacteria to grow,
the medium must be 13% salt. Nutrient solutions x, y, and
z cost $1, $2, and $3 per liter, respectively. How much of
each nutrient solution should be used to minimize the cost
of the culture medium?
48. Biology Repeat Exercise 47 for a salt-content model of
S ! 0.01x2 y 2z.
49. Heat Loss A heated storage room is shaped like a
rectangular box and has a volume of 1000 cubic feet.
Because warm air rises, the heat loss per unit of area
through the ceiling is five times as great as the heat loss
through the floor. The heat loss through the four walls is
three times as great as the heat loss through the floor.
Determine the room dimensions that will minimize heat
loss and therefore minimize heating costs.
hemispherical ends (see figure). The tank must hold 1000
liters of fluid. Determine the radius r and length h that
minimize the amount of material used in the construction
of the tank.
r
h
True or False? In Exercises 51 and 52, determine
whether the statement is true or false. If it is false,
explain why or give an example that shows it is false.
51. A saddle point always occurs at a critical point.
52. If f !x, y" has a relative maximum at !x0, y0 , z 0 ", then
fx !x0, y0" ! fy !x0, y0" ! 0.