Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics Solutions

Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics (NOC16 - ME05)
Assignment - 1 : Solutions
Dr. A. Sameen
Associate Professor
Department of Aerospace Engineering
IIT Madras
February 11, 2016
1) A system is taken from state A to state B through two different paths, path I and II. Path I is reversible,
while path II is irreversible. Which one of the following is true?
Answer : The entropy change is same for both the paths
2) Air is heated in a constant area duct from 273 K to 373 K at pressure 100 kPa. The final density of the
air if the initial density is 1.2256 kg/m3 is
Answer : 0.8970 kg/m3
Given : T1 = 273 K; T2 = 373 K; P = 100 kPa; ρ1 = 1.2256 kg/m3

To find : ρ2
Applying Equation of State for constant pressure process between states 1&2,
P P
=
ρ1 RT1 ρ2 RT2
ρ2 T1
i.e. =
ρ1 T2
T1 273
ρ2 = × ρ1 = × 1.2256
T2 373
ρ2 = 0.8970 kg/m3
3) For calorically perfect gas, the ratio of specific heats
Answer : is constant for a given gas
4) If a gas is heated at constant volume in an adiabatic enclosure, or what happens to the gas inside an
adiabatic enclosure when a heat source inside the enclosure is used to heat it
Answer : its internal energy increases
1
5) The area under T-S diagram of a non-isentropic process represents
Answer : the heat exchange during the process
6) The change in entropy when air is cooled to 315 K from 405 K resulting in a change in pressure from 56
kPa to 45 kPa is
Answer : −189.81 J/kg K
Given : T1 = 405 K; T2 = 315 K; P1 = 56 kPa; P2 = 45 kPa

Air ⇒ Cp = 1005 J/kg K; R = 287 J/kg K
To find : ∆s

T2 P2
∆s = Cp ln − R ln
T1 P1
45 × 103

315
= 1005 × ln − 287 × ln
405 56 × 103
∆s = −189.81 J/kg K
7) The ideal gas equation is valid
Answer : for some gases at moderate temperatures and pressures
8) The incompressibility condition for a flow is
Answer : change in density with the change in pressure is negligible
9) The polytropic index n for a constant volume process is
Answer : infinity
10) The specific heat at constant volume is
Answer : the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of gas through one degree, at
constant volume
11) The value of compressibility of a gas which is compressed from 400 m3 to 320 m3 when 200 MPa of
pressure is applied on it is,
Answer : 1 × 10−9 m2 /N
Given : V1 = 400 m3 ; V2 = 320 m3 ; dP = 200 MPa

To find : β
2
−1 dV −1 V2 − V1
β = =
V1 dP V1 dP
−1 320 − 400
= ×
400 200 × 106
β = 1 × 10−9 m2 /N
12) When a gas is heated, changes take place in its
Answer : pressure, temperature and volume
——————————————
3
Manjul Sharma & Aswathy Nair K.
IIT Madras
April 18, 2016
(Note : The solutions discussed below are just one of the ways of solving the problem. Your method is right
as long as the final answers match!!)
1) Air at M1 = 2 and P1 = 100 kPa undergoes isentropic expansion to a downstream pressure of 50 kPa.
What is the desired turn angle in degrees?
Answer : (q) θ = 11.4 °

Given : M1 = 2; P1 = 100 kPa; P2 = 50 kPa
To find : θ
γ
γ−1
γ−1 2
P01 = P1 1 + M1
2
⇒ P01 ≈ 782 kP a
We have,
P2 50
= = 0.0639
P02 782
P2
From Isentropic tables, for = 0.0639,
P02
M2 = 2.44
From Prandtl-Meyer function tables,
for M2 = 2.44, ν2 = 37.79 °

for M1 = 2.0, ν1 = 26.38°
⇒ θ = ν2 − ν1 ≈ 11.4 °
2) A large tank at 500 K and 165 kPa feeds air to a converging nozzle. The back pressure outside the nozzle
exit is sea-level standard (101.35 kPa). What is the approximate exit area if the desired mass flow rate is
72 kg/hour?
Answer : (n) Ae = 0.0000682 m2
1
Given : T0 = 500 K; P0 = 165 kPa; Pb = 101.35 kPa; ṁ = 72 kg/h
To find : Ae
Pe 101.35
= = 0.614 > 0.528 ⇒ nozzle is not choked
P0 165
Pthroat = Patm = 101.35 kP a
s
r γ2 γ−1
ṁ RT0 2γ Pe Pe γ
= 1−
Ae P0 γ − 1 P0 P0
⇒ Ae ≈ 6.82 × 10−5 m2
°
3) Airflow at M1 = 3.2, P1 = 1 bar (see figure below) passes through a 25 oblique shock deflection. What
isentropic expansion turn is required to bring the flow back to M1 ?
Answer : (v) θ = 31.9 °

Given : M1 = 3.2; P1 = 1 bar; θ1 = 25 °
To find : θ for which M3 = M1
From θ − β − M chart, for M1 = 3.2 & θ1 = 25 , °

β = 42.56 °
∴ Mn1 = M1 sin β = 2.16
From Normal Shocks tables, for Mn1 = 2.16,
Mn2 = 0.553
Mn2
⇒ M2 = = 1.83
sin(β − θ1 )
Since M3 = M1 = 3.2, from Prandtl-Meyer function tables,
2
for M3 = 3.2, ν3 = 53.47 °
for M2 = 1.83, ν2 = 21.59 °
⇒ θ = ν3 − ν2 = 31.9 °
4) What would be the isentropic turn required in problem 3 to bring the flow back to P1 condition?
Answer : (t) θ = 26.3 °

Given : M1 = 3.2; P1 = 1 bar; θ1 = 25 °
To find : θ for which P3 = P1

P2
Mn2 = 0.553 & = 5.276
P1
⇒ P2 ≈ 5.3 bar
We have, P3 = P1 = 1 bar,
(
P02 γ−1 γ
= 1+ M2 2 )
P2 2 γ−1
⇒ P02 = 31.88 bar
Since state 2 to state 3 is an expansion fan, it is isentropic.
Hence, P03 = P02 = 31.88 bar

P3 1
= ≈ 0.0313
P03 31.88
P3
P03
M3 = 2.906

for M3 = 2.906, ν3 = 47.9 °
for M2 = 1.83, ν2 = 21.59 °
⇒ θ = ν3 − ν2 = 26.3 °
5) Air flows through a variable area duct, where areas of different sections of duct are: A1 = 24cm2 ,
A2 = 18cm2 and A3 = 32cm2 . A normal shock stands at section 2. The flow properties at section 1 are

M1 = 2.5, P1 = 40 kPa and T1 = 30 . Compute the mass flow rate through the duct.
Answer : (g) ṁ = 0.96 kg/s
Given : A1 = 24 cm2 ; A2 = 18 cm2 ; A3 = 32 cm2 ; M1 = 2.5; P1 = 40 kPa; T1 = 30

A normal shock at section 2
3
To find : ṁ
p
a1 = γRT1 = 349 m/s
v1 = a1 M1 = 872 m/s
P1
ρ1 = = 0.46 kg/m3
RT1
ṁ = ρ1 A1 v1 ≈ 0.96 kg/s
6) What would be the Mach number and stagnation pressure at section 3 in problem 5?
Answer : (y) M3 = 0.27 & P03 = 435 kPa
Given : A1 = 24 cm2 ; A2 = 18 cm2 ; A3 = 32 cm2 ; M1 = 2.5; P1 = 40 kPa; T1 = 30

A normal shock at section 2
To find : M3 & P03
From Isentropic tables, for M1 = 2.5,

A1
= 2.64
A1 ∗
2.4
⇒ A1 ∗ = = 9.1 cm2
2.64
Since flow is isentropic from section 1 to 2 (before the shock), A2x ∗ = A1 ∗ = 9.1 cm2
A2x 18
∴ ∗ = ≈ 1.98
A2x 9.1
A2x
A2x ∗
M2x = 2.18
We have,
( γ−1
γ
)
P01 γ−1 2
= 1+ M1
P1 2
⇒ P01 ≈ 683 kP a
Since flow is isentropic from section 1 to 2 (before the shock), P02x = P01 = 683 kP a
From Normal shocks tables, for M2x = 2.18,
P02y
M2y = 0.55 & = 0.637
P02x
⇒ P02y = 435 kPa
Since flow is isentropic from section 2 (after the shock) to section 3, P02y = P03 = 435 kP a
From Isentropic tables, for M2y = 0.55,
A2y
= 1.255
A2y ∗
4
⇒ A2y ∗ ≈ 14.3 cm2
Since flow is isentropic from section 2 (after the shock) to section 3, A2y ∗ = A3 ∗ = 14.3 cm2
A3 32
= = 2.24
A3 ∗ 14.3
A3
A3 ∗
M3 ≈ 0.27
7) Air is flowing downstream a ramp as shown in figure. If the initial pressure and Mach number are 400
kPa and 1.8, determine the pressure of air on the ramp.
Answer : (a) P2 = 58.16 kPa
Given : P1 = 400 kPa; M1 = 1.8

To find : P2

for M1 = 1.8, ν1 = 20.725 °
θ = ν2 − ν1
⇒ ν2 = θ + ν1 = 50.725 °
⇒ M2 = 3.05

P1
= 0.174
P01
⇒ P01 = 2298.85 kP a
Since flow is isentropic, P02 = P01 = 2298.85 kP a

P2
= 0.0253
P02
⇒ P2 = 58.16 kP a
5
8) Air at pressure 34.5 kPa, temperature 350 K and Mach number 1.5 is to be isentropically expanded to
13.8 kPa using a Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan. Determine the deflection angle.
Answer : (j) θ = 17.192 °

Given : P1 = 34.5 kPa; T1 = 350 K; M1 = 1.5; P2 = 13.8 kPa
To find : θ

P1
= 0.272
P01
⇒ P01 = 126.34 kP a
Since flow is isentropic, P02 = P01 = 126.34 kP a
P2 13.8
= = 0.1088
P02 126.84
P2
P02
M2 = 2.10
From Prandtl-Meyer functions tables,

for M1 = 1.5, ν1 = 11.905 °
for M2 = 2.10, ν2 = 29.097 °
⇒ θ = ν2 − ν1 = 17.192 °
9) Air is flowing through the configuration as shown in figure below. Determine the final Mach number M3
if a weak oblique shock was observed at the first turn.
Answer : (d) M3 = 1.972
°
Given : M1 = 2.0; θ1 = 14 ; weak oblique shock at first turn
To find : M3
From θ − β − M chart, for M1 = 2.0 & θ1 = 14 , °

6
β = 44 °
Mn1 = M1 sin β = 1.389
Mn2 = 0.744
Mn2
⇒ M2 = = 1.488
sin(β − θ1 )
°
From the figure, for the flow to be in the same direction as the flow at state 1, θ = 14

for M2 = 1.488, ν2 = 11.611 °
θ = ν3 − ν2
⇒ ν3 = θ + ν2 = 25.611 °
⇒ M3 = 1.972
10) A compressed air reservoir which stores air discharges it through a small opening to the atmosphere. If
flow is assumed to be isentropic, what is the maximum pressure at which air can be stored in the reservoir
such that it would not result in the choked flow at the opening?
Answer : (m) P01 = 1.893 atm
Given : P2 = 1 atm
To find : maximum P01 such that opening is not choked
Since flow is isentropic, P02 = P01
The critical pressure ratio at which flow becomes choked (i.e. Me = 1) is,
P2
= 0.528
P02
⇒ P02 = 1.893 atm
⇒ P01 = 1.893 atm
——————————————
7
(TAs for the course)
IIT Madras
February 16, 2016
1) A 90 mm diameter pipe with a uniform bore is inserted into a tank to create a siphon. The pipe has a
bent section crest which is 1.5 m above the water level and the discharge is 2.8 m below the water level, as
shown in the figure below. Find the velocity at the discharge.
Answer : 7.412 m/s
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1 & 3,
P1 v1 2 P3 v3 2
+ + gz1 = + + gz3
ρ 2 ρ 2
Since, P1 = P3 = Patmospheric and v1 = 0,

taking point 3 as the reference level, z1 = 2.8 m, z3 = 0.0 m
v3 2
2.8 × g =
2
⇒ v3 = 7.412 m/s
2) The cross-section of the exit section of a control surface enclosing an aircraft propeller is 9 m2 . The mean
values of air velocities at the entry and exit of the control surface are 129 m/s and 183 m/s. Taking the
density of air to be 1.25 kg/m3 , determine the thrust acting on the propeller. Assume incompressible and
steady flow.
Answer : 111.18 kN
1
Given : A2 = 9 m2 ; v1 = 129 m/s; v2 = 183 m/s; ρ = 1.25 kg/m3
To find : Thrust acting on the propeller, F = ρA1 v1 2 − ρA2 v2 2
From 1-D Continuity Equation,
ρA1 v1 = ρA2 v2
A2 v2 183 × 9
⇒ A1 = = = 12.767 m2
v1 129
F = ρA1 v1 2 − ρA2 v2 2 = 1.25 9 × 1832 − 12.767 × 1292 = 111181.69 N

∴ F = 111.18 kN
3) Water with density 1000 kg/m3 flows into a tank through a pipe of 60 mm inside diameter. The velocity
in the pipe is 4.5 m/s. The water flows out of the tank through a pipe with inside diameter 40 mm with a
velocity of 2.5 m/s. Calculate the change in the tank contents after 15 minutes.
Answer : 8620.567 kg
Given : d1 = 60 mm = 0.06 m; v1 = 4.5 m/s;

d2 = 40 mm = 0.04 m; v2 = 2.5 m/s;
dT = 15 min = 15 × 60 s
To find : mass accumulated in 15 min = dM = (ρA1 v1 − ρA2 v2 ) dT
dM = (ρA1 v1 − ρA2 v2 ) dT
π π
= 1000 × 0.062 × 4.5 − × 0.042 × 2.5 × 15 × 60
4 4
∴ dM = 8620.567 kg
4) A fluid of constant density = 800 kg/m3 is flowing steadily through the tube as shown in figure. The
diameters at sections 1 and 2 are D1 = 80 mm and D2 = 40 mm. The gauge pressure at 1 is P1 = 200
kN/m2 and v1 = 4 m/s. Find the gauge pressure at section 2 in kN/m2 . ( submit your answer rounded
off to the nearest greatest integer without units. for eg: if your answer is P2 = 44.17 kN/m2 , you should
submit your answer as 45 )
2
Answer : 104 kN/m2
Given : D1 = 80 mm = 0.08 m; D2 = 40 mm = 0.04 m; P1 = 200 kN/m2 = 200 × 103 N/m2 ;

v1 = 4 m/s; ρ = 800 kg/m3
To find : P2
From 1-D Continuity Equation,
ρA1 v1 = ρA2 v2
π
A1 v1 4 × 0.082 × 4
⇒ v2 = = π 2
= 16 m/s
A2 4 × 0.06
Applying Bernoulli’s equation betweem 1 & 2 with z1 = z2 ,
P1 v1 2 P2 v2 2
+ + gz1 = + + gz2
ρ 2 ρ 2
200 × 103 42 P2 162

+ = +
800 2 800 2
⇒ P2 = 104000 N/m2 = 104 kN/m2
5) Air is flowing through a constant area duct. The velocity of the air at a section 1 inside the duct is 80
m/s. The air undergoes an isothermal process inside the duct such that the pressure changes from 100 kPa
at section 1 to 200 kPa at section 2. Find the velocity (in m/s) at section 2 and also the amount of heat
exchange during the isothermal process in Joules. ( submit your answer as v2,q rounded off to the nearest
greatest integer without units. for eg: if your answers are v2 = 11.17 m/s K & q = 36.08 J, you should
submit your answer as 12,37 )
Answer : v2 = 40 m/s; heat exchange, q = 2400 J
Given : v1 = 80 m/s; P1 = 100 kPa; P2 = 200 kPa; Isothermal process

To find : v2 , q
Using energy equation,
v1 2 v2 2
h1 + + q = h2 + + ws
2 2
v2 2 v1 2
⇒ q= −
2 2
And, from 1-D Continuity equation,
P1
ρ1 v1 RT1 P1
v2 = = P2
v1 = v1
ρ2 RT2
P2
∴ v2 = 40 m/s
v2 2 v1 2 402 802
⇒ q= − = − = −2400 J
2 2 2 2
∴ heat exchange during the process = 2400 J
3
6) A fluid, with ratio of specific heats = 2.0, flowing through a constant area duct undergoes an adiabatic
process such that its temperature changes from 727
to 227
when it passes from section 1 to section
2. If the velocity of the fluid at section 1 is 35 m/s and the pressure at section 2 is 700 kPa, determine the
pressure at section 1 in kPa and velocity at section 2 in m/s. ( submit your answer as P1 ,v2 rounded off to
the nearest greatest integer without units. for eg: if your answers are P1 = 456.17 kPa & v2 = 36.08 m/s,
you should submit your answer as 457, 37 )
Answer : P1 = 2800 kPa; v2 = 70 m/s
Given : γ = 2.0; T1 = 727 = 1000 K; T2 = 227 = 500 K; v1 = 35 m/s; P2 = 700 kPa

To find : P1 , v2
γ−1
T2 P2 γ
=
T1 P1
γ
γ−1
T1
⇒ P1 = P2 × = 2800 kP a
T2
From 1-D Continuity equation,
ρ1 A1 v1 = ρ2 A2 v2
P1
ρ1 v1 RT1 P1 T2
⇒ v2 = = P2
v1 = × × v1 = 70 m/s
ρ2 RT2
P2 T1
7) Air is flowing through an inclined constant area duct as shown in the figure. The air undergoes a poly-
tropic process with n = 3 such that its pressure changes from P1 = 300 kPa to P2 = 600 kPa. If T1 = 300
K and v2 = 80 m/s, find v1 , T2 and q in kJ for the polytropic process. Cp of air = 1005 J/kg K ( submit
your answer as v1 ,T2 ,q rounded off to the nearest greatest integer without units. for eg: if your answers are
v1 = 11.17 m/s; T2 = 44.57 K & q = 36.08 kJ, you should submit your answer as 12, 45, 37 )
Answer : v1 = 101 m/s; T2 = 477 K; q = 176 kJ
Given : polytropic process with n = 3; P1 = 300 kPa; P2 = 600 kPa; T1 = 300 K; v2 = 80 m/s;
Cp = 1005 J/kg K
To find : v1 , T2 , q
n−1
T2 P2 n
=
T1 P1
4
n−1
P2 n
⇒ T2 = T1 × ≈ 477 K
P1
From 1-D Continuity equation,

ρ1 A1 v1 = ρ2 A2 v2
P2
ρ2 v2 RT2 P2 T1
⇒ v1 = v2 = P1
v2 = × v2
ρ1 RT1
P1 T2
∴ v1 ≈ 101 m/s
From energy equation, with ws = 0 and z2 − z1 = l sin 30 °

v1 2 v2 2
h1 + + q = h2 + + g(z2 − z1 )
2 2
1012 802
(1005 × 300) + + q = (1005 × 477) + + 9.8 × 2 × 0.5
2 2
⇒ q ≈ 176 kJ
——————————————
5
IIT Madras
February 16, 2016
1) Argon is stored in a reservoir at 300 K. Determine the stagnation enthalpy and the velocity of sound in
it. Given that molecular weight of Argon is 39.94 and γ is 1.658.
Answer : (c) a0 = 321.77 m/s; h0 = 157.35 kJ/kg K
r
R̄
a0 = γ T0 = 321.77 m/s
M.M.
γR
h0 = C p T 0 = T0 = 157.35 kJ/kgK
γ−1
2) An air stream at P = 1 bar, T = 400 K and v = 400 m/s is brought to rest isentropically. Determine the
stagnation pressure and temperature. Assume Cp = 1005 J/kg K and γ for air is 1.4.
Answer : (f ) P0 = 1.88 bar; T0 = 479.6 K
Given : P = 1 bar; T = 400 K; v = 400 m/s; air stream is brought to rest isentropically
To find : P0 , T0
v2
T0 = T + = 479.6 K
2Cp
γ−1γ
P0 T0
= = 1.88 bar
P T
3) The pressure, temperature and Mach number at the entry of a flow passage are 2.45 bar, 26.5 and
1.4 respectively. If the exit Mach number is 2.5, determine the velocity of the gas at the exit if the flow is
adiabatic. (Use γ = 1.3 and R = 0.469 kJ/kg K)
Answer : (h) v2 = 873 m/s
1
Given : P1 = 2.45 bar; T1 = 26.5 ; M1 = 1.4; M2 = 2.5; γ = 1.3; R = 0.469 kJ/kg K
To find : v2
Find T01 from,

T01 γ−1
= 1+ M1 2
T1 2
⇒ T01 = 387.553 K
Since flow is adiabatic, T01 = T02 = 387.553 K
Find T2 from,
T02 γ−1
= 1+ M2 2
T2 2
⇒ T2 = 200.02 K
p
∴ v2 = M2 γRT2 = 873 m/s
4) Air at pressure 3x105 N/m2 and temperature 500 K flows with a velocity of 200 m/s in a 30 cm diameter
duct. Calculate the mass flow rate and the Mach number. (Use γ = 1.38 and Cp = 1.05 kJ/kg K).
Answer : (i) ṁ = 29 kg/s; M = 0.447
Given : P1 = 3x105 N/m2 ; T1 = 500 K; v1 = 200 m/s; D = 30 cm

To find : ṁ, M
(γ − 1)Cp
R= = 289.13 J/kgK
γ
P
ṁ = ρAv = Av = 29 kg/s
RT
v v
M= = √ = 0.447
a γRT
5) A diatomic gas is kept at a temperature of 400 K. The gas constant for the gas is 259.8. Find the velocity
of sound in this gas.
Answer : (l) a = 381.43 m/s
Given : T = 400 K; R = 259.8 J/kg K; diatomic gas ⇒ γ = 1.4

To find : a
p
a = γRT = 381.43 m/s
6) A flow is accelerated adiabatically from 60 m/s at section 1 to 500 m/s at section 2. The static tempera-
ture and static pressure at section 1 are 366 K and 2.4 bar respectively. The static pressure at section 2 is
0.5 bar. The stagnation pressure at section 2 is,
2
Answer : (m) P02 = 2.12 bar
Given : v1 = 60 m/s; v2 = 500 m/s; T1 = 366 K; P1 = 2.4 bar; P2 = 0.5 bar

To find : P02
Find T01 from,

T01 γ−1
= 1+ M1 2
T1 2
⇒ T01 = 377.45 K
Since flow is adiabatic, T01 = T02 = 377.45 K
Find T2 from,
v2 2
T2 = T02 − = 253.075 K
2Cp
γ
γ−1
P02 T02
=
P2 T2
⇒ P02 = 2.12 bar
7) A duct is connected to a reservoir where air is kept at 300,000 Pa and 500 K. When the valve is opened
an isentropic flow starts in the duct. At a section where area of the duct is 0.2 m2 , the flow velocity is 550
m/s. What is the mass flow rate?
Answer : (p) ṁ = 94 kg/s
Given : P0 = 300000 Pa; T0 = 500 K; A = 0.2 m2 ; v = 550 m/s
To find : ṁ
Find T from,
v2
T = T0 − = 349.5 K
2Cp
Find P from,
γ
γ−1
P0 T0
=
P T
⇒ P = 85662.62 P a
Mass flow rate,

P
ṁ = ρAv = Av = 94 kg/s
RT
8) Air flows in a duct of diameter 0.04 m. At one section stagnation temperature is 200 degree Celsius, static
pressure is 120,000 Pa and mass flow rate 0.5 kg/s. What is the flow velocity at this section?
Answer : (r) v = 381 m/s
Given : D = 0.04 m; T0 = 200 = 473 K; P = 120000 Pa; ṁ = 0.5 kg/s
To find : v
3
v2 v2
T = T0 − = 473 −
2Cp 2 × 1005
P
ṁ = ρAv = Av
RT
120000 π
⇒ 0.5 = 2
× × (0.04)2 × v
v 4
287 473 −
2 × 1005
Simplifying,
v 2 + 2111.99 v − 950637.25 = 0
⇒ v ≈ 381 m/s (neglect the negative solution)
9) A plane is flying at a speed of 250 m/s at an altitude where temperature and pressure of air are 242 K
and 0.66 bar respectively. The pressure read by a pitot-tube mounted on the nose of the aircraft is,
Answer : (t) P0 = 1 bar
Given : v = 250 m/s; T = 242K; P = 0.66 bar
To find : P0
v2
Find T0 using, T0 = T + 2Cp = 273.09 K
γ
γ−1
P0 T0
Then, =
P T
⇒ P0 = 1 bar
10) An aircraft flies at constant Mach number irrespective of its altitude. At sea-level condition it flies at 45
m/s faster than that at an altitude of 10 km. The Mach number of the aircraft is, (Temperature at sea-level
is 288 K and at 10 km is 216 K).
Answer : (w) M = 1
Given : vsea level = (v10 km + 45) m/s; Tsea level = 288 K; T10 km = 216 K;
M is constant irrespective of altitude
To find : M
dv = M da
p p
i.e. (vsea level − v10 km ) = M γRTsea level − γRT10 km
(vsea level − v10 km )

⇒ M = √ √
γRTsea level − γRT10 km
M = 0.99 ≈ 1
——————————————
4
IIT Madras
February 18, 2016
1) Air flows in a duct with a velocity of 215 m/s. The temperature of air measured at a point along the duct
is 30 and pressure is 5 bar. Determine the stagnation pressure and Mach number at that point.
Answer : (p) P0 = 6.48 bar; M = 0.62
Given : v = 215 m/s; T = 30 = 303 K; P = 5 bar = 5 × 105 Pa
To find : P0 , M
v2
T0 = T + = 325.99 K
2Cp
γ
γ−1
P0 T0
=
P T
⇒ P0 = 6.48 bar
v
M = √ = 0.62
γRT
2) The Mach number of an air stream at a pressure of 4.25 bar is 0.9. It is isentropically decelerated to Mach
number of 0.2. Find the rise in the static pressure required (P2 − P1 ) and the area ratio (A2 /A1 ) required
to achieve them.
A2
Answer : (l) (P2 − P1 ) = 2.7 bar; = 2.94
A1
Given : P1 = 0.9 bar; M1 = 0.9; M2 = 0.2
A2
To find : (P2 − P1 ),
A1
P1
From Gas tables, corresponding to M1 = 0.9, = 0.591
P01
A1
= 1.009
A1 ∗
1
P2
Similarly, corresponding to M2 = 0.2, = 0.973
P02
A2
= 2.964
A2 ∗
Since the flow is isentropic, P01 = P02 ; A1 ∗ = A2 ∗
P1
= 0.591 ⇒ P01 = 7.19 bar = P02
P01
P2
= 0.973 ⇒ P2 = 6.99 bar
P02
⇒ (P2 − P1 ) = 2.7 bar
Since, A1 ∗ = A2 ∗
A2 A2 A1 ∗
= × = 2.94
A1 A2 ∗ A1
3) The air stream at the entry of a duct has a pressure of 1 bar, temperature 300 K and Mach number 1.3.
If the exit Mach number of the duct is 0.6, determine the temperature and velocity of air at the exit of the
duct. (Assume isentropic conditions).
Answer : (i) T2 = 374.70 K; v2 = 232.8 m/s
Given : P1 = 1 bar; T1 = 300 K; M1 = 1.3; M2 = 0.6

To find : T2 , v2
v1 2
T01 = T1 + = 401.35 K
2Cp
Since flow is isentropic, T01 = T02 = 401.35 K
Find T2 from,
T02 γ−1
= 1+ M2 2
T2 2
⇒ T2 = 374.70 K
v2
M2 = √
γRT2
p
∴ v2 = M2 γRT2 = 232.8 m/s
4) An aircraft is flying at an altitude of 12,000 m at a Mach number of 0.82. The cross-section of the inlet
diffuser before the compressor stage is 0.6 m2 . Determine the mass of air entering the compressor per second
and the stagnation pressure of air. Given that the density of air at 12,000 m is 0.311 kg/m3 and temperature
is 216.88 K.
Answer : (s) ṁ = 45.17 kg/s; P01 = 0.3 bar
Given : M1 = 0.82; A1 = 0.6 m2 ; ρ1 = 0.311 kg/m3 ; T1 = 216.88 K

To find : ṁ, P01
2
v1
M1 = √
γRT1
⇒ v1 = 242.06 m/s
∴ ṁ = ρ1 A1 v1 = 45.16 kg/s
 γ
 γ−1
γ v1 2
P01

T01
γ−1 T1 + 2Cp
= =  
P1 T1 T1
 γ
 γ−1
v1 2
T1 + 2Cp
⇒ P01 = (ρ1 RT1 )  
T1
∴ P01 = 0.3 bar
5) The pressure, velocity and temperature of air at the entry of a nozzle are 2 bar, 145 m/s and 330 K.
The exit pressure is 1 bar. Determine the Mach number and the rate of mass flux at the entry if the flow is
isentropic.
ṁ
Answer : (c) M1 = 0.4; = 306.2 kg/s
A
Given : P1 = 2 bar; v1 = 145 m/s; T1 = 330 K; P2 = 1.5 bar
ṁ
To find : M1 ,
A
v1
M1 = √ = 0.4
γRT1
ṁ P1
= v1 = 306.2 kg/s
A RT1
6) Air flowing through a subsonic diffuser with inlet area 1 m2 and area change of 0.75 m2 undergoes a change
in density from 1.225 kg/m3 to 1.54 kg/m3 . Determine the Mach number of the flow at the exit of the nozzle.
Answer : (u) M2 = 0.57
Given : A1 = 1 m2 ; dA = 0.75 m2 ; ρ1 = 1.225 kg/m3 ; ρ2 = 1.54 kg/m3

To find : M2
Since a subsonic diffuser is being considered,
A2 − A1 = 0.75 ⇒ A2 = 0.75 + A1 = 1.75 m2
M2 2

dρ dA
=
ρ2 1 − M2 2 A2
⇒ M2 = 0.57
3
7) A diffuser is to be designed in such a way that the exit Mach number is 0.45. The area at the exit is set as
2 m2 and the exit is open to the atmosphere with temperature of 300 K. If the designer was instructed that
the air flowing through the diffuser will have inlet conditions of 500 K and Mach number 0.75, determine
the area change to be incorporated to design the diffuser.
Answer : (f ) dA = 0.46 m2
Given : M2 = 0.45; A2 = 2 m2 ; T2 = 300 K; T1 = 500 K; M1 = 0.75

To find : dA

dv −1 dA
=
v2 1 − M2 2 A2
v2 = a2 M2 = 156.23 m/s
v1 = a1 M1 = 336.16 m/s

v2 − v1 −1 dA
∴ =
v2 1 − M2 2 A2
⇒ dA = 0.46 m2
8) An aircraft is flying at an altitude of 11 km. The air is compressed reversibly in an inlet diffuser. The
temperature at the inlet of the diffuser is 216.65 K. If the Mach number and temperature at the exit of the
diffuser are 0.35 and 231 K, calculate the Mach number at the entry of the diffuser.
Answer : (z) M1 = 0.68
Given : T1 = 216.65 K; M2 = 0.35; T2 = 231 K

To find : M1

T02 γ−1
=1+ M2 2
T2 2
⇒ T02 = 236.7 K = T01

T01 γ−1
=1+ M1 2
T1 2
⇒ M1 = 0.68
9) Air flows through a converging nozzle, where stagnation pressure and stagnation temperature at the inlet
of the nozzle are 1 MPa and 333 K respectively. The pressure at the exit of the nozzle is 591 kPa. Assuming
the flow to be isentropic, compute the mass flow rate if the exit area is 0.001 m2 .
Answer : (w) ṁ = 2.2 kg/s
Given : P01 = 1 MPa; T01 = 333K; P2 = 591 kPa; A2 = 0.001 m2
To find : ṁ
4
Since the flow is isentropic, T01 = T02 , P01 = P02
γ−1
T02 P02 γ
=
T2 P2
⇒ T2 = 286.54 K
v2 2
Also, T02 = T2 +
2Cp
⇒ v2 = 305.59 m/s
P2
∴ ṁ = ρ2 A2 v2 = A2 v2 = 2.2 kg/s
RT2
10) An aircraft is flying at an altitude of 12 km. An observer on the ground can hear the aircraft when the
°
angle of elevation of the aircraft is 25 (the angle that line of sight makes with horizontal). Determine the
ratio of stagnation pressure to static pressure at the nose of the aircraft. (Assume isentropic conditions).
P0
Answer : (r) = 13.86
P
Given : µ = 25 °
P0
To find :
P
1
M = = 2.366
sin 25o
γ−1 γ γ
γ−1
P0 T0 γ−1 2
= = 1 + M
P T 2
P0
= 13.86
P
——————————————
5
IIT Madras
February 26, 2016
1) Calculate the entropy change during the non-isentropic adiabatic flow of air through a variable area duct
with inlet conditions given as P1 = 150 kPa, T01 = 500 K and M1 = 0.25 and exit conditions of T2 = 210
K. The area ratio of the duct is A2 /A1 = 4.
Answer : (q) ∆s = 336.16 J/kg K
A2
Given : P1 = 150 kPa; T01 = 500 K; M1 = 0.25; T2 = 210 K; =4
A1
To find : ∆s

T01 γ−1
= 1 + M1 2 ⇒ T1 = 493.83 K
T1 2
Since the flow is adiabatic, T01 = T02 = 500 K

γ−1
M1 2

T2 T2 T01 1+ 2
= × = γ−1
T1 T02 T1 M2 2

1+ 2
⇒ M2 = 2.63
γ+1
! 2(γ−1)
γ−1
M1 2

A1 1 + 2 M2 −∆s
= γ−1 e R
A2 M2 2 M1

1 + 2
⇒ ∆s = 336.16 J/kg K
2) Air, flowing isentropically through a variable area duct, is required to reach sonic condition at some
section in the duct. The velocity at the inlet of the duct is 250 m/s and stagnation temperature is 400 K.
By what factor should the area at the section vary from the inlet area to achieve it? (Hint: A∗ /A1 )
A∗
Answer : (f ) = 0.86
A1
Given : v1 = 250 m/s; T01 = 400 K; M2 = 1
1
A∗
To find :
A1
v1 2
T01 = T1 + ⇒ T1 ≈ 369 K
2Cp
v1
∴ M1 = √ ≈ 0.649
γRT1
Since M2 = 1, A2 = A2 ∗
As the flow is isentropic, A1 ∗ = A2 ∗ = A∗
Using Gas tables, corresponding to M1 = 0.649, interpolating between the values for M = 0.64 &
M = 0.65,
A1 A∗
= 1.1369 ⇒ ≈ 0.86
A∗ A1
Alternatively, using the relation,

γ+1
! 2(γ−1)
γ−1
M1 2

A1 1 + 2 1
=
A∗ + γ−1

1 2
M1
A∗
⇒ ≈ 0.86
A1
3) In an experiment air flows through a variable area duct. The pressure and temperature at the entrance
are recorded as 200 kPa and 420 K respectively. The stagnation enthalpy of air is 800 kJ/kg K. During the
experiment, the pressure sensor at the exit incurred damage and there was loss of data from the sensor. If
the exit temperature is recorded as 350 K and the stagnation pressure at the exit is 500 kPa, calculate the
exit pressure (in kPa) from theoretical relations assuming the flow in the duct to be adiabatic.
Answer : (i) P2 = 28.2 kPa
Given : P1 = 200 kPa; T1 = 420 K; h0 = 800 kJ/kg K; T2 = 350 K; P02 = 500 kPa
To find : P2
h0 = Cp T0 ⇒ T0 = 796 K
Since flow is isentropic, T01 = T02 = 796 K
γ
γ−1
P02 T02
=
P2 T2
⇒ P2 = 28.2 kP a
4) What is the maximum possible velocity attainable by air at temperature 250 K moving with velocity 30
m/s at a particular instant?
Answer : (u) vmax = 709.5 m/s
2
Given : T = 250 K; v = 30 m/s
To find : vmax
v2
T0 = T + ⇒ T0 = 250.45 K
2Cp
Air attains vmax when the whole of the h0 is converted into kinetic energy, i.e.
vmax 2
h0 = C p T 0 =
2
p
∴ vmax = 2Cp T0 = 709.5 m/s
5) A reservoir is connected to a variable area duct. The temperature and pressure of air inside the reservoir
is maintained at 500 K and 120 kPa respectively. The velocity of air at the inlet of the duct is somehow is
fixed at 200 m/s. The design of the duct is to be such that sonic conditions occur at the exit of the duct. If
the flow inside the duct is isentropic, find Ainlet /Aexit .
A1
Answer : (c) = 1.44
A∗
Given : P01 = 120 kPa; T01 = 500 K; v1 = 200 m/s; M2 = 1
A1
To find :
A∗
v1 2
T01 = T1 + ⇒ T1 = 480.1 K
2Cp
v1
∴ M1 = √ ≈ 0.455
γRT1
Since M2 = 1, A2 = A2 ∗
Using Gas tables, corresponding to M1 = 0.455, interpolating between the values for M = 0.45 &
M = 0.46,
A1
= 1.436 ≈ 1.44
A∗
Alternatively, using the relation,

γ+1
! 2(γ−1)
γ−1
M1 2

A1 1 + 2 1
= γ−1
A∗ M1

1 + 2
A1
⇒ ≈ 1.44
A∗
6) Air flowing through a converging nozzle has the following inlet conditions: P1 = 100 kPa, P01 = 250 kPa,
T01 = 375 K. Determine the mass flux through the nozzle.
3
ṁ
Answer : (l) = 503 kg/s m2
A
Given : P1 = 100 kPa; P01 = 250 kPa; T01 = 375 K
ṁ
To find :
A
γ−1
T01 P01 γ
= ⇒ T1 = 288.63 K
T1 P1

T01 γ−1
= 1 + M1 2 ⇒ M1 = 1.223
T1 2
ṁ P1 p
∴ = ρ1 v1 = × M1 γRT1
A RT1
ṁ
⇒ ≈ 503 kg/s m2
A
7) Consider a converging nozzle attached to a reservoir as shown below,
The area and velocity at section 1 inside the nozzle are 0.2 m2 and 300 m/s respectively. The design of
the nozzle is such that the exit Mach number is 1. Find the area at the exit of the nozzle.
Answer : (w) A2 = 0.18 m2
Given : A1 = 0.2 m2 ; v1 = 300 m/s; M2 = 1; P0 = 300 kPa; T0 = 500 K

To find : A2
v1 2
T01 = T1 + ⇒ T1 = 455.22 K
2Cp
v1
∴ M1 = √ = 0.7
γRT1
Since M2 = 1, A2 = A2 ∗
4
Using Gas tables, corresponding to M1 = 0.7,
A1
= 1.094
A∗
A1
⇒ A∗ = = 0.18 m2
1.094
8) Use the information of problem 7 and find the mass flow rate through the nozzle.
Answer : (z) ṁ = 97.6 kg/s or (m) ṁ = 100.6 kg/s (both options are counted as correct answers)

To find : ṁ
γ
γ−1
P01 T01
= ⇒ P1 = 216.02 kP a
P1 T1
P1
∴ ṁ = ρ1 A1 v1 = A1 v1
RT1
⇒ ṁ = 97.6 kg/s
When solved using Gas Tables, corresponding to M1 = 0.7,

P1
= 0.721 ⇒ P1 = 216.3 kP a
P01
P1
∴ ṁ = ρ1 A1 v1 = A1 v1
RT1
⇒ ṁ ≈ 99.3 kg/s
options m & z are considered correct answers.
9) Use the information of problem 7 and the approximate angle theta (in degrees) to design this nozzle.
Answer : (n) θ = 11.3 °
To find : θ
r
A1
R1 = = 0.25 m
π
r r
A2 A∗
R2 = = = 0.24 m
π π
5
0.05 m
R - R
1 2
R
1
R
2
1 2
R1 − R2
From figure, tan θ =
0.05
⇒ θ = 11.3o
10) Use the information of problem 7 and find the static pressure at the exit.
Answer : (s) P2 = 158.4 kPa
To find : P2
From Gas Tables, corresponding to M2 = 1,

P2
= 0.528
P02
P2 = 158.4 kP a
——————————————
6
IIT Madras
March 5, 2016
1) Air is discharged from a reservoir at 6.91 bar and 325 through a variable area duct. The static pressure
at a section inside the duct is 0.98 bar. If the flow rate is 3600 kg/h, determine the area and Mach number
at this section assuming the flow to be isentropic.
Answer : (o) A2 = 13.85 cm2 ; M2 = 1.93
Given : P0 = 6.91 bar; T0 = 598 K; P2 = 0.98 bar; ṁ = 3600 kg/h
To find : A2 , M2
P2 0.98
= = 0.142
P02 6.91
P2
From Gas tables, corresponding to = 0.142,
P02
M2 = 1.93
ṁ
ṁ = ρ2 A2 v2 ⇒ A2 = √
RT2 M2 γRT2
P2
⇒ A2 = 13.85 cm2
2) A reservoir supplies air to a converging nozzle in which it is expanded isentropically to an exit pressure
of 1.015 bar. The pressure inside the reservoir is 1.5 bar. If the exit velocity is 250 m/s, determine the
temperature of air inside the reservoir and the Mach number at the exit of the nozzle.
Answer : (u) T02 = 294.75 K; M2 = 0.768
Given : P2 = 1.015 bar; P0 = 1.5 bar; v2 = 250 m/s
To find : T0 , M2
P2 1.015
= = 0.677
P02 1.5
P2
P02
M2 = 0.768
1
v2
Since M2 = √ ⇒ T2 = 263.72 K
γRT2
Also from Gas tables, corresponding to M2 = 0.768,
T2
= 0.894
T02
⇒ T02 = T0 ≈ 294.75 K
3) Atmospheric air is sucked by a blower through a convergent nozzle with exit diameter of 10 cm. If the
atmospheric pressure and temperature are 1.013 bar and 288 K respectively and the air velocity at the exit
reaches the sonic values, determine static temperature at the exit and the maximum possible mass flow rate
through the nozzle.
Answer : (q) T2 = 240.19 K; ṁmax = 1.89 kg/s
Given : D2 = 10 cm; P0 = 1.013 bar; T0 = 288 K; M2 = 1

To find : T2 , ṁmax
π 2
M2 = 1 ⇒ A2 = A2 ∗ = A1 ∗ = D2 = 7.854 × 10−3 m2
4
From Gas tables, for M2 = 1,
T2
= 0.833 ⇒ T2 = 240.19 K
T02
r −(γ+1)
P0 γ γ−1 2(γ−1)
ṁmax =A √
∗
1+
T0 R 2
⇒ ṁmax = 1.89 kg/s
4) A reservoir with infinite supply of air maintains within it air with a density of 1.12 kg/m3 . The velocity of
sound in the reservoir is measured as 500 m/s. Determine pressure and temperature at the exit of a nozzle,
with exit diameter 1 cm, connected to this reservoir. Assume isentropic choked flow conditions in the nozzle.
Answer : (e) P2 = 1.056 bar; T2 = 518.3 K
Given : ρ0 = 1.12 kg/m3 ; a0 = 500 m/s; D2 = 1 cm; M2 = 1

To find : P2 , T2
π 2
M2 = 1 ⇒ A2 = A2 ∗ = A1 ∗ = D2 = 7.854 × 10−5 m2
4
p
a0 = γRT0 ⇒ T0 = 622.2 K
P0 = ρ0 RT0 ⇒ P0 = 200000 P a = 2 bar
From Gas tables, for M2 = 1,

P2
= 0.528 ⇒ P2 = 1.056 bar
P02
2
Similarly,
T2
= 0.833 ⇒ T2 = 518.3 K
T02
5) An experiment is conducted with flow through a converging nozzle. The nozzle receives air from a reser-
voir in which the temperature is 350 K. Stagnation pressure at the exit of the nozzle is measured 1.35 bar
and the static temperature at the exit of the nozzle is measured as 303 K. Determine the exit Mach number
and exit area for choked flow if the exit area of the nozzle is 0.1 m2 . Assume isentropic conditions inside the
nozzle throughout the experiment.
Answer : (h) M2 = 0.88; A2 ∗ = 0.098 m2
Given : T0 = 350 K; P02 = 1.35 bar; T2 = 303 K; A2 = 0.1 m2
To find : M2 , A2 ∗
T2 303
= = 0.866
T02 350
T2
T02
M2 = 0.88
A2
And, = 1.013
A2 ∗
⇒ A2 ∗ = 0.098 m2

6) A bicycle tire is filled with air at 169.12 kPa and 30 . The valve breaks and air exhausts into atmosphere

of 100 kPa and 20 . The valve exit is 2 mm diameter and is the smallest area in the system. Assuming
one-dimensional isentropic flow find the initial Mach number at the exit.
Answer : (a) M2 = 0.9
Given : P01 = 169.12 kP a; T01 = 30 ; P2 = 100 kPa; T2 = 20

To find : M2
P2 100
= = 0.591
P02 169.12
P2
P02
M2 = 0.9
7) Use the information of problem 6 to find the initial mass flow rate.
Answer : (l) ṁ = 0.00122 kg/s
3
Given : P01 = 169.12 kP a; T01 = 30 ; P2 = 100 kPa; T2 = 20
To find : ṁ

P2 π 2 p
ṁ = ρ2 A2 v2 = D2 M2 γRT2
RT2 4
⇒ ṁ ≈ 0.00122 kg/s
8) Consider isentropic flow in a channel of varying area between sections 1 and 2. Given M1 = 2.0, we desire
that v2 /v1 = 1.2. Estimate M2 .
Answer : (y) M2 = 2.98
v2
Given : M1 = 2.0 ; = 1.2
v1
To find : M2
r r
v2 M2 a 2 M2 T2 M2 T2 T01
= = =
v1 M1 a 1 M1 T1 M1 T02 T1
From Gas tables, corresponding to M1 = 2.00,
T1
= 0.555
T01
Substituting, r
v2 M2 T2 1
= ×
v1 2.0 T02 0.555
r
T2
⇒ M2 = 1.7879 (1)
T02
Also,
T02 γ−1
=1+ M2 2 = 1 + 0.2M2 2 (2)
T2 2
Substituting (2) in (1),
s
1
M2 = 1.7879
1 + 0.2M2 2
Squaring,
M2 2
= 3.1966
1 + 0.2M2 2
Solving,
M2 ≈ 2.98
9) Use the information of problem 8 to find the area ratio A2 /A1 .

A2
Answer : (k) = 2.4
A1
v2
Given : M1 = 2.0 ; = 1.2
v1
4
A2
To find :
A1
Since the flow is isentropic, A1 ∗ = A2 ∗ = A∗
A2 A2 A1 ∗
∴ =
A1 A2 ∗ A1
From Gas tables,
A2
corresponding to M2 = 2.98, = 4.155
A2 ∗
A1
Similarly, for M1 = 2.00, = 1.687
A1 ∗
A2 A2 A1 ∗
∴ =
A1 A2 ∗ A1
A2
⇒ ≈ 2.4
A1
——————————————
5
IIT Madras
March 14, 2016
1) A C-D nozzle flow exits smoothly to sea-level standard atmosphere. It is supplied by a 40 m3 tank initially

at 800 kPa and 100 . The exit area is 10 cm2 . Estimate the throat area. (Assume sea-level conditions are
101325 Pa and 288 K)
Answer : (o) A∗ = 5.9 cm2
Given : P01 = 800 kPa; T01 = 373 K; A2 = 10 cm2 ; P2 = 101325 Pa; T2 = 288 K
To find : A∗
P2 101325
= = 0.127
P01 800 × 103
P2
P01
A2
M2 = 2.01 & = 1.702
A∗
⇒ A∗ ≈ 5.9 cm2
2) A C-D nozzle is operating at its design condition. The nozzle is supplied air from a reservoir in which air
is stored at 500 kPa and 450 K. The static pressure sensor at the exit of the nozzle shows a reading of 250
kPa at some instant during the operation. Determine the mass flux through the nozzle. Assume isentropic
flow conditions inside the nozzle.
ṁ
Answer : (p) = 950 kg/s m2
A
Given : P0 = 500 kPa; T0 = 450 K; P2 = 250 kPa; nozzle operating at design condition
ṁ
To find :
A
P2 250
= = 0.5
P01 500
P2
P01
M2 = 1.045
1
T2
And, = 0.821
T02
⇒ T2 ≈ 369.22 K
p
v 2 = M2 a 2 = M2 γRT2 = 402.5 m/s
ṁ P2
∴ = v2
A RT2
ṁ
⇒ ≈ 950 kg/s m2
A
3) During the testing of a C-D nozzle, which is shown in figure, it was found that its throat was choked. The
reservoir which supplies air to the nozzle is maintained at pressure of 450 kPa and the stagnation tempera-
ture at the inlet of the nozzle measured is 390 K. A velocity probe measured the velocity at the entrance of
the nozzle to be 250 m/s. Determine the possible values of back pressure which could have caused the flow
to be choked. Assume isentropic flow through the nozzle.
Answer : (w) P2,subsonic = 295.2 kPa & P2,supersonic = 179.6 kPa
Given : P0 = 450 kPa; T0 = 390 K; v1 = 250 m/s; flow is choked
To find : P2,subsonic & P2,supersonic for choked flow at throat
f low is choked ⇒ Mt = 1 & At = A∗
Since the flow is isentropic, A1 ∗ = A2 ∗ = A∗ ; T01 = T02 = T0 ; P01 = P02 = P0
v1 2
T01 = T1 + ⇒ T1 = 358.9 K
2Cp
Also,
T01 γ−1
= 1 + M1 2 ⇒ M1 = 1.223
T1 2
From Isentropic Tables, corresponding to M1 = 0.658,

A1
= 1.128 ⇒ A1 ∗ = A∗ = 22.163 cm2
A1 ∗
A2 23
⇒ ∗ = = 1.038
A2 22.163
2
A2
From Isentropic Tables, corresponding to = 1.038,
A2 ∗
M2,subsonic = 0.80 & M2,supersonic = 1.225
P2,subsonic
For, M2,subsonic = 0.80, = 0.656
P0
⇒ P2,subsonic = 295.2 kP a
P2,supersonic
Similarly, for M2,supersonic = 1.225, = 0.399
P0
⇒ P2,supersonic = 179.6 kP a
4) A C-D nozzle with area ratio 4 is connected to a reservoir where air is stored at 350 K and 700 kPa. If
the nozzle is operating at its design condition, determine the velocity at its throat. Assume isentropic flow
conditions inside the nozzle.
Answer : (c) v ∗ = 342.33 m/s
A2
Given : = 4; T0 = 350 K; P0 = 700 kPa; nozzle operating at design condition
A∗
To find : v ∗
A2
From Isentropic Tables, corresponding to = 4,
A∗
M2 = 2.94 & M ∗ = 1.95
T0 γ+1
Also, = = 1.2
T∗ 2
⇒ T ∗ = 291.67 K
r −(γ+1)
ṁ P0 γ γ−1 2(γ−1)
=√ 1 +
A∗ T0 R 2
ṁ
⇒ = 1512.32 kg/s m2
A∗
γ
γ−1
P0 T0
= ⇒ P ∗ = 369.8 kP a
P∗ T∗
ṁ P∗ ∗
Also, = v
A∗ RT ∗
⇒ v ∗ = 342.33 m/s
5) An experiment setup is designed in such a way that a C-D nozzle with area ratio 2.12 is connected to a
reservoir maintained at 320 kPa. The experiment is repeated with different values of back pressures. Find
the value of back pressure so that the C-D nozzle operates at its design condition. Assume isentropic flow
3
through the nozzle.
Answer : (z) P2 = 27.232 kPa
Ae
Given : = 2.12 ; P0 = 320 kPa
At
To find : Pb for design condition
Design condition ⇒ Mt = 1 & Me > 1

flow is choked
At = A∗ = A1 ∗ = A2 ∗
Ae A2 A2
∴ = = ∗ = 2.12
At A2 ∗ A
A2
A∗
P2
M2 = 2.26 & = 0.0851
P02
⇒ P2 = 27.232 kP a
6) Find the maximum mass flux that can be achieved through a C-D nozzle, with area ratio 2.5, working
under isentropic conditions and connected to a reservoir at 800 kPa and 410 K.
ṁ
Answer : (l) = 1596.9 kg/s m2
A
Ae
Given : T0 = 410 K; P0 = 800 kPa; = 2.5
At
ṁ
To find :
A
Design condition ⇒ Mt = 1 & Me > 1

flow is choked
At = A∗ = A1 ∗ = A2 ∗
ṁ = ṁmax
Ae A2 A2
∴ = ∗ = = 2.5
At A2 A∗
A2
A∗
M2 = 2.443
r −(γ+1)
ṁ P0 γ γ−1 2(γ−1)
= √ 1 +
A∗ max T0 R 2

ṁ
⇒ = 1596.9 kg/s m2
A∗ max
4
7) Consider a C-D nozzle with area ratio of 1.15 and exit area 50 cm2 . The conditions at the exit of the
nozzle are maintained at 620 kPa and 480 K. The nozzle is connected to a reservoir in which air is stored at
510 K. Find the Mach number at the throat of the nozzle. Assume isentropic flow inside the nozzle.
Answer : (x) Mt = 0.725
Ae
Given : = 1.15; T0 = 510 K; Te = 480 K; Pe = 620 kPa; Ae = 50 cm2
At
To find : Mt
T2 480
= = 0.941
T02 510
T2
T02
A2
M2 = 0.56 & = 1.24
A∗
⇒ A2 ∗ = 40.32 cm2
⇒ A1 ∗ = A2 ∗ = At ∗ = 40.32 cm2
A2
Given, = 1.15
At
⇒ At = 43.48 cm2
At
∴ = 1.078
At ∗
At
∴ From Isentropic Tables, corresponding to = 1.078,
At ∗
Mt = 0.725
8) Find the velocity at the exit of a C-D nozzle connected to a reservoir at 150 kPa and 300 K. The pressure
at the exit of the nozzle was measured as 100 kPa. Assume isentropic flow through the nozzle.
Answer : (s) ve = 255.8 m/s
Given : P0 = 150 kPa; T0 = 300 K; P2 = 100 kPa

To find : ve
P2 100
= = 0.667
P02 150
T2
T02
T2
M2 = 0.78 & = 0.892
T02
⇒ T2 = 267.6 K
∴ ve = v2 = M2 a2 = 255.8 m/s
9) A C-D nozzle with area ratio 1.6 is operating at its design condition. It is connected to a reservoir

maintained at 310 . Calculate the velocity at the exit of the nozzle.
5
Answer : (i) ve = 708.4 m/s
Ae
Given : = 1.6; T0 = 500 K; nozzle operating at design condition
At
To find : ve
A2
= 1.6
A2 ∗
A2
A2 ∗
T2
M2 = 1.935 & = 0.572
T02
⇒ T2 = 333.56 K
∴ ve = v2 = M2 a2 = 708.4 m/s
10) A variable area duct is connected to a reservoir maintained at 440 K and 750 kPa. The flow is found to
be choked at a section of the duct where the area of cross-section is 12 cm2 . If the inlet area of the duct is
20 cm2 , calculate the velocity at the inlet. Assume isentropic flow conditions inside the nozzle.
Answer : (u) v1 = 156.28 m/s
Given : T0 = 440 K; P0 = 750 kPa; At = 12 cm2 ; A1 = 20 cm2 ; T0 = 500 K
To find : v1
flow is choked at At = 12 cm2
⇒ At = A∗ = A1 ∗ = A2 ∗ = 12 cm2
A1 20
∴ ∗ = = 1.67
A1 12
A1
A1 ∗
T1
M1 = 0.377 & = 0.972
T01
⇒ T1 = 427.68 K
∴ v1 = M1 a1 = 156.28 m/s
——————————————
6
IIT Madras
April 5, 2016
1) Air at Mach number 1.8, static pressure of 0.8 bar and static temperature of 373 K passes through a
normal shock wave. Determine its density after the shock.
Answer : (p) ρy = 1.76 kg/m3
Given : Mx = 1.8; Px = 0.8 bar; Tx = 373 K
To find : ρy
From Normal Shock Tables for γ = 1.4, corresponding to Mx = 1.8,

Py Ty
= 3.613 & = 1.532
Px Tx
⇒ Py = 2.8904 bar & Ty = 571.436 K
Py
⇒ ρy = = 1.76 kg/m3
RTy
2) A normal shock occurs in the diverging section of a C-D nozzle. The throat area is one-third of the
exit area and the static pressure at the exit is 0.4 times the stagnation pressure at the entry. The flow is
throughout isentropic except across the shock. Determine the area of cross-section of the nozzle (in terms
of throat area) where the normal shock occurs.
Answer : (t) 2.84 times the throat area
Ae
Given : = 3; Pe = 0.4P0i
At
To find : Ax
1
Since the flow is isentropic everywhere except at the shock,
P01 = P0x ; P0y = P02 ; A1 ∗ = At = Ax ∗ ; Ay ∗ = A2 ∗
Ae A2
= = 3
At At
P01 A1 ∗ = P02 A2 ∗
A1 ∗ P02
⇒ ∗ =
A2 P01
A2 A2 A2 ∗ A2 A2 ∗ A2 P02
= × = × = ×
At A2 ∗ At A2 ∗ A1 ∗ A2 ∗ P01
A2 P02
⇒ × = 3
A2 ∗ P01
P2
But, P2 = 0.4P01 ⇒ P01 =
0.4
A2 P2
⇒ × = 3 × 0.4 = 1.2
A2 ∗ P02
A2 P2
From Isentropic tables, corresponding to × = 1.2,
A2 ∗ P02
P2
M2 = 0.472 & = 0.859
P02
0.4P01
⇒ = 0.859
P02
P02 0.4
⇒ = = 0.466
P01 0.859
P02
From Normal Shock tables, for = 0.466,
P01
Mx = 2.58
2
From Isentropic tables, for Mx = 2.58,
Ax
= 2.842
Ax ∗
⇒ Ax = 2.842At
3) A C-D nozzle is supplied air kept in a reservoir at pressure 500 kPa. The throat area is 8 cm2 and exit
area is 30 cm2 . A normal shock stands at a section where the area is 10 cm2 . Assuming flow to be isentropic
everywhere except at the shock, find the static pressure at the exit.
Answer : (g) Pe = 428 kPa
Given : P0 = 500 kPa; At = 8 cm2 ; As = 10 cm2 ; Ae = 30 cm2
To find : Pe
Shock inside C-D nozzle ⇒ flow is choked at throat

⇒ Mt = 1
⇒ At = Ax ∗ = A1 ∗ = 8 cm2
Assuming shock is a very thin region, As = Ax = Ay = 10 cm2

Ax 10
∴ ∗ = = 1.25
Ax 8
Ax
Ax ∗
Mx = 1.6
Since flow is isentropic, P0 = P01 = P0x = 500 kPa From Isentropic Tables, for Mx = 1.6,
Px
= 0.235
P0x
⇒ Px = 117.5 kP a
From Normal Shocks tables, for Mx = 1.6,
My = 0.668
Py
= 2.820 ⇒ Py = 331.35 kP a
Px
P0y
= 0.895 ⇒ P0y = 447.5 kP a
P0x
P0x Ax ∗ = P0y Ay ∗
P0x ∗
∴ Ay ∗ = Ax ≈ 11.98 cm2
P0y
⇒ Ae ∗ = Ay ∗ = 11.98 cm2
Ae 30
= ≈ 2.505
Ae ∗ 11.98
3
Ae
Ae ∗
Pe
Me = 0.233 & = 0.956
P0e
⇒ Pe ≈ 428 kP a
4) Find the entropy change across the normal shock for an incoming flow of air with Mach number 2.5.
Answer : (c) ∆s = 1327.22 J/kg K
Given : Mx = 2.5
To find : ∆s
From Normal Shocks Tables, corresponding to Mx = 2.5,

Ty Py
= 2.138 & = 7.125
Tx Px

Ty Py
∴ ∆s = CP ln − R ln
Tx Px
⇒ ∆s = 1327.22 J/kgK
5) A pitot-static probe is used for measurement in a supersonic flow in a wind tunnel. If the readings of the
probe are 600 kPa and 420 kPa, determine the static pressure of the supersonic flow in the wind tunnel.
Answer : (k) Px = 192.3 kPa
Given : P0y = 600 kPa; Py = 420 kPa
To find : Px
Py
= 0.7
P0y
Py
From Isentropic tables, corresponding to = 0.7,
P0y
My = 0.73
From Normal Shocks Tables, corresponding to My = 0.73,

P0y
Mx = 1.42 & = 3.12
Px
⇒ Px = 192.3 kP a
6) Air from a reservoir at 20 and 500 kPa flows through a duct and forms a normal shock downstream of
a throat of area 10 cm2 . By an odd coincidence it is found that the stagnation pressure downstream of this
4
shock exactly equals to the throat pressure. What is the area where shock stands?
Answer : (e) As = 24.7 cm2
Given : T0 = 293 K; P0 = 500 kPa; At = 10 cm2 ; P0y = Pt
To find : As

⇒ Mt = 1
⇒ At = Ax ∗ = A1 ∗ = 10 cm2
Since flow is isentropic everywhere except at the shock,
P01 = P0x ; P0y = P02 ; A1 ∗ = At = Ax ∗ ; Ay ∗ = A2 ∗
Assuming shock is a very thin region, As = Ax = Ay
From Isentropic tables, corresponding to Mt = 1,

Pt
= 0.528
P01
⇒ Pt = 264 kP a
P02 P0y Pt
∴ = = = 0.528
P01 P0x P0x
P0y
From Normal Shock tables, corresponding to = 0.528,
P0x
Mx = 2.42

Ax
= 2.448
Ax ∗
⇒ Ax = 2.448 × Ax ∗ = 2.448 × At ≈ 24.7 cm2
7) A C-D nozzle, discharging a jet of air into the atmosphere (1.01325 bar, 300 K), has a ratio of exit area
to throat area equal to 2.5. What should be the reservoir pressure to drive this nozzle if a normal shock
stands at an area ratio (area where shock stands to the throat area) of 2 in the divergent section?
Answer : (z) P0 = 161 kPa
Ae As
Given : P02 = 1.01325 bar; T02 = 300 K; = 2.5; = 2.0
At At
To find : P01
5
P01 = P0x ; P0y = P02 ; A1 ∗ = At = Ax ∗ ; Ay ∗ = A2 ∗
As Ax
∴ = = 2
At Ax ∗
Ax
From Isentropic tables, corresponding to = 2,
Ax ∗
Mx = 2.2

P0y
My = 0.547 & = 6.716
Px
P0y
⇒ Px = = 15.087 kP a
6.716
Px
= 0.0935
P0x
Px
⇒ P0x = ≈ 161 kP a
0.0935

8) A large tank with compressed air is attached to a C-D nozzle at pressure 4 bar and temperature of 35 .
The nozzle throat area is 3 cm2 and the exit area is 9 cm2 . A shock occurs at a location where the cross
section area is 6 cm2 . Calculate the back pressure and temperature of the flow.
Answer : (m) Pb = 2.34 bar & Tb = 300 K
Given : P01 = 4 bar; T01 = 308 K; At = 3 cm2 ; A2 = 9 cm2 ; As = 6 cm2

To find : Pb , Tb

⇒ Mt = 1
⇒ At = Ax ∗ = A1 ∗ = 3 cm2
P01 = P0x ; P0y = P02 ; A1 ∗ = At = Ax ∗ ; Ay ∗ = A2 ∗
Assuming shock is a very thin region, As = Ax = Ay = 6 cm2
As Ax 6
∴ = = = 2
At Ax ∗ 3
Ax
Ax ∗
Mx = 2.2
6
P0y
My = 0.547 & = 0.628
P0x
⇒ P0y = P0x × 0.628 = 2.512 bar
Also,
P0x Ax ∗ = P0y Ay ∗
P0x ∗
∴ Ay ∗ = Ax ≈ 4.777 cm2
P0y
A2 9
= ≈ 1.884
A2 ∗ 4.777
A2
From Isentropic tables, corresponding to = 1.884,
A2 ∗
P2 T2
M2 = 0.3274 ; = 0.92825 ; = 0.97825
P02 T02
⇒ P2 ≈ 2.34 bar & T2 ≈ 300 K
9) For the previous problem find the critical values of back pressure Pcr1 and Pcr3 respectively as defined in
the class.
Answer : (w) 3.97 bar, 1.67 bar
Given : P01 = 4 bar; T01 = 308 K; At = 3 cm2 ; A2 = 9 cm2 ; As = 6 cm2

To find : Pcr1 , Pcr3

⇒ Mt = 1
⇒ At = Ax ∗ = A1 ∗ = 3 cm2
A2 A2 9
= = = 3
At A2 ∗ 3
A2
A2 ∗
M2,cr1 = 0.1975 & M2,cr3 = 2.64
And,
P2,cr1 P2,cr3
= 0.9735 & = 0.0471
P02,cr1 P02,cr3
⇒ P2,cr1 ≈ 3.9 bar & P2,cr3 ≈ 1.67 bar
——————————————
7
IIT Madras
April 8, 2016
1) A normal shock moves with velocity 750 m/s into stagnant air at 150 kPa and 200 K. Find the static
temperature after the shock has passed and the velocity imparted to the fluid by the shock
Answer : (q) Ty = 456.8 K; v = 536.22 m/s

Given : vs = 750 m/s; P01 = 150 kPa; T01 = 200 K
To find : v
Stationary coordinates Moving coordinates
vs 750
Mx = = √
ax 1.4 × 287 × 200
∴ Mx = 2.646

Ty
My = 0.499 & = 2.284
Tx
⇒ Ty = 456.8 K
vs − v
My =
ay
⇒ v = v s − a y My
∴ v = 536.22 m/s
∴ Ty = 456.8 K & v = 536.22 m/s
1
2) Air approaches a symmetrical wedge of wedge-angle 30° at Mach number of 2. For the strong shock,
determine the downstream Mach number and static temperature if the stagnation temperature upstream of
the shock was found to be 450 K.
Answer : (t) M = 0.643; T2 = 415.6 K
Given : θ = 15° ; M1 = 2.0; T01 = 450 K

To find : M2 & T2 for the strong shock
From θ − β − M chart, for M1 = 2.0 & θ = 15° ,

β = 80° , for the strong shock
Mn1 = M1 sin β = 1.97

T2
Mn2 = 0.5825 & = 1.6635
T1
Mn2
∴ M2 = ≈ 0.643
sin(β − θ)

T1
= 0.555
T01
⇒ T1 = 249.75 K
⇒ T2 = 1.6635 × T1 ≈ 415.6 K
3) A jet of air at a Mach number of 2.1 is deflected inwards at the corner of a wall. The wave angle at the
corner is 60°. Determine the deflection angle of the wall and the static pressure downstream of the shock if
the stagnation pressure upstream of the shock was found to be 200 kPa.
Answer : (n) θ = 24°; P2 = 81.04 kPa
Given : M1 = 2.1; β = 60°; P01 = 200 kPa

To find : θ, P2
From θ − β − M chart, for M1 = 2.1 & β = 60° ,

θ = 24°
Mn1 = M1 sin β = 1.82

P02
Mn2 = 0.612 & = 0.804
P01
∴ P02 = 0.804 × P01 = 160.8 kP a
And,
Mn2
M2 = ≈ 1.04
sin(β − θ)
2
P2
= 0.504
P02
⇒ P2 = 81.04 kP a
4) A supersonic flow of air with M = 3 is tested on an experiment test bed with a symmetric wedge. The
wedge -angle can be varied steadily. After one particular angle, it was found that the shock waves formed are
no longer attached to the wedge. Determine this limiting wedge angle and the density ratio (ρ2 /ρ1 ) across
the shock.
ρ2
Answer : (k) θmax = 68°, = 3.59
ρ1
Given : M1 = 3
To find : 2θmax , P2
From θ − β − M chart, for M1 = 3,

θmax = 34° & corrresponding β = 65.5°
∴ Wedge angle = 2 × θmax = 68°
Mn1 = M1 sin β = 2.73

P2 T2
Mn2 = 0.4935 ; = 8.5285 ; = 2.375
P1 T1
From Rankine-Hugoniot equation,

γ+1 P2
ρ2 γ−1 P1 + 1
=
ρ1 γ+1
+ P2
γ−1 P1
ρ2
⇒ = 3.59
ρ1
Alternatively, using the Equation of State,
ρ2 P2 T1
= ×
ρ1 P1 T2
ρ2
⇒ = 3.59
ρ1
5) During an experiment a weak oblique shock with shock angle 44° occurs and flow is observed to be de-
flected by 14° anti-clockwise. Further, the temperature downstream of the shock wave was found to be 300
K. Determine the Mach number and the stagnation temperature after the shock.
Answer : (f ) M2 = 1.496; T02 = 432 K
Given : β = 44°; θ = 14°; T2 = 300 K

To find : M2 ; T02
From θ − β − M chart, for θ = 14° & β = 44° ,
3
M = 2.0
Mn1 = M1 sin β = 1.389
Mn2 = 0.744
Mn2
⇒ M2 = ≈ 1.49
sin(β − θ)

T2
= 0.693
T02
⇒ T02 ≈ 432 K
6) A flow encounters an oblique shock wave with the shock angle as 30°. If the upstream conditions of the
shock are M1 = 3, P1 = 2 bar and T1 = 300 K, find the component of the velocity after the shock which is
parallel to the shock.
Answer : (w) v2t = 902 m/s
Given : β = 30°; M1 = 3; P1 = 2 bar; T1 = 300 K

To find : v2t
v1 v1
M1 = = √
a1 γRT1
⇒ v1 = 1041.566 m/s
We know, for an Oblique shock, v1t = v2t .
v1t = v1 cos β ≈ 902 m/s
⇒ v2t = v1t = 902 m/s
7) Maximum possible deflection that can be achieved through an attached oblique shock wave for M = 5
flow is,
Answer : (b) θmax = 41°
Given : M1 = 5.0
To find : θmax
From θ − β − M chart, for M1 = 5.0,
θmax = 41°
4
8) A flow at Mach number 4 encounters a compression corner with deflection angle of 20°. The conditions
downstream of the shock are such that a strong oblique shock wave occurs. Find the shock angle and the
downstream Mach number.
Answer : (z) β = 84° & M2 = 0.486
Given : M1 = 4; θ = 20°
To find : β, M2
From θ − β − M chart, for M1 = 4.0 & θ = 20° ,
β = 84°
Mn1 = M1 sin β ≈ 3.98
Mn2 = 0.4365
Mn2
⇒ M2 = ≈ 0.486
sin(β − θ)
——————————————

Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics Solutions

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Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics (NOC16 - ME05)

Answer : The entropy change is same for both the paths

Answer : 0.8970 kg/m3

Given : T1 = 273 K; T2 = 373 K; P = 100 kPa; ρ1 = 1.2256 kg/m3

3) For calorically perfect gas, the ratio of specific heats

Answer : is constant for a given gas

Answer : its internal energy increases

Answer : the heat exchange during the process

Answer : −189.81 J/kg K

Given : T1 = 405 K; T2 = 315 K; P1 = 56 kPa; P2 = 45 kPa

7) The ideal gas equation is valid

Answer : for some gases at moderate temperatures and pressures

8) The incompressibility condition for a flow is

Answer : change in density with the change in pressure is negligible

9) The polytropic index n for a constant volume process is

10) The specific heat at constant volume is

Given : V1 = 400 m3 ; V2 = 320 m3 ; dP = 200 MPa

12) When a gas is heated, changes take place in its

Answer : pressure, temperature and volume

Answer : (q) θ = 11.4 °

From Prandtl-Meyer function tables,

for M2 = 2.44, ν2 = 37.79 °

Answer : (n) Ae = 0.0000682 m2

Pthroat = Patm = 101.35 kP a

Answer : (v) θ = 31.9 °

From θ − β − M chart, for M1 = 3.2 & θ1 = 25 , °

From Normal Shocks tables, for Mn1 = 2.16,

Answer : (t) θ = 26.3 °

From Normal Shocks tables, for Mn1 = 2.16,

⇒ P02 = 31.88 bar

Since state 2 to state 3 is an expansion fan, it is isentropic.

Hence, P03 = P02 = 31.88 bar

From Prandtl-Meyer function tables,

Answer : (g) ṁ = 0.96 kg/s

Given : A1 = 24 cm2 ; A2 = 18 cm2 ; A3 = 32 cm2 ; M1 = 2.5; P1 = 40 kPa; T1 = 30

Answer : (y) M3 = 0.27 & P03 = 435 kPa

Given : A1 = 24 cm2 ; A2 = 18 cm2 ; A3 = 32 cm2 ; M1 = 2.5; P1 = 40 kPa; T1 = 30 

To find : M3 & P03

From Isentropic tables, for M1 = 2.5,

From Isentropic tables, for M2y = 0.55,

Answer : (a) P2 = 58.16 kPa

Given : P1 = 400 kPa; M1 = 1.8

From Prandtl-Meyer function tables,

From Isentropic tables, for M1 = 1.8,

Since flow is isentropic, P02 = P01 = 2298.85 kP a

Answer : (j) θ = 17.192 °

From Isentropic tables, for M1 = 1.5,

From Prandtl-Meyer functions tables,

Answer : (d) M3 = 1.972

From θ − β − M chart, for M1 = 2.0 & θ1 = 14 , °

From Normal Shocks tables, for Mn1 = 1.389,

From Prandtl-Meyer function tables,

Answer : (m) P01 = 1.893 atm

Since flow is isentropic, P02 = P01

⇒ P01 = 1.893 atm

Answer : 7.412 m/s

Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1 & 3,

Since, P1 = P3 = Patmospheric and v1 = 0,

To find : Thrust acting on the propeller, F = ρA1 v1 2 − ρA2 v2 2

From 1-D Continuity Equation,

Given : d1 = 60 mm = 0.06 m; v1 = 4.5 m/s;

Given : D1 = 80 mm = 0.08 m; D2 = 40 mm = 0.04 m; P1 = 200 kN/m2 = 200 × 103 N/m2 ;

Given : A1 = 24 cm2 ; A2 = 18 cm2 ; A3 = 32 cm2 ; M1 = 2.5; P1 = 40 kPa; T1 = 30

Given : A1 = 24 cm2 ; A2 = 18 cm2 ; A3 = 32 cm2 ; M1 = 2.5; P1 = 40 kPa; T1 = 30

Given : γ = 2.0; T1 = 727 = 1000 K; T2 = 227 = 500 K; v1 = 35 m/s; P2 = 700 kPa

Find T01 from,

Find T01 from,

Given : D = 0.04 m; T0 = 200 = 473 K; P = 120000 Pa; ṁ = 0.5 kg/s

Given : v = 215 m/s; T = 30 = 303 K; P = 5 bar = 5 × 105 Pa