Aff Mesga

AT
2AC strats
Dems Good
1. No Link plan is spun as a womens issue American Chronicle 2006

[http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/4620]
I am very proud of the strong, ........ strides towards ending violence against women in all communities.
2. Too early Weisman 10

(JONATHAN WEISMAN, WSJ, “Loyalty to Obama Costs Democrats” September
30 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704416904575501760957676960.html?mod=WSJ_NY_MIDDL
ETopStories#printMode)
It is too early to say how ......... independence rather than an embrace of the president's agenda."
4. Congress out of session NYtimes 10

(“Congress Wraps Up Session Early as Midterm Races Loom” DAVID M. HERSZENHORN September 29,
10 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/30/us/politics/30cong.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print)
Congress on Thursday ......., most of them were on their way. A half-dozen senators left before the final vote on a
motion to adjourn.
Disabled Voters love the plan 2k8
(Clare Laxton is a recent graduate in politics from Leeds University, where she wrote her dissertation on Islamic
feminism in Iran. “Domestic violence and disabled
women” http://www.thefword.org.uk/features/2008/07/domestic_violen)
Disabled women are twice as likely ........- and myself - believe that this should not hold us back from debating and
talking about the issue.
Disabled Voters are key to the election Mellman 10

(Mellman is president of The Mellman Group and has worked for Democratic candidates and causes since 1982.
Current clients include the majority leaders of both the House and Senate “ADA voters are a key constituency”
08/03/10 <http://thehill.com/opinion/columnists/mark-mellman/112503-ada-voters-are-a-key-constituency>)
We often forget, ...... Bush in ’04 and Barack Obama in ’08.
Women are the key vote Daily Chronicle 10

(“Women emerge as key swing voting bloc” Daily Chronicle October 1, 2010)
They're worried about putting food on the table and paying the bills. ..... they're less committed than those who
say they're voting for a Democrat, Bratty said, and there's ample opportunity for Democratic candidates to
appeal to them.
Link turn outweighs the link Butler 10

(“Hispanic Constituency up for Grabs: Liberal influence slips” October 3rd, 2010 by John Robert Butler
< http://thehayride.com/2010/10/hispanic-constituency-up-for-grabs-liberal-influence-slips/>)
This appraisal of the Democratic ......... A roughly 50-50 split.
2AC Law Bad

Rejecting the law precludes the possibility for transformative alternatives and makes case a DA to the K Lewis 1
(Ruth Lewis, Rebecca Emerson Dobash, Russell P Dobash and Kate Cavanagh “Law's Progressive Potential: The
Value of Engagement with the Law for Domestic Violence” Social Legal Studies 2001; 10; 105)
Abstentionists’ discussions, ........ they might invoke the law to support them in these challenges.5
The law provides a unique space from which operate and change the law to challenge conventional masculinist
nature of the law Lewis 1
While sceptical legal reformers ...... and future of the feminist movement.
Rejecting the systems makes case impacts a Disad to the alt Lewis 1
Sceptical reformers also make the ethical engage ........with which to replace the current, flawed legal responses to
domestic violence.
Victimage K
Perm. Pass the plan using some elements of victimage and rethink victimage. Minow says this is the best way to
solve for the victimage double-bind. The negative’s alternative would be “either/or” binary thinking. The Perm is a
better form of thought..”Both/and” Minow ’93 [Professor of Law, Harvard University, “SURVIVING VICTIM
TALK”, August, 40 UCLA Law Review 1411, lexis]
Perhaps by now you are feeling a bit ........ more acknowledgment of complexity.
2. Perm. Adopt the plan and rethink your assumptions of spousal abuse. Only real policy actions can change
people’s lives.
Minow ’93 [Professor of Law, Harvard University, “SURVIVING VICTIM TALK”, August, 40 UCLA Law Review
1411, lexis]
But my "take-home" explosive present moments.
3. Perm. Pass plan by embracing both victim status and individual autonomy. This intersectional approach
shatters the false dichotomy between victim status and agency. This is the best way to address women’s real
problems and empowering them. Schnieder 2003. [38 N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev. 387 ARTICLE: FEMINISM
AND THE FALSE DICHOTOMY OF VICTIMIZATION AND AGENCY Elizabeth M.
SchneiderProfessor of Law, Brooklyn Law School. ]
My central point was that although ........ daily in their ongoing relationships.
2AC Bare Life

The alternative breeds powerlessness—it makes resistance to oppression impossible
Hardt & Dumm 2K (Michael & Thomas, Prof of Romance Studies Dept @ Duke University, Prof @ Amherst College, "Sovereignty,
Multitudes, Absolute Democracy: A Discussion between Michael Hardt and Thomas Dumm about Hardt and Negri's Empire,” Theory & Event,
4:3, Project Muse//shree)
MH: Our argument in Empire ......... new biopolitics that reveals the struggles over forms of life.
BIOPOWER DOESN’T RESULT IN BARE LIFE – IT INCREASES THE POTENTIALITIES OF LIFE
Mika Ojakangas, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Finland, FOUCAULT STUDIES, May
2005, http://www.foucault-studies.com/no2/ojakangas1.pdf
Moreover, life as the object ......... to produce “extra‐life.”
GOP Link Turns
1. Hispanics backlash over piecemeal reform. Milfeld 8

Becca Milfeld, Staff writer for the Medill Reprts, 4-23-2008, “Piecemeal immigration legislation not the
solution, says caucus,” http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/washington/news.aspx?id=86933
WASHINGTON – A key Hispanic ....... has already rejected.”

2. Hispanic shifting vote Butler 10
(“Hispanic Constituency up for Grabs: Liberal influence slips” October 3rd, 2010 by John Robert Butler
< http://thehayride.com/2010/10/hispanic-constituency-up-for-grabs-liberal-influence-slips/>)
Now, consider, as my previous post .....…non-Democrats.

3. Backlash over piecemeal reform is immense – sufficient to shift Hispanic vote in races. Rivlin 10
Douglas Rivlin, Writer for News Junkie Post, 3-12-2010, “Stakes Getting Higher for Obama, Latino Voters, and
Immigration,” http://newsjunkiepost.com/2010/03/12/stakes-getting-higher-for-obama-latino-voters-and-immigration/
Which brings us back to politics. ........ had among Latino voters.
4. Passing single issue reform is a major anti-Hispanic symbol Lochhead 2k

Carolyn Lochhead, Chronicle Washington Bureau, 9-22-2000, “Senate Postpones H-1B
Visa Bill,” http://articles.sfgate.com/2000-09-22/news/17661216_1_h-1b-latino-voters-latino-
group
4:00:00 PST Washington -- Caught in intense election-year crosscurrents, legislation to increase temporary visas for
skilled workers has been postponed to at least Tuesday, ........dance with Silicon Valley or they can dance with the
Latino groups. They would rather the decision not have to be made at all."
5. Symbol is key to Hispanic vote Keck 10

Kristi Keck, Staff writer for CNN, 7-5-2010, “Latinos not flexing political muscle –
yet,” http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/07/05/latino.vote/index.html
A Pew study ...... at the Leavey Center for the Study of Los Angeles at Loyola Marymount University.
Weber Round Robin
Round 3 vs Denver EL
A2: Time Travel
Technology for time travel exists now
Time travel institute 10 (“Dr. David Anderson's work on Time Travel.”
4/25 http://www.timetravelinstitute.com/ttiforum/showflat.php?Cat=&Board=ttclaims&Number=71991&pag
e=0&view=collapsed&sb=5&o=&fpart=1)
I came across the work of Dr. David Anderson, an American physicist who claims that he has successfully
developed a time warp field generator that allows a person to go forwards or backwards in time. Info
at: http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Anderson_Institute%27s_Time_Control_Technologyand at
[url=http:www.andersoninstitute.com" target="_blank">www.andersoninstitute.com</a> In January,
2010, Dr. Anderson chatted with Art Bell on the Coast to Coast radio show to discuss the state of time
travel research in labs around the world and also to alert listeners to the risks and dangers of
unscrupulous scientists/agencies who are pursuing time travel research. I listened to the radio interviews
on coast to coast (the radio interviews can be listened from the first link above <a
href="http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Anderson_Institute%27s_Time_Control_Technology]http://pe
swiki.com/index.php/Directory:Anderson_Institute%27s_Time_Control_Technology[/url] ) Dr. Anderson's
claims have a ring of authenticity to them but the experiments haven't been demonstrated to the public.
Framework Cards
Their framework makes extinction inevitable- viewing survival as the first priority before all is key.
Schell, 1982 (Jonathan, prof. at Wesleyan U, Fate of the Earth, pg. 129-30)
the framework of calculation is inevitable- even absolutist frameworks cannot escape it.
mapel, 1990 (david, prof @ u of colorado, journal of politics, prudence and the plurality of value in
international ethics, online: jstor)
The value to human life can never be extinguished

Pollefeyt 99 [Department of Pastoral Theology, Centre for Peace Ethics, 1999, Didier, Ethics after the Holocaust, p. 277]
Preserving existence is a prerequisite to their value to life arguments

Wapner 3 [Paul, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at
American University. “Leftist Criticism of "Nature" Environmental Protection in a Postmodern Age,”
Dissent Winter 2003 http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm]
A2: Nietzsche
Attempting to change the world is crucial to celebrating life. Refusing to try denies our own lives while
condemning others to unnecessary suffering
May 5 [Todd May, professor at Clemson, “To change the world, to celebrate life,” Philosophy & Social
Criticism 2005, Vol 31, nos 5–6 pp. 517–531]
A2: "The" PIK
Their discourse first arguments are flawed—we can still understand the truth of the world through
evaluating multiple perspectives. This serves as the basis for rational policy action.
Elkins 6 (Jeremy, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Bryn Mawr College, “Revolutionary Politics,”
Theory & Event, 9(4), AD: 7-9-9) BL
EB5
EB-5 Visas
Plan Text:
The United States federal government should expand the employment-based
immigration EB-5 visa category to include immigrant entrepreneurs who are able
to raise a minimum of $250,000, with $100,000 coming from a qualified United
States venture investor.
Contention 1: Inherency
Contention 1 is the Status Quo
First, America’s position as the Mecca for entrepreneurship is being challenged – we
are in a race for immigrant entrepreneurs
Ries 10 (Eric, Writer for the Huffington Post, March 21, 2010, “The New Startup
Arms Race”, ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1010:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-
ries/the-new-startup-arms-race_b_507510.html
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-ries/the-new-startup-arms-
race_b_507510.html ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1010 )
There is no greater country … could have been created here, but weren't.
Fortunately there is a solution in the form of the EB-5 Visa program, unfortunately
current restrictions make is to that only 692 visas were issued out of a potential
10,000, our reforms are key
Moran 10/14/2010 (Gwen, writer for Entrepreneur, “The Startup Visa: a Boost for
Small Business?”
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1011:http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/217416
http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/217416 ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1011 )
Last December, Rep. Jared Polis … only 692 EB-5 visas were issued in 2009.
Contention 2: Heg
United States is losing its lead in competitiveness in science and technology
Dabney, 10
Michael Dabney, U.S. Competitive Edge in Jeopardy,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1012:http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/34
041/ http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/34041/
ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1012 , accessed 8-13-2010, WYO/JF
While many …China was rated first in this category.
Competitiveness decline tanks U.S. heg
Segal 4 – Adam, Senior Fellow in China Studies at the C.F.R.
Nov, ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1013:http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/america-
losing-its-edge http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/america-losing-its-edge
ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1013
The United States' global primacy …. the United States must get better at
fostering technological entrepreneurship at home.
US hegemony is key to stop an apolar world full of plagues, economic stagnation and
nuclear wars
Ferguson, 04
Niall Ferguson is Herzog professor of history at New York University's Stern
School of Business and senior fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford
University. “A world without power,” Foreign Policy July 1, 2004
So what is left? Waning empires. … rival great powers would benefit from such a
not-so-new world disorder.
Startup visas are key to maintaining U.S. global competitiveness

Ries 10 – Eric, creator of Lean Startup methodology; author of popular
entrepreneurship blog Startup Lessons Learned, co-founder and CTO of IMVU,
his third startup
[Jan 1,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1014:http://startupvisa.com/2010/01/01/immigration-
entrepreneurship/ http://startupvisa.com/2010/01/01/immigration-
entrepreneurship/ ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1014 ]cn
America is in danger of losing its competitive … wealth creation and economic
prosperity to other nations.
Startup visas solve the remaining challenges to U.S. economic competitiveness
Ong 10 – Aihui, software engineer and SIlcon Valley entrepreneur
[Feb 26, ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1015:http://aihuiong.com/post/414127624/why-
i-support-startup-visa http://aihuiong.com/post/414127624/why-i-support-startup-
visa ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1015 ]cn
The one common thing startups need ….entrepreneur would be an ideal
defensive move.
Contention 3: Economy
Unemployment is still exceedingly high
Reauters, 1-11
Unemployment in high 8 percent range end 2011: Fed official,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1016:http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE70A7EK2
0110112 http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE70A7EK20110112
U.S. unemployment is likely …I would not argue with that," he said of the
consensus.
The pace of current job growth is too slow – the small business sector must be an
engine of economic growth in the next phase or the economy risks collapse
Van Hollen, 8-27-10. Chris, Chairman of the Democratic Congressional
Campaign Committee. “HELPING SMALL BUSINESSES CREATE JOBS,”
Congressional Press Releases,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1017:http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0810/41508_
Page2.html http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0810/41508_Page2.html
To address the crisis, stem job losses … special interests at the expense of U.S.
taxpayers and workers.
Speeding up job recovery is critical – even if we can’t rebuild the economy overnight,
the Aff avoids a deeper catastrophic collapse
Maryland Rep. Frank M. Kratovil, Jr, 8-25-10. “NEW CBO REPORT SHOWS
RECOVERY ACT BOOSTED GDP AND ADDED 3.3 MILLION AMERICAN
JOBS,” States News Service, Lexis.
Rep. Frank Kratovil released the following … empower small businesses to
create jobs."
Economic collapse leads to conflict
Mead, 2009
(Mead, Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on
Foreign Relations, 2/4/2009 Walter Russell, “Only Makes You Stronger,” The
New Republic,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1018:http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb
9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8&p=2
http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-
92e83915f5f8&p=2 ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1018 )
None of which means that we can … if we can't get the world economy back on
track, we may still have to fight.
Startup visas are key to job-creation
Litan, 10
[Robert E. Litan is vice president of research and policy at the Kauffman
Foundation
Posted: June 30, 2010 04:55 PM,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1019:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-e-
litan/entrepreneurial-stimulus_b_631418.html
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-e-litan/entrepreneurial-
stimulus_b_631418.html ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1019 ]
With little taste for new spending programs… brought to market by startups, not
established firms.
Only way out of this recession is to embrace a new model of entrepreneurial

capitalism
Joyner & Markiewicz 10 (Tammy and David, writers for Atlanta Journal
Constitution, “Entrepreneurs could push economy forward”, Atlanta Journal
Constitution, 6-27-2010,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1020:http://www.ajc.com/business/entrepreneurs-could-
push-economy-558731.html http://www.ajc.com/business/entrepreneurs-could-
push-economy-558731.html ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1020 )
Could the surge in entrepreneurs be just … old-line industrial capitalism into full-
fledged entrepreneurial capitalism.”
Entrepreneurial capitalism solves the root causes of all war
Schramm in 2006
(Carl J., President and CEO Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation,
“Entrepreneurial Capitalism and World Peace- Your First Job”, Commencement
Address, Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, May 13th,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1021:http://www.kauffman.org/uploadedFiles/DukeCom
menc051306.pdf
http://www.kauffman.org/uploadedFiles/DukeCommenc051306.pdf
ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1021 , rkc)
Instead, we returned to the fundamental …. You must take it, and the promise of
freedom it holds, to all the citizens of the world.
Contention 4: Biotech
U.S. is losing ground in Biotechnology
Dabney, 10
Michael Dabney, U.S. Competitive Edge in Jeopardy,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1022:http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/34
041/ http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/34041/
From 1998 to 2003, the balance of trade in the manufacture of aircraft… eroding,
and our global competitors may soon overtake us.”
Foreign entrepreneurs are crucial to the biotechnology
Monti et. al 07
[Daniel J. Monti, PhD, Professor and Associate Chair, Laurel Smith-Doerr, PhD,
Assistant Professor, James McQuaid, BA, Doctoral Candidate, “Immigrant
Entrepreneurs in the Massachusetts Biotechnology Industry”, Boston University,
Study Prepared for the Immigrant Learning Center, June 2007,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1023:http://www.ilctr.org/wp-
content/uploads/2009/09/immigrants_in_biotechnology.pdf
http://www.ilctr.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/immigrants_in_biotechnology.pdf
ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1023 ]
Our data shows that at least one immigrant … found right here in Massachusetts
in a company started by an immigrant.
U.S. biotech is key to global biotechnology

Rosen, 09
Micheal Rosen,Global biotech industry: Close to profitability,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1024:http://wistechnology.com/articles/6299/
http://wistechnology.com/articles/6299/ ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1024 , accessed
8-31-2010, WYO/JF
The E&Y Global Biotech … financing of this industry.
Biotechnology is key to modified crops, food production
Leader Post, 08
Biotechnology needed to solve food shortage, says CEO,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1025:http://www.canada.com/reginaleaderpost/news/st
ory.html?id=5b5c45c8-6ae5-4ac1-8992-270658d71ac8
http://www.canada.com/reginaleaderpost/news/story.html?id=5b5c45c8-6ae5-
4ac1-8992-270658d71ac8 ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1025 , accessed 8-12-2010,
WYO/JF
More genetically modified crops must be developed … could provide the solution
to these challenges, he added.
Food shortages lead to World War III
Calvin, 98
William Calvin, theoretical neurophysiologist at the University of Washington,
Atlantic Monthly, January, The Great Climate Flip-Flop, Vol 281, No. 1, 1998, p.
47-64
The population-crash scenario is … It could no longer do so if it lost the extra
warming from the North Atlantic.
BIODIVERSITY IS DECLINING GLOBALLY – GM CROPS ARE KEY TO REVERSE IT

Peter H. Raven, November 2010. Biologist and botanist, notable as the longtime
director, now President Emeritus, of the Missouri Botanical Garden, “Does the
use of transgenic plants diminish or promote biodiversity?”, Volume 27, Number
5, ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1026:http://www.ask-force.org/web/Vatican-PAS-
Studyweek-Elsevier-publ-20101130/Raven-Peter-PAS-Tansgenic-Plants-
Biodiversity-20101130-publ.pdf http://www.ask-force.org/web/Vatican-PAS-
Studyweek-Elsevier-publ-20101130/Raven-Peter-PAS-Tansgenic-Plants-
Biodiversity-20101130-publ.pdf ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1026
During the half century in which we have … shall review and evaluate the
suggestions along these lines that have been offered by various authors.
THE IMPACT IS EXTINCTION – WE’RE AT THE TIPING POINT – CROSSING THE

THRESHOLD IN THE NEXT 10 YEARS MAKES IT IRREVERSIBLE
Bryan Walsh, 10-18-10. “Wildlife: A Global Convention on Biodiversity Opens in
Japan, But Can It Make a Difference?” Ecocentric Blog @ TIME,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1027:http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2010/10/18/wildlif
e-a-global-convention-on-biodiversity-opens-in-japan-but-can-it-make-a-
difference/#ixzz131wU6CSp http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2010/10/18/wildlife-
a-global-convention-on-biodiversity-opens-in-japan-but-can-it-make-a-
difference/#ixzz131wU6CSp ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1027
The story of non-human life on the planet Earth over the past few … And that
loss really is forever.
Contention 5 : Solvency
Startup visas won’t have problems with investors or entrepreneurs
Kumar 10 – Manu, K9 Ventures, a venture capital firm
March,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1028:http://www.k9ventures.com/2010/03/startup-visa-
truth/ http://www.k9ventures.com/2010/03/startup-visa-truth/
Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry (@pegobry) …venture out on their own because of visa
issues. The Startup Visa addresses this.
VCs will ramp up investments after the plan – there’s pent-up demand
MacMillan 10 – Douglas, writer for Bloomberg BusinessWeek
[Mar 3,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1029:http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content
/mar2010/tc2010033_186150_page_2.htm
http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2010/tc2010033_186150_
page_2.htm ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1029 ]cn
The StartUp Visa would help keep foreign … more startup businesses here than
would be the case without it."
Startup visas key to revive the entire startup industry

Christensen 10 – Jason, Highway 12 Venture Capital firm
[Mar 4,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1030:http://www.highway12ventures.com/2010/03/04/fiv
e-reasons-to-support-startup-visa/
http://www.highway12ventures.com/2010/03/04/five-reasons-to-support-startup-
visa/ ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1030 ]cn
Recently, I was asked, as an entrepreneur, … is a critical mass issue to attain
startup symbiosis.
Employment based Visas
Every year dolphins are captured and taken to the Taiji, Japan cove where they are
either sold into the animal trade or killed
- Darby 11
Andrew Darby, Sydney Moring Harold, January 20, 2011 “New video reveals dolphin hunt just as brutal
as ever”, ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:911:http://www.smh.com.au/environment/animals/new-video-
reveals-dolphin-hunt-just-as-brutal-as-ever-20110119-19wpr.html
http://www.smh.com.au/environment/animals/new-video-reveals-dolphin-hunt-just-as-brutal-as-ever-
20110119-19wpr.html ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:911
conservationists from countries including Australia …..the screams of other
Foreign
dolphins being killed.
Tens of thousands of dolphins are killed in the Cove of Japan each year- Cooper
10
Spence Cooper, March 3rd, 2010, “The Yearly Dolphin Slaughter – Japan’s Best Kept Secret
Until Now” http://blog.friendseat.com/japan-dolphin-slaughter-the-cove/
Tens of thousands of dolphins …….. coastal whales for 400 years.
SeaWorld and like businesses make the Cove possible because of the profit both sides
are able to make. This disconnect is anthropocentricism our aff criticizes
Max Linsky, Take Action, “The SeaWorld Tragedy, 'The Cove' and the Blinding Pursuit of
Profit”, 2010, ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:912:http://www.takepart.com/news/2010/02/26/how-to-
prevent-the-next-seaworld-killer-whale-tragedy http://www.takepart.com/news/2010/02/26/how-to-
prevent-the-next-seaworld-killer-whale-tragedy ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:912
The bottom line: killer whales aren't meant to be in tanks……. And the dolphins would still be
swimming in Taiji if people weren't shelling out for faux whale meat.
Because animals cannot speak for themselves we have a moral

obligation to take legal action to protect them- Linzey 2
Andrew Linzey, Ethicist and Professor of Theology at Oxford University, 2002, “The
ethical case against fur farming: a statement by an international group of academics, including ethicists,
philosophers, and theologians”,
__http://www.infurmation.com/pdf/linzey02.pdf__
There is a strong, rational case for animal protection…… unchecked is bound to be a less
morally safe world for human beings.(para 5.2)
The Death of dolphins should be morally equivalent to the death of humans. Suffering
and death must be evaluated equally among all beings, failure to do so justifies all
forms of oppression SINGER 2002
(Peter Singer is the author of Writings on an Ethical Life, Practical Ethics; and Rethinking Life arid
Death; among many others. Re is currently the Ira W. De Camp Professor of Bio ethics at Princeton
University’s Center for Human Values Animal Liberation 2002 : P _8-9_)
If a being suffers there cart be ….. The pattern is identical in each case.
The recognition of intrinsic value to all life forms is a prerequisite to preventing

species and
habitat destruction that will inevitably cause the end of all life on earth Shepard 3
Florence Shepard. DEEP ECOLOGY FOR TIlE 21 ST CENTURY, 2003 [h ttp :/lwww . newd
imensions .org/on 1 ine-j ournal/artic les/deep-eco logyhtm 1] <murray>
The diverse voices of leading ecologists and activists inspire us to renew our …. action at
the personal and local level as well as thoughtful involvement in global issues.
Dolphins should be treated as we treat humans—it breaks down the current

conceptions that all wildlife is merely just a resource for our consumption
MARGI PRIDEAUX the principle Director of Cetacean Conservation. A specialist in
migratory species protection policy development, with over 20 years of marine policy and
negotiation experience, she has participated in over a dozen different international and
Australian domestic processes. She has a PhD in International Relations focusing on the
development of cetacean protection policy & law and is an Associate Fellow and Adjunct
Lecturer with the School of International Studies at the University of South
Australia,“Dolphins as Persons?” __http://www.opendemocracy.net/margi-
prideaux/dolphins-as-persons__ Jan. 2010
While the political realm has become increasingly aware of such debates …..explore additional layers
to our existing worldview. Profound – yes. Preposterous – I don't think so.
Cetaceans have to immigrate because captive Breeding does not work this means that
stopping the influx of cetaceans destroys captive companies ability to keep cetaceans
for human entertainment - No Whales in Captivity 6
No Whales In Captivity is the popular short name for the Coalition For No Whales In Captivity. We are a
registered non-profit society formed in February 1992 by more than a dozen concerned animal-friendly
groups in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The Vancouver Aquarium’s Four Great Myths. 2006
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:913:http://vcn.bc.ca/cmeps/3.html#3.%20Captive%20Breeding
http://vcn.bc.ca/cmeps/3.html#3.%20Captive%20Breeding ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:913
The aquarium is not a modern day “Noah’s Ark” that seeks to save endangered species……
“consumer", not a “conserver” of whales and dolphins.
Using the term “non-human person” breaks down the anthropocentric view of
humans being special or different from animals or nature Plan is the critical first step
in blurring the lines between human and non human to an indistinguishable point -
Somerville 2010
MARGARET SOMERVILLE, ethicist and academic, Samuel Gale Professor of Law,
Professor in the Faculty of Medicine and the Founding Director of the Faculty of Law's
Centre for Medicine, Ethics and Law at McGill University. “We must protect humans' special
status” http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/medical_ethics/me0145.htm 2010
Anybody who sees the powerful and immensely distressing documentary…… disabled baby could
consent to her being euthanized.
This binary uniquely cases extinction Trenell, 2006

Paul, September, Department of International Politics, University of Wales, “The (Im)possibility of
‘Environmental Security’”
It is a relatively recent realisation that human ….. imbalance in the humanity-nature

relationship.
Ethics that justifies violence against animals is the same that justifies all forms of
violence- legislative action is the only way to solve this problem
Andrew Linzey, Ethicist and Professor of Theology at Oxford University, 2002, “The
ethical case against fur farming: a statement by an international group of academics,
including ethicists, philosophers, and theologians”,
__http://www.infurmation.com/pdf/linzey02.pdf__
The third factor that has stimulated change is the recognition that ….. society in which
commercial institutions do not routinely and habitually abuse animals.
Local Activism can spark legislative change- Kucinich 5

Kucinich, Representative, U.S. Congress, CNN LARRY KING LIVE Transcript, “Dogs
and Cats Abused for Their Fur”, December 11, 2005,
__http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0512/11/lkl.01.html__
The weatherman at Channel 8 in Cleveland, Dick Goddard, had a tremendous ……. is the
message from this panel.
This debate space creates a spillover of ecocentrism- Mosquin & Rowe 2004
(Environmental ethics and scientists (both=Ph.D.)) (Ted & J. Stan, A manifesto for earth,
Biodiversity 5(1), Jan/March 2001, accessed from
__http://www.ecospherics.net/pages/earthmanifesto.html accessed on
jan 18__, 2010
Those who agree with the preceding principles …….international understanding,
cooperation, stability and peace.
Plan- The United States Federal Government should

substantially expand beneficiary eligibility for
employment based visas by requiring all foreign born
non-human person cetaceans to obtain an
employment based visa to work in the United States.
EB-5
EB-5 @ Wake
CONTENTION I- INHERENCY
OBAMA IS PUSHING EB-5 REFORM BUT IT'S STALLED IN CONGRESS
Reshma Saujani, October 27, 2010. “Immigration Reform Can't Wait' (JD Yale, MPP Harvard)
WYNC. http://www.wnyc.org/blogs/its-free-blog/2010/oct/27/immigration-reform-cant-wait/
CONTENTION II- ECONOMY

1. SMALL BUSINESS IS LYNCHPIN TO US ECONOMY- IT’S ON BRINK OF BACKSLIDING
INTO RECESSION
Small Business Trends, November 1, 2010.
It’s Not a Recovery for Small Business
http://smallbiztrends.com/2010/11/its-not-a-recovery-for-small-business.html
2. NOW IS THE KEY TIME- IT'S THE BEST MARKET EVER FOR START-UPS
Thomas Friedman, June 6, 2010. “A Gift for Grads”
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704402404574525772299940870.htmlhttp://www.nyt
imes.com/2010/06/09/opinion/09friedman.html
3. INVESTOR VISA REQUIREMENTS ARE FAR TOO HIGH

Wall Street Journal, December 2, 2009. Start-up Visas Can Jump-Start the Economy.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/09/opinion/09friedman.html
4. US KEY TO WORLD ECONOMY

Richard W. Fisher, 2006 (president and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas) The
United States: Still the Growth Engine for the World Economy?
http://www.dallasfed.org/news/speeches/fisher/2006/fs060206.html
5. GROWTH PREVENTS WAR- REJECTING CAPITALISM PUTS EXTREMISTS IN POWERIT'S

THE ULTIMATE WINNER'S WIN
Walter
Mead, Jan 22, 2009
. “Only Makes You Stronger” The New Republic
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/2169866/posts
6. WE'LL CONTROL UNIQUENESS - GROWTH LOWERS FERTILITY RATES SOLVING

MALTHUSIAN SCENARIOS
The Economist, January 24, 2008. “Getting better all the time”
http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2008/01/getting_better_all_the_time
7. GROWTH SOLVES A LAUNDRY LIST OF IMPACTS
Leonard Silk , Professor of Economics at Pace University and Senior Research Fellow at the
Ralph Bunche Institute on the United Nations at the Graduate Center, City University of New
York, Foreign Affairs, 1993, Pg. 167
OBSERVATION III -RENEWABLES

1. WE'RE AT PEAK OIL- PRICES WILL SKYROCKET
Ariel Schwartz, November 15, 2010. International Energy Agency: Peak Oil Has Already Passed . Fast
Company.
http://www.fastcompany.com/1702570/international-energy-agency-peak-oil-has-already-passed
2. US MILITARY PERCEPTIONS ARE KEY- THEY'RE PANICKING
The Guardian, April 11, 2010.

“US military warns oil output may dip causing massive shortages by
2015” http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/apr/11/peak-oil-production-supply
3. WAR IS INEVITABLE ABSENT A MAJOR RENEWABLES PUSH
Freeman, Writer specializing in economics, 2004
(Robert, Common Dreams.org, “Will The End of Oil Mean The End of America?”, 3-1-2004,
http://www.commondreams.org/views04/0301-12.htm, July 1, 2008)
4. ONLY US CAN SOLVE TRANSITION- ALTERNATIVE IS EXTINCTION

Richard Heinberg , New College of California Core Faculty, Power Down: Options and Actions For A
Post-Carbon World, 2004, p. 111
Thus the plan: the United States Federal Government should expand beneficiary eligibility by
removing the capital requirement for EB-5 visas for applicants who obtain approval of a business
plan from the Small Business Administration.
CONTENTION IV- SOLVENCY
1. 10,000 INVESTOR VISAS ARE SINGLE BEST POLICY TO JUMPSTART SMALL BUSINESS
Paul Graham, 2009
“The Startup Visa” (essayist, programmer, and investor)
http://www.paulgraham.com/foundervisa.htm
2. US IS BEST FOR ENTREPRENEURS- OUR INTERNALS WILL DWARF TRADEOFF DISADS

Richard W. Fisher, 2006
(president and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas) The United
States: Still the Growth Engine for the World Economy?
http://www.dallasfed.org/news/speeches/fisher/2006/fs060206.html
3. PLAN IS MOST DIRECT ROUTE FOR GROWTH

S T U A R T A N D E R S O N, September 29, 2010. “A New Immigrant Visa” National Foundation
For American Policy”
http://www.nfap.com/pdf/092910NFAPPolicyBriefImmigrantEntrepreneurVisa.pdf
4. DISCARDING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS SOLVES

Wall Street Journal, October 12, 2010. “A visa for job creators”
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704631504575532243982639322.html
5. PLAN SOLVES RENEWABLES- NEW START-UPS ARE KEY TO TRANSITIONING
Richard
Herman,
June 29, 2010. “Why Immigrants can Drive Green Economy” Huffington Post.
E VISA
New Aff 1AC
Advantage One is EU
Liberalizing E visa policy is key to Societas Europaea’s access to US market
Le Paine 03
(Peter A – Candidate for Juris Doctorate 04, St. Johns University School of Law, B.S. Philosophy, magna cum laude,
Seattle University 1997; M.S. Philosophy, Villanova University 2000, “NOTE: STATELESS CORPORATIONS:
CHALLENGES THE SOCIETAS EURPAEA PRESENTS FOR IMMIGRATION LAWS,” 18 St. John’s J.L Comm. 311, Fall ,
lexis)
Assuming that the company does not….the United States immigration laws.
Access to the US market is critical for SEU success.

Hess and Thakur 10
(Robert Hess, Executive Managing Director, and Rajeev Thakur, Managing Director, Newmark Knight Frank Global
Corporate Services Practice, Location Strategy and Optimization Practice, “Risks of Foreign Direct Investment in the
United States,” August 10,
2010, http://www.locationusa.com/com/foreignDirectInvestmentUnitedStates/aug10/foreign-direct-investment-
risks93012.shtml)
The United States continues to be…U.S. economy in the coming years
Successful SE is key to cross-border commerce

Lenoir 8 (Noelle, Debevoise and Plimpton LLP Paris, former Minister of European affairs, “The Societas Eurpaea
(SE) in Europe – A promising start and an option with good prospects,” Utrecht Law Review, Volume 4, Issue 1,
March 2008)
Until the 2005 Directive on cross-border mergers….or Japanese groups, for instance
Cross-border commerce key to European econ growth

CEPS (Centre for Eurpean Policy Studies, “Cross-Border Consolidation in the Financial Services Industry in Europe
Developments, Obstacles and Policy Initiatives”, June 26, 2006, http://www.ceps.eu/files/book/1375.pdf)
Freddy Van den Spiegel….for the European industry and economic growth
Poor European economic growth precludes US/EU relations

Taspinar 10 (Omer, “The end of the EU’s soft power?, http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-210375-the-end-
of-theeus-soft-power.html)
Finally, all this will have…for this aging continent are far from positive
Strong US/EU relations key to prevent disease spread

Steinberg 3 (James B. Vice President and Director, Foreign Policy Studies, The Brookings Institution, Survival, vol.
45 no 2. Summer, p 113-146)
Both the United States….try to achieve these goals alone.
We’re on the brink of a H2N2 flu pandemic

Trafton 3/9 (Anne, “Keeping an eye on H1N1”, MIT News, http:web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/h1n1-mutation-
0309.html)
In the fall of 1917, a new strain…..circulating around the world
Unchecked disease causes extinction

Yu 9 (Victoria, “Human Extinction: ‘The Uncertainty of Our Fate”, Dartmouth Journal of Undergrad Science, May
22)
In the past, humans have indeed fallen victim to….into a human-viable strain
Advantage Two is Trade

E visa’s bilateral treaty requirement creates a perverse incentive for countries to engage in bilateral FTA’s to
gain eligibility for the E visa
Mehta 3 (Cyrus D. Mehta, a graduate of Cambridge University and Columbia Law, “U.S VISAS THROUGH TREATIES”,
12/15)
The Treaty Trader (E-1)….benefits the economies of both countries
The plan increases overall multilateral free trade

Le Piane 3
(Peter A – Candidate for Juris Doctorate 04, St. Johns University School of Law, B.S. Philosophy, magna cum laude,
Seattle University 1997; M.S. Philosophy, Villanova University 2000, “NOTE: STATELESS CORPORATIONS:
CHALLENGES THE SOCIETAS EURPAEA PRESENTS FOR IMMIGRATION LAWS,” 18 St. John’s J.L Comm. 311, Fall ,
lexis)
“A better alternative would reflect…..system of trade and trade negotiations”
Poor US/EU relations cause regional trade
Aheard 8 (Raymond, 4/8, “RL34831—European Union – U.S. Trade and Investment Relations: Key Issues”, 2008)
A straightforward explanation…system on which both depend
SE success is key to European trade harmonization

Winter 8 (Michaela, Metropolia University, “Societas Europea – The new European Company: The one fits all
Model, facilitating European Trade?”, May 2008)
Comparing the early years of European cooperation…of their business on a Community scale.”
Key to Global Free Trade

Jones 6 (Erik, Professor of European Studies at the SAIS Bologna Center of the Johns Hopkins University, “Europe’s
market liberalization is a bad model for a global trade agenda”, Journal of European Public Policy 13:6 September
2006 943-957)
As the articles in this volume reveal….as a successful model for economic integration
E visa restrictions ensure the US will lose a suit at the WTO’s dispute settlement board-plan solves
Worster 6 (William T. “Conflicts between US immigration law and the general agreement on trade in services:
Most-Favored-Nation Obligation” Texas International Law Journal, 42 Tex. Int’l L.J 55 (2006)
This nonimmigrant category is clearly the category…new qualifying FCN or BIT enters into force
Loss at the DSB because of these visa restrictions causes shift away from multilateral trade
Grynberg and Qalo 7 (Grynberg, Roman and Qalo, Veniana, ‘Migration and the WTO’, Commonwealth Working
Paper (2007))
If , as suggested in this paper…considered the political costs too high
WTO is key to global environmental protection- including warming

Leonard 6 (Andrew, staff
writer, http://www.salon.com/technology/how_the_world_works/2006/10/02/shrimp_turtle]
Of all the many proposals Joseph Stiglitz offers for fixing the….Clearly, they can and should
Reducing emissions reversing global warming

Canadian Press 2011 (Climate change on inevitable course: study Canada, Russia could fare better than Southern
Hemisphere countries)
Since zero emissions is not going to happen….do have a long-term effect
Warming is real and human caused
Dressler et al 10 (Andrew, Professor of Atmospheric Sciences, “On global warming, the science is solid”, Houston
Chronicle, 3/6/10, http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/editorial/outlook/6900556.html)
Contrary to what one might read in newspapers….over from nature as the dominant influence on our climate
Results in extinction
Burke 8 (Sharon E)
In general, the level of safe exposure is considered to be about…..geared towards short-term perspectives and
problems
Shift away from multilateral trade causes protectionism

Cooper 11 (William, “Free Trade Agreements: Impact on U.S. Trade ad Implications for U.S. Trade Policy”,
Congressional Research Service, 1/6)
The surge in the number of FTA’s…..chance that trade diversion will take place.
New waves of protectionism risk nuclear wars

Panzner 8
The rise in isolationism and protectionism….other countries and cultures
Multilateralism leads to the end of war and prevents the impacts to escalating environmental destruction
Dyer 4 (12/30, Gwynne, “The end of war”, Toronto Star, lexis)
Human beings are less aggressive and…..ancient institution of warfare. Good riddance.
Put away your impact turns – trade is inevitable

Moore 1
(Former WTO head, 7/5/2001, Michael “Changes in the multilateral trading system: challenges for the
WTO”, http://www.wto.org/french/news_f/spmm_f/spmm66_f.html]
Globalization is not new…..economic or political might
2AC A2: Politics

E visas more popular than other visas- doesn’t mandate that people maintain business outside of US
Susser 8 (Suskind, Immigration Lawyers. 2008, “ABC’s of Immigration
Law”http://www.visalaw.com/10aug1/2aug110.html)
An individual who wishes….E-1 and E-2 visas can be renewed every five years without limits
E visas are not tied to broader immigration – popular
Chodorow 9 (8/26, Gary, “Obama Administartion Biliateral Investment Treaties (BIT’s) Should Provide for Investor
Visas”, http://www.lawandborder.com/Blog_Attachments/bits.pdf)
I wouldn’t be surprised if the real reason….stimulating FDI are significant
Round 6 NEW AFF

EB5
TX Swings: The United States federal government should eliminate nearly all of the capital requirement
for the EB-5 visa.
The United States federal government should eliminate the capital requirement for the EB-5 visa.
Advantage 1: Protectionism/Economy
EB-5s in the squo aren't utilized as startup visas

Anderson 9-29-10
Startups create Jobs

Litan 2010
Prevents deflation
Deflation collapses the economy and is harder to check than inflation

Samson 8-25-2010
Technology growth is the most successful and sustainable way to boost economic growth.
Cypher and Dietz 08 (PhD in Economics from UC Riverside and PhD in Economics from UC Riverside)
(James M. Cypher is a professor of economics at Cal State Fresno and James L. Dietz is a professor of
economics at Cal State Fullerton, “The Process of Economic Development,” Taylor & Francis, p. 431-2,
google books)
Reducing regulations on high skilled immigration is key to economic recovery –

(predictability/jobs/competitiveness)
Wall Street Journal 9/1/10
("Fisher: Improved Fiscal, Regulatory Policies Should Activate U.S.
Economy," http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2010/09/01/fisher-improved-fiscal-regulatory-policies-should-
activate-us-economy/)
Economic collapse causes nuclear war and extinction.

Bearden 2K
(Retired from the military or some business like that, http://www.seaspower.com/EnergyCrisis-
Bearden.htm)
Restrictions threaten protectionist measures

Wadwa 2009
Historically causes trade and shooting wars

Miller and Elwood 88
Advantage 2: Biotech
(Baylor Ford/Kaut's 1AC Advantage - copied here for convenience:)
Advantage 2 is Biotech
More immigrant entrepreneurs are key to prevent decline of biotech industry.
McQuaid et. al, 10
Jim McQuaid, Laurel Smith-Doerr and Daniel J. Monti, Jr, Expanding Entrepreneurship: Female and
Foreign-Born Founders of New England Biotechnology Firms,http://abs.sagepub.com/ content/53/7/1045
Concluding Thoughts Immigrants bring a variety … (National Foundation for American Policy, 2008).
Immigrant biotech workers are more entrepreneurial than native biotech workers and they’re more
successful than those started by natives.
McQuaid et al 10
Jim McQuaid, Boston University, Laurel Smith-Doerr, Boston University, and Daniel J. Monti Jr., St. Louis
University. “Expanding Entrepreneurship: Female and Foreign-Born Founders of New England
Biotechnology Firms”. American Behavioral Scientist 2010 53: 1045. Sage.
What we have found thus … between the means and medians.
Startups are vital to the biotech industry – empirically proven.

Farrell 10
(Chris Farrell, "Immigration Can Fuel U.S. Innovation—and Job Growth," 9/9/10,
Bloomberg, http://www.businessweek.com/ investor/content/jul2010/ pi2010079_863838.htm)
Specifically, some of the world's … is also a boon to U.S. exports.
Strong biotech industry prevents extinction from inevitable natural disasters.

Trewavas 2K
(Anthony is Professor of Cell and Molecular Biology at the University of Edinburgh, 6/5, “GM is the best
option we have,” http://www.agbioworld.org/ biotech-info/articles/biotech- art/best_option.html)
In 535A.D. a volcano near the … buffer between us and annihilation.
Strong biotech industry is key to bioterror prevention.

Feldbaym 01
(Carl Feldbaum, 2 nov. 2001, Bioterrorism: a challenge we cannot decline to meet, Washington post.)
Biotechnology has been enlisted in … body, such as mucous membranes.
Biological terror attack causes extinction

Ochs 02
(Richard Ochs, Chemical Weapons Working Group Member, 2002 [“Biological Weapons must be
Abolished Immediately,” June 9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html]
Of all the weapons of … ? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.
Biotech is approved by a slew of qualified scientists -

<cite?>
ev. indicates scientists approve its use, efficacy. includes nobel laureates.
E-B5
Plan: The United States federal government should substantially expand beneficiary
eligibility for the employment-based 5th preference visa by lowering the minimum
investment required to $250,000.
Advantage 1 is entrepreneurs
Entrepreneur immigration is at an artificially created low because of current visa
policy
Campell August 2nd
Anita Campbell Can Immigration Reform Help Power Entrepreneurial Innovation? http://www.openforum.com/idea-
hub/topics/innovation/article/can-immigration-reform-help-power-entrepreneurial-innovation-anita-campbell Aug 02, 2010 Open
Forum Anita Campbell is Editor and Founder of Small Business Trends, LLC, which manages online communities touching
over 300,000 small business owners and managers each month.
In the battle ... hires American residents.

Start up companies require less capital than ever.
Levy, May 23rd
Tech Startups Go Lean as Software, Storage Costs Drop By Ari Levy - May 23, 2010 9:01 PM
PT http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-05-24/technology-startups-go-lean-as-costs-of-using-software-
storage-plummet.html
To start their ... often aren’t made public.
America has several unique factors that make it the best place to found start ups.
The Economist 9
March 14, 2009 U.S. Edition The United States of Entrepreneurs SECTION: SPECIAL REPORT,
LexisNexis
American companies have ... roots in the university.

Scenario 1: The Economy
Income inequality is the single most significant detriment to American society in our
lifetimes.
Noah Sep 3
Introducing the Great Divergence By Timothy Noah Posted Friday, Sept. 3, 2010, at 3:06 PM
ET http://www.slate.com/id/2266025/entry/2266026/
But income inequality ...what got us here.
Income inequality fluctuates with unemployment rates. Empirically proven.
Cysney 04, On the Positive Correlation Between Income Inequality and Unemployment, Graduate School of
Economics, Getulio Vargas Foundation
(Brazil), http://virtualbib.fgv.br/dspace/bitstream/handle/10438/388/1692.pdf;jsessionid=FD865311D54B46A56DC8A3C5967CDD03
?sequence=1 Rubens Penha Cysney August 28, 2004
Several empirical studies ... Budd and Whiteman (1978).
High levels of income inequality cannot sustain American capitalist democracy. Plan
solves.
AP 07, Greenspan Talk Doesn't Roil Markets By MARTIN CRUTSINGER The Associated Press Tuesday, March 13,
2007; 5:08 PM http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/13/AR2007031300744.html
Greenspan did put ... think it is unjust."
Only capitalist societies can be democratic – empirics prove

Wilson 95
, Phd PoliSci U of Chicago ,Former professor at UCLA , James , “Capitalism and morality”
, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0377/is_n121/ai_17489592/, Damien-AV
However one judges ... arbitrary, oppressive, or corrupting.
Democracy is key to prevent extinction

Diamond 1995
, staff, “Promoting Democracy in the 1990’s”, Oct, p.
online: http://www.carnegie.org/sub/pubs/deadly/dia95_01.html lexis
This hardly exhausts... prosperity can be built.

Scenario 2: Hegemony
Technological leadership is declining.
Galama and Hosek 8
(Titus and James, physical scientist and econ pH.D., p.
37, http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG674/)
First is that ... resulting from globalization.

And immigration policy is preventing immigrants from making valuable contributions
to US technological advances.
Lewis 7
James A., CSIS technology and public policy program, 3/14, p. 4-
5, http://armedservices.house.gov/pdfs/TUTCtech031407/Lewis_Testimony031407.pdf)
Another set of ... from other countries
Technological leadership is key to hegemony.

Lewis 7
(James A., CSIS technology and public policy program, 3/14, p.
3, http://armedservices.house.gov/pdfs/TUTCtech031407/Lewis_Testimony031407.pdf)
Part of the ... envy of the world.
Developing biotechnology and renewable energy are the most effective means of
rejuvenating our technological leadership.
Casey 4
(Charles P, American Chemical Society pres., 8/23, http://pubs.acs.org/cen/editor/8234edit.html)
basic research investments.

Like a thoroughbred ...
Immigrants key to advances in clean energy technology

Herman and Smith 10.
Richard T. Herman is the founder of Richard T. Herman & Associates, an immigration and business law
firm. He is the co-founder of a chapter of TiE, a global network of entrepreneurs started in 1992 in Silicon
Valley. Robert L. Smith is a veteran journalist who covers international cultures and immigration issues for
the Cleveland Plain Dealer, Ohio’s largest newspaper. “Why Immigrants can drive the green economy.”
Immigration Policy Center. Accessed 9/29/10. <http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/perspectives/why-
immigrants-can-drive-green-economy#2>
Stories connect us... than the native-born
Immigrants key to successful biotech innovation.

McQuaid et. al, 10
Jim McQuaid, Boston University; Laurel Smith-Doerr, Boston University; and Daniel J. Monti Jr., St. Louis
University. “Expanding Entrepreneurship: Female and Foreign-Born Founders of New England
Biotechnology Firms.” American Behavioral Scientist. Accessed 10/12/10.
<http://abs.sagepub.com/content/53/7/1045.full.pdf+html>
What we have ...means and medians.
US decline in leadership creates global power vacuum – impact is global nuclear war.
Ferguson 04.
Niall Ferguson, MA, D.Phil., is the Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University and
William Ziegler Professor at Harvard Business School. July/August 2004 “A World Without Power,”
FOREIGN POLICY Issue 143
So what is left? ... not-so-new world disorder.
Advantage 2 is India
US-Indo relations low now due to visa fee hikes and outsourcing ban – improving
economic ties now key to recovery
Business Standard 9/23/10.
“Sharma raises visa fee issue with US, seeks resistance to trade barriers.” Accessed 9/26/10. <http://www.business-
standard.com/india/news/sharma-raises-visa-fee-issueus-seeks-resistance-to-trade-barriers/408912/>
Commerce and Industry ...the USTR’s office.
Indian immigrant entrepreneurs promote economic cooperation, which is key to the

resiliency of U.S.-Indian relations
Karl 10
[David J. Karl, president of the Asia Strategy Initiative, a consultancy based in Los Angeles that provides policy-relevant
analysis of geopolitical, diplomatic and macro-economic developments, with particular focus on South Asia ?Indian-
Americans and Bilateral Relations?, The World Affairs Blog Network, 7-1-2010, http://india.foreignpolicyblogs.com/tag/us-india-
relations/]
According to a recent ... new bilateral partnership.
Taliban and Al-Qaida presence in the Middle East creates massive instability, triggering
an Indo-Pak war; US-Indo relations key to prevention
Gates ‘10
(Robert M., Doctorate in Russian and Soviet history from Georgetown University in 1974, Secretary of Defense, 20 January,
“Press Releases 2010”, http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/pr012110.html)
The emergence of... the Afghan government.

Afghan-Paki instability puts us on the brink of a global draw in
Morgan ‘7
(Stephen J. Morgan, former member of the British Labour Party Executive Committee, a political writer and accredited
Emotional Intelligence Coach, “Better Another Taliban Afghanistan , than a Taliban NUCCLEAR Pakistan1?” 6-30-
07 http://article.abc-directory.com/article/2612/index.html )
As the war ...Taliban nuclear Pakistan!
And an Indo-Pak war is the most likely scenario for nuclear warfare.
Fai ‘1
(Dr. Ghulam Nabi, “India Pakistan Summit and the Issue of Kashmir,” 7/8, Washington
Times, http://www.pakistanlink.com/Letters/2001/July/13/05.html)
The foreign policy ... Fissile Material/Cut-off Convention.

Caps
Numeric Caps on Immig
The United States Congress should amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to exempt from the
numerical caps for permanent employment-based second preference status the following persons: (1) all
foreign-born students earning a Master’s degree or a Ph.D. in a field of science, technology, engineering
or mathematics (STEM) from an accredited U.S. University; (2) all foreign-born professionals with H-1B
status having a Master’s or Ph.D. in a STEM field, including their spouses and children.
The Advantage: Brain Gain

The current economic decline is causing xenophobic anti-immigrant sentiment across
the US – growth is a prerequisite to inclusion
Yglesias 10 Matthew Yglesias, fellow at the Center for American Progress Action Fund, “Anchor babies,
the Ground Zero mosque and other scapegoats”, The Washington Post, August 8, 2010,
p. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/06/AR2010080602665.html
"Politics always seems to get" and "scar our national identity."
Cap limits on employment visas are causing foreign-born students and scientists to
leave the U.S. This brain drain is harming the US economy.
Holen 09, Technology Policy Institute, 2009:
[THE BUDGETARY EFFECTS OF HIGH-SKILLED IMMIGRATION REFORM, March, [Arlene], p. 3-4]
"The current annual cap" and "drain on federal revenues."
The loss of foreign born scientists will cause a long-term decline in the US economy
Bocking 10, reporter, Financial Times Deutschland, March 2, 2010:
[Locked-up States, David p. http://97.74.52.201/sites/default/files/Locked-
up%20states%20ACIP%20SITE.pdf]
"The US is at risk of" and "Council on Foreign Relations."
Lifting the employment cap will cause 38,600 students per year to remain in the US,
which will increase U.S. GDP by $13.6 billion a year
Holen 09, Technology Policy Institute:
[THE BUDGETARY EFFECTS OF HIGH-SKILLED IMMIGRATION REFORM, March [Arlene], p. 10-11]
"These results broadly describe" and "extremely low in the near term."
Economic growth is the most important moral criteria for immigration policy – even if
it does not benefit everyone directly, it supports social values and increases tolerance
for immigrants. High-skilled immigrants should not be treated as temporary
commodities, but should be embraced for what they bring to the table.
Schuck Yale Law Professor 08 Peter H. Schuck, Simeon E. Baldwin Professor of Law, Yale University,
San Diego Law Review, “The Morality of Immigration Policy”, 45 San Diego L. Rev. 865, Fall, 2008,
p.Lexis
"In my view, the overall growth" and "Congress but has not yet been enacted."
Focus on low-skill workers hurts poor Americans while high-skill focus bridges the
income gap
Macedo professor at Princeton 11 Stephen Macedo, Professor of Politics and Director of the University
Center for Human Values at Princeton University, “When and Why Should Liberal Democracies Restrict
Immigration?”, in Citizenship, Borders and Human Needs edited by Rogers M. Smith, 2011, p. 304-5
"Questions about the magnitude" and "the rest of Latin America."
Our in-round focus on allowing more high skilled immigrants in the US is critical to
change the narrative to see immigrants as a “Brain Gain” instead of a burden.
Couching policy in economic terms is key to inclusion.
West 10 (Darrell, vice president and director of Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution. Brain
Gain: Rethinking US Immigration Policy. 2010. 126-134.)
"IN THIS BOOK I HAVE argued" and "emotional for so many people."
The anti-immigrant sentiment over the economy culminates in ethnic violence that
mirrors the logic of the Nazis
Kohn 9 Sally Kohn, Senior strategist with the Center for Community Change, “The Bloody Truth Behind
Anti-Immigrant Rhetoric”, The Huffington Post, June 16, 2009, p. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sally-
kohn/the-bloody-truth-behind-a_b_216488.html
"A week after a white supremacist" and "anti-immigrant bloodbath. On which side will you stand?"
Realistic ethics and evaluating consequences are key in an immigration context

Joseph H. Carens, Professor of Political Science at the University of Toronto, “Realistic and Idealistic
Approaches to the Ethics of Migration”, International Migration Review, 30.1, Spring 19 96, p. 159-60
"Let me turn finally to the way" and "judgement of what to do."
The focus on economic benefits is selection criteria instead of exclusionary criteria –

much like universities
Joseph H. Carens, Professor at the Department of Political Science of the University of Toronto, “Who
Should Get in? The Ethics of Immigration Admissions”, Ethics & International Affairs, 17.1, 2003, p. 103-
8
"The duties to admit immediate" and "initial assumption of this article."
FW
Because academics focus on theory, policymakers have turned to biased think tanks
that impair decision-making. Only policy analysis at the university level can solve.
Joseph Nye, professor at Harvard University, former dean of the Harvard Kennedy
School, former chair of the National Intelligence Council, former Asst. Secretary of
Defense for International and Security Affairs, "Scholars on the Sidelines," The
Washington Post 4/13/2009. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2009/04/12/AR2009041202260.html
"President Obama has appointed" and "headed in the opposite direction"
Biotech Add-On:
The US biotech industry is facing severe labor shortages now—foreign scientists are key to alleviating
shortages
Industrial college of the Armed Forces of the National Defense University, 2010, Final Report:
Biotechnology Industry, p. http://www.ndu.edu/icaf/programs/academic/industry/reports/2010/pdf/icaf-is-
report-biotechnology-2010.pdf
"Although the U.S. continues" and "biotechnology industry. (p. 16)"
Breakthroughs in biotechnology are key to the rapid global expansion of GM agriculture

Martino-Catt & Sachs, Monsanto Plant Physiology Editorial Board & ASPB Education Foundation Board,
2008, Plant Physiology, May, [Susan; Eric], p. 3-4
"Crop genetic modification" and "the previous year (James, 2007)."
GM crops are the only way to prevent extinction

Trewavas, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, 2000:
[“GM Is the Best Option We Have”, AgBioWorld, 6-5, June 5, [Anthony],
p. http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/best_option.html]
"Our current numbers of" and "it is "be prepared"."
Numeric Caps
Plan: The United States Congress should amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to exempt from the
numerical caps for permanent resident cards the following persons: (1) all foreign-born students earning a
Master’s degree or a Ph.D. in a field of science, technology, engineering or mathematics (STEM) from an
accredited U.S. University; (2) all foreign-born professionals with H-1B status having a Master’s or Ph.D.
in a STEM field, including their spouses and children.
Advantage One: The Economy
Cap limits on employment visas are causing foreign-born students and scientists to leave the U.S. This
brain drain is harming the US economy.
Holen 09, Technology Policy Institute, 2009:
[THE BUDGETARY EFFECTS OF HIGH-SKILLED IMMIGRATION REFORM, March, [Arlene], p. 3-4]
"The current annual cap" and "drain on federal revenues."
The loss of foreign born scientists will cause a long-term decline in the US economy
Bocking 10, reporter, Financial Times Deutschland, March 2, 2010:
[Locked-up States, David p. http://97.74.52.201/sites/default/files/Locked-
up%20states%20ACIP%20SITE.pdf]
"The US is at risk of" and " at the Council on Foreign Relations."
Lifting the employment cap will cause 38,600 students per year to remain in the US, which will increase
U.S. GDP by $13.6 billion a year
Holen 09, Technology Policy Institute:
[THE BUDGETARY EFFECTS OF HIGH-SKILLED IMMIGRATION REFORM, March [Arlene], p. 10-11]
"These results broadly describe" and "low in the near term."
Foreign STEM graduate students are key to establishing new start-up companies and promoting
innovation
Litan 10, Kauffman Foundation vice president of research and policy, 2010,
[Congressional testimony before Joint Economic Committtee, June 29,
[Robert], http://www.kauffman.org/prepared-testimony-of-robert-litan-before-the-united-states-congress-
joint-economic-committee-hearing.aspx]
"Boosting Formation and Growth" and "next big innovations."
Hiring and retaining highly skilled foreign-born workers is the key to reviving the US economy
The American Council on International Personnel, 2010,
[ ACIP Highlights Employment-based Visa Reform as Key to President’s Plan for Job Creation, January
28, p. http://www.acip.com/node/236]
"Key to American economic recovery" and "21st century workforce development."
Reviving the US economy is key to boosting the global economy

Caploe, American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities CEO, 2009:
[The Straits Times, Focus Still on America to Lead Global Recovery, April 7, [David], p. A16]
"To begin with, it ignores" and "but also to the entire world."
Global economic collapses rolls back democracy and causes global wars
Tilford 08, former history professor at Grover City College, 2008: [Critical Mass: Economic Leadership or
Dictatorship October 6, Earl,
p. http://www.visandvals.org/Critical_Mass_Economic_Leadership_or_Dictatorship.php?view_all=1]
"However, as a historian I know" and "to that point very quickly."
Advantage Two: Brain Gain
The current economic decline is causing xenophobic anti-immigrant sentiment across the US – growth is
a prerequisite to inclusion
Yglesias 10 Matthew Yglesias, fellow at the Center for American Progress Action Fund, “Anchor babies,
the Ground Zero mosque and other scapegoats”, The Washington Post, August 8, 2010, p. Lexis
"The past two summers have been" and "scar our national identity."
Economic growth is the most important criteria for immigration policy – even if it does not benefit
everyone directly, it supports social values and increases tolerance for immigrants. High-skilled
immigrants should not be treated as temporary commodities, but should be embraced for what they bring
to the table.
Schuck Yale Law Professor 08 Peter H. Schuck, Simeon E. Baldwin Professor of Law, Yale University,
San Diego Law Review, “The Morality of Immigration Policy”, 45 San Diego L. Rev. 865, Fall, 2008,
p.Lexis
"In my view, the overall" and "has not yet been enacted."
Focus on low-skill workers hurts poor Americans while high-skill focus bridges the income gap
Macedo professor at Princeton 11 Stephen Macedo, Professor of Politics and Director of the University
Center for Human Values at Princeton University, “When and Why Should Liberal Democracies Restrict
Immigration?”, in Citizenship, Borders and Human Needs edited by Rogers M. Smith, 2011, p. 304-5
"Questions about the magnitude" and "Latin America."
Our in-round focus on allowing more high skilled immigrants in the US is critical to change the narrative to
see immigrants as a “Brain Gain” instead of a burden. Couching policy in economic terms is key to
inclusion.
West 10 (Darrell, vice president and director of Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution. Brain
Gain: Rethinking US Immigration Policy. 2010. 126-134.)
"IN THIS BOOK I" and "emotional for so many people."
The anti-immigrant sentiment over the economy culminates in ethnic violence that mirrors the logic of the
Nazis
Kohn 9 Sally Kohn, Senior strategist with the Center for Community Change, “The Bloody Truth Behind
Anti-Immigrant Rhetoric”, The Huffington Post, June 16, 2009, p. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sally-
kohn/the-bloody-truth-behind-a_b_216488.html
"A week after a white" and "anti-immigrant bloodbath. On which side will you stand?"
NDT Aff
NDT Rd 1 Neg vs. UNI HS - Critical Iraqi Refugee Aff
1ac
Invisibility of ongoing violence is indicative of the unwillingness to admit failure – Jones 9
State of the Union is a perfect example – Obama 11
Ignores the consequences of war – Friedman 11
This is a narcissistic mentality – Falk 7
Treats them as disposable byproducts – peteet 7
Only admitting helpful Iraqis creates an exclusionary divide – xxx
Props up flawed worldview that causes violence – Kelly 10
Impact is global war and violence – Burke 5
Pt: the so called United States Federal Government should eliminate numerical quotas and eligibility
requirements on Section 1244
Role of the ballot is to interrogate policy with regard to refugees - xxx
This challenges hegemonic order - xxx
Politics of responsibility is critical to challenge government violence - xxx
Cultural solutions fail – pease 8
Highlighting specific stories is critical - xxx
Reframing narrative is critical – bonds 9
Form of the 1AC key – specific proposals key – iredale 4
2AC
at: topicality
usfg uses the Iraqis – means it’s still employment based
A2: "government" pic
1. plan text says So-Called USFG and aff challenges technocrats
2. technocrats could be anyone – too vague
3. Perm – with a Zizek Card
4. functional comp good
5. word pics bad
6. lack of use is worse – butler 6
Kritik (biopower critique)
K is descriptive of squo
Plan solves better –
Political engagement is key
Using narratives solves
Alt is a form of complicity with displacement
1st advantage
usfg has obligation and Canada and Syria can’t solve 5 mil refugees
2nd advantage
narratives are key – we don’t have 1st hand experience
not hearing narratives is worse
we use direct quotes
causes understanding rather than reappropriation
Specialty Occupation
The United States federal government should remove the annual numeric cap on visas for specialty
occupation workers.
Advantage 1 Is Offshoring –
Massive skills shortage is plaguing the IT industry – current domestic workforce can’t meet future labor
demands
Light, WSJ, 2-7-’11 (Joe, “Labor Shortage Persists in Some Fields”)
There are nearly 14 million people ...shortage, Mr. Perrault said.
The result will be a new wave of IT offshoring – skills shortage is the primary motivation
Bacheldor, CIO, 2-4-’11 (Beth, “Offshoring: It’s the Skills, Not the
Savings?” http://advice.cio.com/beth_bacheldor/15244/offshoring_it_s_the_skills_not_the_savings)
Okay, here’s one that I ...CIO.com’s Stephanie Overby’s article.)
IT sector shortage isn’t impacted by the recession – short project lengths create demand for H1Bs
Hari, Business World, ‘9 (March, “Protectionist Attitudes”
http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/Economy/Protectionist-Attitudes.html)
Despite all these difficulties, technology ...recession in certain areas of technology.
Lifting the H1B cap solves –
First, service firms – Indian service firms will be forced to adopt an extreme offshoring model moving
entire operations overseas – number of H1Bs is key
Business Standard, ‘10 (August 31, Infosys plans 'extreme offshore' model to tide over visa
crisishttp://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=406424)
Against the backdrop of a clampdown ...be primarily manned by US citizens.
Second, market uncertainty – the size of the cap is irrelevant, as long as the US maintains a quota on
H1B entrants firms will be uncertain future labor demands can be met, forcing business flight
Hahm, Patent Lawyer, 2K (Jung, American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act of 1998:
Balancing Economic and Labor Interests Under the New H-1B Visa Program” 85 Cornell L. Rev. 167)
A. The H-1B ...in global economic and technological markets. 15
Third, core competencies – keeping the IT sector onshore allows US firms to concentrate on accelerating
product cycles
Arora, Heinz School of Public Policy, ‘1 (Ashish, “The Indian Software
Industry” http://www.heinz.cmu.edu/research/61full.pdf)
The most frequently cited reasons for ...of ever-shorter product lifecycles.
We control wages and jobs uniqueness – the alternative to increasing H-1Bs is not domestic hiring but
complete offshoring which is comparatively worse for the U.S. tech labor market
Anderson – Executive Director, National Foundation for American Policy – ’10 Stuart, Regaining
America’s Competitive Advantage: Making Our Immigration System Work,
August, http://library.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/reports/100811_skilledvisastudy_full.pdf
The two biggest mistakes critics make ...hires an Indian professional in India.
The impact is relative US economic collapse –
Offshoring weakens clustering and networking effects that are the foundation of overall IT
competitiveness
Trebilcock, Econ Prof at Toronto, ‘6 (Michael, “Symposium: A Tribute To The Work Of Kim Barry: The
Construction Of Citizenship In An Emigration Context: Symposium: The Political Economy Of Emigration
And Immigration” New York University Law Review, 81 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 234, lexis)
However, the empirical evidence is ...some instances and substitutes in others.
IT offshoring causes expanding trade deficits and devastates overall US job markets – these are the
lynchpins to economic success
Skipper, Sociology Prof at SUNY Cortland, ‘7 (William, “A New "New Economy"? The Potential
Ramifications for the U.S. of the Growth of Services
Offshoring” http://globalization.icaap.org/content/v6.1/skipper.html)
On the other hand, aside ...impact on society" (Lohr 2005).
Relative US economic collapse causes dangerous multipolarity and war with China – rising powers
threaten great power wars and global instability
Khalilzad, Former US Ambassador to Iraq, ‘11 (Zalmay, February 8, “The Economy and National
Security” National Review, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-
security-zalmay-khalilzad)
Today, economic and fiscal trends ...dangerous era of multi-polarity.
China will escalate the conflict – perception of rational escalation ensures US gets drawn into the nuclear
arms race
Glaser, PolSci Prof at Goerge Washington, ’11 (Charles, March/April, “Will China’s Rise Lead to War?”
Foreign Affairs, Vol 90 Issue 2, EbscoHost)
ACCOMMODATION ON TAIWAN? THE PROSPECTS ...U.S.-Chinese relations.
Advantage 2 is trade –
Doha is the closest it has ever been to completion – food prices mean ag is no longer a barrier – services
are the key focus
The Economist, 1-27-’11 (A deadline for Doha The agonies of trying to revive free-trade
talks” http://www.economist.com/node/18014586)
Mr Sutherland argues that his experience ...into America could fall by almost 50%.
2011 is key for the completion of Doha – failure to conclude talks this year triggers the impacts
BBC, 1-28-’11 (“Davos 2011: Doha round 'should finish by end of
year’” http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12309484)
The Doha round of trade talks ...10 years going round in circles."
Doha would pass in the US – Tea Party means ag subsidies are no longer a domestic barrier
Feldman, International Studies Prof at JHU, 1-13-’11 (Elliot, “An Obama Trade Policy Courtesy Of The
Tea Party” China-US Trade Blog, http://www.chinaustradelawblog.com/2011/01/articles/trade-
disputes/wto/an-obama-trade-policy-courtesy-of-the-tea-party/)
The Trade Situation: Doha And ...China and India, after all.
H1B solves Doha talks –
H1B liberalization is the sticking point in service negotiations
Sanchez –Senior Writing Fellow for Californians for Population Stabilization – ‘5
Rob, India Complains to WTO about H-1B quotas, http://www.zazona.com/NewsArchive/2005-07-
22%20India%20Complains%20to%20WTO%20about%20H-1B%20quotas.htm
India is formally complaining to the ...the structural slowness of Services negotiations.
That gets all other countries on board – India controls the developing country coalition in Doha – the plan
generates reciprocal market access concessions
Alexander Belts and Kalypso Nicolaidis, University of Oxford – ‘9
The Trade-Migration Linkage: GATS Mode
IV, http://www.princeton.edu/~pcglobal/conferences/wtoreform/Betts_Nicolaides_memo.pdf
For a country like India, ...to justify wider market access concessions.
These trade conflicts culminate in global nuclear war and nuclear terrorism
Panzner Instructor New York Institute of Finance ‘8 (Michael J.-, Financial Armageddon: Protecting Your
Future from Four Impending Catastrophes, P. 136-138)
Continuing calls for curbs on the ...beginnings of a new world war.
Nuclear terrorism causes global nuclear escalation – national retaliation goes global
Morgan, Professor of Foreign Studies at Hankuk University, ‘9 (Dennis Ray, December, “World on fire:
two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race” Futures,
Vol 41 Issue 10, p 683-693, ScienceDirect)
In a remarkable website on nuclear ...environment and fragile ecosphere as well.
RTAs can only boost trade if we have a successful WTO first
Nsour, Law Prof at McGill, ‘8 (Mohammad, Spring, “Regional Trade Agreements in the Era of
Globalization: A Legal Analysis” North Carolina Journal of International Law & Commerce Regulation, 33
N.C.J. Int'l L. & Com. Reg. 359, lexis)
Bringing the multilateral order and regional ...[*435] Transparency Mechanism. n499
Absent a strong multilateral trading system hostile blocs are unstable ensuring conflict escalation
Panitchpakdi, Secretary-General Conference on Trade & Development, ‘4 (Supachai-, Feb. 26, Speech
Before National Press Club, “American Leadership and the World Trade Organization: What is the
Alternative?”, http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm)
I can sum up my message ...on it. So does America.
Country Specific
Doha
Plan: The United States federal government should lift the cap on H-1B visas.
Service negotiations are key to United States leadership on trade by concluding Doha
– solves multilateralism.
Baldwin, former panel member of experts to advise the Director-General of the WTO on the Doha round,
10
[Robert E., 5/17/2010, “The world trading system without American leadership,”
http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/5048, Accessed 9-11-10, WHS]
Since the signing of the General AND agricultural and non-agricultural goods.
Services spillover to other negotiations
Betts, Oxford IR research fellow, and Nicolaidis, Oxford European Studies Center Director, 2009
[Alexander, Director, Global Migraton Governance Project, Senior Researcher, Global Economic
Governance Programme, Research Associate of the Refugee Studies Centre, Centre for Migration, Policy
and Society, and the Centre for International Studies, and Kalypso, Chair, South East European Studies
at Oxford (SEESOX), Chair, Global Trade Ethics project, “The Trade-Migration Linkage: GATS Mode IV,”
memo prepared for the ‘Global Trade Ethics Conference’, presented 2/19/2009,
http://www.princeton.edu/~pcglobal/conferences/wtoreform/Betts_Nicolaides_memo.pdf [accessed
7/30/10]
The multilateral negotiations on Mode IV AND agrinama and the other GATS modes.
Raising the cap on H-1Bs would be a concession to India and others, moving negotiations forward.
Betts and Nicolaidis, 9
(Alexander, Director, Global Migraton Governance Project, Senior Researcher, Global Economic
Governance Programme, Research Associate of the Refugee Studies Centre, Centre for Migration, Policy
and Society, and the Centre for International Studies, and Kalypso, Chair, South East European Studies
at Oxford (SEESOX), Chair, Global Trade Ethics project, “The Trade-Migration Linkage: GATS Mode IV,”
memo prepared for the ‘Global Trade Ethics Conference’, presented 2/19/2009,
http://www.princeton.edu/~pcglobal/conferences/wtoreform/Betts_Nicolaides_memo.pdf [accessed
7/30/10])
For a country like India, AND to justify wider market access concessions.
Multilateralism solves an coming great power war.

Dyer, University of London Military History PhD, 2004
(Gwynne, 12/30/4, "The end of war," Toronto Star, l/n [accessed 8/15/10])
War is deeply embedded in our AND context of the existing state system .
Failure at Doha collapses WTO credibility causing trade blocs to spread

Bluestein, journalist at the Brookings Institution's Global Economy and Development Program, 10
[Paul, January/February, “R.I.P, WTO,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/04/rip_wto,
Accessed 9-7-10, WHS]
If Doha falls apart, the AND WTO rulings and flouting their commitments.
And 2011 is key opportunity before Doha collapses completely.

The Telegraph (India), 12-28-10
(“Hint of hope for Doha round,” http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101229/jsp/business/story_13364284.jsp,
accessed 12-28-10, CMM)
Trade ministers of key member countries AND political push, which is contentious.
Fragmentation of the trade order empirically causes conflict that escalate globally
Cho, Assistant Law Professor Chicago-Kent, 2007
[Sungjoon, Illinois Institute of Technology "Doha's Development," 25 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 165]
Second, the mercantilist nature of AND errors and are punished for them .
The WTO is comparatively better than any alternative

Panitchpakdi, Secretary-General of the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD),
2/26/2004
[Supachai, former Director-General of the WTO, "To Director General American Leadership and the
World Trade Organization: What is the Alternative?"
http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm]
Besides, what is the alternative AND prosperity, a more just world.
Protectionism is escalating – concluding Doha is key to solve

Elliott, The Guardian, 1-27-11
(Larry, “WTO head Pascal Lamy warns of looming protectionism without world trade agreement,”
http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/jan/27/wto-pascal-lamy-looming-threat-protectionism, accessed
1-31-11, CMM)
Tensions in the global currency markets AND easing that the crisis has triggered."
Georgia is blocking Russian accession now – US influence in the WTO is key to override their veto and
restore relations
Makedonov, visiting fellow at the CSIS, 3-18
(Sergey, “In Search of New Precedents,” 3-18-11, accessed 3-19-11, Lexis) PM
The Georgian demands and the Russian AND (aside from speculative inoperative concepts).
No turns – accession changes the way Russia works in global trade – key to democratization and their
economy
Christian Science Monitor ‘11
(Editorial Board, “Trade as the next stage in the US 'reset' with Russia,” 3-11-11, accessed 3-21-11,
Lexis) PM
Senators from both parties questioned him AND normal trade relations with that country.
Russian growth key to prevent nuclear war
David, Johns Hopkins poli sci professor, 99
(Steven, Jan/Feb, Foreign Affairs, “Saving America from the Coming Civil Wars,” lexis)
If internal war does strike RussiaAND would follow a Russian civil war.
Democratization solves global nuclear conflict
Irsraelyan, Russian arms control expert, ‘98
(Victor, Soviet ambassador, diplomat, and arms control negotiator, “Russia at the Crossroads: Don't
Tease a Wounded Bear” Washington Quarterly)
The first and by far most AND to the use of nuclear weapons."
That’s the only scenario for extinction
Bostrom, Oxford philosophy faculty, 2
[Nick, “Existential Risks Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” Published in the
Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March, http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html]
A much greater existential risk emerged AND destroy or thwart humankind’s potential permanently.
Solar Storms
The US is uniquely vulenerable to solar storms we have already maxed out grid capacity, we have to act
now because it would take years to repair after the fact.
Wired Magazine, 09
[Brandon, Meta Tech = electromagnetic damage consulting company, The 2012 Apocalypse — And How
to Stop It
April 17, http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/04/2012storms/ Accessed 2/27/11 JCP]
Wired.com: Do you AND in by the next solar climax.
Note: Kappenman = Meta Tech CEO of electromagnetic damage consulting company
Lawerence = Author and free lance science writer who has written for New York Times, Disocver and
Salon
Solar Storms will peak in 2013 and cause all 104 nuclear plants to melt down.
The Republic, 3/4/11
[Experts: Move to protect nuke plants from solar flare damage,  By BARTHOLOMEW SULLIVAN -
Scripps Howard News Service, http://www.therepublic.com/view/story/pulse030611/pulse030611/
Accessed 3/7/11 JCP]
WASHINGTON - It has happened before AND fires that would release deadly radiation.
Reactor Meltdowns cause extinction
Wasserman, Free Press senior editor, Spring 2002
[Harvey, “Nuclear Power and Terrorism”
http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/nuclear_power_and_terrorism/ Accessed 3/7/11
JCP]
The intense radioactive heat within today's AND future generations must be shut down.
Perception of the plan is enough to solve alt causes to the grid
USA Today, 2009
[Adrienne Lewis, How an EMP attack would work,
http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/computersecurity/2009-09-16-electrical-grid-attack_N.htm Accessed
3/12/11 JCP]
Experts and lawmakers are increasingly warning AND a vulnerability could invite an attack.
The EMP pulse would shut down the US economy and spill over to all global financial systems
Congressional EMP Commission, 04
[Dr. John S. Foster, Jr. Mr. Earl Gjelde Dr. William R. Graham (Chairman) Dr. Robert J. Hermann Mr.
Henry (Hank) M. Kluepfel GEN Richard L. Lawson, USAF (Ret.) Dr. Gordon K. Soper Dr. Lowell L. Wood,
Jr. Dr. Joan B. Woodard, Report of the Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from
Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack Volume 1: Executive Report,
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CBQQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.empc
ommission.org%2Fdocs%2Fempc_exec_rpt.pdf&rct=j&q=Congressional%20EMP%20Commission&ei=cjt
1TdfaJtK3tgfbrpSEDw&usg=AFQjCNEERJCd0cHbfWtuQr8FqRGPZ-
CcMg&sig2=i1qoZKZiPK8O69qYi7jX4g&cad=rja Accessed 3/7/11 JCP]
The financial services industry comprises a AND effect on critical financial markets.14
Economic collapse leads to global war.
Lind, New America Foundation Economic Growth Program Policy Director, 5/11/2010
[Michael, "Will the great recession lead to World War IV?,"
http://www.salon.com/news/economics/index.html?story=/opinion/feature/2010/05/11/great_recession_wo
rld_war_iv]
If history is any guide, AND is all too easy to imagine.
Massive worker shortages prevent grid improvement, these will compound when baby boomers retire.
Bipartisan Policy Center, 2009
[New Report Finds Electric Power Sector Faces Shortage of Skilled Workers to Meet New Challenges
Top Experts Cite Aging Work Force and Low Carbon Transition, Oct. 1,
http://www.bipartisanpolicy.org/news/press-releases/2009/10/new-report-finds-electric-power-sector-
faces-shortage-skilled-workers-me Acessed 3/7/11 JCP]
A new report released today by AND en masse when economic conditions improve.
H-1Bs prevent collapse of the grid workforce
Hunt, energy technology companies independent strategy adviser, 2010
[Gary, April 19, 2010, “Will our Workforce be Ready for Smart Grid?,”,
http://insightadvisor.wordpress.com/2010/04/19/will-our-workforce-be-ready-for-smart-grid/, Accessed 6-
4-10, WHS]
So more than 40% AND workforce readiness need on the horizon.
H-1Bs solve – they bring in necessary workers
Anderson, Executive Director of the National Foundation for American Policy, ‘10
(Stuart, “Regaining America’s Competitive Advantage: Making our Immigration System Work,” 8-20-10,
http://library.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/reports/100811_skilledvisastudy_full.pdf, accessed 8-26-
10) PM
An excessive number of talented people AND be important for an individual’s career.
Remittance
Observation One is the Status Quo
A.) By all media and United Nations accounts, the recent Pakistani floods are now the worst catastrophe
in recorded history. Millions are at risk from disease and hunger. While many around the world opened
their wallets to the victims in Haiti and Asia, few have been willing to do the same for suffering population
of Pakistan. The situation threatens the stability of a strategically located nation that is already strained by
the weight of extremists within its borders.
Zakaria, 2010
Pakistan’s Floods: A Crisis of Empathy Asia, United Nations, War on Terror | Posted by: Rafia Zakaria,
August 16, 2010 at 3:07 PM http://blog.amnestyusa.org/waronterror/pakistans-floods-a-crisis-of-empathy/
B.) Pakistani visa services have empirically been suspended amid security concerns, dramatically limiting
the number of visas granted to Pakistanis seeking work in the United States.
Agence France Press, 08
http://www.kuwait-
info.com/a_news/NewsDetails1.asp?id=91329&dt=10/6/2008&ntype=Kuwait&Gulf CWEB
C.) Remittances, which are defined as transfers of money between migrants and the families they have
left behind, are currently dismissed and underutilized in the struggle for acute economic and disaster
relief. Humanitarian agencies and other actors ignore the pivotal role that remittances can play in the
struggle to combat poverty.
Savage and Harvey, 2007
Savage, K. and P. Harvey, Eds. (2007). Remittances during crises: implications for humanitarian
response Humanitarian Policy Group Report No.25
PLAN TEXT
Resolved: the United States Federal Government should grant employment-based immigrant visas to up
to 50,000 Pakistanis.
Observation Two is Solvency

A.) Economists agree that increasing remittances to Pakistanis from abroad is the single best way to
stimulate the Pakistani economy, give a lifeline to the country’s poor and avoid the tangles of government
corruption.
Walayat, 2009
http://www.marketoracle.co.uk Remittances Keep Pakistan Economy Afloat, Friday, December 4, 2009 By
Nadeem
B.) employment based immigrant visas, issued to a limited number of people in countries struck by
economic and natural disasters, would be the ultimate form of disaster relief.
Clemens, 2010
To help Haiti's earthquake victims, change U.S. immigration laws
http://blogs.cgdev.org/globaldevelopment/2010/01/development-in-the-year-of-immigration-reform-new-
video.php, January 24, 2010 Michael
Trafficking Advantage
A.) Pakistani flooding and that lack of distributed resources has lead to the looming threat of large scale
human trafficking. Aid organizations are not equip to handle the impending crisis and without more
resources distributed directly to residents, millions of women and children are at risk of being trafficked.
Epoch Times, 2010
August 16, 2010 An article from Epoch Times forwarded by the Asian Human Rights Commission
PAKISTAN: Flood unleashes wave of human trafficking Article by Nicholas Trainor CWEB
B) Human trafficking is one of the worst and most insidious forms of human rights abuse.
LOPICCOLO 9 (Julie Marie, J.D. Candidate 2010, Whittier Law School; B.A. in History, San Diego State
University, 2005NOTE AN
D COMMENT: WHERE ARE THE VICTIMS? THE NEW TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT'S
TRIUMPHS AND FAILURES IN IDENTIFYING AND PROTECTING VICTIMS OF HUMAN
TRAFFICKING, Whittier Law Review, 30 Whittier L. Rev. 851, Summer, L/N bjn)
C.) HUMAN TRAFFICKING IS THE ULTIMATE FORM OF DEHUMANIZATION
DeMarco 7 – [Caitlin, intern in the Ronald Reagan Memorial Internship Program at Concerned Women for
America Jul 12, [[http://www.cwfa.org/articles/13418/BLI/dotcommentary/index.htm]cn]]
D.) The dehumanizing motivations that legitimize and foster human rights abuses, like those occurring in
Pakistan, is at the root cause of war and conflict. It permeates all ATROCITIES and until it is addressed
we will continue to see a cycle of suffering and violence.
Berube ’97 (David, Ph.D. in Communications, “Nanotechnological Prolongevity: The Down Side”,
NanoTechnology Magazine, June/July 1997, p. 1-6,
URL: http://www.cla.sc.edu/ENGL/faculty/berube/prolong.htm
E.) Additionally, the affirmative takes a specific stance against the human rights abuses that are carried
out every day in Afghanistan. This recognition of the plan is critical as it is the language of rights that
empowers people’s movements to make demands upon their societies.
Baxi, 1998( “Voices of Suffering and the Future of Human Rights,” 8 Transnat'l L. & Contemp. Probs. 125,
lexis) LAW PROFESSOR AT UNIV. OF WARWICK, AND DEAN, FROM DELHI UNIV. LAW, IN
F.) Remittances solve better than aid- they avoid corruption and overhead. They also help to solve
migrant trafficking, which simple foreign aid cannot.
Sunday Times, 2010
From The May 23, 2010 Think tank: Immigration beats aid in reducing world poverty Finding a hidden
benefit in the politically charged issue Danny Sriskandarajah and Laura Chappell CWEB
Pakistan Economy Advantage
A) Remittances are key to keeping the rupee and the Pakistani economy from tanking
The Express Tribune, September 9th, 2010
Pakitani rupee firms; stocks up; o/n rates down http://tribune.com.pk/story/48295/fresh-inflows-help-firm-
up-rupee/ Published in
B) Remittances are more critical than aid or direct investment for crisis affected populations
Savage and Harvey, 2007
Savage, K. and P. Harvey, Eds. (2007). Remittances during crises: implications for humanitarian
response Humanitarian Policy Group Report No.25
C) Collapse of the Pakistani economy could trigger a worldwide great depression and World War III.
Wallayat, 2010
“Pakistan Collapse Could Trigger Global Great Depression and World War III” Jan 16, 2010
Nadeem_Walayat http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article16543.html cweb
D.) Economic decline causes extinction.
Bearden , 2000
T.E. LTC U.S. Army (ret) Director of Association of Distinguished American Scientists and Fellow
Emeritus, Alpha Foundation’s Institute for Advanced Study, The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to
Solve It Quickly, 6-24-, http://www.seaspower.com/EnergyCrisis-Bearden.htm
Poverty Advantage
A.) Increased remittances are critical to Pakistani flood recovery and combating poverty.
Mohapatra, 2010
Can Migrants Help in Post-Flooding Reconstruction in Pakistan? Sanket on Thu, 08/19/2010 - 17:08
CWEB
B) Haiti proves- Increasing immigration into the U.S. from countries in need of disaster relief and
economic stimulus is the best bet for economic recovery, fostering stability and spearheading campaigns
for poverty reduction.
Clemens, 2010
Foreign Policy: Migration May Be Haiti's Solution
video.php, January 2010 Michael Clemens is a research fellow at the Center for Global Development
where he leads the Migration and Development initiative. Michael joined the Center after completing his
PhD in Economics at Harvard, where his fields were economic development and public finance, and he
wrote his dissertation in economic history. Michael has served as an Affiliated Associate Professor of
Public Policy at Georgetown University, and as a consultant for the World Bank, Bain & Co., the
Environmental Defense Fund, and the United Nations Development Program. CWEB
C.) Immigration policies aimed at providing visas to those in areas hit by natural disaster could raise
populations out of extreme poverty.
Clemens, 2010
Foreign Policy: Migration May Be Haiti's Solution
video.php, January 2010 Michael Clemens is a research fellow at the Center for Global Development
where he leads the Migration and Development initiative. Michael joined the Center after completing his
PhD in Economics at Harvard, where his fields were economic development and public finance, and he
wrote his dissertation in economic history. Michael has served as an Affiliated Associate Professor of
Public Policy at Georgetown University, and as a consultant for the World Bank, Bain & Co., the
Environmental Defense Fund, and the United Nations Development Program. CWEB
D.) Haiti proves, providing work visas to countries impacted by disasters is the most effective and
affordable way for Americans to provide relief. Migration has raised more people out of poverty in
impacted areas than any other forms of assistance.
Clemens, 2010
Let Haitians come to the US The best way to help Haiti rebuild is through immigration.
http://www.tucsonsentinel.com/opinion/report/022610_haiti 2/26/2010 Michael Clemens is a research
fellow at the Center for Global Development where he leads the Migration and Development initiative.
Michael joined the Center after completing his PhD in Economics at Harvard, where his fields were
economic development and public finance, and he wrote his dissertation in economic history. Michael has
served as an Affiliated Associate Professor of Public Policy at Georgetown University, and as a
consultant for the World Bank, Bain & Co., the Environmental Defense Fund, and the United Nations
Development Program. CWEB
E.) Poverty poses the greatest threat to the world—we have a moral obligation to eradicate it
Vear 04
(Jesse Leah, Co-coordinates POWER--Portland Organizing to Win Economic Rights, "Abolishing Poverty:
A Declaration of Economic Human Rights," http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org/pwork/0407/040704.htm)
STABILITY ADVANTAGE
A) The Humanitarian crisis resulting from the Pakistani floods threatens regional stability, democracy and
the rule of law in the region.
The Irish Times, 2010
Tuesday, August 31, 2010Floods threaten Pakistan stability, says US senator
B) Combating the death and horrible conditions in post flood Pakistan are key to maintaining democracy
and the rule of law. This is key to combating Central Asian instability and extremism.
The Irish Times, 2010
(Tuesday, August 31, 2010, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2010/0831/1224277909204.html)
Floods threaten Pakistan stability, says US senator CWEB
C.) Central Asia is the most likely scenario for global nuclear war
Blank, Research Professional of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army
War College, 2000
(Dr. Stephen J Blank, Research Professional of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute
of the US Army War College June, pg. http://www.milnet.com/pentagon/Russia-2000-assessment-
SSI.pdf)
D.) An india pakistan war risks extinction
Washington Times 2K1 (July 8, LN)
TERRORISM ADVANTAGE
A) Stabilizing the Pakistani economy is more important to defeating the Taliban than military operations
and drone strikes
Coll, 2010
FLOOD TIDES by Steve Coll September 6, 2010
B) Pakistani flood assistance is key to the war on terror
Daily Times, September 09, 2010
Pakistan: Delay in flood assistance to affect war on terror:
PM http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C09%5C09%5Cstory_9-9-2010_pg1_3
C) Winning the War on Terror is key to solve Extinction
Alexander 2K3 (Yonah, Washington Times, August 28, LN)
Courts
LPR’s
Observation One -- Inherency
A. Contemporary Immigration Law is Marginalized by National

Security Interests
Newswise 2010
[Newswise.com. “Post 9-11 U.S. Immigration Policy Being Shaped by National

Security.” April 29, 2010]
Following the terrorist…across the United States.
B. Immigration Courts are No Longer Allowed Discretion in Dealing

with Legal Permanent Residents.
International Human Rights Law Clinic 2010
[International Human Rights Law Clinic, University of California, Berkeley
School of Law. “In the Child’s Best Interest?: The Consequences of Losing
a Lawful Immigrant Parent to Deportation.” March 2010.]
Until 1996, most lawful…into removal proceedings.
C. As a Result, Non-Threatening LPRs Parents are Deported without

Recourse
International Human Rights Law Clinic 2010
[International Human Rights Law Clinic, University of California, Berkeley
School of Law. “In the Child’s Best Interest?: The Consequences of Losing
a Lawful Immigrant Parent to Deportation.” March 2010.]
For example, the United…served their criminal sentences.
D. Forced Deportation Threatens Thousands of US Citizen Children

with Equivalent Deportation
Immigration Policy Center 2010.
“The Ones They Leave Behind: Deportation of Lawful Permanent
Residents Harm U.S. Citizen Children.” Immigration Policy Center.
Many LPRs live in…were U.S. citizens.
Observation Two -- Harms
A. Devastates the Environment for Childhood Development
1. LPR Deportation Disrupts Family Environment

Kalhnan 2010
[Anil Kalhan is Associate Professor of Law, Drexel University Earle Mack
School of Law. “Rethinking Immigration Detention,” Columbia Law
Review July 21, 2010]
Plainly, detention imposes…other discretionary relief.
2. Disruption Fosters a Negative Development Environment
Hamilton 2010.
Hamilton, Audrey. “Mental Health Needs of immigrant Children and Families Critical in
Immigration Reform, Psychologist Says.” American Psychology Association.
The immigration experience can…‘broken immigration system.”
3. Children May be Forced into Foster Care

Vericker, Kuehn, and Capps 2007
[Tracy Vericker, Daniel Kuehn, and Randy Capps. “Foster Care Placement
Settings and Permanency Planning: Patterns by Child Generation and
Ethnicity.” The Urban Institute Policy Brief #1. May 2007.]
The experiences leading up…children are more complex.
B. Adolescent Depression
1. Threat of Separation Affects Adolescent Emotional Development

Hamilton 2010.
Hamilton, Audrey. “Mental Health Needs of immigrant Children and Families Critical in
Immigration Reform, Psychologist Says.” American Psychology Association.
The immigration experience can…‘broken immigration system.”
2. The Effects of Adolescent Depression Are Life-Long

The Health Center 2006
“How Can Depression Affect My Child’s Life?” The Health Center.
The effects of…the necessity for treatment.
3. Depression Could Lead to Mental Illness
Livingston and Sembhi 2003.

Livingston, Gill and Sembhi, Sati. “Mental Health of the Ageing Immigrant
Population.” Advances in Psychiatric Treatment: 2003.
This article concerns…illness in these groups (Rait et al, 1996).
Observation Three – Plan Text

1. Ammend immigration law to reinstate Section 212(c), restoring judicial
discretion for Lawful Permanent Residents subject to deportation.
2. LPRs with minor dependents will be released on own recognizance
pending a deportation exception hearing.
3. In all deportation exception hearings for LPRs with minor dependents,
the principle of “child’s best interest” will take precedence over “government
interest.”
Observation Four – Solvency
A. “Child’s Best Interest” Prioritizes Minor Dependent’s Well-Being
Carr 2009.
Carr, Bridgette A. “Incorporating a "Best Interests of the Child" Approach
Into Immigration Law and Procedure.” Yale Human Rights and
Development Law Journal.
In light of…procedure must incorporate.

B. “Child’s Best Interest” Isolates Children from Disruptive Effects of
Imminent Deportation
Carr 09.
Carr, Bridgette A. “Incorporating a "Best Interests of the Child" Approach
Into Immigration Law and Procedure.” Yale Human Rights and
Development Law Journal.
In order to transform…Esther Olowo's daughters.
Underview: Legal Immigration Is Preferable to Illegal Immigration

Miron 10.
Miron, Jefferey. “Four Policies to Reduce Illegal Immigration.” The Orange
County Register.
This point is…increase legal immigration.
R6 New Aff
Using the ICCPR when interpreting immigration law is necessary to create a strong
legal framework for protecting human rights
Ramji-Nogales 08
[Jaya, Assistant Professor of Law, The James E. Beasley School of Law, Temple University. J.D., Yale
Law School; LLM, Georgetown University Law Center; B.A., University of California, Berkeley. 39
COLUMBIA HUMAN RIGHTS LAW REVIEW]
While much of the ...of secret evidence.
The failure to apply international legal standards to civil rights kills the human rights
model set by the Supreme Court.
Davis 2k
(Albany Visiting Law Professor, 64 Alb. L. Rev. 417)
United States …human rights law.
Transnational constitutionalism is key to international modeling– it gets other

countries in line.
Slaughter 94
(Law Prof – Harvard, Winter, 29 U. Rich. L. Rev. 99)
Enhancement of …the recalcitrant court. 52
US compliance is vital to its human rights credibility and ability to hold other nations
accountable.
Posner 02
(Michael, executive director of the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, “A United States Human Rights
Policy for the 21st Century,” Saint Louis University Law Journal, lexis)
The U.S. government …a defensive posture
Incorporating international human rights into domestic law key to global human
rights.
Alam 04
(Law Professor – Chittagong, 10 Ann. Surv. Int'l & Comp. L. 27)
Human rights …human rights abuses. 13
US adherence to ICCPR is key to promote international human rights law.
Stewart 93
(David, Summer, DePaul LR, LN)
The recent ratification …many problem countries. 2
International law will influence the US inevitably but US leadership in upholding it is

critical to its success.
Spiro, 2K
(Law Professor – Hofstra University, Nov/Dec , Foreign Affairs)
For now, however, the …respect the test ban.
Our demand of interjecting human rights into international law breaks down
colonialism, expands global justice, and prevents extinction.
Raskin 99
(George Washington University Public Policy Professor, Fall , 9 Transnat'l L. & Contemp. Probs. 513)
[*514] Like law itself, …a particular group.
International human rights protections are key to stemming international AIDS.

The Reporter 06
http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7986
Non-discrimination is …spread of HIV/AIDS.
FAILURE TO CONTROL THE SPREAD OF AIDS TRIGGERS MUTATIONS THAT WILL KILL
EVERYONE ON THE PLANET
Ehrlich 90
Paul Ehrlich and Anne Ehrlich, Professors of Population studies at Stanford University, THE
POPULATION EXPLOSION, 1990, p. 147-8
Whether or not …transmissible through coughs.
ICCPR necessitates an independent judiciary.

Kirby 98
(Australian High Court Judge, June 12-14, http://www.hcourt.gov.au/speeches/kirbyj/kirbyj_abahk.htm)
"All persons shall …of the ICCPR.
The Israeli court is reluctant in applying international law now.
Shany, Hebrew University Public International Law Chair, 2k6
31 Brooklyn J. Int'l L. 341, IHR = International Human Rights, CL = Constitutional Law
The constitutional status …international treaty law. 102
Israel would model the plan.

Aronoff 2K
(Professor of Political Science – Rutgers University, Israel Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1)
DRAMATIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE …the state than Americans.
Israel’s refusal to incorporate international human rights law serves to reinforce

discriminatory laws that threaten lasting peace between the Israelis and Palestinians.
Jerusalem Forum 2k5 July 30http://www.jerusalemites.org/press_release/2005/30-7-2005.htm
Al-Haq is gravely concerned …Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Terrorism in Israel guarantees nuclear war.

Moore 2k4
Peace Activist, http://carolmoore.whatwouldgandhido.net/nuclearwar/
There are probably …against the United States.
The judicial branch of the United States federal government should rule that the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights dictates that employment based investor visa applicants should not be
excluded due to numerical limitations or due to the amount of money required based on a minimum
capital requirement. We'll clarify.
Courts have jurisdiction to make EB-5 visas available to applicants who where
previously ineligible.
Nelson 02
(Dorothy W. Nelson is a senior judge for the United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, 345 F.3d 683,
"Spencer Enterprises, Inc.; Li-Hui Chang, Plaintiffs-Appellants, and Chung-Chuan Sun; Jerry Chien-Hua
Raan; Ping Fu Lu, Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES of America; UNITED STATES Department of Justice;
Immigration and Naturalization Service, Defendants-Appellees," No. 01-16391, Argued and Submitted
October 9, 2002 San Francisco, California, http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/345/345.F3d.683.01-
16391.html)
Appellants Spencer Enterprises… such a decision.

Advantage is ICCPR
Using the ICCPR when interpreting immigration law is necessary to create a strong legal framework for
protecting human rights
Ramji-Nogales 08
[Jaya, Assistant Professor of Law, The James E. Beasley School of Law, Temple University. J.D., Yale
Law School; LLM, Georgetown University Law Center; B.A., University of California, Berkeley. 39
COLUMBIA HUMAN RIGHTS LAW REVIEW]
While much of the ...of secret evidence.
The failure to apply international legal standards to civil rights kills the human rights model set by the
Supreme Court.
Davis 2k (Albany Visiting Law Professor, 64 Alb. L. Rev. 417)
United States …human rights law.
Transnational constitutionalism is key to international modeling– it gets other countries in line.

Slaughter 94 (Law Prof – Harvard, Winter, 29 U. Rich. L. Rev. 99)
Enhancement of …the recalcitrant court. 52
US compliance is vital to its human rights credibility and ability to hold other nations accountable.
Posner 02 (Michael, executive director of the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, “A United States
Human Rights Policy for the 21st Century,” Saint Louis University Law Journal, lexis)
The U.S. government …a defensive posture
Incorporating international human rights into domestic law key to global human rights.
Alam 04 (Law Professor – Chittagong, 10 Ann. Surv. Int'l & Comp. L. 27)
Human rights …human rights abuses. 13
US adherence to ICCPR is key to promote international human rights law.

Stewart 93 (David, Summer, DePaul LR, LN)
The recent ratification …many problem countries. 2
International law will influence the US inevitably but US leadership in upholding it is critical to its success.
Spiro, 2K (Law Professor – Hofstra University, Nov/Dec , Foreign Affairs)
For now, however, the …respect the test ban.
Our demand of interjecting human rights into international law breaks down colonialism, expands global
justice, and prevents extinction.
Raskin 99(George Washington University Public Policy Professor, Fall , 9 Transnat'l L. & Contemp.
Probs. 513)
[*514] Like law itself, …a particular group.
International human rights protections are key to stemming international AIDS.

The Reporter 06 http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7986
Non-discrimination is …spread of HIV/AIDS.
FAILURE TO CONTROL THE SPREAD OF AIDS TRIGGERS MUTATIONS THAT WILL KILL
EVERYONE ON THE PLANET
Ehrlich 90 Paul Ehrlich and Anne Ehrlich, Professors of Population studies at Stanford University, THE
POPULATION EXPLOSION, 1990, p. 147-8
Whether or not …transmissible through coughs.
ICCPR necessitates an independent judiciary.

Kirby 98 (Australian High Court Judge, June 12-
14, http://www.hcourt.gov.au/speeches/kirbyj/kirbyj_abahk.htm)
"All persons shall …of the ICCPR.
-- The Israeli court is reluctant in applying international law now.

Shany, Hebrew University Public International Law Chair, 2k6
31 Brooklyn J. Int'l L. 341, IHR = International Human Rights, CL = Constitutional Law
The constitutional status …international treaty law. 102
Israel would model the plan.

Aronoff 2K (Professor of Political Science – Rutgers University, Israel Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1)
DRAMATIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE …the state than Americans.
Israel’s refusal to incorporate international human rights law serves to reinforce discriminatory laws that
threaten lasting peace between the Israelis and Palestinians.
Jerusalem Forum 2k5 July 30 http://www.jerusalemites.org/press_release/2005/30-7-2005.htm

Al-Haq is gravely concerned …Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Terrorism in Israel guarantees nuclear war.

Moore 2k4 Peace Activist, http://carolmoore.whatwouldgandhido.net/nuclearwar/
There are probably …against the United States.
1AC Courts – Plan
The judicial branch of the United States federal government should rule that the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights dictates that employment based investor visa applicants should not be
excluded due to numerical limitations or due to the amount of money required based on a minimum
capital requirement. We'll clarify.
Solvency
Courts have jurisdiction to make EB-5 visas available to applicants who where previously ineligible.
Nelson 02 (Dorothy W. Nelson is a senior judge for the United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, 345
F.3d 683, "Spencer Enterprises, Inc.; Li-Hui Chang, Plaintiffs-Appellants, and Chung-Chuan Sun; Jerry
Chien-Hua Raan; Ping Fu Lu, Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES of America; UNITED STATES Department of
Justice; Immigration and Naturalization Service, Defendants-Appellees," No. 01-16391, Argued and
Submitted October 9, 2002 San Francisco,
California, http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/345/345.F3d.683.01-16391.html)
Appellants Spencer Enterprises… such a decision.
Round 2 - aff v Michigan LZ

New Bushmeat/Gorillas impact...
Food scarcity/population growth is pushing us to bush meat
Curtis Abraham 08 (More Diseases surface as bush meat eating rises"
According to experts, africa is not...tropical rainforest in the world.
biotech solves - we don't eat gorillas and stuff

Charles Mcmanis 7 (Biodiversity and the law: intellectual property, biotechnlogy and traditional
knowledge, page 145)
Other potential benefits include providing...toxins in the soil.
Bush meat crisis causes extinction -we can't eat all the gardeners of the forest!
Roseanne Skirble 3 - "Great Apes Threatened with extinction, warns UN" Lexis
Ian Redman, who heads the technical...will continue to be healthy.
AND - there are tons of healthy alternatives to gorilla eating, gorilla munch proves
Nature's Path 11 (http://www.naturespath.com/products/gluten-free/gorilla-munch-low-sodium-cereal)
Geoengineering Add-On
startups k2 successful geoengineering

EARTH 10
("Is it time to invest in entrepreneurial geoengineering?,"
8/2/10, http://www.earthmagazine.org/earth/article/372-7da-8-2)
In late March...move geoengineering forward.
Rapid warming is inevitable without increased investment in geoengineering

Guardian 08
("Extreme and risky action the only way to tackle global warming, say
scientists," http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/sep/01/climatechange.scienceofclimatechange2)
Political inaction on global... consequences of temperature increase.
Critical
Family Visas/ heteropurity
Current understanding of immigration in the US is understood as a reaction to a threat
to national heterosexual purity. Family is a core site from which heteronormative lines
of delineation between the normal, pure citizen, and the deviant are created,
displacing recognition of structural inequalities and organizing a hegemonic public
around sex to which the immigrant must assimilate.
Berlant & Warner, 1998 (Lauren Berlant, a coeditor of Critical Inquiry, teaches
English at the
University of Chicago. Michael Warner is professor of English at Rutgers
University. “Sex in Public.” Critical Inquiry, Vol. 24, No. 2, Intimacy (Winter,
1998), pp. 547-566, jstor)
In 1993 Time magazine published a special issue about immigration called

"The New Face of America."3 … by the spectacular demonization of any
represented sex.
Further, the heterosexual family draws a line of delineation between homosociality

and homosexuality that is crucial to maintaining U.S. sexual exceptionalism and
heteronormativity.
Further, the heterosexual family draws a line of delineation between

homosociality and homosexuality that is crucial to maintaining U.S. sexual
exceptionalism and heteronormativity.
Thus, my interest in theorizing U.S. national homosexuality, or
homonationalism…disciplined and the externally quarantined and
banished.
And, we must not separate the war on homosexuality from the war on terror. The
aesthetic of national identity, mediated by the figure of the heterosexual family was
the condition of possibility for the sexualized violence of the war on terror.
ws:start:WikiTextAnchorRule:2:<img src="/i/anchor.gif"
class="WikiAnchor" alt="Anchor"
id="wikitext@@anchor@@OLE_LINK10" title="Anchor:
OLE_LINK10"/> ws:end:WikiTextAnchorRule:2 (Bonnie, assistant
professor of Philosophy at the University of Oregon in Eugene. “Gay Marriage
and the War on Terror.” Hypatia 22.1 (2007) 247-251. muse)
In fall 2004, when Joan and Sally were conceiving this issue of Hypatia, …
conclusion about gay marriage: we have to stop the war.
And, it is through the unquestioned security of the heterosexual family, constructed

by US visa policy, that bodies and political questions can be reduced to objects to be
managed, making environmental and economic collapse as well as war
inevitable.
Mitropoulos 2009 (Angela, Queen Mary, University of London “Oikopolitics, and

Storms” The Global South, Volume 3, Number 1, Spring, muse)
It is not simply that Machiavelli seeks to rouse a masculine subject
…measured, regarded as eternal and natural, contingency remains as its
condition.
And, heteronormativity is a trajectory toward omnicide.
Sedgwick, 1990 (Eve, was an American theorist in the fields of gender studies,
queer theory (queer studies), and critical theory. Epistemology of the Closet.
University of California Press. p127-30)
From at least the biblical story of Sodom…universalizing ones be opened and

opened and opened?
CONTENTION TWO—
We are resolved that: The United States Federal Government should use a functional
definition of family to determine beneficiary eligibility for its family based visas.
The functional definition of family shifts away from the heterosexual family paradigm
by legally legitimizing queer family structures.
van der Meide, 2001 (Wayne, LL.B. from Osgoode Hall Law School and a
Masters of Law from the University of British Columbia. “Who Guards the
Borders of Canada's "Gay" Community: A Case Study of the Benefits of the
Proposed Re-definition of "Spouse" within the Immigration Act to Include Same-
Sex Couples,” 19 Windsor Y.B. Access Just. 39, google)
In my opinion, it is possible to formulate policies which recognize the intimate …

important relationships, both same – and opposite – sex.
And, the plan spills over, delivering the death blow to the traditional concept of family
in law and the academy.
Duncan 2001 (William, director of the Marriage Law Foundation. “Don’t Ever
Take a Fence Down”: The “Functional” Definition of Family-Displacing Marriage
Family Law” Journal of Law & Family Studies, google)
At an international conference in London, held July 1999, …status of marriage

and the marriage-based family in the law.
And, visa eligibility is a unique area of jurisprudence—the plan aligns the state with
queer immigration activists to combat heteronormativity on the periphery.
Scaperlanda, 2002 (Michael, Gene and Elaine Edwards Family Chair in Law and
Professor of Law, University of Oklahoma College of Law. “Kulturkampf in the
Backwaters: Homosexuality and Immigration Law,”11 Widener J. Pub. L. 475,
google)
As Justice Scalia noted in Romer v. Evans, the United States is currently ….in
settings where the advocates for the traditional view of marriage and sexuality
are absent.
Finally, the aff is not an attempt to bring coherency to queer identity but to enable
queer assemblages that displace queerness as something that is visible and
comprehensible. This is an affective rather than identity-based strategy that is crucial
to avoid the collusion with state apparatuses of control that has plagued
contemporary identity politics.
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OLE_LINK18"/> ws:end:WikiTextAnchorRule:3
There is no entity, no identity…allows for becoming beyond or without being.

Natives
ADVANTAGE ONE:
A. Current laws prevent Native Peoples from passing freely across borders
New America Media 2007 "Native Americans Denied Right of Easy Border
Crossing"
Native Americans have been...homeland security funding.
B. The ability to cross the borders freely is key to Native Peoples' culture and identity
Champagne 2005 "Indigenous Peoples and the Modern State"
The experiences of the...is a matter of preserving identity.
C. Native Peoples want to protect their cultural rights

Scheer 2009 "Border: Native American leaders seek to protect border rights
under new security rules"
While he said...They must be kept.
D. Laws that don't accommodate Native Peoples' culture are unjust and oppress
Native Peoples
Kanter 95
Law is not a monolithic...in an orderly way.
E. WHTI destroys Native Peoples' right to free passage

WHTI 2009 "Special Groups"
Groups of Children...the appropriate documents.
F. Thus, the Federal Government is attempting to eradicate Native Peoples' culture

Churchill 94
Article II of the...northern Plains region.
G. Native Peoples' identity is destroyed by unjust laws

Williams 97 "Seeing a Color-Blind Future: The Paradox of Race"
This is a dilemma...troubled of divisions
H. USFG is currently complicit in cultural genocide

Neil Gotanda 91
Second, constitutional jurisprudence...community, and consciousness.
The abolition of a...hegemony of white culture.
I. Current legal practice risks destruction of Native Peoples' culture equal to that of a
military slaughter
Carriere 94 "Representing the Native American: Culture, Jurisdiction, and the
Indian Child Welfare Act"
Uncritical acceptance of...of indigenous people.
ADVANTAGE TWO:
A. The systematic and arbitrary elimination of individuals is the most pressing issue in
our world today
Goldhagen 2009 "Worse than War: Genocide, eliminationism, and the ongoing
assault on humanity"
Our time has been...the one just begun.
B. Cultural genocide is a form of eliminationism

Public Affairs 2009 ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:85:http://www.pbs.org/wnet/worse-
than-war/stories-essays/understanding-genocides/eliminationism/26/
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/worse-than-war/stories-essays/understanding-
genocides/eliminationism/26/ ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:85
The existence of...alleged noxious qualities.
C. Not changing current laws allow for eliminationist policies to continue

Together, the United...rampant eliminationist politics.
D. Eliminationism is the greatest threat to Native Peoples

One particular category...comparable time period.
E. Unmasking genocide prevents future genocide against Native Peoples

Churchill 97
Of course, the myriad...have been well warranted.
ADVANTAGE THREE:
A. We are each individually responsible for the actions of our political community
Anderson 2005 Contemporary Sociology
So how should...not fragmented ones.
B. We have a responsibility as individual citizens, even if we were not directly tied to
the act
Cunningham 2008 "The Political Quarterly, Vol. 79, No. 2, April-June"
For some commentators...predated their birth.
C. We are tied to the actions of the past as political beings

Weiner 2005 "Sins of the Parents"
Laslett uses guilt...those who will follow.
D. Individual change through public deliberation and debate is key to fostering

collective change
Weiner 2005 "Sins of the Parents"
As the first chapters...and which should not.
E. Lack of public knowledge about eliminationist policies allows them to persist

The media's failure...facts censoring themselves.
F. Choose to stop genocide through individual policy endorsement

Lindberg 2009 "The Only Way to Prevent Genocide"
This "we" is an...to act or not.
Queer migration
Most recent plan text
The Supreme Court of the United States should rule, in the next available test case,
that use of marital status in determining beneficiary eligibility for IR1 or CR1 visas
violates Due Process.
Part 1 is normalization.
Richard Adams, a United States citizen, was in love with Anthony Sullivan, an
Australian national. They lived together in Colorado in 1975. With Sullivan's visa about
to expire, Adams tried to sponsor him for permanent residency in the U.S. The written
answer of the Immigration and Naturalization Service made its position clear:
Your visa petition ... for classification of Anthony Corbett Sullivan as the spouse
of a United States citizen [is] denied for the following reasons: You have failed to
establish that a bona fide marital relationship can exist between two fag-gots. n1
Three decades later, what has changed? "Faggot" relationships remain fake
within the system. n2 And even the word resurfaces. One man wrote us: While
traveling abroad I met the person I would spend the rest of my life with, and
eventually start a family with. Bog-dan is a citizen of ... the former Yugoslavia.
Because of both of our countries' treatment [of] its own gay citizens, it's been
impossible to be together at some points. Most of the time I've had to go to
Serbia, because after Bogdan tried obtaining a visa at the American Embassy in
Belgrade, he was denied, because "they don't give visas to fag couples," as we
were told by the visa officer... . I, being an American, had the preconception that
my country was the true land of the free. I guess I was wrong. n3
Historically, US immigration policy has served as a means of banishing difference. In

order to secure an idealized, pure America, foreign elements are constructed as
perverse and dangerous to justify their exclusion. Under this regime, eligibility
restrictions for family based visas expressly prohibit queer relationships.
Adam Francoeur, policy coordinator for Immigration Equality and BA at George
Washington University in international affairs, " The Enemy Within: Constructions
of U.S. Immigration Law and Policy and the Homoterrorist Threat," Stanford
Journal of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties, 3 Stan. J.C.R. & C.L. 345, August 2007,
lexis
The two stories you have just heard are
AND
golden door Emma Lazarus had lauded slammed shut.
Still lurking in immigration policy is the universal enforcement of heteronormativity,

rendering entire populations as deviant and threatening. Exclusion is broadly applied
beyond migrants to mark all LGBTQ persons as second-class and undesirable.
Eithne Luibheid, director of the Institute for LGBT Studies and associate
professor of women's studies at the University of Arizona, " Queer/Migration An
Unruly Body of Scholarship," GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies,
Volume 14, Number 2-3, 2008, MUSE
Heterosexuality is an unstable norm, however,
AND
also shaping migration circuits in particular ways.32
This drive to universalize sexual identity produces repression, assimilation, and

eradication.
William Connolly, Krieger-Eisenhower Professor of Political Science at Johns
Hopkins University, Identity/Difference, 1991, pp. 176-178
Finally, then, there is a dimension
AND
this contingency to tactics of self-modification.
Part 2 is plenary powers.

The abusive nature of contemporary immigration regimes is sustained by its
protection from judicial review. By codifying immigrant as an issue of national
security, the plenary power doctrine enables unchecked sovereign control over
foreign nationals.
Mathew Coleman, assistant professor of geography at Ohio State University,
“Immigration Geopolitics Beyond the Mexico-US Border.” Antipode, Vol. 39,
Issue 1, February 2007, Wiley Interscience
How does one best conceptualize the above developments
AND
courts to contest the sovereign's exercise of power.
Placing immigration in a framework of national security fuels xenophobic violence and

oppression. By erasing its social context, migrant securitization allows for
unquestioned threat construction and violent governmentality.
Didier Bigo, Professor at King’s College London Department of War studies and
MCU Research Professor at Sciences-Po Paris, “Security and Immigration:
Toward a Critique of the Governmentality of Unease,” Alternatives Vol. 27, No. 1,
2002
Contrary to so many explanations concerning securitization of
AND
world is one of chaos and urban insecurity.
Law must heed the call of the other – failure to incorporate ethical responsibility for
spectral remainders into juridical structures makes massive unchecked violence
inevitable.
Narnia Bohler-Muller, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, “The Justice of
the Heart in Little Brother,” Entertainment and Sports Law Journal Vol. 7 No. 2,
2010,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:787:http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/FAC/SOC/LAW/ELJ/ES
LJ/ISSUES/VOLUME7/NUMBER2/BOHLER_MULLER/
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/FAC/SOC/LAW/ELJ/ESLJ/ISSUES/VOLUME7/NUMB
ER2/BOHLER_MULLER/ ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:787
In keeping with the theme of the Kafkaesque
AND
hope of being admitted (Kafka, 1984).
Thus the plan:

The Supreme Court of the United States should rule, in the next available test case,
that use of marital status in determining beneficiary eligibility for IR1 or CR1 visas
violates Due Process.
Part 3 is hauntology.
Exclusive immigration measures do real violence to queer migrants. We should

advocate policy change addressing queer access to the immigration system as part of a
broader struggle for justice for the phantasmic subjects of exclusion.
Eithne Luibheid, director of the Institute for LGBT Studies and associate
professor of women's studies at the University of Arizona, "Sexuality, Migration,
and the Shifting Line between Legal and
Illegal Status," GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Volume 14, Number
2-3, 2008, MUSE
These are serious concerns. Nonetheless, I
AND
, racially, heterosexually, or gender privileged?
Due process is key – only judicial intervention on substantive immigration policy

checks unrestricted plenary powers
Anna Williams Shavers, “THE INVISIBLE OTHERS AND IMMIGRANT RIGHTS:
A COMMENTARY,” Houston Law Review 45:1, 2008, google scholar
As Professor Johnson points out, the application
AND
Court developed this jurisprudence primarily through four cases.
Our strategy of delinking rights from heteronormative institutions resists the
normalizing power of marriage and creates space for the reappearance of the
phantom queer in politics
Samuel A. Chambers, Assistant Professor of Political Science at St. Mary's
College of Maryland, "Ghostly Rights," Cultural Critique 54, Spring 2003, MUSE
Following Warner, Butler wishes to illuminate the
AND
the revenant whose appearance is always a reappearance.
Our hauntological perspective is key – formalist approaches remain closed off to

irreducible remainders left by political universals.
Samuel A. Chambers, Assistant Professor of Political Science at St. Mary's
College of Maryland, "Ghostly Rights," Cultural Critique 54, Spring 2003, MUSE
Any honest answer to these repeated questions of
AND
theory of rights that avoids the formalist impasse.
Subjectivity is founded on our relation to alterity, which means even if they win we
die, you vote aff. Justice demands that our ethico-political approach incorporates the
specter of difference in legal change.
Jacques Derrida, K dude, Specters of Marx, 1994, p. xvii-xx
But to learn to live, to learn it from oneself and by oneself, all … with them, which
are more than one: the more than one/no more one [Ie plus d'un].
You must be willing to accept the threat and obligation of the Other in order to
establish a kinship that can solve these arguments. Ethics is prior to freedom, meaning
that even if they win we DIE you must vote aff
Marie A. Failinger[Professor of Law @ Hamline University] “Recovering The
Face-To-Face In American Immigration Law, Review Of Law And Social Justice,
Vol. 16:2 Spring 2007, Google it the PDF is floating around, its also on Lexis: 16
S. Cal. Rev. L. & Social Justice 319
Conversely, can we afford not to have
AND
home in a coffin and call it justice.
The law is not solely textual-Simple attempts to merely change the law don’t access
our ethic
BRIAN SEITZ [Department of Philosophy at Hollins College] “Constituting the
political subject, using Foucault” Man and Worm 26: 443--455, 1993.
The Constitution of the United States of America
AND
undergone and the identities it has turned into.
Queer Migrants
1. The constitution of Queer Migrants Identities occurs at the border, a critical locus in the
creation of Subjectivities. Rendered against the backdrop of heteronormativity, the Queer Migrant
is a threat, a risk of contamination of the citizenry that does not fit the stable binaries of
Included/Excluded or Hetero/Homo and must be contained. That the Queer immigrant cannot be
neatly mapped across space and time sustains an anxiety that manifests itself in the creation of
populations mobilized against those deemed “outsiders.” The end result of this incessant drive to
order and stability that defines Heteronormative Border control and Immigrant Visas underline the
global management of life and death
Luibhéid, director of the Institute for LGBT Studies and associate professor of women's studies at the
University of Arizona, 2008 (Eithne, “Queer/Migration: An Unruly Body of Scholarship”, GLQ: A Journal of
Lesbian and Gay Studies, Vol. 14, No. 2-3, p. 170-6)
"Queer migration scholarship....in particular ways."
2. Because of their Difference the foreign queer is the fictionalized enemy at our borders and must be
controlled. This state of exception embodied in US immigration Visa policy functions on the construction
of the inhuman queer migrant, and reifies the system of modern necropolitics that guarantees the
murderous functions of the state.
Mbembe, Research Professor in the Institute of Social and Economic Research at the University of
Witwatersrand, South Africa, 2008 (Achille, “Necropolitics”, Foucault in an Age of Terror: Essays on
Biopolitics and the Defence of Society, Ed. by Stephen Morton and Stephen Bygrave, p. 156-9)
"Having presented a...and the unthought."
3. United States immigration policy is dependent on securitizing and categorizing all individuals. Queers have
become the new terrorists and through immigration legislation, the line between LGBT immigrants and
terrorism has been blurred, and the two are now inseparable
Francoeur 07 [Adam, Policy Coordinator for Immigration Equality, The Enemy Within: Constructions Of
U.S. Immigration Law And Policy And The Homoterrorist Threat, Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil
Liberties 345
(2007). http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/inlr28&div=6&g_sent=1&collection=journals
<>. Pg. 361-2]
"In the lead....lack of protection"
4. Securitization of immigrants is based on an attempt to secure the unknown and on the idea that somehow
the world is completely knowable and self-contained
Bigo 02 [Didier, Prof. Institut des Etudes politiques, Paris. 2002, Security and immigration: Toward a
critique of the governmentality of unease.]
"my hypothesis is...fear or unease"
5. Pushing towards complete security is not the answer. Disorder is inevitable and efforts to control this will
produce violence and extinction.
Der Derian 98 [James, Political Science Professor, University of Massachusetts, 1998. On Security, ed:
Lipschitz, The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard, Decentering Security.]
"No other concept....electioneering elite"
6. Linkage of the Queer with Terrorism was designed not only to secure the American identity and its values
from the imagined homosexual threat, but to construct the imagined war on terror
Francoeur 07 [Adam, Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties, “ The Enemy Within: Constructions of U.S.
Immigration Law and Policy and the Homoterrorist Threat”, August, 3 Stan. J.C.R. & C.L. 345, p. lexis]
"the architects of...American values."
7. The war on terror has gone far beyond protection of our borders and has taken on the impossible task of
re-making the world in our image --- this causes global war.
Der Derian 03 [James, Political Science Professor, University of

Massachusetts. http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy.library.emory.edu/journals/boundary/v030/30.3derian.html<> boundary 2 30.3
(2003) 19-27, Decoding The National Security Strategy of the United States of America.]
"A war to....secretly married"
Thus, the plan:
The United States federal government should substantially expand beneficiary eligibility for its family
based visas to include queers.
1. Focusing on the Queer subject destabilizes what it means to be a part of the American family. Through this
particular demand we can destabilize the dominating aspects of immigration management.
Somerville 05 [Siobhan B., prof. Department of English and the Gender and Women's Studies Program at
the University of Illinois, Notes toward a Queer History of Naturalization, American Quarterly 57.3 (2005)
659-675.]
"Although studies...as citizens"
2. This focus on a particular demand is the only way to deal with the political hijacking in the status quo.
Swyngedouw, 2006 [Eirk, Dept of Geography, School of Environment and Development, Manchester
University, Impossible Sustainability and the Post-Political Condition, Forthcoming in: David Gibbs and
Rob Krueger (Eds.) Sustainable Development]
"Slavoj Zizek....movement in the UK"

Natives
PLAN: The United States federal government should substantially expand beneficiary eligibility for its
employment-based immigrant visas and family based visas by allowing First
Nations to determine their own tribal citizenship standards.
In 1887, the Dawes act complicates the situation by requiring blood proof of Native Americans. This
“blood quantum,” was a means portion away Native reservations but continues today as a neo-
colonialist practice which seeks to eradicate Natives—Lawrence 2003 [Lawrence, Bonita. “Gender,
Race, and the Regulation of Native Identity in Canada and the United States: An Overview.” Hypathia.
18-2. 2003. [Lawrence is a mixed-blood Mi'kmaw who grew up off-territory in Quebec and Ontario. She
is currently a professor at the Institute of Women's Studies at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario]
United States Immigration Law still maintains explicit race restrictions upon Natives—Spruhan
2009 [American Blood Quantum Rules. Paul Spruhan, Attorney General for the Navajo Nation writes in
the North Dakota Law Review, 2009 [THE CANADIAN INDIAN FREE PASSAGE RIGHT: THE LAST
STRONGHOLD OF EXPLICIT RACE RESTRICTION IN UNITED STATES IMMIGRATION LAW]
Even if a Native American gets into the United States, their spouses and children are excluded from
the benefits of Native American Tribal status due to the blood quantum rules—UCSIS 2010 [“Green
Card for an American Indian Born in Canada,” http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem, August
2010]
Advantage One: Blood Quantum

Blood quantum requirements are structural genocide that fosters cut-throat tribal fighting for
competition of federal aid. Sustaining this policy will inevitable erase the identity of Native
Americans—Beckenhauer 2003 [Beckenhauer, Eric. "Redefining race: can genetic testing provide
biological proof of Indian ethnicity?" The Free Library 01 October 2003. 05 August 2010
<http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Redefining race: can genetic testing provide biological proof of ...-
a0110534144>]
Blood quantum standards are a method of political exclusion of tribes or individuals that are not
federally recognized. Extinction of Native Americans is guaranteed by the end of the century unless
the vicious policy is discontinued—Lawrence 2003 [Lawrence, Bonita. “Gender, Race, and the
Regulation of Native Identity in Canada and the United States: An Overview.” Hypathia. 18-2. 2003.
[Lawrence is a mixed-blood Mi'kmaw who grew up off-territory in Quebec and Ontario. She is currently
a professor at the Institute of Women's Studies at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario]
The moral imperative against genocide requires affirmation of the plan regardless of the
consequences—Casses 1996 [Antonio Casses, President of the International Criminal Tribunal for the
Former Yugoslavia, Public Hearing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Security and Defence Policy
Subcommittee on Human Rights, 30 and 31 October 1996]
Western calls to homogenize Natives through “blood purity” based on racial superiority endangers the
cultural survival of Natives as they become forced to be more “American”—Ray 2006 [S. Alan Senior
Vice Provost and Affiliate Associate Professor of Political Science, Philosophy, and Justice Studies,
University of New Hampshire, Spring, 2006, “NATIVE AMERICAN IDENTITY AND THE CHALLENGE OF
KENNEWICK MAN”, Temple Law Review]
Maintaining cultural diversity is essential for human survival—Murphy 1996 [“Farther Afield in the
Study of Nature-Oriented Literature,” 1996, p. 134]
Advantage Two: Self-Determination

Blood quantum splinters self-determination efforts by fragmenting tribal unity and self-identity via an
external criterion for what it means to be a Native American—Barker 2003[Barker, Joanne “Indian TM
U.S.A.” Wicazo Sa Review, Volume 18, Number 1, Spring 2003, pp. 25-79. Muse]
International ignorance towards self-determination guarantees that conflicts are inevitable—Bose

2008 [Bose, professor of international and comparative politics at the London School of Economics and
Political Science, Sumantra, “Kosovo to Kashmir: the Self-Determination Dilemma”, May 22,
http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/kosovo-to-kashmir-autonomy-secession-and-democracy]
Self-determination leads to secession, terrorism, and regional conflicts—Weller 2009 [Marc

Weller. Reader in International Law and International Relations at the University of Cambridge, Fellow
of the Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law and Fellow of Hughes Hall. “Settling Self-
determination Conflicts: Recent Development.” The European Journal of International Law Vol. 20 no. 1
© EJIL 2009. http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/20/1/111]
U.S. accommodation for indigenous rights to self determination are modeled globally—Morris
1999 [Glenn T. Morris, International Law and Politics: Toward a Right to Self-Determination for
Indigenous Peoples,” http://cwis.org/fwdp/International/int.txt]
Internal self-governance enables American Indians to participate in international struggles for

indigenous rights – the US is a key test case for self-determination—Barsh 1993[Russel Lawrence
Barsh, The Challenge Of Indigenous Self-Determination, 26 U. MICH. J.L. REFORM 277, 311]
Advantage Three: Treaty Obligations

The U.S. fails to uphold treaty obligations for the right to free passage for native communities along
the Canadian border—Castella 2000 [Leah Castella 2000, Immigration Attorney The United States
Border: A Barrier to Cultural Survival; Texas Forum on Civil Liberties & Civil Rights Summer / Fall, 2000]
Restrictive nature of blood quantum requirements impedes the free passage of Native Americans and
ignores the treaty obligation of the Draft Declaraton. Federal action serves as a global model
international law towards indigenous people—Castella 2000 [Leah Castella 2000, Immigration Attorney
The United States Border: A Barrier to Cultural Survival; Texas Forum on Civil Liberties & Civil Rights
Summer / Fall, 2000]
Upholding international law is critical to avert nuclear war and conflict—Shaw 2001 [10/3/01 Martin
Shaw Professor of International Relations and Politics at the University of Sussex. “The unfinished global
revolution: intellectuals and the new politics of international
relations” http://www.martinshaw.org/unfinished.pdf]
WHERE THE WILD THINGS ARe:
The dual system of citizenship and laws of determinacy in the United States has created a state of
emergency—Paye 2004[Jean-Claude Paye, Sociologist, “The State of Emergency as the Empire’s Mode
of Governance,” March 2004]
Current laws of citizenship are transforming the world into a state of exception by blurring the
threshold of immigration legislation—Lenin 2008 [Ronit Lentin is director of the postgraduate
programme in Ethnic and Racial Studies, Department of Sociology, Trinity College Dublin, “Racial State,
State of Exception,” Autumn 2008]
The State of Exception views people and populations as mere statistics to be manipulated. This is
what normalizes war and makes the world a literal concentration camp—Agamben 2000 [Giorgio
Agamben, Professor of Aesthetics at the University if Verona, “Means Without End: Notes on Politics,”
pgs. 42-45]
The ultimate purpose of these laws is extermination through domination of people and
degradation of all life—Arendt 1951 [Hannah Arendt, Ph.D. of Philosophy at the University of Chicago,
“Total Domination.”]
The only possibility of unmasking sovereign violence and opening a path to justice is to engage in
studious play, where law is not practiced, but studied instead—Agamben 2005 [Giorgio Agamben,
Professor of Aesthetics at the University of Verona, “State of Exception,” pgs. 63-64]
Bare Life is a product of the machine; the only way to dismantle the machine is to associate the
end of history with the end of the state. Active thought is the only way to bring about this
destruction—Franchi 2004[Stefano Franchi, Professor of Philosophy at Stanford University, “Passive
Politics,” December 5, 2004, pgs. 31-33]
Sometimes we read a plan text...when we do: The United States Federal Government should unlimit the
number of and expand all beneficiary eligibility for its visas.
The book, Where The Wild Things Are, is read throughout as a metaphor for the legal system's
interaction with immigration law.
BADIOU/ EGALITARIANISM 1AC:
Society has constructed citizenship as a totalizing event marked by concrete representations. The
problem with this is the assemblage of political dependence that erases any possibility for
multiplistic transgression—Hauck 2007 [Nicholas Hauck, “Thinking Through Philosophy: Alain Badiou
and the Event of Transitory Citizenship” Nicholas Hauck graduated in April 2008 from Simon Fraser
University with a double BA majoring in French and Humanities. He is interested in the interrelations
between political philosophy, the philosophy of language, and literature, especially poetry and poetics,
Simons Foundation/ SFU, November 14, 2007]
The image of a foreign worker is not synonymous with a common worker; there exists a
dichotomy of citizen vs. “illegal alien” that creates a categorical difference in politics and ethics
that excludes and banishes the “immigrant” from society as nothing more than intrinsic capital of
the State—Badiou 1998 [Alain Badiou, Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School in
Saas-Fee, Switzerland, “Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil, Translated and introduced by
Peter Hallward, First published as L 'ethique: Essai Sur la Conscience du Mal, 1998]
Subjectification of immigrants is a determined normality defined by the void of State

representations. The aggregation of any exclusive characteristics cancels all contributing
perspectives and ensures the impossibility of immigrant legalization—Hallward 2001 [Translator’s
Introduction from Alain Badiou’s, “Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil, Translated and
introduced by Peter Hallward, First published as L 'ethique: Essai Sur la Conscience du Mal, 1998,
Second publishing and introduction, 2001]
The classification of indentity-based groups is what Badiou calls a simulacrum of truth.

Simulacrums are dangerous because they create an “us” of ethical insiders vs. a “them” of
outsiders. This is the root of war, racism, and genocide. Only a search for universals that we
refuse to impose on others can be emancipator—Badiou 1998 [Alain Badiou, Professor of Philosophy
at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland, “Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of
Evil, Translated and introduced by Peter Hallward, First published as L 'ethique: Essai Sur la Conscience
du Mal, 1998]
Rather than being defined by restrictions, there should be an affirmation of humanity through
abstract concepts that work towards understanding the conditions and nature of citizenship. The
circumstances under which truth is constructed create a space for free thought and political
discourse; Only the matheme, rooted in logic and reason, works to transcend the subject/ object
dualisms of fact that are prohibiting our ability to process consistent ontological practice—Hauck
2007 [Nicholas Hauck, “Thinking Through Philosophy: Alain Badiou and the Event of Transitory
Citizenship” Nicholas Hauck graduated in April 2008 from Simon Fraser University with a double BA
majoring in French and Humanities. He is interested in the interrelations between political philosophy, the
philosophy of language, and literature, especially poetry and poetics, Simons Foundation/ SFU,
November 14, 2007]
“Respecting difference” only operates insofar as the immigrant other willing to be
integrated into Western modes of thought—all others are characterized as
dangerous and expendable—Badiou 1998 [Alain Badiou, Professor of Philosophy at the
European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland, “Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil,
Translated and introduced by Peter Hallward, First published as L 'ethique: Essai Sur la Conscience du
Mal, 1998]
The current political structure is largely nihilistic; what must occur is a break in the monotonous
affirmation of the disconnect between philosophy and language. In the unique configuration of
political debates, reaffirming value in language and poetic communication combined with the
transcendence of multiplistic capital is key to develop a true notion of citizenship—Hauck
2007 [Nicholas Hauck, “Thinking Through Philosophy: Alain Badiou and the Event of Transitory
Citizenship” Nicholas Hauck graduated in April 2008 from Simon Fraser University with a double BA
majoring in French and Humanities. He is interested in the interrelations between political philosophy, the
philosophy of language, and literature, especially poetry and poetics, Simons Foundation/ SFU,
November 14, 2007]
Ethical principles remove us from the urgency of particular needs. We focus on identifying
situations that match the rules, rather than imagining a positive vision of the future. This reduces
us all to a subhuman mass. Our advocacy works to break down such rules and give ourselves
over to the particular event as an act of fidelity—Badiou 1998 [Alain Badiou, Professor of Philosophy
at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland, “Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of
Evil, Translated and introduced by Peter Hallward, First published as L 'ethique: Essai Sur la Conscience
du Mal, 1998]
Progressive ethics can only succeed by maintaining distance from the state. Politics must be
conceived of as the search for a universal that is uncompromised by political calculations—
Badiou 2005 [Alain Badiou, Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee,
Switzerland, “Highly Speculative Reasoning on the Concept of Democracy,” Translated by Barbara Fulks,
Appears in Metapolitics, 2005]
Badiou's open system of ethics as searching for truth is the best means of discovering social
bonds that can create genuine egalitarianism—allowing us to seize power from oppressive state
systems—Barker 2002 [Jason Barker, Lecturer in Communications, and a doctoral candidate in
the Department of Philosophy at Cardiff University, “Alain Badiou: A Critical Introduction,” 2002]
Los Rios
Ceda Aff
Chapter One: The History of the Status Quo
From the first family immigration policy in the 19th century to the present, immigration law has
historically been a mechanism for the state to normalize those entering the US. These policies have been
used to maintain the current heteronormative order by not only excluding sexual minorities but any
person from a different race, class, or geographic location that posed a threat to the nation’s
heterosexual code.
Luibhéid 08 (Eithne Luibheid, Ph.D. in Ethnic Studies from the University of California, Berkeley,
associate professor of ethnic studies at Bowling Green State University, “Sexuality, Migration, and the
Shifting Line between Legal and Illegal Status” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Volume 14,
Number 2-3, 2008, pp. 289-315 (Article) Published by Duke University Press, MUSE)
It is now 2011 and the issue of the exclusion of sexual minority immigrants has still not been remedied.
Over 63,000 same-sex couples still cannot be legally recognized under the conflationary law.
Shifting Line between Legal and Illegal Status” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Volume 14,
Number 2-3, 2008, pp. 289-315 (Article) Published by Duke University Press, MUSE)
Chapter Two: The Topical Plan Text

The United States federal government should substantially expand beneficiary eligibility for its family-
based visas by having The Supreme Court of the United States rule that individual reunification provisions
for family-based visas must include beneficiary eligibity for all individuals regardless of sex, gender, or
sexual orientation and remove the affidavit of support requirement; these rulings will be made on 14th
amendment equal protection grounds.
Chapter Three: Queering Immigration Policy
The state uses immigration laws to reinforce hegemonic heterosexuality. Absent changing the framework
of the immigration debate to confront these exclusions, scholars will only further hegemonic power
relations. Examining the intersection of immigration and sexuality as well as race, class, and gender is
crucial to truly radical politics.
associate professor of ethnic studies at Bowling Green State University, Entry Denied: Controlling
Sexuality at the Border p. 138-139> 2002)
The affidavit of support provides a mechanism for the government to manage immigrants and integrate
them into the heteronormative society.
Luibhéid 08 (Eithne Luibhéid , Ph.D. in Ethnic Studies from the University of California, Berkeley,
Shifting Line between Legal and Illegal Status” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Volume
14, Number 2-3, 2008, pp. 289-315 (Article) Published by Duke University Press, MUSE)
Heterosexism is a form of exclusion that is used to justify the genocide of entire populations. This logic is
part of a trend towards global omnicide – all violence is caused by scapegoating minorities.
Sedgewick 98 (Eve Sedgewick, Professor of at City University of New York was an American academic
scholar in the fields of gender studies, queer theory (queer studies), and critical theory, The Epistemology
of the Closet, p. 129, 1998)
Focusing on sexuality in the context of immigration policy is a key to challenge heterosexist politics.
Professor in Department of Women’s Studies at University of Arizona, “Heteronormativity and Immigration
Scholarship: A Call for Change” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Volume 10, Number 2,
2004, pp. 227-235 MUSE)
Changing the law is a critical tool to change the way society thinks about sexual minorities and eliminate
oppression.
Reeves 09 (Anthony Reeves, Professor of Philosophy, Binghamton, Sexual Identity As A Fundamental
Human Right, Buffalo Human Rights Law Review 2009 15 <Buff. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 215>)
We realize that our struggle may not solve all the violence we address in the 1AC, but each site of
resistance is important.
Puar and Rai 04 (Jasbir Paur and Amit Rai, Paur is assistant professor of women's studies and
geography at Rutgers University and Rai teaches cultural and literary studies at the New School
University in New York City, “The Remaking of a Model Minority: Perverse Projectiles under the Specter
of (Counter)Terrorism” <Social Text, 80 (Volume 22, Number 3), Fall 2004, pp. 75-104 (Article) MUSE>)
Our discursive questioning is key to reshape the state’s regulation of sexuality and immigration—we must
question the discourses of the state in order to break down its oppressive regime.
associate professor of ethnic studies at Bowling Green State University, Entry Denied: Controlling
Sexuality at the Border p. 138-139> 2002)
Queer theory challenges all forms of state boundaries – without queer theory, liberalism cannot detach
citizenship from heterosexual reproduction.
Somerville 05 (Siobhan Somerville, Department of English and the Gender and Women's Studies
Program at the University of Illinois, 2005, American Quarterly, 57.3, KLB)
The conflation of sex with gender masks and reintrenches hetero-patriarchy, reifying social differences
and perpetuating structural oppression.
Valdes 95 (Francisco, “Queers, Sissies, Dykes, and Tomboys: Deconstructing the Conflation of "Sex,"
"Gender," and "Sexual Orientation" in Euro-American Law and Society”, California Law Review, Vol. 83,
No. 1. (Jan., 1995), pp. 1-377)
Sex-gender conflation creates loopholes in legal doctrine leading to discrimination.

Valdes 95 (Francisco Valdes, Queers, Sissies, Dykes, and Tomboys: Deconstructing the Conflation of
"Sex," "Gender," and "Sexual Orientation" in Euro-American Law and Society, Professor of Law
University of Miami, California Law Review)
Equal protection jurisprudence must be re-interpreted to account for sex and gender and solve
discrimination.
Sex-Gender conflation affects all levels of society.

Every individual, particularly judge as decisionmaker, has an obligation to recognize and reject conflation
in every instance.
The Supreme Court is key to solve.

Our plan is key to coalition building to affect change outside scholarship—crosscuts religion, gender,
sexual orientation, and class.
Iglesias and Valdes 01 (Elizabeth M Iglesias and Francisco Valdes, Professor of Law and Co-Director,
University of Miami Center for Hispanic and Caribbean Legal Studies and Professor of Law and Co-
Director, University of Miami Center for Hispanic and Caribbean Legal Studies, “Afterword to LatCrit v
Symposium; LatCrit at Five: Institutionalizing a Postsubordination Future” Denver University Law Review
2001 78 Denv. U.L. Rev. 1249)
Excluding discussions of sexuality from other movements dooms them to failure—inclusive visions of
social justice are the only way to build successful coalitions and create social transformations.
Iglesias & Valdes 01 (Elizabeth M Iglesias and Francisco Valdes, Professor of Law and Co-Director,
University of Miami Center for Hispanic and Caribbean Legal Studies and Professor of Law and Co-
Director, University of Miami Center for Hispanic and Caribbean Legal Studies, “Afterword to LatCrit v
Symposium; LatCrit at Five: Institutionalizing a Postsubordination Future” Denver University Law Review
2001 78 Denv. U.L. Rev. 1249)
H1-B
Plan text:The
United States Federal Government should pass legislation
substantially increasing the number of nonimmigrant temporary worker
visas by eliminating the H-1B Visa Cap .
1ac cites:
Advantage 1: US Competitiveness
US Tech Sector in danger of collapse right now.

McCullagh 10 (Declan, Intel CEO: U.S. faces looming tech decline, Aug, 24, 2010, Declan McCullagh
Chief political correspondent, senior writer CBS http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-20014563-38.html
More H1-B Visas Key to US Tech Sector and Economy.

Paschal 08 (Nwokocha Paschal, “Immigration Law: American Employment-Based Immigration Program
In a Competitive Global Marketplace: Need for Reform” William Mitchell Law Review. 35(2008). Lexis.
(Hereinafter Nwokocha, Need for Reform)
The current cap on H-1B visas is too low raising to 195,000 solves (for US Competitiveness and Brain
Drain).
Sherk and Nell, 08 (James and Guinevere, Heritage Foundation, April 30, “More H-1B Visas, More
American Jobs, A Better Economy,” http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2008/04/More-H-1B-
Visas-More-American-Jobs-A-Better-Economy, CW, accessed on 7/28/10)
Rejected H1-B Visa applicants will go elsewhere and cause US brain drain and more worker shortage.
PBS 07 (PBS NewsHour, Report: "High-tech COmpanies Seek to Hire More Foreign Workers, May 17,
2007, < http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/social_issues/jan-june07/hthelp_05-17.html>)
US economy will collapse absent a strong H1-B Visa Program.

Cromwell 09 (Courtney L.JD candidate at Brooklyn Law School, The Brooklyn Journal of Corporate,
Financial, and Commercial Law, 3(2) p. 457-458) JJN, 2009)
US economic collapse causes nuclear war.
Mead 09 (Walter Russell, Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy – Council on Foreign
Relations, “Only Makes You Stronger”, The New Republic, 2-
4, http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8&p=2)
The impact of nuclear war is destruction of the biosphere, economic collapse, and extinction of the
human race.
Ehrlich 83 (Ehrlich,et al War Paul Ralph Ehrlich is an the Bing Professor of Population Studies in the department of Biological Sciences at
Stanford University and president of Stanford's Center for Conservation Biology. Long-Term Biological Consequences of Nuclear War Science,
New Series, Vol. 222, No. 4630 (Dec. 23, 1983), pp. 1293-1300.)
Advantage 2: Green Economy
Herman, Smith 10 (Richard T. Herman is the founder of Richard T. Herman & Associates, an
immigration and business law firm in Cleveland, Ohio which serves a global clientele in over 10
languages. He is the co‐founder of a chapter of TiE, a global network of entrepreneurs started in 1992 in
Silicon Valley. Robert L. Smith is a veteran journalist who covers international cultures and immigration issues
for the Cleveland Plain Dealer, Ohio’s largest newspaper., Immigration Policy Center, “Why Immigrants
Can Drive the Green Economy”, June 23, 2010 <http://immigrationpolicy.org/perspectives/why-
immigrants-can-drive-green-economy>)
Herman, Smith 10 (Richard T. Herman is the founder of Richard T. Herman & Associates, an
immigration and business law firm in Cleveland, Ohio which serves a global clientele in over 10
languages. He is the co‐founder of a chapter of TiE, a global network of entrepreneurs started in 1992 in
Silicon Valley. Robert L. Smith is a veteran journalist who covers international cultures and immigration issues
for the Cleveland Plain Dealer, Ohio’s largest newspaper., Immigration Policy Center, “Why Immigrants
Can Drive the Green Economy”, June 23, 2010 <http://immigrationpolicy.org/perspectives/why-
immigrants-can-drive-green-economy>)
Burning of fossil fuels leads to global warming—Green Economy key to solve.

Houghton 05 (Sir John Houghton ‘05, Co-chair of the Scientific Assessment Working Group of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change and formerly Chief Executive of the Meteorological Office,2005 (“Global Warming” Reports on Progress in Physics Volume 68 June
2005 pp. 1343-1403)
Global warming causes extinction.

National Geographic 04 (John Roach, “By 2050 Warming to Doom Million Species, Study Says”, 12 July 2004,
<http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/01/0107_040107_extinction.html>)
Advantage 3: Scientific Diplomacy

Diseases are on the rise that no known antibiotics can cure.
Bosley 2010 (Sarah Bosley, Sarah Boseley is the health editor of the Guardian. She has won a number
of awards for her work on HIV/Aids in Africa, including the One World Media Award (twice) and the
European section of the Lorenzo Natali prize, awarded by the European Commission, “Are you ready for
a world without antibiotics?” The Guardian, August 12,
2010, <http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/aug/12/the-end-of-antibiotics-health-infections>)
International cooperation is key to stop the rise of antibiotic resistant superbugs.

Bosley 2010 (Sarah Bosley, Sarah Boseley is the health editor of the Guardian. She has won a number
of awards for her work on HIV/Aids in Africa, including the One World Media Award (twice) and the
European section of the Lorenzo Natali prize, awarded by the European Commission, “Are you ready for
a world without antibiotics?” The Guardian, August 12,
2010, <http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/aug/12/the-end-of-antibiotics-health-infections>)
H-1B Visas allow for an international exchange of knowledge – key to Science Diplomacy.
Schwartz 8 (Peter Schwartz, Chairman of the Global Business Network. GBN, “Daring to Dream”, 2008,
<www.gbn.com/articles/pdfs/GBN.SFC_VFT_Dare2dream.pdf>)
Antibiotic overuse is leading to Gonorrhea becoming uncureable.
WHO 10 (World Health Organization, April 29, 2010

<http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/press_releases/pr_20100429.htm>)
Untreated Gonnorhea causes infertility and increased chances to contract AIDS.

CDC 10 (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, “Gonorrhea-CDC Fact Sheet,” September 1, 2010,
<http://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea.htm>)
Infertility leads to the ultimate extinction of the human race.
Bruna 07 (AW Bruna, Exit Mundi, “Hey where is everybody?”,
<http://www.exitmundi.nl/Sperm%20problem.htm>)
Advantage 4: Indo-Pak Relations
H-1B visas key component of Indian IT Business Model.

Hira 04 (Ron Hira, Ph.D., P.E.Center for Science, Policy, and Outcomes, Columbia University, “U.S. immigration regulations and
India’s information technology industry, Technological Forecasting and Social Change Volume 71, Issue
8, October 2004, Pages 837-854. < http://www.cspo.org/products/papers/Bangalore.PDF >)
A shock to the Indian IT sector will collapse their economy.

India Times 10 (India Times, “Employment avenues in software industry,” September 1, 2010,
<http://oneclick.indiatimes.com/article/0bllc20fRRfkg>)
Indian economic decline ignites conflict with Pakistan.

Mamoon 10 (Dawood Mamoon, Researcher at ISS Institute of Social Studies “The conflict mitigating effects of trade in the India-Pakistan
case,” March 7, 2010 <http://www.springerlink.com/content/4736rl34w118q532/fulltext.pdf>)
Indo-Pak war causes nuclear winter – eliminating the majority of the world’s population.
Toon et al 07(Toon et al – Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences @ University of Colorado – ‘7 [Owen B.
Toon, Alan Robock (Professor of Environmental Sciences @ Rutgers University), Richard P. Turco
(Professor of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences @ UCLA, Charles Bardeen (Professor of Atmospheric
and Oceanic Sciences @ University of Colorado), Luke Oman (Professor of of Earth and Planetary
Sciences @ Johns Hopkins University), Georgiy L. Stenchikov (Professor of Environmental Sciences @
Rutgers University), “NUCLEAR WAR: Consequences of Regional-Scale Nuclear Conflicts,” Science, 2
March 2007, Vol. 315. no. 5816, pp. 1224 – 1225]
<http://envsci.rutgers.edu/~gera/nwinter/SciencePolicyForumNW.pdf >)
Advantage 5 Brain Circulation
The process benefits both migrants and non-migrants alike—it initiates a ‘globalization from below’ that
vitiates the worst forms of oppression and discrimination.
Kennedy 01
(Paul Kennedy, Manchester Metropolitan U., 2001, Community Across Borders Under Globalising Conditions: New Immigrants and
Transnational Cultures <http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/WPTC-01-17%20Kennedy.pdf>)
Globalization through social and economic networks prevents the escalation of violence to nuclear use
and promotes peaceful forms of problem-solving.
Seita 97 (Alex Seita, Law Albany, 1997, Cornell International Law Journal, ‘Globalization and the
Convergence of Values’<http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/seita.html>)
Gender Aff
Observation 1 is the status quo
US Family Visa Policy discriminates based on gender-binaries and further entrenches a system of
Heteropatriarchy
Luibheid 08(Eithne Luibhéid, “An Unruly Body of Scholarship”, Eithne Luibhéid received a Ph.D. in
Ethnic Studies from the University of California, Berkeley A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies,
Volume 14, Number 2-3, 2008 )
The concept of heteronormativity..... immigration law reflect these developments.
Observation 2 is the Plan
The Supreme Court of the United States will rule that: spousal reunification provisions for family visas
must include beneficiary eligibility for all spouses regardless of sex, gender, or sexual orientation; that
family reunification visas should be allocated to individuals who can demonstrate a status relationship
with U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents akin to currently existing family-based categories.T These
rulings will be made on 14th amendment equal protection and due process grounds
Scenario 1 is Sexuality
The status quo excludes citizens from immigration benefits on the basis of sexuality
Walters 9 (Rebecca, JD Candidate @ Am. Univ. College of Law, “The uniting American families act: a critical analysis of
legislation affecting bi-national same-sex couples” 2009 17 Am U.J. Gender Soc. Pol’y & L. 521)
There are approximately...Americans to petition for foreign partners.
Focusing on sexuality in the context of immigration policy is a key start point for challenging heterosexist
politics.
Luibheid in 4
<Eithne (Ph.D. in Ethnic Studies from the University of California, Berkeley, Professor in
Department of Women’s Studies at University of Arizona) “Heteronormativity and Immigration
Scholarship: A Call for Change” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Volume 10, Number
2, 2004, pp. 227-235 MUSE>
But (where) do gays ..... that demand critical attention.
Heterosexism is a form of exclusion that is used to justify the genocide of entire populations. This logic is
part of a trend towards global omnicide – all violence is caused by scapegoating minorities.
Sedgewick in 98
<Eve, Prof of English at CUNY, The Epistemology of the Closet, p. 129>
From at least the biblical story..... of body-fluid contact.
Scenario 2 is Queering Identities
Maintaining your status as a documented immigrant is based on a structural system of privilege.

Same sex couples live in a state of uncertainty without laws granting them family immigration
rights
Luibhéid 2008 (received a Ph.D. in Ethnic Studies from the University of California, Berkeley)
(Eithne Luibhéid, “Sexuality, Migration, and the Shifting Line between Legal and Illegal Status”, A Journal of Lesbian and Gay
Studies, Volume 14, Number 2-3, 2008 CB)
The narratives in... redefined and broadened.
Compulsory heterosexuality is a social disease that erases anything different than it.
Griffin 98 (Gwendolyn Griffin, Alabama Environmental Council, URBANA, Spring 1998) AJM
Heterosexism is a pervasive ... ; the personal is indeed political.
Viewing queers as deviant produces them as non-humans

Anzaldua, 87 (Gloria, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, DJL)
My culture, selfishness is condemned..... in-human, non-human.
Queer theory challenges all forms of state boundaries – without queer theory, liberalism cannot
detach citizenship from heterosexual reproduction
Somerville 05(Siobhan, Department of English and the Gender and Women's Studies Program at the University of
Illinois, American Quarterly, 57.3, KLB)
Given the founders' emphasis..... (hetero)sexual reproduction.

Scenario 3 is The Conflation
Sex-gender conflation creates loopholes in legal doctrine leading to massive discrimination

Valdes 95 (Francisco, Queers, Sissies, Dykes, and Tomboys: Deconstructing the Conflation of
"Sex," "Gender," and
"Sexual Orientation" in Euro-American Law and Society, Professor of Law University of Miami,
California Law Review)
More to the point.... for sexual minorities
Legal mandates to prevent gender discriminaton only futher entrench the conflation
These ad hoc and .... of legal doctrine generally
Gender Conflation affects all levels of society

The "conflation" introduced ... society at large
Every individual, particularly judge as decisionmaker, has an obligation to recognize and reject
conflation in every instance
Valdes 95 (Francisco, assoc. prof @ California Western School of Law, “Queers, Sissies, Dykes and Tomboys:
Deconstructing the Conflation of ‘Sex’, ‘Gender’ and ‘Sexual Orientation’ in Euro-American Law and Society,” Cal Law
Review January, p. 375)
First, even though ... perpetuation of subordination.
Racism
Plan: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD REMOVE ALL NUMERICAL LIMITS
AND ELIGIBILITY RESTRICTION UNIQUE TO THE EMPLOYMENT BASED FIFTH-PREFERENCE
VISA.
The neoliberal system of visas operates in a meritocracy that props up racism in the 21st century.
Roberts and Mahtani 2010
Two Impacts:
First, the system that priveleges entrepreneurial genius and discards those who do not benefit the
neoliberal project…this is racist calculation. Second, this calculation makes violence against
populations inevitable.
Giroux 2004
Voting AFF is a rejection of racism in the 21st century. This is an absolute priority…no impact
matters in the face of racism.
Memmi 1999
Racism is ontological violence that perpetuates structural violence.

Zizek 2008
Symbolic and systemic objective violence is the root cause of all impacts and must be challenged
first.
Zizek 2008
Voting AFF is a mechanism to challenge the racism inherent in the neoliberal project. Human
connections are impossible if we are complicit in our role as oppressors.
Margles and Margles in 2010
Rejection of the neoliberal conditions placed on immigrants must be unconditional. Anything else
means oppression continues.
Molz and Gibson 2007
1AC is us as debaters inserting our own agency to challenge the racist neoliberal expansion and a
rejection of how state structures are used to perpetuate racism.
Robinson 2004
Unconditional rejection of racism is only possible when we abandon calculation.

Laachir 2007
2AC CARDS
Racism outweighs nuclear war.
Mohan 1993
Resisting the nation state requires state involvement.

Connolly 2008
We must address the role that the government plays in identity ascription responsible for
citizenship.
Smith 1998
Utilizing the state to solve oppression is the most effective approach.
Brikerton, Cunliffe and Gourevitch 2007
When you seek security through calculation and subjectification, you create a paradox in which
the future of existence is conditioned on strategies and calculations that necessitate the
elimination of the violent other.
Dillon 1996
Calculating some lives as meaningful is the zero-point of extinction.

Dillon 1999
Your disads are rootes in the desire to create and maintain order. This order requires that which is
labeled as disordered to be eliminated. This makes violence inevitable. We must reject this form of
calculative thought.
Klages 2003
The disad is inevitable in a world without the affirmative. Only through a rejection of securitization
and a commitment to cosmopolitanism free of racism can violence be avoided.
Dalby 1998
We kritik the use of predictions. Predictions are false are are predicated on hegemonic and racist
sovereign that continues racist exclusion based on a system of meritocracy.
Tsoukala 2008
Predictions are impossible to determine. Realism is unpredictable and inevitable which means
either the impact is inevitable or intervening factors will prevent the impact.
Bleiker 2000
Borders
ALL JCCC teams currently read this aff -
Lines in the sand should be just lines. But who draws the lines, enforces the lines,
securitizes the lines, monitors the lines is what makes them more than just lines in the
sand. It makes them dividing lines between superior and inferior. It makes you with us or
against us . It labels you, names you, capitalizes on you. It competes against you. How lines
in the sand have become more than just lines is explained by…
USC Professor of Law Mary Dudziak & Berkeley Law Professor Leti Volpp in 2005
(**Mary L. Dudziak**is the Judge Edward J. and Ruey L. Guirado Professor of Law, History, and Political Science at the USC, and
a visiting professor of law at Harvard Law School. **Leti Volpp** professor of law -UC Berkeley) American Quarterly (57.3 593-594)
The lines not only separate they eradicate. Eradicate from consciousness that which is not
valued. It is often said that winners write history. But Winners also destroy the history of
those who they have destroyed, who they have assimilated, who they have separated.
Elva Fabiola Orozco-Mendoza writes in 2008 (Elva Fabiola, thesis: “Borderlands Theory: Producing Border
Epistomologies with Gloria Anzaldua, Virgina Polytechnic Institute and State University, April 24, p. 8-9.
The line that is drawn must be enforced, protected, guarded and regulated. The questions
to ask are who enforces these lines, why they are enforced, and how they are enforced. We
will begin with how they are enforced. In short, border agents are concentrated in
populated areas forcing those who wish to cross these imaginary lines into the most
dangerous and treacherous environments. Funneled into these killing zones the
individuals are left to die in the desert.
Maria Jimenez explains the process in 2009

Maria Jimenez was born in Mexico and migrated to Houston in the 1950s. She worked for years with the American Friends Service Committee
organizing border communities in redressing human and civil rights violations in the enforcement of immigration laws and developing human
rights monitoring and documentation methods. This report was funded in part by a Grant from the San Diego County Bar Foundation generously
supported by a contribution from the San Diego County Bar Association Lawyer Referral and Information Service “Humanitarian Deaths:
Migrant Crisis at the US-Mexico Border”
One of those deaths was Jorge Garcia Medina. He was a brother, a father, and a
son. He died trying to cross one of those lines that are so brutally enforced.
Jorge’s brother Javier Garcia, describes the death of his brother in an
interview on August 16, 2009.
Published by Maria Jimenez, Maria Jimenez was born in Mexico and migrated to Houston in the 1950s. She worked for years with the American
Friends Service Committee organizing border communities in redressing human and civil rights violations in the enforcement of immigration
laws and developing human rights monitoring and documentation methods. This report was funded in part by a Grant from the San Diego County
Bar Foundation generously supported by a contribution from the San Diego County Bar Association Lawyer Referral and Information Service
“Humanitarian Deaths: Migrant Crisis at the US-Mexico Border”
Next, we will explore the question of why they are enforced. The simple answer is fear
rooted in racism. The more complex answer is that our opinions are informed by a desire
to preserve the self by constructing the other as a danger, as a social and security threat to
“our” national existence.
Cisneros 2008 (J. David, Rhetoric and Public Affairs, Volume 11, Number 4, Winter 2008
E-ISSN: 1534-5238 Print ISSN: 1094-8392, DOI:
10.1353/rap.0.0068 http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/rhetoric_and_public_affairs/v011/11.4.cisneros.html)
And the impact to this racist labeling in which there is a constant desire to securitize the
self is extinction. When you seek security through calculation and subjectification you
create a paradox in which the future of existence is conditioned on strategies and
calculations that necessitate the elimination of the violent other. This paradox is the root of
war threatening extinction.
DILLON IN 96 (MICHAEL, SENIOR LECTURER IN POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LANCASTER, THE POLITICS OF SECURITY)
This is attempt to create a civilized rational ordered system in which the immigrant is
viewed as the violent is the root of violence. Violence is justified in the grand narrative as
long as it maintains a solidifies the ordered society that excludes that which is labeled
disorderly. In this system violence is inevitable and continues because the grand narrative
is never questioned.
Dr. Mary Klages April 21, 2003 (Associate Professor, English Department, University of Colorado,
Boulder http://www.colorado.edu/English/ENGL2012Klages/pomo.html)
The final question that one should address is who enforces the line. As much as we would
like to put the responsibility on the sovereign state as the mechanism for the social
construction of the lines we have criticized, the real enforcement comes from you and me,
us. The politicians act with our silent complicity and as a reflection of our political
motivations. The border agents, the deputized militia are allowed to act with impunity, the
system continues because we don’t speak out.
Dejanovic, PhD Candidate in the Dept. of Political Science at York University, 2008 (Sanja, “Invisible Bodies, Illusionary
Securing: The Performance of Illegality at the US-Mexico Border”, Violent Interventions: Selected Proceedings of the Fifteenth
Annual Conference of the York Centre for International and Security Studies, p. 89-92,
Certainly the USFG contributes to the draconian border enforcement through the building
of walls, the monitoring of entry, and the staffing of federal border agents. However, the
USFG also contributes by turning a blind eye as citizens, no different than you and I, dress
up with their automatic weapons and role-play as if they have some form of sovereign
authority to enforce these artificial lines of distinction. The USFG turns a blind eye local
law enforcement is deputized to securitize the border and enforce racist policies of
exclusion.
The National Network for Immigrant and Refugee Rights in 2008

“U.S. BORDER MILITARIZATION AND IMMIGRATION CONTROL” APPENDIX A TO RIGHTS OF
IMMIGRANTS IN AND MIGRANTS TO THE UNITED STATES Found online
The IAC is an act of saying NO! No I did not draw these artificial lines, I will not enforce
these lines, and I will not reinforce these lines. This act is important as boundaries are
discursively created and enforced by every decision that accepts the rules and functions of
a given boundary. Challenges, personal or political, can result is the erasure of the socially
constructed lines of demarcation.
Pavalakovich-Kochi & Morehouse & Wastl-Walter, 04 (Vera [Director of the Regional

Development Program @ University of Arizona], Barbara J.[Professor of Geography at the University of
Arizona], Doris PhD [Director of the Department of Geography of the University of Bern] (Challenged
Borderlands: Transcending Political and Cultural Boundaries Pg. 32-33)
Additionally, Each act in which arbitrary binaries are challenged opens up space to
uncover mutilplicity. To unite those who are connected by the artificial division of lines
and the illusion of one homogenous, superior group. This act of resistance creates the
potential to unite and liberate through its rejection of socially constructed lines that
separate inferiority and superiority.
Ramlow ‘6 ((Todd R., “Bodies in the Borderlands: Gloria Anzaluda's and David Wojnarowicz's Mobility
Machines,” MELUS, Volume: 31(3), Fall, p. 172-173.
Finally, Violence is rooted in the creation of a violent other. The IAC is an act of refusal.
Refusal to engage in this creation, refusal to problematize and securitize against the
created other. This is the only solution to the inevitable violence within geopolitics.
Dalby ‘98
(Simon, professor of political science, “Geopolitics and Global Security: Culture, Identity, and the ‘pogo’
syndrome”, Rethinking Geopolitics, p.295-309)
THIS CHANGES EACH ROUND:
The text to our advocacy is: The IAC discussion of borders and border enforcement should be included in
affirmations of the resolution.
PATRIARCHY
PLAN: The United States Federal Government should expand beneficiary eligibility standards of the H-4
visa by allowing
spouses to self-petition for visas.
First is the Ongoing Standard of Dominance
77% of immigrant women face domestic abuse and fail to report the violence out of fear for their
lives, loss of financial support, legal status and homelessness—Davis 2004[Karyl Alice Davis,
“COMMENTARY: Unlocking the Door by Giving Her the Key: A Comment on the Adequacy of the U-visa
as a Remedy,” Winter 2004, 56 Ala. L. Rev. 557, Accessed: Lexis Nexis]
Status Quo development of U-Visas is not enough; women are discouraged by language barriers,
fear of deportation and loss of their children. The visas are unused and allow violent abuse to
continue—Davis 2004 [Karyl Alice Davis, “COMMENTARY: Unlocking the Door by Giving
Her the Key: A Comment on the Adequacy of the U-visa as a Remedy,”Winter 2004, 56 Ala. L. Rev.
557, Accessed: Lexis Nexis]
Second is Domestic Abuse
Men use their power over legal status and economic support to control immigrant women; These
forms of psychological control leave many cases of physical, sexual and verbal abuse
unreported—Davis 2004 [Karyl Alice Davis, “COMMENTARY: Unlocking the Door by Giving Her the
Key: A Comment on the Adequacy of the U-visa as a Remedy,” Winter 2004, 56 Ala. L. Rev. 557,
Accessed: Lexis Nexis]
Current H-4 visa criteria is failing and actually increases domestic violence—Deborah
2010 [Mathew S. Deborah “The H-4 Visa Dilemma: Middle Class, Documented, and Helpless” Nooruddin,
Irfan June 2010 Ohio State University, Department of Political Science Honors
Theses,http://hdl.handle.net/1811/45620]
There is a direct link between domestic violence and child abuse. These children have no choice
in the matter—AHA 1994[American Humane Association- Child Division, September 1994, “The Link
Between Child Abuse and Domestic Violence,” yesican.org]
Children are victimized by just witnessing domestic violence. They often become what they see
which perpetuates domestic violence—AHA 1994 [American Humane Association- Child Division,
September 1994, “The Link Between Child Abuse and Domestic Violence,” yesican.org]
The result is neglect, child death, and a continuation of the cycle of violence--Carter 2005 [Janet
Carter, March 15 2005, “Domestic Violence, Child Abuse, and Youth Violence: Strategies for Prevention
and Early Intervention” Family Violence Prevention Fund]
Third is Patriarchy
H-4 visas are key to solving patriarchy—Deborah 2010 [Mathew S. Deborah “The H-4 Visa Dilemma:
Middle Class, Documented, and Helpless” Nooruddin, Irfan June 2010 Ohio State University, Department
of Political Science Honors Theses,http://hdl.handle.net/1811/45620]
Traditional understanding of warfare as great power conflict of nations over territory contributes
to the invisibility of an ongoing systemic war against women—Ray 1997[Amy E. Ray, Law Clerk at
U.S. Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit and JD at Florida State, “The Shame of It: Gender-Based Terrorism
in the Former Yugoslavia and the Failure of International Human Rights Law to Comprehend the Injuries,”
Pg. 46, Am. U.L. Rev. 793, February 1997]
Discourse of national security threats are socially constructed and reliant on a masculine
understanding of the world that makes a self-perpetuating cycle of global violence inevitable—
Peterson and Runyan 1999 [V. Spike Peterson, Professor of Political Science at University of Arizona,
Anne Runyan, Professor of Women’s Studies at Wright State University, “Global Gender Issues,” 2nd
Edition, Pg. 56-57]
Last, Nothing Else Matters
Domestic violence outweighs war on magnitude – stopping it is key to prevent a cycle of

violence— Duncan 2007 [Lara Duncan, Member of the Grassroots Organization Committed to Ending
the Atrocity of Domestic Violence, STAND!, Cites Gandhi, a Civil Rights Leader, “Standing Up to
Domestic Violence,” Spring 2007, http://www.calpeacepower.org/0301/pdf/domesticv.pdf]
This dehumanization outweighs every other impact—Berube 1997 [David Berube, Ph.D. in
Communications, “Nanotechnological Prolongevity: The Down Side,” NanoTechnology Magazine, July
1997, p. 1-6]
The roll of the ballot—The judge should make an ethical decision about domestic violence – this
requires setting aside issues of political expediency. Concerns with political will or scarce
resources makes possible violence against women—Enloe 2004 [Cynthia Enloe, Professor of IR,
University of California Berkeley, “The Curious Feminist,” p. 74]
We won’t link to your politics disads – Historically, the Violence Against Women Act’s changes for
immigrant women received bipartisan support—Shetty 2002[Sudha Shetty, J.D. Director, Access to
Justice Institute Seattle University School of
Lawhttp://new.vawnet.org/category/Main_Doc.php?docid=384]
Immigration law is the most important factor in domestic violence—Wood 2004 [Sarah M. Wood, JD
from Duke School of Law, PhD from Yale, AB from Harvard, “Queer Theory, Feminism, and the Law:
Note: VAWA’s Unfinished Business: The Immigrant Women Who Fall Through The Cracks,” 11 Duke J.
Gender L. & Pol’y 141, Lexis]
HETERONORMATIVITY
ADVOCACY: We should remove all restrictions on obtaining modes of citizenship to allow for a queering
of citizenship.
The politics of inclusion is based on a liberal model of citizenship that poses as the primary
question of politics whether or not minorities are included in vital societal institutions. This
politics in relation to queer identity perpetuates a normalized vision of sexual minorities that
excludes subordinate racial and sexual identities within the queer movement itself, and fails to
truly challenge heterosexist culture. To grant queer subjects inclusion in institutions does little to
change the relationship between queer subjects and majority society. We must turn away from the
question of whether or not membership in certain institutions is desirable and instead
deconstruct the notion of citizenship itself with the goal of promoting a pluralistically queer
society. Failure to do so will relegate queer subjects to perpetual status as strangers, risking
violence and mass murder—Phelan 2001 [Shane Phelan, 2001, Prof. Pol. Sci. UNM, “Sexual
Strangers: Gays Lesbians and Dilemmas of Citizenship” p. 2-10]
The modern nation state is defined by what it opposes and excludes, it uses difference to
enshrine a collective national identity. Our concept of state hood is heteronormative—Gaard
1997 [Greta, educator, writer, scholar and activist working at the intersections of literature, feminism, and
environmental justice, 1997 ‘Toward A Queer Ecofeminism’, Hypatia. Volume: 12. Issue: 1. Publication
Year: 1997. Pg. 114]
Projects of liberal inclusion via citizenship forces sexual minority subjects to functionally become
heterosexual in order to enjoy the status of citizen, perpetuating hetero-normativity and
continuing to objectify non-normative gay identities—Phelan 2001 [Shane Phelan, 2001, Prof. Pol.
Sci. UNM, “Sexual Strangers: Gays Lesbians and Dilemmas of Citizenship” p. 141-142]
Heteronormativity is a powerful form of normalization which is the site of all violence—Yep,

Lovaas, and Elia 2003 [Gust Yep, Karen Lovaas, and John Elia, Professors, San Francisco University,
Journal of Homosexual Studies, Vol. 45, No. 2/3/4, pp. 18, 2003]
The state wields the dichotomy of the other to perpetuate fear and control through biopolitical
lies; forcing us all to subject our rights to a sovereign state power. This perpetuates the
permission of force in any means to “protect” us from the other. Their impact scenarios are lies
that perpetuate this power—Coviello 2000 [Peter Coviello, 2000 “Queer Frontiers: Apocalypse from
Now On,” Ch. 2, pg. 40-41]
Compulsory Heterosexuality is the logic of discrimination which materializes into violence against
everyone who is incompatible with their world view. Everyone is at risk of impacts—Gómez
2005 [María Mercedes Gomez, Political Theorist on hate crimes, On Prejudice, Violence, and Democracy,
la-buena-vida.info, ongoing project from 2005 until 2008, pp. 2-3]
Hetero-normative identity depends on the simultaneous production of a domain of abject, non-

normative anti-subjects, banished to a domain of non-existence—Butler 1993 [Judith Butler, 1993,
“Introduction to Bodies that Matter,” pg. 368]
Heterosexism creates a biopolirical regime that controls and regulates identity. We must speak
out and undo the myths surrounding homosexuality—Griffin 1998[Gwendolyn Griffin, 98, Alabama
Environmental Council, URBANA, Spring 1998]
This enables total annihilation of humanity—Bernauer 1990 [James Bernauer, 1990, “Michel
Foucault’s Force of Flight” p. 141-142]
Compulsory heterosexuality is the root cause of oppression. It causes sexism, racism, patriarchy,
and the creation of stereotypes. Progress cannot be achieved without a radical restructuring of
male subjectivity—Pinar 2003 [Pinar, Professor at Louisiana State, 2003, William F., Journal of
Homosexual Studies, JCE]
Current modes of citizenship are inextricably heterosexual – the current debate on citizenship is
the question of how we can include queer subjects in a cultural system based on the effacement
of their identity, which dooms liberational politics to failure. Rather, we should ask how notions of
citizenship and national identity can be deconstructed and re-written to become queer
themselves. This can lead to a transformative alliance through the terrain of sexual difference—
Phelan 2001 [Shane Phelan, 2001, Prof. Pol. Sci. UNM, “Sexual Strangers: Gays Lesbians and
Dilemmas of Citizenship” p. 152-153]
In order for Queer and feminist movements to solve they must deconstruct legal and cultural
structures such as citizenship—Alsop 2002 [Rachel Alsop,et. al. Gender Studies hull university,
2002 “Theorizing Gender”, Pg. 110-112]
Radical inclusivity is NOT the goal. The excluded is a future horizon of unending,
unrepresentability. The result is a disruptive site which rocks the reason of the master’s
discourse—Butler 1993 [Dr. Judith Butler, Gender Studies, Composition & Rhetoric at Berkeley, 1993,
"Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex" pp. 52-53]
Our movement does not spread through a linear process but through a resonance that takes us to
a point where a return to the old order is no longer desireable or possible—The Invisible
Committee [The Invisible Committee, 2009, “The Coming Insurrection” pg. 12]
TRIBUNAL CITIZENSHIP
PLAN: The United States federal government should substantially expand beneficiary eligibility for its
employment-based visas and family based visas by allowing First Nations to determine their own tribal
citizenship standards.
In 1887, the Dawes act complicates the situation by requiring blood proof of Native Americans.
This “blood quantum,” was a means portion away Native reservations but continues today as a
neo-colonialist practice which seeks to eradicate Natives—Lawrence 2003 [Lawrence, Bonita.
“Gender, Race, and the Regulation of Native Identity in Canada and the United States: An
Overview.” Hypathia. 18-2. 2003. [Lawrence is a mixed-blood Mi'kmaw who grew up off-territory in
Quebec and Ontario. She is currently a professor at the Institute of Women's Studies at Queen's
University in Kingston, Ontario]
United States Immigration Law still maintains explicit race restrictions upon Natives—Spruhan
2009 [American Blood Quantum Rules. Paul Spruhan, Attorney General for the Navajo Nation writes in
the North Dakota Law Review, 2009 [THE CANADIAN INDIAN FREE PASSAGE RIGHT: THE LAST
STRONGHOLD OF EXPLICIT RACE RESTRICTION IN UNITED STATES IMMIGRATION LAW]
Even if a Native American gets into the United States, their spouses and children are excluded
from the benefits of Native American Tribal status due to the blood quantum rules—UCSIS
2010 [“Green Card for an American Indian Born in
Canada,” http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitemAugust 2010]
Advantage One: Blood Quantum
Blood quantum requirements are structural genocide that fosters cut-throat tribal fighting for
competition of federal aid. Sustaining this policy will inevitable erase the identity of Native
Americans—Beckenhauer 2003 [Beckenhauer, Eric. "Redefining race: can genetic testing provide
biological proof of Indian ethnicity?" The Free Library 01 October 2003. 05 August
2010http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Redefining race: can genetic testing provide biological proof of ...-
a0110534144]
Blood quantum standards are a method of political exclusion of tribes or individuals that are not
federally recognized. Extinction of Native Americans is guaranteed by the end of the century
unless the vicious policy is discontinued—Lawrence 2003 [Lawrence, Bonita. “Gender, Race, and
the Regulation of Native Identity in Canada and the United States: An Overview.” Hypathia. 18-2.
2003. [Lawrence is a mixed-blood Mi'kmaw who grew up off-territory in Quebec and Ontario. She
is currently a professor at the Institute of Women's Studies at Queen's University in Kingston,
Ontario]
The moral imperative against genocide requires affirmation of the plan regardless of the
consequences—Casses 1996 [Antonio Casses, President of the International Criminal Tribunal for the
Former Yugoslavia, Public Hearing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Security and Defence Policy
Subcommittee on Human Rights, 30 and 31 October 1996]
Western calls to homogenize Natives through “blood purity” based on racial superiority
endangers the cultural survival of Natives as they become forced to be more “American”—Ray
2006 [S. Alan Senior Vice Provost and Affiliate Associate Professor of Political Science,
Philosophy, and Justice Studies, University of New Hampshire, Spring, 2006, “NATIVE AMERICAN
IDENTITY AND THE CHALLENGE OF KENNEWICK MAN”, Temple Law Review]
Maintaining cultural diversity is essential for human survival—Murphy 1996 [“Farther Afield in the
Study of Nature-Oriented Literature,” 1996, p. 134]
Advantage Two: Self-Determination
Blood quantum splinters self-determination efforts by fragmenting tribal unity and self-identity via
an external criterion for what it means to be a Native American—Barker 2003 [Barker, Joanne
“Indian TM U.S.A.” Wicazo Sa Review, Volume 18, Number 1, Spring 2003, pp. 25-79. Muse]
International ignorance towards self-determination guarantees that conflicts are inevitable—Bose

2008 [Bose, professor of international and comparative politics at the London School of Economics and
Political Science, Sumantra, “Kosovo to Kashmir: the Self-Determination Dilemma”, May
22,http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/kosovo-to-kashmir-autonomy-secession-and-democracy]
Self-determination leads to secession, terrorism, and regional conflicts—Weller 2009 [Marc Weller.
Reader in International Law and International Relations at the University of Cambridge, Fellow of the
Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law and Fellow of Hughes Hall. “Settling Self-
determination Conflicts: Recent Development.” The European Journal of International Law Vol. 20 no. 1 ©
EJIL 2009. http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/20/1/111]
U.S. accommodation for indigenous rights to self determination are modeled globally—Morris
1999 [Glenn T. Morris, International Law and Politics: Toward a Right to Self-Determination for
Indigenous Peoples,”http://cwis.org/fwdp/International/int.txt]
Internal self-governance enables American Indians to participate in international struggles for

indigenous rights – the US is a key test case for self-determination—Barsh 1993 [Russel Lawrence
Barsh, The Challenge Of Indigenous Self-Determination, 26 U. MICH. J.L. REFORM 277, 311]
Advantage Three: Treaty Obligations
The U.S. fails to uphold treaty obligations for the right to free passage for native communities
along the Canadian border—Castella 2000 [Leah Castella 2000, Immigration Attorney The United
States Border: A Barrier to Cultural Survival; Texas Forum on Civil Liberties & Civil Rights Summer / Fall,
2000]
Restrictive nature of blood quantum requirements impedes the free passage of Native Americans
and ignores the treaty obligation of the Draft Declaraton. Federal action serves as a global model
international law towards indigenous people—Castella 2000 [Leah Castella 2000, Immigration
Attorney The United States Border: A Barrier to Cultural Survival; Texas Forum on Civil Liberties & Civil
Rights Summer / Fall, 2000]
Upholding international law is critical to avert nuclear war and conflict—Shaw 2001[10/3/01 Martin
Shaw Professor of International Relations and Politics at the University of Sussex. “The unfinished global
revolution: intellectuals and the new politics of international
relations”http://www.martinshaw.org/unfinished.pdf]
Visas
FAMILY VALUES IN CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL DISCOURSE OPERATES AS A STRUCTURAL
BARRIER MAINTAINING AND REGURGITATING THE NUCLEAR FAMILY MYTH. UNITED STATES
IMMIGRATION LAW, SPECIFICALLY THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT (INA), HAS
ESTABLISHED TWO TYPES OF FAMILY-BASED VISA GROUPS AND ONLY ALLOWS INDIVIDUALS
WHO MEET ITS ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS TO APPLY.
THE FIRST GROUP, IMMEDIATE RELATIVE IMMIGRANT VISA, OUTLINES 5 CATEGORIES (IR’S) BASED ON A CLOSE
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP WITH A U.S. CITIZEN.
US Department of State ‘10 ("Family Immigration." Welcome to Travel.State.Gov. Web. 5 Sept. 2010.
<http://travel.state.gov/visa/immigrants/types/types_1310.html>.)
THE SECOND, FAMILY PREFERENCE IMMIGRANT VISA, IS LIMITED AND OUTLINES 4 FAMILY
PREFERENCES BASED ON A MORE SPECIFIC, FAMILY RELATIONSHIP WITH A U.S. CITIZEN.
US Department of State ‘10 ("Family Immigration." Welcome to Travel.State.Gov. Web. 5 Sept. 2010.
<http://travel.state.gov/visa/immigrants/types/types_1310.html>.)
IN DEFINING WHAT IT MEANS TO BE REGARDED AS A FAMILY, IMMIGRATION POLICY HAS

CREATED BOTH A POLITICAL AND CONCEPTUAL EXCLUSIONARY PRACTICE THAT HAS LAID THE
FOUNDATION OF MODERNITY.
THROUGH IMMIGRATION LAW, THE U.S. NUCLEAR FAMILY MODEL HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED
AS A CODIFIED, SEXUAL ORDER CONSISTING OF A HUSBAND, A WIFE, AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL
CHILDREN. PROFESSOR OF ETHNIC STUDIES AT BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY, EITHNE
LUIBHEID, ARGUES IN 2K7
( Eithne. Entry Denied Controlling Sexuality at the Border. Minneapolis, Minn. [u.a.: Univ. of Minnesota, 2007.
Print.)
AND, HETEREOSEXUALITY IS NOT THE ONLY ELEMENT INCORPORATED INTO THE

“NATURALIZED” FAMILY MODEL; GENDER IS ALWAYS RACED, RACE IS ALWAYS CLASSED, AND
CLASS IS ALWAYS GENDERED.
PATRICIA HILL COLLINS, SOCIAL THEORIST AND UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR OF SOCIOLOGY
FURTHER ELABORATES
Hill ‘00, (Collins Patricia. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment.
New York: Routledge, 2000. Print. P53)
THUS, THE TERM FAMILY HAS ALSO BECOME SYNONYMOUS WITH A SPECIFIC BRAND OF
HETEROSEXUALITY THAT IS TOO “SACRED” AND EXCLUSIONARY TO INCORPORATE SEXUAL OTHERS.
Yep, ‘03(Gust A., Karen Lovaas, and John P. Elia. Queer Theory and Communication: from Disciplining Queers to
Queering the Discipline(s). New York: Harrington Park, 2003. Print.)
BY ESTABLISHING THE VICIOUS LIMITS ON WHAT IS A FAMILY, THE STATE SIMULTANEOUSLY

CREATES THE NATION FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS. THE FORMATION AND PERPETUATION OF
A STATIC DEFINITION WORKS TO THE DETRIMENT OF THOSE WHO ARE THEN CAST AS
“OTHER”, A SUBHUMAN CATEGORY NECESSARY IN ORDER TO JUSTIFY VIOLENCE.
MAIESE 3 (Michelle, Asst. Prof of Philosophy July
2003, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/dehumanization/)
AND, Hetero-normativity, unequivocally correlated and never separated from situated

markers of race, class and gender, is a powerful form of normalization which is the site of all
violence.
Yep, Lovaas, and Elia, Professors @ San Francisco University, 2003.
(Gust, Karen, and John, Journal of Homosexual Studies, Vol. 45, No. 2/3/4,, pp. 18, JCE)
IN ORDER TO CHALLENGE THE HISTORIC ACCUMULATION OF SEXUALITY, RACE, GENDER, AND CLASS IN THE
FAMILY STRUCTURE, WE MUST APPROACH THESE FORMATIONS AS SITES OF CRITIQUE AND RUPTURE. ONLY THEN
CAN WE SPOIL CONCEPOT OF NATIONAL IDENTITY AND CITIZENSHIP.
FERGUSON 2K4 ( Roderick A. Aberrations in Black: toward a Queer of Color Critique. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota, 2004. Print.)
AND, IN ORDER TO INFLUENCE PUBLIC POLICY ADVOCATES MUST UNDERSTAND THE

ONTOLOGICAL AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS IN DISCURSIVE AND SOCIAL PRACTICES
WHICH FRAME OUR VERY UNDERSTANDING OF TRUTH AND ACCEPTABLE VALUES.
Powell ‘06, Elizabeth Caroline, "The Political Use of "Family Values" Rhetoric" (2006). Communication Theses. Paper
17. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/communication_theses/17 (PG 70)
AND, INTERROGATING LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS IS KEY TO INFLUENCING PUBLIC POLICY, AS RHETORS
WE MUST ENGAGE IN DECYPHERING THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS IN CONSTRUCTING POLICY
FORMATION.
17. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/communication_theses/17
THUS, WE ADVOCATE THAT THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD DECOUPLE
CURRENT VISA CRITERIA FROM LEGAL STATUS, BIOLOGICAL LINEAGE AND
HETERONORMATIVITY, INCLUDING THE ABOLITION OF TIME RESTRICTIONS AND SHIFT TO
UNLIMITED VISA COUNT.
AND, WE SAY FUCK THE FUTURE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PERPETUATING THE IDEOGRAPH
OF FAMILY VALUES AND THE NUCLEAR FAMILY. WE SAY FUCK SYMBOLIC ORDER OF
FUTURISM WHICH IS ONLY SITUATED IN REPLICATING THE PAST. ONLY DESTROYING THE
ICONIC SYMBOLISM OF THE FUTURE, AS IT EXISTS NOW GIVES US HOPE FOR A LIFE.
Edelman, Professor of English Literature , 2004.
(Lee, No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive, pp. 28-31, JCE)
AND, THE PAST AND THE PROMULGATED RHETORICAL HISTORY AS IT RELATES TO THE
FAMILY VALUES IDEOGRPAH MUST BE REJECTED AS WELL AND RECOGNIZED AS A VESSEL
WHICH HAS BEEN ESSENTIAL IN ASSURING THE PERPETUATION, EXISTENCE AND PROSPERITY
OF THE NUCLEAR FAMILY LOCKING US INTO A VICIOUS CYCLE.
17. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/communication_theses/17 (pp. 118)
When rhetors project an image of a particular ideal family in a particular ideal time, then changes to that ideal are
talked about in terms of decline (p. 4). Gillis says,
INSTEAD OF MARGINALIZING THE “OTHER”, HOLDERS OF HEGEMONIC DISCOURSE NEED TO

OCCUPY THEIR SUBJUCT POSITION. DOING SO, WOULD ALLOW FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF THE
DISASSOCITION WITH TERROR AND THE DECOLONIZATION OF OUR MINDS AND
IMAGINATIONS.
HOOKS ’95 (Bell. Killing Rage: Ending Racism. New York: H. Holt and, 1995. Print. P49)
Baudrillard
The resolution’s call for political action in the topically designated areas engages in the
same failure that the US continually commits—we claim to understand the status of
democracy there, but fail to realize that the “revolution” takes place merely in
assemblies and speeches—in reality, violence always continues.
Jean Baudrillard, professor of philosophy at the European Graduate School. Baudrillard Live – Selected
interviews. Interviewed by Mike Gane. London: Routledge, 1993. p. 207.
All this is part… can’t say that I am very hopeful.
Some debaters try to rouse the indifferent masses of the debate space into frenzied
activity by invoking a panoply of survival issues—ecology, terrorism, and nuclear
weapons—because they place value in an obsessive desire to survive.
Baudrillard 89 (Jean, Prof of Phil of Culture and Media Criticism at European Graduate School,
America, p 42-4//shree)
Everywhere survival has become… of the utmost importance.
The demarcation between life and death is constructed—the exclusion of death is the
ultimate exclusion that takes life hostage and condemns it to degradation
Baudrillard 93 (Jean, Prof of Phil of Culture and Media Criticism at EGS, The Symbolic Exchange and
Death, p 126-7//shree)
Foucault's analysis, amongst the masterpieces… than a survival determined by death.
Orienting ourselves as enlightened liberal subjects is the flip side of the same
coin. Their metaphysical blackmail portrays the strategy of the object as Evil while
glorifying the strategy of the subject of knowledge that tries to intervene in the
politics surrounding democracy assistance. But, it isn’t the subject that wills the world
into existence but rather the object that seduces it—privileging the subject fails and
fuels self-hatred through repression.
Baudrillard 90 (Jean, Professor of Philosophy of Culture and Media Criticism at the European
Graduate School, Fatal Strategies, p. 111-13//shree)
“Only the subject desires… desire has become myth.

Subjective illusions like agency and responsibility are invoked to persuade us to break
free of spectatorship. But this turns liberation into a duty—when we are answerable
only to ourselves we lose the symbolic freedom provided by the voluntary servitude
of gaming.
Baudrillard 5 (Jean, Prof of Phil of Culture and Media Criticism at EGS, Intelligence of Evil, p 50-
5//shree)
Freedom? A Dream! Everyone aspires… everyone is both the master and slave of the game.
The subjects’ drive to purify us of Evil by making us answerable only to ourselves

breeds ressentiment because we confine ourselves to a victim economy and wallow in
misfortune
Baudrillard ‘5 (Jean, Prof of Phil of Culture and Media Criticism at EGS, Intelligence of Evil, p 151-
4//shree)
A victim economy, a political economy of… excuses. Never explain, never complain.
The liberal expectation that people should be answerable for every aspect of their
current situation is one that mirrors the way in which the US makes countries
answerable for “undemocratic” regimes. This forces the liquidation of radical
alterity—this is self-servitude par excellance
Baudrillard 93 (Jean, Prof of Phil at EGS, The Transparency of Evil, p 165//shree)
We live in a culture which… truly unheard of servitude
This replaces difference with images of the same and results in annihilation
Baudrillard 96 (Jean, Professor of Philosophy of Culture and Media Criticism at the European
Graduate School, The Perfect Crime, p. 112-4//shree)
In German, there are two apparently… the finality of that mastery, have disappeared.
We affirm:
Resolved: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its
democracy assistance for one or more of the following: Bahrain, Egypt, Libya, Syria,
Tunisia, Yemen.
Instrumental affirmation is impossible—even if meaning is fixed in the short-term, in
the long-term it is oversaturated with meanings and can’t have a particular trajectory
Baudrillard 81 (Jean, Professor of Phil of Culture and Media Criticism at the European Graduate
School, Simulacra and Simulation, p. 16-17)
Watergate was thus nothing but… It traverses all discourses without them wanting it to.
The rule of symbolic exchange is to return the world and language as we received it:
enigmatic and aphoristic. Instead of imposing truths upon the resolution as subjects,
we affirm as objects seduced by the resolution. Our affirmation of the resolution is
meaningless and participates in the very form and intelligence of evil
Baudrillard 5 (Jean, Prof of Phil of Culture and Media Criticism at EGS, Intelligence of Evil, p 207-
13//shree)
It is probable that we have all… between the image and the gaze.
Subjectivity and power relations aren’t inevitable—neither are real power until you
concede to the truth claims that give them power
Baudrillard 90 (Jean, Prof of Phil of Culture and Media Criticism at EGS, Seduction, p 48-9//shree)
In the last instance, behind the apparent… reviving the illusion of power.
Evaluate arguments by determining the mode of existence that serves as their

principle for debaters in a discursive activity. Instead of falling back on transcendental
values that attempt to resuscitate the political in the activity, endorse the strategy of
the object as a joyous gesture.
Baudrillard 90 (Jean, Professor of Philosophy of Culture and Media Criticism at the EGS, Fatal
Strategies, p. 98-99//shree)
The masses know that they… finally ironic, joyous and seductive.
No risk of co-option—our discourse can’t be mobilized because we are de-linked from

the social
Baudrillard 83 (Jean, Prof of Phil of Culture and Media Criticism at EGS, In the Shadow of Silent
Majorities, p 26-8//shree)
Basically, what goes for… fluctuating around this imperceptible nucleus.

Agamben
Chapter 1: The Sacred
US democracy assistance imposes a static, neoliberal notion of democracy onto other
countries to bring them into the fold of the Western tradition. This international
policing forms the basis of biopolitical management through sacred, social scripts
defined by the West.
Alison J. Ayers, Department of Political Science, Simon Fraser University. “Imperial Liberties:
Democratisation and Governance in the ‘New’ Imperial Order”, Political Studies, Vol. 57, Issue 1. March
2009.
Transformation in the three ‘spheres’… Chile, Guatemala and Nicaragua (Slater, 2002).
The ideology of biopolitical management found in the neoliberal democratic regime is

also reflected within policy debate. Debate has evolved from an exclusive forum for
future policymakers to a paradoxical community that is ungrounded and constantly
shifting. For example, what it means to be resolved has undergone scrutiny—K affs
interrogated what it means to be the subject of the resolution, and the proliferation of
these perspectives show how there is no single, universal way to affirm. Yet, to
maintain policy debate’s location as the intersection between competition and
education, some participants engage in sacred rituals to produce absolute, prima facie
issues that determine what is and isn’t productive debate. The maintenance of the
sacred requires ritual acts of sacrifice in the name of linguistic commonality—debaters
are forced to disclose their arguments in a manner intelligible to the majority, which
mandates the destruction of alterity.
Secomb 2K (Linnell, a lecturer in Gender Studies at the University of Sydney, “Fractured Community,”
Hypatia – volume 15, Number 2, Spring 2000, pp. 138-9//shree)
This reformulated universalist model of community… conversation that assume homogeneity and
transparency.
The systematic exclusion of the unintelligible from pedagogy is biopolitics par

excellance—it requires the extermination of the Other to ascertain the health of
debate. Even liberal forms become totalitarian as they become concerned with the
administration of life in the name of everyone—this makes unconditional violence
inevitable.
Hoffmann 7 (Kasper, International Development Studies at Roskilde University, May, Militarised
Bodies and Spirits of Resistance, http://diggy.ruc.dk:8080/handle/1800/2766 //shree)
In modern forms of government, concepts… fundamental feature of modern processes of government.
Biopolitical violence is not exclusive to molar apparatuses of the state—the most

dangerous forms of fascism are the molecular microfascisms we sustain in forums like
debate.
Deleuze and Guattari 80 (Gilles and Felix, Profs of Phil, A Thousand Plateaus, p. 214-5//shree)
Doubtless, fascism invented the… molecules both personal and collective.
The biopolitical determination of the threshold beyond which life ceases to have
juridical value creates the category of a “life devoid of value” which spills over to the
biological body of every living being and nullifies value to death
Agamben 98 (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at university of Verona, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power
and Bare Life, pg. 139-140//shree)
It is not our intention here to… biological body of every living being.
To force ourselves to maintain the sacredness of social scripts in debate is one that
breeds alienation and suicidal nihilism—we can only find solace in the death of the
debate community.
Giorgio Agamben, professor of aesthetics at the University of Verona. The Coming Community. 1993,
pp. 64-6//shree
But the absurdity of individual… the political task of our generation.
Columbia MS affirms:
Resolved: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its
democracy assistance for one or more of the following: Bahrain, Egypt, Libya, Syria,
Tunisia, Yemen.
Chapter 2: The Profane

In an attempt to uphold the sacred altar of fairness in debate, many members of our
community voted for a resolution that condemns the topic of democratic movements
solely to a discussion of US “democracy assistance,” which eliminates core questions
that do not lie within the bounds of what the community thinks is predictable. But,
the resolution can’t be reduced to the brief verbal portrait shaped by its anonymous
framers and discourses of power—our affirmation is a gesture of belonging-to-
impropriety that reveals the central emptiness of the resolution and simultaneously
makes reading it possible while exceeding its sacred intent.
Giorgio Agamben, professor of aesthetics at the University of Verona. Profanations. 2007, pp. 63-
72//evidence under erasure, shree
In this division between the author-subject… anything like an ethical subject, a form of life.
The resolution doesn’t inherently contain sacred content—discourses of power only

crystallize when they become normalized through ritualized practices. We profane
the sacred and free the resolution from its obligatory task by affirming it without its
sacred intent—this short-circuits the naturalization of power relations that makes
violence possible.
Durantaye 8 (Leland de la, Assoc Prof of English @ Harvard, Homos Profanus: Giorgio Agamben’s
Profane Philosophy, Boundary 2 35:3, Duke University Press, p 28-40 //shree)
The central chapter of Profanations is… one of Agamben’s favorite terms, “inoperative.”
Setting up policy debate as a training ground for productive future citizens will be
mobilized toward violence—our affirmation is a form of play that liberates debate
from rigid rules and detaches humanity from the sacred.
Dragona 8 (Daphne, Independent News Media Arts Curator, WhoDaresToDe-
sacralizeTodaySPlay, http://www.personalcinema.org/warport/index.php?n=Main.WhoDaresToDe-
sacraliseTodaySPlay? //shree)
The risk of play being exploited… so and wait and see…
There is no historical task or biological destiny that awaits us—to affirm the profane is
not a facile attempt at inclusion but calls for the development of a form of life which
can make free use of its potentiality and is not constrained to sanctified
criteria
Durantaye 8 (Leland de la, Assoc Prof of English @ Harvard, Homos Profanus: Giorgio Agamben’s
Profane Philosophy, Boundary 2 35:3, Duke University Press, p 57-62 //shree)
In the closing pages of Homo Sacer, Agamben… that is every day”

Blood Quantum Advantage
1. [narrative] Natives forced to comply with strict blood quantum standards are
excluded from tribal communities, disqualified from receiving federal benefits, and
pressured into marrying other natives to continue the bloodline, so that their tribe is
not bred out of existence
Maher 18 Savannah Mayer, writer for NPR, the Code Switch Podcast. “The Difficult Math of Being
Native American.” 18 February 2018.
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/02/07/583665568/love-and-blood-quantum-buy-in-or-
die-out
"It's a question that people have asked me, and that I sometimes wonder about myself," my friend
says. "Are you only with him because he's Native?" She's sitting outside at a picnic table. I can smell the desert and the cigarette
smoke through the phone. "And I guess the answer is that it's not not because he's Native. You know?" I do
know. She and I were raised by different tribes on reservations 3,000 miles apart . As children, though, we internalized the same
directive: Find yourself a Native man. Good blood for your babies. I know how messed up it sounds.
But it's about survival. It's called blood quantum. Lots of Native nations, including my friend's, use it
to determine who can and can't enroll as a citizen. But even in tribes like my own that use different enrollment policies, the
notion that Indigeneity can be quantified — that it's our "blood" that makes us Native or not — is
impossible to avoid. Here's how it works: Track down a tribal census document from the 1800s. Assume every person listed was a certified, "full-
blooded" Indian and do the math from there. Choose an arbitrary fraction to serve as your citizenship cut-off. And if anyone's personal fraction happens to fall
below that standard, they're out of luck. Traditional or not, blood quantum is the law of the land. You either buy in or you die out. Just another colonial reality we
have little choice but to participate in. For me, the hierarchy has always been clear—if not Mashpee Wampanoag then Aquinnah or Herring Pond. If not
Wampanoag then Narragansett. Then Pequot. And if you find yourself too far from home to lock down an Eastern Woodlands man to father your children, he damn
well better be Indigenous to somewhere on this continent. Find yourself a Native man. Good blood for your babies. I know how messed up it sounds. But it's about
survival.Incidentally, the man I love now looks uncannily like John Smith from the Disney Pocahontas
movie. He is German. Maybe English. He's not sure how much of either, and no one ever asks. Sometimes he'll ask me, "Is there
any part of you that wants me to be different?" What he means is, do I ever find myself wishing he
were Native. Three years into our relationship, I'm still not sure how to answer. It's odd to think about
high school-aged me, on the lookout for an Indian baby daddy. Especially because, even now, I'm not sure if motherhood is
something I want for myself. But at 14 and 15, I was meeting Native boys on the powwow circuit and running
equations in my head. How much Indian "blood" did he have? What kind? Did his fraction plus mine
equal legitimate tribal citizenship for our offspring? Would his brown skin and high cheekbones
survive the wild labyrinth of our genes so that my babies might not have to fight to be seen as
Indigenous? On the phone, my friend tells me that her current beau checks most of these boxes.
They've only been together for two months, but she's done the math. (1/4 + 5/8) ÷ 2 = 7/16 and just
like that, their babies will be Indian enough. The hard part is over. All that's left to do is fall in love and
stay there. Here's the thing about blood quantum: it's not real. It has no basis in biology or genetics or
any Indigenous tradition I'm aware of. It's a colonial invention designed to breed us out of existence. But
it's got all these smart people—traditionalists, university students, Indigenous language revivalists—
running around doing mental math, convinced it's our best shot at keeping our cultures alive. I won't
pretend that I'm above it. The prospect of having kids even more mixed than I am makes me anxious. If, in a century, the Wampanoag tribe
no longer exists—if we lose our land, our traditions, our language—will it be my fault? If my babies
end up looking like him, if they feel more white than Wampanoag, have I wasted my ancestors'
sacrifices? My mom's five-year-old foster sons are blonde-haired and blue-eyed and right now they're learning to count in Wôpanâak. Pâsaq, nees, nuhsh,
yâw, the words sound at home in their voices. "Savannah," they asked me once, "How come you're Wampanoag?" And I said, "How come you are?" They
considered the question for a moment, then one of them piped up, "We're Wampanoag because our mom made us that way." I knew just what he meant because
mine did, too. My boyfriend also wants to learn the language. When we visit my mom, he points to labels placed around the house to help the kids build vocabulary
and reads them aloud. Ushqôt, kunakuneek, wunôk, I repeat each word with the correct pronunciation and he tries again. I love him because he can gut a fish and
make a friendship bracelet, because he's 6'3" and he sings in the bathtub, because he asks for one French braid when he wants to look fancy and two when he
needs cheering up. Do I want him to be different? God, no. But when
I think about the future—not just mine but my tribe's,
all of Indian Country's—I start to doubt myself. One thing I know now that I didn't three years ago: If we have kids together someday, it
won't be their blood that makes them Wampanoag. Most days I think I'm done doing mental math. No more worrying that I'm being selfish, that I'm letting
colonialism do its job. But when
the guilt and the self-suspicion creep up on me, he will be there. He'll tumble
onto the couch, arms outstretched, waiting for me. And together we'll divide 100 by itself.
2. In 1887, the Dawes Act complicates the situation by requiring blood proof of Native
Americans. This “blood quantum,” was a means portion away Native reservations but
continues today as a neo-colonialist practice which seeks to eradicate Natives
Villazor 8 Rose Cuison Villazor, professor at the University of California, Davis. “Blood Quantum Land
Laws and the Race versus Political Identity Dilemma.” California Law Review, Vol. 96, p. 801, 2008.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1121828
I want to make clear at the outset that given the relationship between racial subordination and laws that utilized
blood distinctions in the United States, any legal requirement of blood lineage today appropriately
raises concerns about whether the law‘s intent is to ensure racial purity. Yet, it is important to emphasize that the
implementation of blood rules impacted various groups in different ways. Recent scholarship has detailed the complex relationship between
blood rules—particularly blood quantum rules—and American Indian political and racial identity. As this
scholarship has commented, blood quantum rules had the double effect of not only racializing American Indians
but also undercutting their right of sovereignty, including their property rights. In the early 20th century, for
example, the U.S. government decreed that only those persons with no more than one-half American
Indian blood were qualified to own property after the federal government broke up all American
Indian lands under the Dawes Severalty Act. Those American Indians in the reservations who lacked the
requisite blood quantum were not given property and such lands that would have been allotted to
them were made available to whites. Additionally, blood quantum rules operated to diminish the ability of American Indians to sell their
lands. “Mixed-blood” American Indians were able to sell their lands while “full-blood” American Indians needed the permission of the U.S. government to sell their
properties. As these blood quantum rules demonstrated, racism
facilitated the related consequences of racially
subordinating American Indians, loss of significant American Indians‘ property and, not unrelated to property rights, diminishing their
sovereignty rights. With the enactment of normative civil rights legislation, overt discrimination, including the insidious legal use of blood distinctions, ultimately
diminished. Following landmark civil rights cases, Congress enacted the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which sought to establish equality in both private and public
contexts. Then, in 1975, Congress passed the Indian Self-Determination Act and Education Assistance Act,
expressly stating that the United States had the obligation to respond to the ―expression of the [American] Indian people for self-determination. In order to meet
this obligation, the federal government recognized that it must take steps necessary to ensure ―the development of strong and stable tribal governments.
Importantly, the
federal government adopted blood quantum rules to delineate the individuals and groups
who would benefit from programs implementing this federal policy. Thus, unlike the earlier uses of blood quantum rules as
technology of colonialism, the deployment of these rules in this context constituted a method for promoting American Indian political self-determination.
Moreover, the
basis of the use of these blood quantum rules formed part of the underlying support for
the growing divide between the racial and political meaning of indigeneity under modern equal
protection law.
3. Blood quantum standards are a method of political exclusion of tribes or individuals

that are not federally recognized. Extinction of Native Americans is guaranteed by the
end of the century unless the vicious policy is discontinued
Schmidt 11 Ryan W. Schmidt, professor of anthropology at the University of Montana. “American
Indian Identity and Blood Quantum in the 21st Century: A Critical Review.” 29 December 2011.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/janthro/2011/549521/
According to some authors, the
continued use of blood quantum as a way to ascribe membership in a Native
American tribe has dire consequences. These authors feel blood-quantum policies are little other than
genocidal (or “autogenocide by definitional and statistical extermination” as characterized by Churchill), which
will ultimately end with extinction of the original indigenous people of native North America. Summarizing
the process (although slightly generalizing at the same time), Limerick writes, “Set the blood quantum at one-quarter, hold to it as a rigid definition of Indians, let
intermarriage proceed as it had for centuries, and eventually Indians will be defined out of existence. When
that happens, the federal
government will be freed of its persistent ‘Indian problem.’” Demographer and anthropologist Thornton is keenly aware of the
sentiment expressed by Limerick. Thornton examined 20th century demographic shifts in American Indian society and the population “recovery” with reference to
urbanization, intermarriage, and differing definitions on the official census. Thornton observed an increased self-identification of American Indian starting in the
1960s that does not correlate with official tribal enrollment data from federally recognized tribes. People with a mixed ancestry are increasingly self-identifying with
being an American Indian, a “desire to affirm a marginal ethnic identity.” Hagan expounds on this argument calling these particular individuals “ersatz Indians.” This
description is applied mainly to those claiming Indian ancestry for the purpose of economic gain or to receive health and education benefits. Modern
times
has brought increased urbanization and hence increased interaction with non-tribal members, thus
facilitating marriage between groups. As a consequence of increased interaction, over 60 percent of
all American Indians are married to non-Indians, which has certain implications pertaining to group
membership (as established by blood quantum), heritage, and identity. For example, Congress has estimated by the
year 2080 less than 8 percent of American Indians will have one-half or more Indian “blood.” This raises
several interesting identity questions, one important question being how much “racial admixture” can occur before American
Indian people cease to be identified as a distinct people? Individuals enrolled in federally recognized tribes receive a Certificate of
Degree of Indian Blood (CDIB) by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, specifying a certain degree of Indian blood. Each tribe has its own blood quantum requirements.
Some, like the Cherokee of Oklahoma, do not have a minimum quantum, while others have more restrictive requirements (1/2 or more). What dangers are posed to
American Indian sovereignty and continuity if the tribes and the federal government continue to identify “Native American” on a racial instead of a cultural or more
explicitly political basis? The
concept of exclusivity is embedded in the racial paradigm borne out of the colonial
past. Smedley remarks how exclusiveness is fundamental to the ideology of race, and it can “only be
maintained by the erection of social-cultural boundaries between populations that (1) become broad barriers against
interaction between “races”, (2) preclude any possibility of egalitarian relationships, and (3) do not recognize or provide for intermediate realities”. She goes on to
say, “Such boundaries are most effective when they can be transmuted into a biological axiom.” Thornton quantifies this exclusive sense by observing the data of
reservation-versus non reservation-based membership criteria and degree of blood required. The data suggests that tribes located on reservations have maintained
a higher blood quantum requirement as a function of geographic isolation. The reservation has tended to isolate the tribe from non-Indians and intermarriage with
them. Conversely, tribes with a more inclusive membership have set a lower (or nonexistent) blood quantum since their populations generally have increased
interaction and intermarriage with non-Indian populations (Table 1). Exclusivity can also be extended to a growing facet of American Indian society: gaming. Neath
discusses Indian gaming in the context of tribal membership restriction and blood quantum. According to the National Indian Gaming Commission, net revenues
from Indian gaming totaled 26.5 billion dollars in 2010. American Indian gaming, as a constant source of tribal revenue, has steadily grown since the Indian Gaming
and Regulatory Act (IGRA) was given congressional approval in 1988. See Figure 1 for the growth of Indian gaming over a ten-year period (2001–2010). In fact, in
1993 Indian gaming grossed over 5 billion dollars, exceeding the federal budget for Indian assistance by 2 billion dollars. Gaming provides a means for employment
and economic sustainability and self-determination in some of the poorest areas of the United States. Relatively recent figures (1990) estimate that unemployment
on reservations has averaged from 50 to 90 percent. The IGRA has allowed tribes to regulate gaming activities on tribal-owned lands and contribute directly to the
economic development of reservations in the form of public works projects, for improving health and education, or distribute revenue on a per-capita basis to
individual members of the tribe. As semisovereign nations, tribes are exempt from most state and federal taxes, giving them an advantage over private American
casinos. Tribes have the right to set their own membership requirements, which results in a fundamental
dilemma: on the one hand, tribes need to control population growth to apportion the benefits of
gaming to deserving tribal members and sustain reservation economic development, which blood
quantum offers a simple and efficient solution; however, through an increasingly narrow, exclusive
conception of tribal identity, they face two equally bleak prospects: (1) a shrinking population and
decreased political base, and/or (2) stricter federal court or congressional scrutiny of tribal laws.
Congressional oversight of tribes will eventually lead to an inevitable fact if blood quantum requirements are allowed to run their
course: termination. In the 1950s and 1960s, certain tribes that were deemed too small were “terminated” by
the federal government, losing a recognized status and subsequent benefits. Essentially, termination means the
death of a tribe as a political entity. The economic incentives of Indian gaming have given some tribes the challenging (and controversial)
decision for adopting race-based, exclusive membership criteria. Neath believes that gaming success, unlike other developments on reservation land (such as
exploiting natural resources), offers tribes a unique chance to “reject foreign conceptions of tribal identity and return to a definition of themselves they once held:
an inclusive definition whereby shared culture defines tribal membership.” However, culture-based standards will only prove effective if they can supplant the more
feasible (and simple) means of blood quantum. Blood quantum offers a simple and inexpensive way of determining and limiting tribal identity. Is there an easier and
more effective way to evaluate identity?
Other potential cards:
externalfile:drive-192485c63074bce45cc7ee9c2c39e1e225b26da9/root/Miller.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2003.tb00799.x
HIV
Current immigration policies maintain restrictions on HIV positives from entering the country that furthers
a framework of containment within such policies. The policy of containment is one that discriminates and
delineates who is deserving of entry into our clean lands. Nowhere is this more prevalent than with sex
workers who are denied entry as a result of their infliction.
Jamaica Observer 10 (by Ingrid Brown (Senior Staff Writer), “Rights groups want US to lift travel ban
ahead of 2012 AIDS conference,” July 27, 2010, d/l: http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Rights-
groups-want-US-to-lift-travel-ban-ahead-of-2012-AIDS-conference)
VIENNA, Austria — Rights groups … is harder to qualify for a visa.
Containment leads to a vilification of sex workers within immigration policies. Containment alienates sex
workers and labels them as caries of disease that are deemed unacceptable for obtaining a visa
Grace Chang and Kathleen Kim 2007 [writer and activist in struggles for immigrant, labor and welfare
rights of migrant women and women of color in the United States[ & [Associate Professor of Law at
Loyola Law School] “Reconceptualizing Approaches to Human Trafficking: New Directions and
Perspectives from the Field(s),” 3 Stan. J.C.R. & C.L. 317, d/l lexis
The Trafficking Victims Protection … human right to healthcare.
Containment is a result of deep rooted misconceptions that view our country as filled with “clean and
proper” bodies and other countries as diseased or infected. The alienation of the sex worker is an
example of the racist constructions of foreign countries who are in need of the “heroic” west to fix them
Haver 96 Pg. 10-11 “The Body of This Death: Historicity and Sociality in the Time of AIDS” (William Haver
is a professor at Binghamton University)
Undoubtedly, we have all … failure of cultural containment.
AIDS has become a global issue and the logic of separation and containment justifies a clinging to a
nostalgic feeling of being free of the paranoia of AIDS that supposedly didn’t exist before AIDS. Denying
individuals visas as a result of having AIDS is an attempt to maintain a clean body politic. This
cleanliness, however is impossible, and is an ideal that is used to rationalize such policies as containment
Haver, William 96 Pg. 7-8 “The Body of This Death: Historicity and Sociality in the Time of AIDS” (William
Haver is a professor at Binghamton University)
AIDS unites such “elements” … for the clean and proper body politic.
Denying sex workers visas is an example of a social surplus that is created to maintain the Imaginary
community that humanism constantly reinvents through Sameness. Thus there is no integration, because
the state defines the terms by which one may integrate. Specifically, within the discourse of immigration
law, visas illustrate the dominant narrative of containment from AIDS, this narrative buttresses itself
against the dominant narratives of the state which attempt to purify the body politic through purifying
bodies
Haver, William 96 Pg. 19-20 “The Body of This Death: Historicity and Sociality in the Time of AIDS”
(William Haver is a professor at Binghamton University)
The trace, therefore, is … entropy is unavoidable..

Intervening on containment policies is necessary to avoid passivity and mere observation. Molecular
struggles are needed to fight the realities of AIDS discourse such as the denial of visas to individuals with
HIV/AIDS. The role of the ballot enables us to make such an intervention possible and allows for the
possibility of subjective action by the individuals in this room
Haver, William 96 Pg.21-22 “The Body of This Death: Historicity and Sociality in the Time of AIDS”
Well, brave words, these: … Imaginary appears as nostalgic fantasy.
The logic of separation and containment that justify denying visas to sex workers with HIV/AIDS assumes
that bodies should be viewed through a lens of instrumentality. Exclusion of individuals with HIV/AIDS is a
classic example of fascism that allows for the worst forms of genocide.
Haver, William 96 Pg.8-9 “The Body of This Death: Historicity and Sociality in the Time of AIDS” (William
Haver is a professor at Binghamton University)
At the level of the individual … means a fear of history and the social).
The original narrative of HIV is the root cause to the theory of containment that justifies the denial of visas
to sex workers, in an attempt to cleanse the community. The exclusion of HIV positives from obtaining
visas is a form of bio-power that attempts to control the erotic and reduce the body to a state of bare life.
Concomitantly and this concomitance … prophylaxis against historicity and sociality.
The liberal-humanist appropriation of AIDS represents the transcendental project, ultimately complicit with
virulent forms of racism and nationalism. Instead of a glorified American referent, ‘us’ becomes the human
community who look endlessly upon the victims of AIDS as the abject reminders of our rightness. The
social surplus maintains the human community by upholding genetic, viral, and bacteriological standards.
At the end of an extended … “society” as totality.
Our affirmation thinks the thought of the erotic, materiality, historicity, and sociality as the proliferation of
infinite difference --- this is the only way to access an understanding of the historical that doesn’t reduce
politics to an encounter with a sacrificial ‘other’ that we must destroy in order to save. The 1AC is an
intervention of U.S. immigration policies that deviates from hegemonic discourses that contribute to logics
of containment and separation.
Second, a thinking the … Thinking acts up by raising hell.
representations are a false way to view the world - representations construct a system that yields
an aboreal system, which is one that relies on a unification rather than a multiplicity of thought
Marzec 99 (Robert, “Enclosures, Colonization, and the English Novel: Inhabiting Land in the British
Empire” dist. Pg 6)
The other thing that … forth the alternative of the rhizome.
The representations used by the state create a logic of separation - one that assumes an
inside/outside binary that allows for the false integration that our Haver evidence speaks of
Halsey 07 (Mark, “Deleuze/Guattari and the Ada Tree” http://rhizomes.net/issue15/halsey/index.html)

[15] What holds the …, residing in our heads.
Therefore we affirm the entirety of the 1AC

Moral Turpitude
Round 4 - Aff vs. Emporia WW
Judges: Albiniak, Alsheik, Steele
Decision: 2-1 for Baylor - Albiniak sat because the affirmative did not deal with the stylistic elements of
Emporia's critique
other two concluded that the da to the alt that it reifies flawed communities outweighed the link to
accessibility/the stylistic arguments
New 1AC Card
Associations of polygamy with "moral turpitude" are an extension of the drive for white supremacy and
frame plygamy as a "barbaric" and "foreign" practice relegated to cultures deemed inferior
Martha Ertman 2010 "Race Treason: The Untold Story of America's Ban on Polygamy" 19 Colum. J.
Gender & L. 287
The first question invites us to examine ... was inappropriate for a White America.
2AC vs Social Location

role of the ballot is to bare witness to bare life - provides a way of rethinking politics that avoids
victimization inherent in strategic politicization of differences. victimization causes global
genocidal violence and short circuits agency and resistance.
Enns 2007, Dianne, McMaster University, Political Life Before Identity, 10:1, muse
Recent attention to the notion of ... to other living beings.
epistemological and political emphasis on identity and difference equates color blindness with the
racism of colonialism. while trying to stress the uniqueness of black experience they ignore what
was historically unique about the slave trade - the ability for a dominant group to propagate
distinctions between victim and perpetrator
Enns 2007, Dianne, McMaster University, Political Life Before Identity, 10:1, muse
My argument is premised ... prohibitive or debilitating?"26
Perm solves -- must speak from multiple social locations

Butler 2004 Precarious Life pg. 48
We could have several ... us into activism.
Counter-history solves
Mahmud 2001 Genealogy of a State-Engineered "Model Minority": "Not Quite/Not White" South Asian
Americans, 78 Denv. U.L. Rev. 657
Prashad's interrogation of immigration ... critical legal scholarship.
question isn't speaking from social location but placing that within historical context
Deacon 2003 Fabricating Foucault: Rationalizing the Management of Individuals, p. 272-5
To problematize the Enlightenment ... to individual human subjects.

Location of difference and political recognition within the site of the body succumbs to the
violence of sovereign power and props up the neutral identity of the liberal citizen subject -- we
can still engage in corporeality capable of challenging violence
Ed Cohen 2008 Theory Culture Society A Body Worth Having?: Or, A System of Natural Governance vol.
25(3): 103-129
As bodies we are violently torn... my own land-dreaming capacity
biopolitics emerges through racialized forms of political subjectivity

elden 2002 "The War of Races and the Constitution of the State: Focault's Il faut defender la societe and
the Politics of Calculation" boundary 2 29.2
The reverse side... to be killed. (VS, 180; WK, 136)
Moral Terpitude
(on wiki + new advantage)
T Cite
Admissability and the "Eligibility" are only distinct in reference to quantitative versus qualitative
restrictions. Visa eligibility, i.e. whether or not someone gets a visa, is determined ultimately be
section 212(A)
Tilman Hasche 2010 Attorney at Law - Parker, Butte & Lane, PC. Email exchange. Friday, October 29,
2010 and 10/14/2010. http://budebate20092010evidence.blogspot.com
Dear Ms. Morgan, What ... in the same sack.
Terpitude Aff - New Advantage
The exclusion of the morally turpitudinous was conceived out of the eugenicist movement and
constructs immigrants as dangerous "barbarians"
June Dwyer, 2003. Disease, Deformity, and Defiance: Writing the Language of Immigration Law and the
Eugenics Movement on the Immigrant Body. MELUS, Vol. 28, No. 1, Multi-Ethnic Literatures and the Idea
of Social Justice
During the period between 1890 ... a site of moral turpitude.
The "barbarian" represents the limits of the political community and inscribes imperial moral
cartographies that exclude them from moral calculations
Mark B. Salter, 2002. Associate professor at the School of Political Studies, University of Ottawa.
"Barbarians and Civilization in International Relations" p 4)
The trope of the barbarian ... post-Cold War IR theorizing.
Visas - USC RD 1
1ac additions
Plan Text: The United States federal government should substantially expand
beneficiary eligibility for and increase the number of its topical visas.
A utilitarian view of life is based on an egotistical interpretation of what it means to

be human - we are nothing more than a particular arrangement of carbon and water,
and the war they prevent is nothing more than a rearrangement of that matter.
Deleuze and Guattari 1972, Anti-Oedipus, 330-39

But it seems that things are becoming very obscure...a question of regime.
Before action can take place we must reframe the way debates are carried out under
the current political conditions. Debates in the west have spiraled into simple
dichotomies of good and bad, codifying the potential for debate to create effective
change. Instead, we should affirm problematization – a constant auto-critique, the
new enlightenment which questions moral clarity and seeks to challenge what we are
powerless to change
Zalloua, 2008 (Zahi, Assistant Professor of French at Whitman College , "The Future of an Ethics of
Difference After Hardt and Negri’s Empire" MUSE)
We affirm debate as rhizome; the resolution should serve as a starting point for a
proliferation of discussions and connections, a movement away from arborescent,
restrictive thought which inevitably returns to dualism and dichotomy. Rhizomatic
debate means a proliferation of multiple standpoints, acceptance of contradiction,
and contingency; it means debate should be a site for liberatory politics, a zone of
autonomy from the everyday order of things, focused on true understanding and
engagement within argument, for a more fulfilling, educational, and politically
effective sphere.
Deleuze and Guattari 1987 (Gilles, and Felix, becoming-cyborg, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and
Schizophrenia, 7-11)
1 and 2. Principles of connection and heterogeneity... The rhizome is an anti-geneology.

Derrida
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially expand beneficiary
eligibility for O-1 Visasby providing a provision for writers seeking to enter a City of
Refuge in the United States. These writers will be exempt for standards based on
extraordinary ability, the employer petition requirement, event timing restrictions
and all background checks.
Policymakers today perceive democracy to be under attack, and although dissent is

the lifeblood of democracy the paradoxical response to this risk has been to shut off
democracy itself. This logic is known as auto-immunity, where a political system
immunizes itself against its own humanity—or in other words, when democracy kills
itself to save itself.
Samir Haddad, September 2004, Contretemps, Vol. 4, Pg. 29-30
Democracy today is at risk. At risk from its enemies, the so-called ‘enemies of freedomʼ—the dictators, terrorists,
and religious fundamentalists who want to prevent democracy from coming to pass in certain regions of the world,
and want to end its reign elsewhere, most notably in the West. This supposed truth is broadcast daily via the
media, and constitutes the primary justifi cation given by governments for the two most immediate and obvious
consequences of the attacks of September 11. For both the military campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq, and the
restrictions in personal liberties and rights (on the freedom of movement, the restrictions in immigration laws, and
increased governmental and internal police powers) that have been imposed across the world, have taken place in
the name of ‘securityʼ, in the name of defending democracy against its enemies. However, the threats to
democracy do not only come from its others. For as is also claimed in the media with a much lesser, though not
negligible, frequency, these governmental responses themselves also put democracy at risk. The invasion of Iraq
took place in the face of what seemed to be majority opposition from the populations of the two countries who
led it, and the restriction of personal freedom in the name of security can be seen to attack the very liberty upon
which democracy is founded. One might claim that in such actions these governments are themselves harming
democracy, perhaps even to an extent greater than any ‘terroristʼ could hope to achieve. Thus, while it is diffi cult
to deny that democracy today is at risk, there is some question as to what are the sources of this danger. If one
admits that at least one of these sources is ‘internalʼ (that at least part of the risk comes from democratic
governments themselves), then one is left to wonder what this means for our understanding of democracy. Is
there something inherent in democracy that leads it to put itself at risk? In his recent essay “La Raison du Plus Fort
(Y a-t-il des États Voyous?),” Jacques Derrida answers this question in the affi rmative.1 Derrida argues that
democratic governments are putting democracy at risk. In doing so they are acting according to a possibility that is
essential to the very concept of democracy itself. At the centre of this argument we fi nd a relatively new term in
Derridaʼs lexicon, “auto-immunity,” which describes the contradictory process in which a self puts a partial end to
itself in order to live on. In the case of democracy, Derridaʼs claim is that we see this process at work precisely in
those moments when democracy is under attack. For example, with respect to the restriction of personal liberties
that followed September 11, Derrida argues that democracy is indeed attacking a part of itself, but it does so in the
name of protecting itself, claiming that such restrictions are necessary for democracy as a whole to survive the
external threats of rogue states or Al-Qaeda. Derridaʼs point is that this process of auto-immunity is not somehow
extrinsic to democracy, something which we could avoid if we were just a bit more democratic. Rather, he argues
that this logic is inescapable—democracy realizes itself, for better and for worse, according to a process of auto-
immunity. Democracy is, therefore, essentially at risk, and the risk comes as much from itself as from its ‘enemiesʼ.
In this paper I articulate the implicit logic of auto-immunity in order to demonstrate how Derrida arrives at this
vision of democracy at risk. At the same time, I aim to show that Derridaʼs use of the term ‘auto-immunityʼ is not
itself without a certain risk. For one of the consequences of understanding democracy as auto-immune is the
implication that democracy is fundamentally structured around the notion of defense. This is, I suggest, a vision of
democracy that we might not want to endorse.
Immigration is at the heart of auto-immunity, our vulnerability because of 9-11

creates an irrational reaction that results in the U.S. destroying itself as an attempt to
prevent its own destruction
Samir Haddad, September 2004, Contretemps, Vol. 4 35-38

Thus the case….in the long term
Above all else is the fear of the Other that drives this process of auto-immunity The
faceless masses who are presumed to threaten democracy become the justification
for massive violence against all those who dare to dissent. In this case, the immigrant
attempting to enter the U.S. represents the Other who we In the West make invisible
inorder to secure an orderly world. This is a fundamental denial of ethics and
responsibility
Anne Orford, 2005. German Law Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1, Pg. 34-37
While in his early….soon as we open our mouths
The present state of the world is not a war of civilizations, it is a civil war of one global
city. In the convergence of neoliberalism and democratic auto-immunity, the denial of
the dissent becomes the emptying of meaning itself from the world. This creates the
world as a work of death, with no future other than its own self-initiated destruction.
Jean-Luc Nancy, April 2003, Postcolonial Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, Pg. 23-24
The present state of….either new or old
Auto-Immunity is particularly destruction because it’s a logic of qualitatively different
from other forms of conflict--- what is at stake is nothing less than the existence of the
world, put at infinite risk because the threat that democracy feels it must protect itself
from is equally infinite, thus extinction is inevitable in the status quo
Ivan Callus and Stefan Herbrechter, Summer 2004. http://www.reconstruction.ws/043/callus.htm

It needs be said…..the future anterior
Democracy is critical because it calls or a promise of transcendental signifiers that is

the necessary internal link into all value of life
Carlson 9 [Dennis, prof of Education at Miami University, Educational Theory, "The border crossed us: education,
hospitality, politics, and the social construction of the 'illegal immigrant" vol. 59(3)
But derrida did….as an authentic past
State cosmopolitianism is essential to an absolute hospitality
Leung 9 [Glibert, prof. of law at university of London, Law, Culture and the humantities, "A critical history of
cosmopolitanism" 387-388.
More recently, some….otherwise in perpetual provocation.
The 1AC performance acts as a narrative of hospitality. This ethical act is reason alone
to vote affirmative
Carlson 9 [Dennis, prof of Education at Miami University, Educational Theory, "The border crossed us: education,
hospitality, politics, and the social construction of the 'illegal immigrant" vol. 59(3)
Ultimately, Derrida placed….basis of openness
Cities of refuge provide the possibility of agency for the other. It enhances
cosmopolitanism as well as respect for local culture
Kelly 4 [Sean, assistant professor of Philosophy at Florida Gulf Coast University, Contemporary Justice Review,
"Derrida's Cities of Refuge: Toward a Non-Utopian Utopia" 421-439.
As of the writing….responsive can be maintained.
Writers ensure the cosmopolitan political spirit that is the necessary internal link to
democracy
One of the foundation….but liberty itself.
In addition The writer is essential to engage in the paradox of hospitality
Two questions that we….is otherwise than home.
Finally, our argument is not that democratic auto-immunity can ever finally and
completely be overcome—that would merely reverse the logic of auto-immunity
itself. Rather, our argument is that the Cities of Refuge represent spaces that signify
that violence against those who dissent is no longer necessary. The Cities bring
democracy into being, not by conceiving it as a finished process that must be
defended at all cost, but by conceiving a kind of democracy that is perpetually vigilant
against violence committed in its name and always willing to question its own
founding. The Cites thus represent a real alternative to the world’s auto-immunity
Sean Kelly, December 2004, Contemporary Justice Review, Vol. 7, No. 4, Pg. 431-435
Two questions that we now….non-negotiated, but nonnegotiable
The 1AC performance acts as a narrative of hospitality. This ethical act is reason alone
to vote affirmative. This means your agent cp’s can’t capture our ethics
Carlson 9 [Dennis, prof of Education at Miami University, Educational Theory, "The border crossed
Ultimately, Derrida placed…the basis of openness
The 1AC’s cosmopolitan’s ethics provide the concrete act that goes beyond moral
posturing, creates the potential for democratic resolutions to global problems
including economics, challenge boundaries, the heteronormative understanding of
identity and the perception of the immigrant as the cause of social problems.
Kelly 10 [Michaeleen, Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, "A new humanitarian paradigm for understanding the
right to asylum: Responses to Arendt and Derrida" Feb. 21 http://jha.ac/2010/02/21/a-new-humanitarian-
paradigm-for-understanding-the-right-to-asylum-responses-to-arendt-and-derrida/
Cosmopolitanism would entail…..deprivation of basic needs
Government uses any excuse possible to deny O-1 visas

King 7 [Christopher, Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, "Visa administration sings a discordant tune for
entertainers" 22 geo. immigr. l.j. 133
Artists may still face… as necessary to perform
Visas - Harvard Round 2
*plateau 1 - world-making
Our affirmative emerges with the tale of Sir, Alfred Mehran.
Boston Globe, 12-15-97, A MAN WITHOUT A COUNTRY FRENCH AIRPORT IS 10-YEAR

HOME, http://sattlers.org/mickey/culture/reality/merhan-nasseri/stranded.html
He could be any passenger waiting for a flight......It gets boring."
We locate this story on a line of flight towards an understanding of immigrants as

nomads – always arriving, perpetually engaging the space between two points.
Instead of leaving one world for another, weighing the costs and benefits of each,
immigration is the process of creating new worlds and transforming social space.
Dimitris Papadopoulos, Social Sciences @ Cardiff, &Vassilis Tsianos, 9-15-8, Institute for Cultural
Anthropology and European Ethnology of the university of Frankfurt/Main, The Autonomy of Migration
The Animals of Undocumented Mobility, Deleuzian Encounters. Studies in Contemporary Social
Issues, http://translate.eipcp.net/strands/02/papadopoulostsianos-strands01en
Although the arrival of Sir..........becoming becomes the code.
*
plateau 2 - the confessionary complex
The US Visa Regime’s managerial tactics produce a confessionary complex - migrants

internalize the necessity of sovereign borders and biopolitical control. The state
exploits this mentality, resulting in violent exclusion and international management of
populations
Mark Salter, Political Studies @ Ottawa, 2006, The global visa regime and the political technologies of
the international self: borders, bodies, biopolitics, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political; Highbeam
There is a Catholic mnemonic to......of efficiency and security
Additionally, neoliberalism and biopolitics have engendered a dangerous breed of
sovereignty that erects borders within borders and violently excises populations.
Global population management reduces human life to standing reserve to be
exploited and discarded. It creates gendered zones that justify the most insidious
forms of violence. Fortunately, our focus on becoming allows us to embark on lines of
flight from this devastation.
Dimitris Papadopoulos, Social Sciences @ Cardiff, & Vassilis Tsianos, Institute for Cultural
Anthropology and European Ethnology of the university of Frankfurt/Main, 9-15-8, The Autonomy of
Migration
The Animals of Undocumented Mobility, Deleuzian Encounters. Studies in Contemporary Social
Issues, http://translate.eipcp.net/strands/02/papadopoulostsianos-strands01en
The demise of the strategy.....the First Transnational?
The confessionary complex constitutes a physical and mental INVESTMENT in the

system that OPRESSES those folks who internalize its norms. At the preconscious level,
power does violence to desire, turning life against itself, preventing the existence of
immaculate joy, and precluding transformational action. Our investigation of
migrational desires is a prerequisite to addressing immigration at a policy level.
Deleuze and Guattari 1972 (Anti-Oedipus 345-349)

Libidinal investment does not bear uponthe.....forces of desire that form them.
We are not passive subjects in the face of immutable necessities, rather, we are the
authors of history and it is in the process of mutual self-care, the creative shaping of
selves as desiring subjects, that we will find a more joyous form of social interaction
that does not mutilate life. We will make a gamble: the worst things we do, we do out
of a desire to produce a better future for ourselves. Perhaps it is time to lay aside the
fascism of necessary goals and certain meaning and live close to life, subsisting off of
the only thing we all possess: the ability to shape ourselves.
Mark Seem 72 (AO xx-xxiii)

To be anti-oedipal is to be.....demolishing entire social sectors."
plan - United States federal government should waive all restrictions on and increase
the number of its topical visas.
*Plateau 3 – Rhizomatic Politics

We affirm migration and its potential to erase borders and fascism at all levels. Our
advocacy allows for smooth spaces – a rhizomatic understanding of space as mediated
by the potential of becoming. We affirm a politics of continuation – of constantly
seeking new political outlets and investigating their potential. In this sense, our
affirmation is one which cannot be tied down or controlled – we move beyond the
simple binary of beginning and ends and seek to explore the vast middle ground of
infinite possibilities
Conley 6
(Verena Andermatt; Comp Lit @ Harvard; “Borderlines”; Deleuze and the Contemporary World p. 95-100)
In the same breath....a 'becoming-revolutionary' of the people.
Don’t confuse our advocacy – we do not call for an anarcho-syndicalist revolution or

any totalizing alteration to the status quo, precisely because the status quo does not
exist. We affirm the primacy of desire and in so doing open space for the
revolutionary flows that undermine forms of economic subjugation and
territorialization.
Guattari and deleuze, Toward Freedom

there is no general prescription....becoming of people, at every level, in every place.
H1B
H1Bs
NYU will defend the following plan:
That the United States federal government should create a H-1B cap exemption and streamline the Employment-
based third preference (EB-3) process for registered nurses.
Contention One: The Status Quo
United States has large demand for foreign nurses but visa policy isn’t being expanded to meet it
Beirne 9 (http://www.balita.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=758:-special- immigrant-
visas-for-nurses&catid=27:immigration&Itemid=44) (DLS)
there have been no ... for Filipinos and other countries.
Nurses are key to saving billions of dollars in the Health care system through catching medical errors.
Woodhouse 9 (Justine, San Antonio Express-News, Editorial pg 4B)
According to the Institute of Medicine... really work at 2 in the morning.
The impact is real – one American dies every 12 minutes due to lack of access to quality care
Heavey 9 (Susan Heavey, Health Reporter, “Study links 45,000 U.S. Deaths to Lack of
Insurance” http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE58G6W520090917, Sept 17, 2009)
Nearly 45,000 people die in the United States each year ...
ADVANTAGE ONE: PANDEMICS

Shortages of nurses jeopardize response and recovery time post disaster
ANSR 10 (Americans for Nursing Shortage
Relief, http://www.nbna.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=108:americans-for-nursing-
shortage-relief&catid=34:briefing-papers&Itemid=55)
the nursing shortage makes it challenging for the health care sector to meet ....pose a serious threat to public
health
Nursing shortages devastate disaster preparedness

ANSR 9 (Americans for Nursing Shortage
Relief, http://www.astdn.org/downloadablefiles/2009%20ANSR%20CD.pdf)
An Institute of Medicine report notes.... health emergencies, including natural, technological and manmade
hazards.
Nurses play the critical role in stopping disease transmission
Stirling 4 (Bridget, "The Canadian Nurse", Nov. 2004, Vol. 100 Issue 9; Pg. 16)
Every day, Canada's 232,000-strong infection control....and the severity of each patient's needs.
Disease spread causes incurable pandemics leading to human extinction
South China Morning Post 96 (KavitaDaswani, “Leading the way to a cure for AIDS”, 1-4, L/N)
Despite the importance of the discovery.... and imperil the survival of the human race," he said.
Outweighs nuclear war
Derber 1968 [Biological Warfare and the Extinction of Man A Nobel Prize-winning geneticist calls a ban of
biological weapons only a first step in measures needed to assure man’s life and health on earth.
byJOSHUALE DERBER Ph, .D., 1968
Bacteriological AGENTSfor use ....to make hydrogen bombs available at the supermarket.
ADVANTAGE TWO: BIOTERRORISM

Nurses are the central to any bioterror preparedness measure
Akins 5 (Ralista B. Akins, M.D., Texas A&M, Disaster Management & Response 3(4)
October-December 2005)BCW
Public health nurses are central to ....will serve as a cornerstone for improvement and national alignment of
bioterrorism preparedness.
An adequate supply of nurses serves five key functions in combating bioterrorism
Oncology Times 7 (Hematology/Oncology news, 29 (13) p 12-15 July 10 2007 Oncology Times)BCW
.Nurses also are the cornerstone of bioterrorism.... e as a major impediment to preparedness efforts.
Unconstrained bio-attacks cause extinction
Steinbrauner 97 (Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institute, Committee on International Security and Arms Control,
December 22, Foreign Policy)
The use of a pathogen,.... threaten the entire world population.
Even if they win the agent itself doesn’t cause extinction—large casualties ensures nuclear war.
Conley, 03 (Harry W., chief of the systems analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Air and Space Power
Journal- Spring 2003- http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html
The number of American casualties....hatever promises had been made.”48
Contention Two: Solvency
Creating an exemption in the H-1B visa solves the nursing shortage
Siskind and Taub 7/2 (Greg Siskind and Elissa Taub Special to Viewpoint Memphis lawyer Greg Siskind is chairman of the IMG Task
Force, the national organization of physician immigration attorneys. Elissa Taub is senior counsel at Siskind Susser in Memphis, Commercial
Appeal (Memphis, TN) Jul 2, 2010, p. A.9) LDAJ
The 2,700-page health care bill approved Many advocates of health care reform have stated that passage of the new law was only an initial
step..... Reforming health care immigration policies should be among the next steps taken.
Visa expansion will bring thousands of foreign workers that a domestic solution couldn’t hope to bring
Tsitouras and Lopez 09 (Diomedes, Indiana University School of Law and Maria, Indiana University,
7/14/09, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1434169) SRS
The H-1C program should be expanded....will elevate standards of care, help reform government policies, and
make nursing more respected.175
Domestic based solutions are insufficient – foreign nurses are key to any health care reform
Ebner 10 (Amanda L., PhD Candidate, Nursing Economics, 28(3), p.193)
Nursing shortages reflect....the faculty to train them. What can be done?
Even if the benefits provided are only short-term, the plan provides a life raft tat allows the health care industry to
quadruple its nursing capacity
Herbst 09 (BusinessWeek Online; 6/22/2009, p5-5, “Immigration, more foreign nurses needed?” Moira Herbst;
Columbia University)
For more than a decade, ....he could quickly recruit dozens of eager, qualified nurses from the Philippines if the
government allocated more visas. "All we want is temporary relief," says Moore.
Only increasing reserves of nurses can solve for pandemics
SEO 10 (Seo Services, medical and health contributor to article feeder UK, http://articlefeeder.co.uk/nursing-
shortage-why-nursing-is-the-next-hot-growth-area/)
There are many other factors.... its treatments and, most importantly, how to avoid it.
Delays with candidates already approved is the biggest barrier to solving the shortage. Process must be
streamlined
Hanlon Law Group 09 (11/19/09, Findlaw
Knowledgebase, http://knowledgebase.findlaw.com/kb/2009/Nov/32307.html) SRS
The biggest barrier.... take months more to process.
H-1B/ SPACE
PLAN: The United States federal government should remove its cap on H-1B visas.
The Status Quo:
Companies are still seeking H1B’s-the cap will be filled by this year—NFAP 2010 [2010, National
Foundation for American Policy, “NFAP Policy Brief”, March 2010]
Despite drops in overall applicants India still needs more visas—Economic Times 2009[Indiatimes
is the most popular Internet and mobile value-added services destination for the global Indian. The
Economic Times, “India to ask US for more H-1B visas”, 19 Oct
2009, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5137427.cms?prtpage=1]
The Advantage is US-India Relations:
H1-B’s are necessary to encourage brain circulation—Davis 2010 [Ted Davis, School of Public Policy
@ George Mason Univeristy, *first part of a dissertation (draft)
(“Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management Migration: A World in Motion A Multinational Conference
on Migration and Migration Policy”, February 18-20,
2010, https://www.appam.org/conferences/international/maastricht2010/sessions/downloads/389.1.pdf)]
Those connections are key to stronger U.S.-Indo relations—Summers 2010 [Lawrence Summers,
Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and Director of the National Economic Council, “The U.S.-
India Economic Relationship in the 21st Century” Remarks to the U.S.-India Business Council, June 2,
2010, http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/nec/speeches/us-india-economic-relationship)]
Increasing U.S.-Indo relations will prompt India to focus time and invest funds into their space
program—CNAS 2010 [Center for New American Security, For U.S.-India Cooperation, Space is the
Next Frontier, November 11, 2010 | Posted by Jessica Glover, Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Research Intern -
8:21am,http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2010/11/us-india-cooperation-space-next-frontier.html]
Scenario 1 is Semiconductors/ Colonization:
Semiconductor advancement depends on knowledge accumulation from different groups – Indian

immigration key—Almeida 2010 [Paul Almeida, Business Professor at Georgetown, “Communities,
knowledge, and innovation: Indian immigrants in the US semiconductor industry” globADVANTAGE
Center of Research in International Business & Strategy]
Semiconductors key to space colonization—San Jose Mercury News 2008 [5/14/2008, “Silicon
Valley, the moon and Mars," Lexis]
One hundred trillion humans are lost every second of delayed colonization —Bostrom
2004 [Nick Bostrom, Philosophy Professor at Oxford, 2004, “Astronomical Waste: The Opportunity Cost
of Delayed Technological Development"]
Extinction—Lewis 2002 [James Lewis, Foresight Nanotech Institute Analyst, “Why nanotechnology may
be our only hope,”http://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update51/Update51.4.html]
We have a very short window to expand into space, it we don’t do it now, we will never be able
to—Engdahl 2000 [Sylvia Engdahl, Author, “Space and Human Survival,” July 4, 2000,
www.sylviaengdahl.com/space.htm]
Scenario 2 is Space Militarization:
US-Indo relations are key to the export of military high-technology and space exploration—
Kronstadt 2006 [“India-U.S. Relations: CRS Issue Brief for Congress,” K. Alan Kronstadt, Foreign
Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress,
Received through the CRS Web, Updated April 6, 2006, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IB93097.pdf]
We need to move to weaponize space, which is distinct from our current posture—Peña and
Hudgins 2002 [Charles V. Peña and Edward L. Hudgins, senior defense policy analyst & former director
of regulatory studies at the Cato Institute, March 18, 2002 (Should the United States "Weaponize" Space?
Military and Commercial Implicatons, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php]
U.S. currently dominates space militarization—We are key—Chunsi 2005 [Wu Chunsi is an
associate professor at the Center for American Studies, Fudan University. Her research interests
include U.S. missile defense efforts, nonproliferation, arms control, East Asian security and
China’s foreign policy, Development Goals of China’s Space Program, 2005]
Must militarize now to avert future space wars—David 2005 [Leonard David has been reporting on
the space industry for more than five decades. He is past editor-in-chief of the National Space Society's
Ad Astra and Space World magazines and has written for SPACE.com since 1999, June 17, 2005 (
Weapons in Space: Dawn of a New Era, page 1]
Current US policy of ambivalence toward space risks preemptive attack by other powers—
Lambeth 2003 [Benjamin S. Lambeth, 2003, RAND Sen. Staff, Mastering the Ultimate High Ground, Pg.
152-153]
U.S. leadership ensures world stability and the prevention of proliferation, regional conflicts, and
global nuclear war - military dominance is key—Khalilzad 1995 [Zalmay Khalilzad, U.S. Special
envoy to Afghanistan, “Losing the Moment? The United States and The World After the Cold War,” The
Washington Quarterly, pg. 84; Spring 1995]
Scenario 3 is The Environment:
Environmental degradation makes extinction inevitable—Kangas 1994 [Steve Kangas, Editor of

Liberalism Resurgent, “Pollution and Environment Essay - Will the Environment Heal Itself?” 1994]
Space exploration is key to solve Earth’s environmental crisis and protect humanity from an
inevitable asteroid collision—Bozek 2006 [Elizabeth A. Bozek, Director of Chapter Affairs Students for
the Exploration and Development of Space, June 2006, National Students’ Space Policy Proposal]
There are many useful resources in space, some of which are easier to obtain than on Earth—
Lewis and Lewis 2005 [John S. Lewis, Prof. of Planetary Sci. and Co-Dir., Space Eng. Research Center,
U of Arizona, and Christopher F. Lewis, J.D. J. Reuben Clark Law School 2005 “A Proposed International
Legal Regime for the Era of Private Commercial Utilization of Space.” George Washington Int. Law
Review, Lexis]
Global warming will cause the earth to implode after a catastrophic planetary meltdown—Chalko
2004 [Dr Tom J. Chalko, MSc, PhD “No second chance? Can Earth explode as a result of Global
Warming?” 30 October 2004 http://nujournal.net/core.pdf]
Nurse/Medical H-1B
Contention One is Inherency:
1.) Current visa policy precludes foreign workers from filling the nursing shortage
Erickson 9 (Jerry Erickson, “A Cure for the Nursing
Shortage,” http://www.homesnursing.com/index.php/nursing-services/cure-nursing-shortage/)
As the baby boomer … proven necessary and are invaluable
2.) Unless action is taken to get more physicians the shortage will continue to increase
KHN 9-10-10 (Physician Shortage could grow under new Health Law, Kaiser Health
News, http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/Daily-Reports/2010/September/10/Physicians-and-Reform.aspx)
With tens of millions of patients … swell as the population ages."
Contention Two: Advantages

Advantage One: Healthcare
Scenario One: Physician Shortage
1.) Not solving the physician shortage will cause a catastrophic failure of health care Trude 9-7-
10 (Laura, HWIC Information Specialist, How to Deal with the Physician Shortage,
MDnews.com, http://www.mdnews.com/news/2010_09/physician-shortage)
The physician shortage is … American health care system may be catastrophic.
2.) Foreign physicians needed to solve for the physician shortage. Garvish 10 (Elizabeth L.A.,
Foreign Medical Graduates – One Solution To The Physician Shortage In The U.S. –
TRCB http://www.trcb.com/legal/immigration-law/foreign-medical-graduates--one-solution-to-the-
physician-shortage-in-the-us-545.htm)
The United States may be facing a … in the state of intended employment.
3.) An effective Health care system is the only way to prevent the impact of bioterror
Green 4 (Shane, Ph.D., Director of Outreach at the Ontario Genomics Institute, “Bioterrorism and Health
Care Reform: No Preparedness Without Access,” May Virtual Mentor, the AMA Journal of Ethics, Vol. 6,
No. 5)
But with the US presently engaged in … healthy people with easy access to health care.
4.) Unconstrained bio-attacks cause extinction

Steinbrauner 97 (Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institute, Committee on International Security and Arms
Control, December 22, Foreign Policy)
That deceptively simple observation … not necessarily its outer limit.
5.) A bioterror attack is imminent on US soil within the next several years and outweighs a nuclear
attack.
Katel 2-13-2009 [Peter, frmr TIME journalist, frmr writer for World Bank, won the Interamerican Press
Association’s Bartolome Mitre Award, “Homeland Security: Is America safe from terrorism today?” CQ
Researcher, http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2009021300]
Independently, a congressional panel announced … Biomedical Research in San Antonio, Texas.

6.) Even if they win the agent itself doesn’t cause extinction—large casualties ensures nuclear
war.
Conley, 03 (Harry W., chief of the systems analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Air and Space
Power Journal- Spring 2003- http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html
The number of American …would be more than just a possibility, whatever promises had been made.”48
Scenario Two: Nurses
1.) Nursing shortage threatens the entirety of the United States health care system
Kaplan 10 (Mitchell A., PhD, The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education, 20(17))
As more and more frontline … to enter the nursing profession.
2.) Nurse shortage affects the mortality rate of patients which plays the largest role in determining quality
of care
Kaplan 10 (Mitchell A., PhD, The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education, 20(17))
It is well documented in the… patients receive at our nation's health care institutions.
3.) The impact is real – one American dies every 12 minutes due to lack of access to quality care
Heavey 9 (Susan Heavey, Health Reporter, “Study links 45,000 U.S. Deaths to Lack of
Insurance” http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE58G6W520090917, Sept 17, 2009)
(Reuters) - Nearly 45,000 people die …Woolhandler, a professor of medicine at Harvard and a primary care
physician in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
4.) The nursing shortage threatens destabilizing the entire economy – health care is a critical employment
sector and affects the whole country
Uy 8 (Veronica Uy, Reporter for the Inquirer, “Why nursing shortage key to US
economy,” http://www.krciloilo.com/news)
The nursing shortage in the …. over 481 million outpatients treated.
5.) Nurses are vital to the success of Obama’s health care reform package ANA 9 (“STATEMENT of the
AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION to the United States Senate Committee on Finance regarding WORKFORCE
ISSUES IN HEALTH CARE REFORM: ASSESSING THE PRESENT AND PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE” MARCH 12,
2009 http://www.nursingworld.org/workforcehearing.aspx)
There are a wide variety …quality health reform plan to succeed.
6.) Health care key to solve deficit reduction, financial security, unemployment, and debt
Davis 10 (Karen, President, The Commonwealth
Fund, http://healthcare.nationaljournal.com/2010/01/reducing-the-uninsured-take-ii.php#1409095, 1/28)
Nearly every American, insured … let the opportunity to improve our lives and our livelihoods slip by.
7.) Further economic decline causes a nuclear world war 3

O'Donnell, 2009 Baltimore Republican Examiner writer and Marine Corps Reserve squad leader, 9
[Sean, 2-26-2009, The Baltimore Republican Examiner, "Will this recession lead to World War
III?," http://www.examiner.com/x- 3108-Baltimore-Republican- Examiner~y2009m2d26-Will-this- recession-lead-to-World-War- III]
Could the current economic crisis …However sometimes history repeats itself.
8.) Domestic based solutions are insufficient – foreign nurses are key to any health care reform
Ebner 10 (Amanda L., PhD Candidate, Nursing Economics, 28(3), p.193)
Nursing shortages reflect multiple … train them. What can be done?
Advantage Two: Science Diplomacy

1.) Expanding the cap on H-1B visas is the vital factor for maintaining science diplomacy
- solves disease and global conflict
Pickering et al, 10 (T HOMA S R. -o v president of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, undersecretary of state from 1997-2000 and chairs the advisory council of the Civilian Research and Development
Foundation. Agre, a Nobel laureate, is a physician and director of the Malaria Research Institute at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg
School of Public Health, P ET E R A G RE , “Science diplomacy aids conflict
reduction” http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/feb/20/science-diplomacy-aids-conflict-reduction/, 7/27/10, atl)
Over two foggy days in April…global problems and to global conflict.
2.) Unchecked disease spread will cause extinction

Yu 09 [Victoria, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate,” Dartmouth Journal of Undergraduate
Science, May 22, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate]
In the past, humans have indeed … birds — into a human-viable strain (10).
3.) Increasing science diplomacy is key to international non-proliferation efforts – solves

escalating nuclear wars
Dickson, 10 (David, Director, SciDev.Net, 7 May 2010, “Nuclear disarmament is top priority for science
diplomacy”, http://www.scidev.net/en/editorials/nuclear-disarmament-is-top-priority-for-science-diplomacy.html, 7/28/10, atl)
The political climate is ripe for a … from the world would be a good place to start.
4.) Ignore their alt cause arguments – cap on H-1B visas triggers negative perceptions of US science
credibility – all of their alt causes are based on others still wanting to work with us
AAAS 4 (American Association for the Advancement of Science. Physics Today, 00319228, Feb2005,
Vol. 58, Issue 2. EBSCO) JM
In particular, there is increasing …becomes isolated from the rest of the world.
Thus Geoff and I present the following plan:
The United States federal government should create a H-1B cap

exemption for jobs in the medical field that include but are not limited
to physicians and nurses.
We reserve the right to clarify intent….
Contention Three: Solvency
1.) Health care bill will not address the physician shortage directly. There are not enough
residency positions
WSJ 10 (SUZANNE SATALINE, 4/12, "Medical Schools Can't Keep
Up", http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304506904575180331528424238.html)
Experts warn there won't be … period when medical-school graduates train in hospitals and clinics.
2.) A bioterror attack is imminent on US soil within the next several years and outweighs a
nuclear attack.
Katel 2-13-2009 [Peter, frmr TIME journalist, frmr writer for World Bank, won the Interamerican
Press Association’s Bartolome Mitre Award, “Homeland Security: Is America safe from terrorism
today?” CQ
Researcher, http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2009021300]
Independently, a congressional panel announced … Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio,
Texas.
H-1B
Observation 1 is Doha:
( ) Doha talks have stalled, but new approaches have opened doors to the possibility of further
negotiations.
Vasudeva 10
Vasudeva, Pran Krishan. "NEW DYNAMIC IN DOHA TALKS."American Chronicle. N.p., 31 Jul 2010. Web. <http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/173261
A "new dynamic" many divisions in the talks remain.
( ) Specifically, Doha is stalled because the U.S. wont make Mode 4 concessions, which are vital to a
service liberalization deal
Cooper 10
(William,- specialist in International Trade and Finance for the CRS ?Trade in Services? April 7thhttp://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/142770.pdf)
Mode-4 delivery, temporary entry of s workers entering the United States.
( ) And, credible Mode 4 concessions will be met with Mode 3 concessions spurring agricultural
agreements, which will unlock Doha.
James 9
Sallie,- trade policy analyst @ Cato 2-4 ?A Service to the Economy Removing Barriers to ?Invisible Trade
That is ironic, because services….indicated that Mode 4 liberalization is necessary for them to sign off on a deal, too.
( ) H-1Bs are key, they’re the most valuable Mode 4 commitment and are enough to unlock Mode 3
commitments.
Wallach and Tucker 06
(Lori,- Director of Public Citizen's Global Trade Watch division Todd,- research director with Public Citizen's Global Trade Watch ?Debunking the Myth of Mode 4
and the U.S. H-1B Visa Program? http://www.citizen.org/documents/Mode_Four_H1B_Visa_Memo.pdf)
Mode 4 refers to delivery of ….countries seeking additional Mode 4 access.
( ) Thus, the plan: The United States Federal Government should remove the cap on the number of H-1B
visas.
Advantage 1 is Rare Earth Metals:
( ) China has developed a monopoly over rare earth metals, which are vital to U.S. military technologies.
Business Insider 10
Key Components Of America's Military Are Now Dominated By A Chinese Monopoly Vincent Fernando, Aug. 2, 2010.http://www.businessinsider.com/americas-
best-military-technology-is-now-dependent-on-chinas-rare-earth-monopoly-2010-8
Most of America's key military technologies …. many new consumer technologies, from iPads to hybrid cars.
( ) Furthermore, recent announcements of an increased export tax rate and reductions in production
cement China’s metal monopoly
Proactive Investors 12/16/10
http://www.proactiveinvestors.com/companies/news/10933/china-planning-to-raise-export-tax-on-rare-earth-metal-neodymium-10933.html
China has continued ….effort to gain more control.
( ) The U.S. has filed a formal complaint with the WTO over China’s monopoly, failure to resolve will result in
a trade war
Bloomberg News 10
Pentagon Loses Control of Bombs to China Metal Monopoly By Peter Robison and Gopal Ratnam - Sep 29, 2010 3:49 PM
PT.http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-29/pentagon-losing-control-of-afghanistan-bombs-to-china-s-neodymium-monopoly.html
“The Pentagon has been ….making precision-guided “smart” bombs out of ordinary weapons.
( ) The success of Doha is key for the WTO to be able to resolve trade disputes over issues like rare metals
EurActiv 07
Failure of Doha talks would undermine WTO's credibility [fr] [de] Published: 12 December 2005 | Updated: 17 July 2007.http://www.euractiv.com/en/trade/cer-
failure-doha-talks-undermine-wto-credibility/article-150805
The collapse of the….when it joined the WTO in 2001.
( ) Specifically, the Pentagon is worried that China’s hold on rare metals endangers our ability to produce F-
22 Raptors
Rare Metals Blog 09/25/10
Saturday, September 25, 2010. China Hold on Metals Worries Washington. http://www.raremetalblog.com/2010/09/china-hold-on-metals-worries-washington-
.html
Rare-earth metals have i….will be released next month.
( ) And more F-22s are needed to ensure U.S. Air Superiority in the wake of Russia’s newly unveiled PAK-FA
Fighter
Horowitz 8/25/10
David Joel Horowitz is an American conservative writer and policy advocate. He is a founder and the president of the David Horowitz Freedom Center and edits
the conservative FrontPage Magazine. http://frontpagemag.com/2010/08/25/robert-gates-a-retrospective/2/?cid=67595
The available evidence….become an artifact of history
( ) F-22 Air Superiority is key to internal link to military dominance

Dunn 10
JR Dunn. Vanishing American Air Superiority. American Thinker. http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/03/vanishing_american_air_superio.html
The debate over the F-22 Raptor h….make all the difference.
( ) Military dominance is critical to prevent rivals from lashing out and prevent war
Spencer 2k
(Jack, Research Fellow at Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies, “The Facts About Military Readiness”, Heritage Foundation, September
15th, http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2000/09/BG1394-The-Facts-About-Military-Readiness)
America's national security ….thereby preserving peace.
( ) And we control probability, conflicts could explode from any point on the globe – military dominance is
key
Morrissey 10
(Michael, Lieutenant Colonel, Commander of 5th Battalion, 5th Air Defense Artillery, “Restoring balance through reintegration”, Fires, January
1st,http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Restoring+balance+through+reintegration.-a0222548266)
The current war is the longest ... expanding political and economic vulnerability
( ) We’ll pre-empt your ‘Freeze on F-22 Production’ claims, recent reports on declining Air Superiority from
the head of Air Force Intelligence have sparked a political initiative amongst military leaders including
Secretary Gates to produce more F-22s
Stars and Stripes 9/15/10
Exiting AF Intel Chief: No US Air Superiority. September 15, 2010. http://www.military.com/news/article/exiting-af-intel-chief-no-us-air-superiority.html
The U.S. Air Force’s former tonger ours for the taking,” Deptula said
Observation 2 is India:
( ) The plan spurs a bilateral energy deal with India
Yerkey 09
(Gary,- writer for Intl Trade Daily Nov. 20th, ?Services:? U.S. Looking Into Possible Side Agreements On Trade in Services to Help
Spur WTO Talks ? lexis)
The United States has been ... open foreign market sectors."
( ) Negotiations with India are key to liberalizing energy services

Ahuja 04
Ahuja, Shobha. "Power bargaining on energy trading ." Business Line. N.p., 08 Mar 2004. Web.
<http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/03/08/stories/2004030800100900.htm>.
WITH increasing globalisation of …. skilled and knowledge workers.
( ) Failure to reform Indian energy policy entrenches the gap between India’s rich and poor
Mishra 08
Mishra, Rajiv K. Ph.d. "Looming crisis of Indian Power sector A sustainable delivery model for rural electricity through local entrepreneurship development." IC2
Institute – University of Texas, Austin (2008): n. pag. Web. <http://www.ic2.utexas.edu/images/faces/mishra-2008-indianpowersector.pdf>.
The research is a critical examination of…. electrification to India’s rural population.
An unresolved Rich-Poor gap will mark the failure of the Global Power Project fueling an anti-American
backlash and political instability in India
RUPE 05
RUPE, . "Aspects of India's Economy." India as Global Power: Conclusion. Research Unit for Political Economy, Dec 2005. Web. <http://www.rupe-
india.org/41/conclusion.html>.
The prospects for a US-India alliance s... and the political scene even more turbulent.
( ) Collapse of US-Indo relations undermines US naval dominance in the Pacific Arc
RUPE 05
RUPE, . "Aspects of India's Economy." India as Global Power: Why the US Promotes India’s Great-Power Ambitions. Research Unit for Political Economy, Dec 2005.
Web. <http://www.rupe-india.org/41/conclusion.html>.
The US War College study, …. Moreover, at the moment, US ships and planes now enjoy a case-by-case access to Indian bases.
And Pacific Naval Dominance is key for two reasons:
( ) Scenario 1 is Ballistic Missile Defense, Naval deployment is key to BMD

Lexington Institute 8
(Expanding The Options Sea-Based Missile Defense A Joint Study By The Center For American Progress And The Lexington Institute)
With an expanding fleet, …. such challenges in the decades to come.
( ) Naval BMD shields the U.S. from any missile attack, North Korea proves
Cooper 6
(Director of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) and Ronald Reagan’s Ambassador and Chief U.S. Negotiator to the Geneva Defense and Space Talks (Henry,
“Accelerate Sea-Based Ballistic Missile Defenses Now: A Congressional Opportunity Waiting to Happen,” November 2, High
Frontier,//http://www.highfrontier.org/Archive/hf/Issue%20Papers/PolicyBrief103.doc//)
North Korea illustrated ….can provide this needed defense.
( ) Ballistic Missile threats are inevitable, BMD solves the risk of a successful missile attack against the U.S.
and its allies
Hicks 8
(Rear Admiral, USN, Program Director and Commander, Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense Alan, “Seabased ballistic: missile defense,” Joint Force Quarterly, National
Defense University, July)
Since the end of the Cold War,...he enemy advance in a crisis.
( ) Scenario 2 is Taiwan, strong US naval presence along the Pacific Arc deters Chinese aggression against
Taiwan
O’Rourke 7
(Ronald, Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, “China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities —
Background and Issues for Congress”, 10/8/07 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33153.pdf)
In the scenario of a short-duration conflict, ... submarines homeported in Guam.
( ) A war between the US and China will lead to extinction.

Straits Times 2K
(6-25-2000, p LN The Doomsday Scenario)
THE high-intensity scenario...the destruction of civilisation.
Quantum Cryptography ADD ON:
Plan is key to quantum cryptography.

Anderson 06
Stuart Anderson, Executive Director of the National Foundation for American Policy, March 30, 2006, “Should Congress Raise the H-1B Cap?” Testimony Before the
House Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims,http://www.nfap.com/researchactivities/articles/Testimony033006.pdf
The annual cap on H-1B professionals…. and can cost firms dearly in the marketplace.
Quantum cryptography prevents cyber-terrorism.

Sfazi and Ghernaout-Helie 06
(Solange Ghernaout-Helie and Mohamed Ali Sfaxi, Professor Assistant in The university of Lausanne, Applying QKD to reach unconditional security in
communications,http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~jmueller/its/conf/amsterdam06/downloads/papers/Sfaxi.pdf)
Classical cryptography algorithms ….homeland security and defense.
Cyber-terrorism sparks nuclear war.

Rosenbaum 08
(Ross, Slate Staff Writer, “A Real Nuclear Option for the Nominees”, Slate, May 9,__//http://www.slate.com/id/2191104/pagenum/all/#page_start//__)
So it's insanely short-fused as it is. …. deliberate-but-unauthorized nuclear launches.
Specialty Occupation Visa
Same H1B Aff
New Plan—the United States federal government should substantially increase the number of specialty
occupation worker visas.
2AC K
Only focus on legal changes causes change

Pease, 8 “Immigrant Nation/Nativist state: Remembering Against an Archive of Forgetfulness”
But if the self…Immigrant Nation.
Their method amounts to sloppy thinking—objecitve reality exists, there are some universal
udnrestanadings about the way it works, and denying that means that we can never engage socially or
politically to sole stuff
Sokal, 96 “A physicist experiments with cultural studies”
Why did I do it?...truth and falsity.
Mobilizing anti-systemic movements damages instituions that regulate capitalism—makes the sytem
violent
Wallerstein 2k “Globalization or the age of transition? A long-term view of the trajectory of the world
system”
So there we are…negative spiral
Globalization sovles poverty and repression

Chen, 2k Nov/Dec Fordham Intl lj
The antiglobalization movement has failed…the road to serfdom.
The K gets coopted

Tiefenbrun 2k
The greatest irony in the Battle of Seattle…opposing end them?”
2AC Politics
EPA no pass
Bravender 3/25/11 PoliticoPro
But while the Baucus and Rockefeller…Landrieu of Louisiana.
Not enough votes to stop a filibuster

Horner 3/24 11 AMSPECBLOG
IBD has a piece noting that plenty…sen. Rockefeller? None.
H1B Nanotech
PLAN: The United States Federal Government should substantially expand H1B visa eligibility by
exempting nanotechnology applicants from the H1B visa cap. The United States Federal Government
should waive the personal interview requirement for these applicants.
Upcoming patent reform in China will threaten America’s nanotechnology leadership
Quinn ‘10
Gene, President & Founder of IPWatchdog, Inc.] “United States Risks Losing Global Leadership in
Nanotech,” d/l: http://ipwatchdog.com/2010/08/19/united-states-risks-losing-global-leadership-in-
nanotech/id=12123/
In terms of sheer volume … to get out of the way!
The resulting perception of technological stagnation will create a nanotech arms race that can only be
dealt with by leading the way -- waiting will end in annihilation
Gubrud d/l ‘4 (Mark [center for superconductivity research at the university of Maryland] “Nanotechnology
and International Security,” http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT05/Papers/Gubrud/index.html)
The prospect of revolutionary advances … interest and ideology as well.
The brink is now -- for the first time in history foreign nationals applied for more patents than citizens in
the US, providing the perception that the next nanotech breakthrough will occur overseas
Dearne ‘10
Karen “SAS founder Jim Goodnight's hit-and-run mission,” The Australian,
d/l: http://www.theaustralian.com.au/australian-it/sas-founder-jim-goodnights-hit-and-run-mission/story-
e6frgakx-1225906060338
Last year, the privately held firm had… concerning indicator for future prosperity.
US visa policy is directly responsible for declining American nanotech competiveness to China since it
causes us to lose foreign nationals trained at US Universities
Green & Chichoni ‘10

Epstein Becker & Hector A.“A controversial immigration reform bill could help the nanotechnology
industry,” d/l: http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=30722a03-770c-4257-895f-3c9907d48966
On March 25, 2010… Europe and China in nanotechnology.
The H1B visa restrictions and limitations prevents foreign nations trained in nanotechnology from staying
after graduating from US universities, causing America to fall further behind China
Ronald D. McNeil et al 2007 [Ph.D. Dean and Professor of Business Management University of Illinois;
Also authored by Jung Lowe, J. D. Distinguished Fellow College of Business and Management University
of Illinois - Springfield Ted Mastroianni, MPA Consultant to University of Illinois - Springfield Joseph
Cronin, Ed. D. Edvisors Boston, Massachusetts Dyanne Ferk, Ph. D. Associate Dean and Associate
Professor of Business Management University of Illinois - Springfield College of Business and
Management] “BARRIERS TO NANOTECHNOLOGY COMMERCIALIZATION,” Prepared for U.S.
Department Of Commerce Technology Administration, d/l: http://www.ntis.gov/pdf/Report-
BarriersNanotechnologyCommercialization.pdf
There is already a serious problem…. Better trained than other countries.
The H1B cap and backlog creates a reverse brain drain that severely undermines America’s
nanotechnology sector
Butcher ‘07
David R. “Immigration and a Reverse Brain Drain?,”
d/l: http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/archives/2007/08/immigration_reverse_brain_drain_kauffman_founda
tion_report.html
The huge backlog in U.S. … innovation and competitiveness, researchers say.
H1B visas will put nanotech experts on a fast track to immigrating to the US
Ai-Lien ‘10
Chang [Senior Correspondent] “The missing genius spark in S'pore's science quest,” The Strait Times,
d/l: http://www.biotechsingapore.com/Singlenews.aspx?DirID=78&rec_code=607324
The Republic has made a promising… this may not be the case in the East.
Major innovations in nanotechnology is directly linked with the migration of skilled workers through H1B
visas, and solves the negative effects of brain drain on developing nations, while hedging against
Chinese advancements
Khan & Islam 2006

Habibullah & M. Shahidul[U21Global, Singapore] & [Policy Consultancy Associates, Singapore]
“Outsourcing, Migration, and Brain Drain in the Global Economy: Issues and Evidence,”
d/l: http://www.u21global.com/PartnerAdmin/ViewContent?module=DOCUMENTLIBRARY&oid=157296
The process of international migration … and other successful start-ups.
Nanotech solves biological extinction, and can reverse the negative effects of any dis/ad
Peterson d/l 12/12/2004 (Chris [writer] “BioArchive Project: Saving Species Through
Nanotechnology,” http://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update04/Update04.1.html#anchor841097)
To ensure that ecosystems … draw additional press coverage and additional funding.
Nanotech development will solve the root cause of global violence by replacing current modes of energy
consumption
Herrera 9/2004 (Stephan [correspondent] “Prof Smalley’s Latest Big Idea: Nano-Energy Will Save the
Earth,” The Small Times, http://pikespeak.uccs.edu/pipermail/assam/2004-September/007694.html)
When he asked the audience of scientists … at least find the courage to test Rick’s theory.
H1B
The United States federal government should substantially increase the number of H1B visas.
Advantage One: Economy
We’ll isolate 3 internal links:
First is Jobs
H1B visa increase is key to job creation.

Sherk and Nell 08
(James and Guinevere, Heritage Foundation, April 30, “More H1B Visas, More American Jobs, A Better
Economy,” http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2008/04/More-H1B-Visas-More-American-Jobs-A-
Better-Economy, accessed on 7/28/10)
Unemployment will remain high – creating jobs is key to sustainable recovery.

Bernanke 8/27/10 (Federal Reserve Chairman)
("Bernanke Speech at Jackson Hole," Wall Street
Journal, http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2010/08/27/bernanke-at-jackson-hole/)
High long term unemployment makes deflation and economic depression likely in the status quo.
Krugman 10 (PhD in Economics from MIT and Nobel Laureate) (Paul Krugman is a professor of
Economics at Princeton, “The Third Depression,” 6/27/10, New York
Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/28/opinion/28krugman.html)
Deflation causes great power wars

Deudney 91 (PhD in Political Science from Princeton)
(Daniel Deudney is an American political scientist and Associate Professor of Political Science at Johns
Hopkins University, Hewlett Fellow in Science, Technology, and Society at the Center for Energy and
Environmental Studies, Princeton, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, april)
The second internal link is Technology
Reducing restrictions on migration of high skilled workers is vital to technology growth.

Wadhwa 8/21/10
(Vivek Wadhwa is an entrepreneur turned academic. He is a Visiting Scholar at the School of Information
at UC-Berkeley, Senior Research Associate at Harvard Law School and Director of Research at the
Center for Entrepreneurship and Research Commercialization at Duke University, "Chop-Shop Workers
and Bootstrappers: Chile Really Wants You," Tech Crunch, http://techcrunch.com/2010/08/21/chop-shop-
workers-and-bootstrappers-chile-really-wants-you/)
Technology growth is the most successful and sustainable way to boost economic growth.
Cypher and Dietz 08 (PhD in Economics from UC Riverside and PhD in Economics from UC Riverside)
(James M. Cypher is a professor of economics at Cal State Fresno and James L. Dietz is a professor of
economics at Cal State Fullerton, “The Process of Economic Development,” Taylor & Francis, p. 431-2,
google books)
Reducing regulations on high skilled immigration is key to economic recovery –
(predictability/jobs/competitiveness)
Wall Street Journal 9/1/10
("Fisher: Improved Fiscal, Regulatory Policies Should Activate U.S.
Economy," http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2010/09/01/fisher-improved-fiscal-regulatory-policies-should-
activate-us-economy/)
Economic collapse causes nuclear war and extinction.

Bearden 2K
(Retired from the military or some business like that, http://www.seaspower.com/EnergyCrisis-
Bearden.htm)
The third internal link is green industry.
Increasing high skilled immigration is key to green tech revolution

Herman and Smith 10
(Richard T. Herman is the founder of Richard T. Herman & Associates, an immigration and business law
firm and Robert L. Smith is a veteran journalist who covers international cultures and immigration issues
for the Cleveland Plain Dealer, “Why Immigrants Can Drive the Green Economy,” Immigration Policy
Center, June
2010, http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/docs/Richard_Hermans_Green_Economy_0623
10.pdf)
Green technology development is key to American economic recovery - (jobs/competitiveness)

Bennhold 10
(Katrin Bennhold, 1/29/10, "Race Is on to Develop Green, Clean Technology," New York Times, google)
Advantage 2 is Biotechnology
Raising the cap is key to biotech industry's survival.

Dahms 03
Stephen Dahms, is executive director of the California State University System Biotechnology Program
(CSUPERB); chair of the Workforce Committee, Biotechnology Industry Organization; and a member of
the ASBMB Education and Professional Development Committee, "Foreign Scientists Seen Essential to
U.S. Biotechnology," The National Academies: Adviser to the Nation on Science, Engineering and
Medicine, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=nap10727&part=a2000882addd00039)
Biotech solves poverty and hunger

MAKINDE 07
(The Role of Agricultural Biotechnology in Hunger and Poverty Alleviation for Developing Countries. Prof.
M .O. Makinde, Prof. J. R. Webster, Mr. N. Khumalo&Dr. D .P. Keetch 7 May 2007
EuropaBio http://www.europabio.org/GreenManifesto/SUMMARY%20REPORT.pdf)
Food shortages cause World War III

Calvin 98 William Calvin, theoretical neurophysiologist at the University of Washington, ATLANTIC
MONTHLY, January, The Great Climate Flip-Flop, Vol 281, No. 1, 1998, p. 47
Advantage 3 is Cyber Security

Major cyber attack will occur this year.
McAfee 10 (1/28/10, “McAfee, Inc. Report Reveals Cyber Coldwar, with Critical Infrastructure Under
Constant Cyberattack Causing Widespread
Damage,” http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/MFE/0x0x347042/0ce193af-89df-4a04-a869-
0b1afefafb67/MFE_News_2010_1_28_General_Releases.pdf
H1B key to solve cyber security threats- they’re the most innovative entrepreneurs
Piper 09 [Greg, Washington Internet Daily Staff Writer, October 21, “Ex-Officials Tell Entrepreneurs How
to Pitch Cybersecurity to Feds,” WASHINGTON INTERNET DAILY Vol. 10 No. 202]
The U.S. will respond to a cyberattack with nuclear weapons which escalates to global nuclear war.
Lawson 09 (5/13, Dr. Sean Lawson is an assistant professor in the Department of Communication at the
University of Utah, “Cross-Domain Response to Cyber Attacks and the Threat of Conflict Escalation,”
Transformation Tracker, http://seanlawson.rhetorical-devices.net/2009/05/13/477)
Advantage 4 is India
US/India trade war coming

MINT 10
(MINT, 8/17/10, "India may drag US to WTO for raising visa fee," lexis)
Relaxing restrictions on H1Bs is key to prevent global protectionism.

Statesman 10
("VISA FEE INCREASE COULD IMPACT INDIAN FIRMS USA," 8/18/10, lexis)
Global protectionism causes extinction.

Miller and Elwood 88
(Vincent H. Miller is the founder and President of the International Society for Individual Liberty, James R.
Elwood is Vice-President of the International Society for Individual Liberty, "FREE TRADE OR
PROTECTIONISM?," International Society for Individual Liberty, http://www.isil.org/resources/lit/free-
trade-protectionism.html)
Even if the plan doesn’t stop a trade war raising the H1B cap independently solves US/Indian relations.
Workpermit.com 06 (Indian IT Industry hopes for H1B increase during Bush
visit, http://www.workpermit.com/news/2006_02_27/us/bush_visits_india.htm)
Relations key to Afghan stability

Flournoy 10
(United States Undersecretary of Defense for Policy Michele Flournoy, "Investing in the Future of U.S.-
India Defense Relations," Asia Society, google)
Further destabilization of Afghanistan blocks Chinese access to energy

Rhinefield 06 (Jeffrey, Implications of Societal Fragmentation for State Formation: Can Democracy
Succeed in Afghanistan, Naval Postgraduate School, March)
This leads to Chinese disintegration and resources wars which draw in world powers, making nuclear war
inevitable
Kane and Serewicz 01 (Thomas and Lawrence, US Army War College Quarterly, Autumn, “China’s
Hunger: The Consequences of a Rising Demand for Food and Energy” Parameters, Autumn)
H1B Aff @ UNLV
Plan The United Statesfederal government should create an H-1B cap exemption for
specialized workers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.
*Science Diplomacy
Visa restrictions are a constraint on current scientific diplomacy
Hinz 10 [Franziska Hinz, Royal Society, London January

2010 http://diplomacy.aaas.org/files/New_Frontiers.pdf]
Regulatory barriers, such as visa restrictions and security controls, can also be a practical constraint to
science diplomacy. Immediately after September 11 2001, the imposition of stringent travel and visa
regimes in countries like the US and the UK severely limited opportunities for visiting scientists and
scholars, particularly from Islamic countries. Whilst the strictest controls have since been lifted, the value
of scientific I January 2010 I New Frontiers in Science Diplomacy. The Royal Society partnerships means
that further Reforms may be needed.
Science diplomacy is the only way to retain global influence in the modern
world
Federoff 8 (Nina, prof @ Penn State, Science and Tech adviser to sec of state in the Obama Admin. “TESTIMONY BEFORE
THE HOUSE SCIENCE SUBCOMMITTEE ON RESEARCH AND SCIENCE EDUCATION” April
2. http://gop.science.house.gov/Media/Hearings/research08/April2/fedoroff.pdf)
Chairman Baird, Ranking Member Ehlers, and distinguished members of the Subcommittee, thank you for this opportunity to
discuss science diplomacy at the U.S. Department of State. The U.S. is recognized globally for its leadership in science and
technology. Our scientific strength is both a tool of “soft power” – part of our strategic diplomatic arsenal – and a basis
for creating partnerships with countries as they move beyond basic economic and social
development. Science diplomacy is a central element of the Secretary’s transformational diplomacy
initiative, because science and technology are essential to achieving stability and strengthening failed and
fragile states. S&T advances have immediate and enormous influence on national and global economies, and thus on
the international relations between societies. Nation states, nongovernmental organizations, and multinational
corporations are largely shaped by their
Even as S&T advances of

expertise in and access to intellectual and physical capital in science, technology, and engineering.
our modern era provide opportunities for economic prosperity, some also challenge the relative position of
countries in the world order, and influence our social institutions and principles. America must remain at the forefront
of this new world by maintaining its technological edge, and leading the way internationally through
science diplomacy and engagement. Science by its nature facilitates diplomacy because it strengthens
political relationships, embodies powerful ideals, and creates opportunities for all. The global scientific community
embraces principles Americans cherish: transparency, meritocracy, accountability, the objective evaluation of evidence, and broad
and frequently democratic participation. Science is inherently democratic, respecting evidence and truth above all. Science is
also a common global language, able to bridge deep political and religious divides. Scientists share a common
language. Scientific interactions serve to keep open lines of communication and cultural understanding. As scientists everywhere
have a common evidentiary external reference system, members of ideologically divergent societies can use the common language
of science to cooperatively address both domestic and the increasingly transnational and global problems confronting humanity in
the 21st century. There is a growing recognition that science and technology will increasingly drive the successful economies of the
21st century. Science and technology provide an immeasurable benefit to the U.S. by bringing scientists and
students here, especially from developing countries, where they see democracy in action, make friends in the
international scientific community, become familiar with American technology, and contribute to the U.S. and global
economy. For example, in 2005, over 50% of physical science and engineering graduate students and postdoctoral researchers
trained in the U.S. have been foreign nationals. Moreover, many foreign-born scientists who were educated and have worked in the
U.S. eventually progress in their careers to hold influential positions in ministries and institutions both in this country and in their
home countries. They also contribute to U.S. scientific and technologic development: According to the National Science Board’s
2008 Science and Engineering Indicators, 47% of full-time doctoral science and engineering faculty in U.S. research institutions
were foreign-born. Finally, some types of science – particularly those that address the grand challenges in science and technology –
are inherently international in scope and collaborative by necessity. The ITER Project, an international fusion research and
development collaboration, is a product of the thaw in superpower relations between Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and U.S.
President Ronald Reagan. This reactor will harness the power of nuclear fusion as a possible new and viable energy source by
bringing a star to earth. ITER serves as a symbol of international scientific cooperation among key scientific leaders in the
developed and developing world – Japan, Korea, China, E.U., India, Russia, and United States – representing 70% of the world’s
current population.. The recent elimination of funding for FY08 U.S. contributions to the ITER project comes at an inopportune time
as the Agreement on the Establishment of the ITER International Fusion Energy Organization for the Joint Implementation of the
ITER Project had entered into force only on October 2007. The elimination of the promised U.S. contribution drew our allies to
question our commitment and credibility in international cooperative ventures. More problematically, it jeopardizes a platform for
reaffirming U.S. relations with key states. It should be noted that even at the height of the cold war, the United States
used science diplomacy as a means to maintain communications and avoid misunderstanding between
the world’s two nuclear powers – the Soviet Union and the United States. In a complex multi-polar world, relations
are more challenging, the threats perhaps greater, and the need for engagement more paramount.
Increasing science diplomacy key to international non-proliferation efforts – solves

Dickson 10 (David, Director, SciDev.Net, 7 May 2010, “Nuclear disarmament is top priority for science
The political climate is ripe for a new push to eliminate nuclear weapons; scientists can boost its chance
of success. Earlier this year, US satellites detected the first plume of steam from a nuclear reactor in
Pakistan that has been built to produce fuel for nuclear bombs, confirming the country's desire to
strengthen its status as a nuclear power. The observation — coming shortly before this month's review
conference in New York of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) — is further evidence that the
unregulated spread of nuclear technology remains closely linked to the dangers of nuclear conflict. The
good news is that US President Barack Obama seems determined to make eliminating nuclear weapons
a top priority. Indeed, last month he invited 47 heads of state to an unprecedented summit in Washington
to promote disarmament and agree strategies to prevent nuclear terrorism and safeguard nuclear
material. But the news from Pakistan, together with continued disagreement on how best to tackle other
emerging nuclear states such as Iran and North Korea, illustrates how far there is to go — and the
political hurdles that must still be scaled — before this goal is achieved. New hope Still, there is a sense
of optimism for this year's review conference that was missing from the last meeting in 2005. Then, the
aggressive stance taken by the Bush administration — describing North Korea as part of an "axis of evil",
for example — doomed the discussions to stalemate. This time round, the prospects for agreement are
significantly higher. Not only has Obama adopted a more moderate attitude towards international affairs
in general, but he has already made significant achievements on the nuclear front. Last month, for
example, Russia and the United States announced an arms control agreement under which both will
significantly reduce their nuclear arsenals. And since then, Obama has revised his nuclear policy to state,
for the first time, that non-nuclear states that have signed the NPT will never be targets of US nuclear
weapons.Both agreements could have gone further. Some in Obama's administration wanted him to take
the further step of banning the use of nuclear weapons against any non-nuclear threat or attack. And
despite the new cuts, both Russia and the United States will still own enough nuclear weapons to destroy
human life many times over. But the recent moves have nonetheless created a political climate in which
significant agreement, at least between nuclear weapons states, looks more realistic than it did five years
ago. There are even signs that the United States could eventually ratify the Comprehensive Nuclear Test
Ban Treaty, the next major step towards global nuclear disarmament. Need for vigilance The reasons for
optimism are not restricted to the shift in the US position. Equally influential has been a growing
awareness within the developed and developing worlds of the threats of nuclear terrorism and the need to
improve protection of nuclear materials. Eighteen months ago, for example, an armed group was caught
breaking into a nuclear facility in South Africa in an apparent attempt to steal weapons-grade uranium that
has been stored at the site since the early 1990s, under international supervision. The incident provides a
stark reminder of the need for continued and effective vigilance. This need will increase as more
developing countries turn towards nuclear power as a source of affordable energy — a trend that will be
reinforced by international efforts to promote renewable energy as a strategy for tackling climate change.
But the danger is that US-led initiatives will, with some justification, be seen as little more than attempts to
defend American interests, influenced as much by political relationships as by a genuine desire for
nuclear disarmament. For example, the nuclear cooperation deal between the United States and India
that entered force in 2008 has been cited by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace as an
example of putting diplomatic and commercial interests ahead of non-proliferation responsibilities and
was criticised for exacerbating nuclear tensions in South Asia. Scientists, diplomats or both? The only
solution is for the developing world to accept that international nuclear non-proliferation is in its own
interests — the only way to prevent regional conflicts escalating into nuclear exchanges. The scientific
community has an important role to play in this process by explaining the threat posed by even relatively
small nuclear weapons, and advising on how to develop safeguards without overly restricting the peaceful
uses of nuclear energy. Scientists have already shown their worth when they kept communication
channels open between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The Pugwash
Conferences on Science and World Affairs were instrumental to such 'science diplomacy' and it can be no
coincidence that the approach is rapidly gaining favour in Washington, where John Holdren, who once
headed Pugwash, is Obama's science and technology advisor. If such diplomacy, on the control of
nuclear weapons or other scientific issues, is driven by the political and commercial interests of the
developed world, it will remain suspect and doomed to fail. But if it can be truly international, the chances
of success are much higher. Reaching a global agreement on the steps needed to eliminate nuclear
weapons from the world would be a good place to start.
Their framework makes extinction inevitable- viewing survival as the first priority
before all is key.
Schell, 1982 (Jonathan, prof. at Wesleyan U, Fate of the Earth, pg. 129-30)
For the generations that now have to decide whether or not to risk the future of the species, the
implication of our species’ unique place in the order of things is that while things in the life of mankind
have worth, we must never raise that worth above the life of mankind and above our respect for
that life’s existence. To do this would be to make of our highest ideals so many swords with which
to destroy ourselves. To sum up the worth of our species by reference to some particular standard,
goal, or ideology, no matter how elevated or noble it might be, would be to prepare the way for
extinction by closing down in thought and feeling the open-ended possibilities for
human development which extinction would close down in fact. There is only one circumstance in which it
might be possible to sum up the life and achievement of the species, and that circumstance would be that
it had already died; but then, of course, there would be no one left to do the summing up. Only a
generation that believed itself to be in possession of final, absolute truth could ever conclude that it had
reason to put an end to human life, and only generations that recognized the limits to their own wisdom
and virtue would be likely to subordinate their interests and dreams to the as yet unformed interests and
undreamed dreams of the future generations, and let human life go on. From the foregoing, it follows
that there can be no justification for extinguishing mankind and therefore no justification for any nation
ever to push the world into nuclear hostilities, which once inaugurated, may lead uncontrollably to full-
scale holocaust and to extinction. But from thisconclusion it does not follow that at any action is permitted
as long as it serves the end of preventing extinction. The grounds for these two propositions become
clearer if we consider the nature of ethical obligation. It seems especially important to consider the ethical
side of the question, because the other common justification for military action-self-interest-obviously can
never justify extinction, inasmuch as extinction would constitute suicide for the perpetrator; and suicide,
whatever else it may be, is scarcely in the interest of the one who commits it.
Ignore their alt cause arguments – cap on H-1B visas triggers negative
perceptions of US science credibility – all of their alt causes are based on
others still wanting to work with us
AAAS 4 (American Association for the Advancement of Science. Physics Today, 00319228, Feb2005, Vol. 58, Issue 2. EBSCO)
visa-related problems are discouraging and preventing the best and
In particular, there is increasing evidence that
brightest international students, scholars, and scientists from studying and working in the United States,
as well as attending academic and scientific conferences here and abroad. If action is not taken soon to
improve the visa system, the misperception that the United States does not welcome international
students, scholars, and scientists will grow, and they may not make our nation their destination of choice
now and in the future. The damage to our nation's higher-education and scientific enterprises, economy, and
national security would be irreparable. The United States cannot hope to maintain its present scientific and
economic leadership position if it becomes isolated from the rest of the world.
*Biotechnology
Scenario 1: Preparedness
H-1B workers are critical to biotechnology innovations
Sevier & Dahms 2 (Nature Biotechnology, E. Dale Sevier is director, workforce development and operations, California State
University System Biotechnology Program, A. Stephen Dahms is executive director, CSUPERB and chair of the Council of
Biotechnology Centers/BIO Workforce Committee, San Diego, CA http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v20/n9/full/nbt0902-955.html)
Through a company application process, foreign workers with unique skill sets that are not available in
the existing labor pool can acquire permission under US immigration law to stay in the United States for
up to six years under the H-1B classification, after which they can apply for permanent resident status.
There are currently over 600,000 foreign workers in this category across all industries. Such workers are
critical to the success of many US industries and their global competitiveness.Across all technologies,
42.3% of all H-1B visa holders have India as a country of origin, and 10% are from China, followed in
descending order by Canada (3.9%), the United Kingdom (3.2%), Philippines (3.2%), Taiwan (2.2%),
Korea (2.1%), Japan (2.0%), Pakistan (1.9%), the Russian Federation (1.7%), Germany (1.6%), France
(1.5%), Mexico (1.2%), Brazil (1.1%), and other countries (21.8%). More than half of the H-1B visa
applications currently granted are in computer-related occupations[[#B2|2]].
The role of the foreign worker (H-1B visa holder) in the US biotechnology industry was not appreciated
until early 2000. Our annual national surveys have revealed that, depending upon US region, between
6% and 10% of the US biotechnology workforce has H-1B visas. Clearly, the constant shortfall in various
specialized technical workers over the past six years has been partially alleviated by access to talented
individuals originating outside of the existing US labor pool. The demand is such that the industry could
easily accept a further 25% increase in H-1Bs in 2004.
Our third annual national survey of H-1Bs in the biotechnology industry demonstrates again the special
nature of these talented individuals and their importance to companies[[#B3|3]]. Similar to "high
technology" H-1Bs, most biotechnology H-1Bs are products of US colleges and universities and most
acquire permanent status. In fact, 80% of biotechnology H-1Bs are from US universities, and 85% of
those eventually acquire permanent residency in the United States. Companies now spend an average of
$10,200 on each H-1B holder for processing fees and legal expenses through to a green card, leading to
the conclusion that US companies have spent in excess of $150 million over the past five years to acquire
and keep their H-1B workers[[#B3|3]].
In addition, about a quarter of all H-1B holders formerly had foreign student (F visa)
status[[#B2|2]]. Foreign-born workers (both temporary and permanent immigrants) accounted for about
17% of the US high tech and information technology workforce in 2000, compared with 10% of the overall
population[[#B2|2]]. Importantly, there is no evidence of foreign H-1B "visa mills"—for-profit operations
that bring foreign workers into the United States by any means possible—in the introduction of foreign
workers into the national biotechnology industry or the information technology industry, although it is
known that the largest US hardware and software companies have strong ties to India[[#B2|2]], a property
not shared by the US biotechnology industry to date.
A terrorist WMD attack is inevitable by 2013 – biological weapons are the most likely
scenario
Cohen & Talent 8 [Alex Cohen and Jim Talent, vice chair of The Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass
Destruction, Proliferation, and Terrorism, former senator from Missouri, Report: WMD Attack Inevitable Before 2013, NPR,
transcript, December 2, 2008, AD: 9/11/09 http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=97693884]
Sometime during the next five years, the U.S. can expect a terrorists attack using biological, possibly
even nuclear weapons. That's the findings of a study coming out this week from a bipartisan group called
the Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Proliferation, and Terrorism.
Here to tell us more about that report is the vice chair of the commission, former senator from Missouri,
Jim Talent. Welcome to the program, sir. And if you could tell us a bit about this report. It states that the
biological threat to this country is greater than the nuclear one. What sort of biological threat are we
talking about?
Former Senator JIM TALENT (Vice Chair, The Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass
Destruction, Proliferation, and Terrorism): Well, people normally think in terms of like Anthrax, and that's
the most visible potential pathogen. There's others that could be used, smallpox, for example. And one of
the dangers is that, with DNA synthesizers that are available and dual-use technology all over the world,
it's becoming increasingly easy to isolate pathogens, old or new. It's technologically easier to weaponize.
COHEN: Can you tell me a little bit about how you conducted the research for this report?
Former Senator TALENT: We're a follow onto the 9/11 commission, congressionally created,
bipartisan. The report was unanimous, and we interviewed hundreds of people who travel all over the
world, everywhere from the national labs in Sandia, to London, to Asia, to Russia interviewing people.
And then we all, each of us on the commission, has experience in this area as well. And what Congress
wanted was an update on the assessment of the threat and then recommendations about what can be
done to reduce it.
COHEN: According to your report, where might such an attack occur?
Former Senator TALENT: That's so speculative that we didn't say this city or that city. There are obvious
ones that know they're targets or potential targets, New York, London. It could happen in a more rural or
suburban area, but probably a population center for the obvious reason that they get, unfortunately, more
casualties if they can do a weapon of mass destruction in a place like New York.
COHEN: This report also looked at who could possibly pose this sort of threat, where they're based. What
were the findings there?
Former Senator TALENT: Al-Qaeda is probably still the lead terrorist group. There are others, as we're
seeing, or could be seeing, in India right now. Some of them are regional in nature, but the problem is
that these terrorists all have organizationally the sophistication to get the technology to use one of these
weapons. And we know that they have the desire to do it.
Now, we don't think they have the capability yet, but they have the sophistication to get it. And in terms of
bio, if they recruit the right, you know, bio scientist or two, they get the technical capability.
COHEN: Do the recent bombings last week in Mumbai add any weight to this report?
Former Senator TALENT: What it does is point out the nature of the struggle that we're involved in. And
whether you call it a war or conflict or whatever, we're dealing with transnational conspiracies who are
empowered by the information revolution, by the forces of globalization.
They know - they see the world as a number of systems. You know, a matrix is a system stuck together,
and they know we're vulnerable at a lot of different points. And that's the reason we're seeing more and
more groups using these kinds of methods.
Risk assessment is preferable over rejection of predictions three reasons: 1. It exposes

policymakers assumptions. 2. Ensures objectivity AND 3. enhances strategic flexibility
Fitzsimmons, Michael (2006) 'The Problem of Uncertainty in Strategic Planning', Survival, 48:4, 131 - 146
Uncertainty is not a new phenomenon for strategists. Clausewitz knew that ‘many intelligence reports in war are
contradictory; even more are false, and most are uncertain’. In coping with uncertainty, he believed that ‘what one
can reasonably ask of an officer is that he should possess a standard of judgment, which he can gain only from
knowledge of men and affairs and from common sense. He should be guided by the laws of probability. Granted,
one can certainly allow for epistemological debates about the best ways of gaining ‘a standard of judgment’ from
‘knowledge of men and affairs and from common sense’. Scientific inquiry into the ‘laws of probability’ for any
given strategic question may not always be possible or appropriate. Certainly, analysis cannot and should not be
presumed to trump the intuition of decision-makers. Nevertheless, Clausewitz’s implication seems to be that the
burden of proof in any debates about planning should belong to the decision-maker who rejects formal analysis,
standards of evidence and probabilistic reasoning. Ultimately, though, the value of prediction in strategic planning
does not rest primarily in getting the correct answer, or even in the more feasible objective of bounding the range of
correct answers. Rather, prediction requires decision- makers to expose, not only to others but to themselves, the
beliefs they hold regarding why a given event is likely or unlikely and why it would be important or
unimportant. Richard Neustadt and Ernest May highlight this useful property of probabilistic reasoning in their
renowned study of the use of history in decision-making, Thinking in Time. In discussing the importance
of probing presumptions, they contend: The need is for tests prompting questions, for sharp,
straightforward mechanisms the decision makers and their aides might readily recall and use to dig into
their own and each others’ presumptions. And they need tests that get at basics somewhat by indirection,
not by frontal inquiry: not ‘what is your inferred causation, General?’ Above all, not, ‘what are your values,
Mr. Secretary?’ ... If someone says ‘a fair chance’ ... ask, ‘if you were a betting man or woman, what odds
would you put on that?’ If others are present, ask the same of each, and of yourself, too. Then probe the
differences: why? This is tantamount to seeking and then arguing assumptions underlying different
numbers placed on a subjective probability assessment. We know of no better way to force clarification of
meanings while exposing hidden differences ... Once differing odds have been quoted, the question
‘why?’ can follow any number of tracks. Argument may pit common sense against common sense or
analogy against analogy. What is important is that the expert’s basis for linking ‘if’ with ‘then’ gets
exposed to the hearing of other experts before the lay official has to say yes or no.’35 There are at least
three critical and related benefits of prediction in strategic planning. The first reflects Neustadt and May’s
point – prediction enforces a certain level of discipline in making explicit the assumptions, key variables
and implied causal relationships that constitute decision-makers’ beliefs and that might otherwise remain
implicit. Imagine, for example, if Shinseki and Wolfowitz had been made to assign probabilities to their
opposing expectations regarding post-war Iraq. Not only would they have had to work harder to justify
their views, they might have seen more clearly the substantial chance that they were wrong and had to
make greater efforts in their planning to prepare for that contingency. Secondly, the very process of
making the relevant factors of a decision explicit provides a firm, or at least transparent, basis for making
choices. Alternative courses of action can be compared and assessed in like terms. Third, the
transparency and discipline of the process of arriving at the initial strategy should heighten the decision-
maker’s sensitivity toward changes in the environment that would suggest the need for adjustments to
that strategy.In this way, prediction enhances rather than undermines strategic flexibility. This defence of
prediction does not imply that great stakes should be gambled on narrow, singular predictions of the
future. On the contrary, the central problem of uncertainty in planning remains that any given prediction
may simply be wrong. Preparations for those eventualities must be made. Indeed, in many cases,
relatively unlikely outcomes could be enormously consequential, and therefore merit extensive
preparation and investment. In order to navigate this complexity, strategists must return to the distinction
between uncertainty and risk. While the complexity of the international security environment may make it
somewhat resistant to the type of probabilistic thinking associated with risk, a risk-oriented approach
seems to be the only viable model for national-security strategic planning. The alternative approach,
which categorically denies prediction, precludes strategy. As Betts argues, Any assumption that some
knowledge, whether intuitive or explicitly formalized, provides guidance about what should be done is a
presumption that there is reason to believe the choice will produce a satisfactory outcome – that is, it is a
prediction, however rough it may be. If there is no hope of discerning and manipulating causes to produce
intended effects, analysts as well as politicians and generals should all quit and go fishing.36 Unless they
are willing to quit and go fishing, then, strategists must sharpen their tools of risk assessment. Risk
assessment comes in many varieties, but identification of two key parameters is common to all of them:
the consequences of a harmful event or condition; and the likelihood of that harmful event or condition
occurring. With no perspective on likelihood, a strategist can have no firm perspective on risk. With no
firm perspective on risk, strategists cannot purposefully discriminate among alternative choices. Without
purposeful choice, there is no strategy.
New biotech innovations key to surviving a bioterror attack
Maurer 7 (Stephen M. Maurer, J.D. Director of the Goldman School Project at the University of California,
Berkeley on Information Technology and Homeland Security Lifeboat Foundation BioShield http://lifeboat.com/ex/bio.shield 2007)
The new realities of terrorism and suicide bombers pull us one step further. How would we react to the
devastation caused by a virus or bacterium or other pathogen unleashed not by the forces of nature, but intentionally
by man? No intelligence agency, no matter how astute, and no military, no matter how powerful and dedicated, can assure that a small terrorist
group using readily available equipment in a small and apparently innocuous setting cannot mount a first-
order biological attack. With the rapid advancements in technology, we are rapidly moving from having to
worry about state-based biological programs to smaller terrorist-based biological programs. It's possible
today to synthesize virulent pathogens from scratch, or to engineer and manufacture prions that,
introduced undetectably over time into a nation's food supply, would after a long delay afflict millions with
a terrible and often fatal disease. It's a new world. Though not as initially dramatic as a nuclear blast,
biological warfare is potentially far more destructive than the kind of nuclear attack feasible at the
operational level of the terrorist. And biological war is itself distressingly easy to wage. It would be more cost effective if
those funding the BioShield set specific goals and gave prize money to the people/organizations that accomplished them than simply funding research without such goals. We propose
that we take the measure of this threat and make preparations today to engage it with the force and
knowledge adequate to throw it back wherever and however it may strike. It is time to accelerate the
development of antiviral and antibacterial technology for the human population. The way to combat this
serious and ever-growing threat is to develop broad tools to destroy viruses and bacteria . We have tools such
as those based on RNA interference that can block gene expression. We can now sequence the genes of a new virus in a matter of
days, so our goal is within reach! We call for the creation of new technologies and the enhancement of
existing technologies to increase our abilities to detect, identify, and model any emerging or newly
identified infective agent, present or future, natural or otherwise — we need to accelerate the expansion
of our capacity to engineer vaccines for immunization, and explore the feasibility of other medicinals to
cure or circumvent infections, and to manufacture, distribute, and administer what we need in a timely
and effective manner that protects us all from the threat of bioengineered malevolent viruses and
microbial organisms. Time is running out.
(Richard Ochs, Chemical Weapons Working Group Member, 2002 “Biological Weapons must be Abolished Immediately,” June
9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)
Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many without a
known cure or vaccine, are an extreme danger to the continued survival of life on earth. Any perceived
military value or deterrence pales in comparison to the great risk these weapons pose just sitting in vials
in laboratories. While a "nuclear winter," resulting from a massive exchange of nuclear weapons, could
also kill off most of life on earth and severely compromise the health of future generations, they are easier
to control. Biological weapons, on the other hand, can get out of control very easily, as the recent anthrax
attacks has demonstrated. There is no way to guarantee the security of these doomsday weapons
because very tiny amounts can be stolen or accidentally released and then grow or be grown to
horrendous proportions. The Black Death of the Middle Ages would be small in comparison to the
potential damage bioweapons could cause. Abolition of chemical weapons is less of a priority because,
while they can also kill millions of people outright, their persistence in the environment would be less than
nuclear or biological agents or more localized. Hence, chemical weapons would have a lesser effect on
future generations of innocent people and the natural environment. Like the Holocaust, once a localized
chemical extermination is over, it is over. With nuclear and biological weapons, the killing will probably
never end. Radioactive elements last tens of thousands of years and will keep causing cancers virtually
forever. Potentially worse than that, bio-engineered agents by the hundreds with no known cure could
wreck even greater calamity on the human race than could persistent radiation. AIDS and ebola viruses
are just a small example of recently emerging plagues with no known cure or vaccine. Can we imagine
hundreds of such plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.
Scenario 2: Retaliation
Large casualties from an unconstrained bio-attack will ensure nuclear retaliation
Conley 3 (Lt Col Harry W. is chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements,
Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia. Air & Space Power Journal –
Spring, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html)
The number of American casualties suffered due to a WMD attack may well be the most important
variable in determining the nature of the US reprisal. A key question here is how many Americans would
have to be killed to prompt a massive response by the United States. The bombing of marines in
Lebanon, the Oklahoma City bombing, and the downing of Pan Am Flight 103 each resulted in a casualty
count of roughlythe same magnitude (150–300 deaths). Although these events caused anger and a
desire for retaliation among the American public, they prompted no serious call for massive or nuclear
retaliation. The body count from a single biological attack could easily be one or two orders of magnitude
higher than the casualties caused by these events. Using the rule of proportionality as a guide, one could
justifiably debate whether the United States should use massive force in responding to an event that
resulted in only a few thousand deaths. However, what if the casualty count was around
300,000? Such an unthinkable result from a single CBW incident is not beyond the realm of possibility:
“According to the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, 100 kg of anthrax spores delivered by
an efficient aerosol generator on a large urban target would be between two and six times as lethal as a
one megaton thermo-nuclear bomb.”46 Would the deaths of 300,000 Americans be enough to trigger a
nuclear response? In this case, proportionality does not rule out the use of nuclear weapons. Besides
simply the total number of casualties, the types of casualties- predominantly military versus civilian- will
also affect the nature and scope of the US reprisal action. Military combat entails known risks, and the
emotions resulting from a significant number of military casualties are not likely to be as forceful as they
would be if the attack were against civilians. World War II provides perhaps the best examples for the
kind of event or circumstance that would have to take place to trigger a nuclear response. A CBW event
that produced a shock and death toll roughly equivalent to those arising from the attack on Pearl Harbor
might be sufficient to prompt a nuclear retaliation. President Harry Truman’s decision to drop atomic
bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki- based upon a calculation that up to one million casualties might be
incurred in an invasion of the Japanese homeland47- is an example of the kind of thought process that
would have to occur prior to a nuclear response to a CBW event. Victor Utgoff suggests that “if nuclear
retaliation is seen at the time to offer the best prospects for suppressing further CB attacks and speeding
the defeat of the aggressor, and if the original attacks had caused severe damage that had outraged
American or allied publics, nuclear retaliation would be more than just a possibility, whatever promises
had been made.”48
Extinction
Hirsh 9 [Jorge Hirsh, professor of physics at the University of California San Diego. 11/1/05, “The Real
Reason for Nuking Iran, Why a nuclear attack is on the neocon
agenda” http://www.antiwar.com/orig/hirsch.php?articleid=7861
The real reason for nuking Iran, however, is none of the above. It was spelled out with surprising candor
in the Pentagon draft document "Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations" [.pdf] as one of several possible
reasons geographic combatant commanders may request presidential approval for use of nuclear
weapons: "To demonstrate U.S. intent and capability to use nuclear weapons to deter adversary use of
WMD." Yes, you read it right: The U.S. is prepared to break a 60-year-old taboo on the use of nuclear
weapons against non-nuclear countries – not because the survival of the country is at stake, not because
the lives of many Americans or allies are at stake – just to demonstrate that it can do it. The U.S. has
maintained for some time now that it reserves the right to respond with nuclear weapons to attacks or
intended attacks with WMD, and that it intends to use nuclear weapons to destroy underground enemy
facilities. It is argued that such statements have deterrent value, and that maintaining ambiguity as to
what might trigger a U.S. nuclear attack deters countries from pursuing military initiatives that are contrary
to U.S. interests. Nonsense. Those statements have no deterrent value because no one in his or her right
mind would believe that the greatest democracy in the world would do such a thing. Unless the U.S.
demonstrates, by actually doing it once, that it is indeed prepared to do so. How do you create the
conditions to perform such a demonstration and avoid immediate universal condemnation? You declare
Iran to be the second member of the "axis of evil." You start a "global war on terror." You invade the first
member of the axis (Iraq) and put 150,000 U.S. troops at the doorstep of the second member, in harm's
way – not enough troops to invade Iran, nor to prevent an Iranian invasion of Iraq after Iran is attacked.
You strike Iran's facilities, using conventional and nuclear bombs, to deter Iran from retaliating with
missiles with chemical warheads and from invading Iraq, thereby saving the lives of 150,000 American
soldiers. You argue that Iran's chemical and nuclear facilities had to be destroyed to prevent terrorists
using weapons from those facilities to attack the U.S. (Never mind that the nuclear facilities were just
nuclear reactors, not nuclear weapons). You get Israel to pull the trigger, i.e., bomb some Iranian
installations (as it did in Iraq at Osirak) to provoke an Iranian response. Now enter the world after the U.S.
"demo," according to U.S. planners: There will be no doubt that U.S. statements on the use of nuclear
weapons will have deterrent value. The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty will be amended to prohibit
uranium-enrichment for all countries that do not do it already; violators will be nuked. North Korea will be
forced to disarm under the now real and credible threat of massive U.S. nuclear attack. Any country
suspected of pursuing nuclear weapons or any other military capability that could threaten the U.S. or its
allies will be nuked. Russia, China, and all other nuclear countries will eventually be forced to disarm
under the threat of massive U.S. nuclear attack. However, the real world does not always follow the script
envisioned by U.S. planners, as the Iraq experience illustrates. So here is amore likely "post-demo"
scenario: Many non-nuclear countries, including those currently friendly to the U.S., will rush to develop a
nuclear deterrent, and many will succeed. Terrorist groups sympathetic to Iran will do their utmost
to retaliate in-kind against the U.S., and eventually will succeed. With the taboo against the use of nuclear
weapons broken, use of them by other countries will follow in various regional conflicts, and subsequent
escalation will lead to global nuclear war. Bye-bye world, including the United States of America.
*Nanotechnology
Senaorio 1: Arms Race
The lack of H-1B visas is crippling US nanotechnology and sending the industry abroad
Erickson 10 (Britt E. April 12, Ph.D. in analytical/environmental chemistry, University of Maryland College Park, Nanotechnology
Investment U.S. Focuses on commercialization and strengthening environmental, health, and safety research
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/government/88/8815gov1.html)
High on the nanotech industry’s list of concerns are the lack of Americans with training in
nanotechnology, the lack of H-1B visas that allow foreigners to work in the U.S., and the lack of access to
capital in the $5 million to $100 million range. Such capital is needed for nanotech R&D and product development, but has dried up
because of uncertainty about the risks of nanotechnology.
Several industry representatives at the briefing emphasized the need for training people at the technician
level in nanomanufacturing. There are plenty of people with Ph.D.s that have expertise in
nanotechnology, but they don’t run the machines, said James M. Hussey, chief executive officer
of NanoInk, an Illinois-based company that specializes in nanotechnology manufacturing and applications
for the life sciences and semiconductor industries. What’s really needed, he added, are lower level
technicians who know how to use the necessary nanomanufacturing equipment.
Because of the lack of U.S. workers with nanomanufacturing expertise, and the difficulty in obtaining H-
1B visas for foreign workers with such expertise, NanoInk had to open a small lab inCambridge, England,
to get the skilled workforce it needs, Hussey stressed.
Nanotech is inevitable – the arms race is already happening and the US is falling
behind
Salvi 8 (Aatish, Vice president of the NanoBusiness Alliance. “A global technology race the U.S. must win,”
12/25, http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-op-salvi-kimbrell25feb25, 0, 5524858.STORY)
A common misconception about nanotech is that it is a single technology. Unlike biotechnology (which
focuses on genes and DNA) or information technology (which focuses on microchips and
software), nanotechnology encompasses a collection of methods and tools for dealing with all matter at
the nano scale. It is best thought of as a new approach to building things. Working at the nano scale
allows us to manufacture with unparalleled precision and efficiency. Rather than mining tons of ore at a
great cost to the environment to find a handful of diamonds, nanotechnologists can start with carbon and
build a flawless diamond one atom at a time. Because they are so precise, nanotech processes waste
less material, consume less energy and produce better results. Nanotechnology is the frontier of
innovation; given its potential, it is not surprising that it is the focus of a global scientific race. The prize for
winning this race is leadership in the production of renewable energy, clean water, cancer cures and next-
generation computing. The U.S. government took an early lead in 2002 with the 21st Century Research
and Development Act, which pledged $5 billion over four years to become a leader in nano science. That
lead has steadily been eroded. Japan announced an equivalent initiative within months of ours. Since
then, France, Germany, Britain, Russia, China, Taiwan, Indiaand Singapore have stepped up to the
plate with significant investments. The 21st Century Research and Development Act expires this year,
and we have not been in a technology race this close since the Apollo project. Given what is at stake and
the degree to which the U.S. relies on innovation to fuel its economy, nanotechnology is
a global competition that America can ill-afford not to win.
Nanotech leadership is critical to winning humanity’s most important arms

race
John Robert Marlow, 2004, Interview on the Superswarm Option Nanotechnology Now,
February, http://www.nanotech-now.com/John-Mar...view-Feb04.htm
Marlow's 2nd Paradox As stated in the Nano novel, Marlow's Second Paradox is this:
"Nanotechnology must never be developed, because it is too dangerous a thing to exist; nanotechnology
must be developed-because it is too a dangerous a thing to exist in the hands of others." The first
rationale-BillJoy's relinquishment option-will be ignored. The second will drive the race for
nanosuperiority. The first nanopower will, if it plays its cards right,remain unchallenged for the
foreseeable future-assuming there remains a future to foresee. This is so because it will
be possible to use the technology itself to prevent all others from deploying it, or to simply annihilate all
others. In the entire history of the human race, there has never been such a prize for the
taking, and there likely never will be again.
We are embarked upon what is quite possibly Mankind's final arms race. Caution may
not be a factor, because the losers in the nanorace will exist only at the whim of the winner, and
many will see themselves as having nothing to lose, and the world to gain.
The resulting perception of technological stagnation will create a nanotech arms race
that can only be dealt with by leading the way -- waiting will end in annihilation
Gubrud 2004 (Mark [center for superconductivity research at the university of Maryland] “Nanotechnology
and International Security,” http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT05/Papers/Gubrud/index.html
The prospect of revolutionary advances in military capabilities will stimulate competition to develop and
apply the new technologies toward war preparations, as falling behind would imply an intolerable security
risk. Indeed, it is plausible that a nation which gained a sufficient lead in molecular nanotechnology would
at some point be in a position to simply disarm any potential competitors. If two or more technologically
advanced nations or blocs exist in de facto confrontation, regardless of political differences or other
substantial conflicts of interest, then competition to apply the advanced technologies could segue directly
into an uncontrolled arms race — unless restraints have been put in place before the new technologies
can be applied.
A race to develop early military applications of molecular manufacturing could yield sudden
breakthroughs, leading to the abrupt emergence of new and unfamiliar threats, and provoking political
and military reactions which further reinforce a cycle of competition and confrontation.
With molecular manufacturing, international trade in both raw materials and finished goods can be
replaced by decentralized production for local consumption, using locally available materials. The decline
of international trade will undermine a powerful source of common interest. Further, artificial intelligence
will displace skilled as well as unskilled labor. A world system based on wage labor, transnational
capitalism and global markets will necessarily give way. We imagine that a golden age is possible, but we
don't know how to organize one. As global capitalism retreats, it will leave behind a world dominated by
politics, and possibly feudal concentrations of wealth and power. Economic insecurity, and fears for the
material and moral future of humankind may lead to the rise of demagogic and intemperate national
leaders. With almost two hundred sovereign nations, each struggling to create a new economic and social
order, perhaps the most predictable outcome is chaos: shifting alignments, displaced populations, power
struggles, ethnic conflicts inflamed by demagogues, class conflicts, land disputes, etc.
Small and underdeveloped nations will be more than ever dependent on the major powers for access to
technology, and more than ever vulnerable to sophisticated forms of control or subversion, or to outright
domination. Competition among the leading technological powers for the political loyalty of clients might
imply reversion to some form of nationalistic imperialism. Competition for control of newly-exploitable
resources on Earth and in space may generate dissension and hostility even between democracies,
erstwhile friends and allies, while providing an overt rationale for deploying competitive military forces.
If nuclear weapons remain limited in number, advanced nanotechnology could facilitate extensive civil
defense construction, and provide active defense and counterforce weapons, undermining the nuclear
"balance of terror" and creating the appearance of a possibility of victory in a war between major
powers.From a purely military perspective, in the absence of a "balance of terror," a confrontation
between more or less equally advanced terrestrial nanotechnology powers could be unstable to
preemption — in both of the traditional senses:
Arms race instability. A large imbalance in deployed hardware could allow one side to strike with
impunity, and even a few-to-one imbalance could be enough to provide assurance of victory. If military
production is based on a self-replicating capital base with a short generation time, the danger of falling
behind on an exponential curve, or the opportunity to trump, would create unprecedentedly strong
pressures to initiate or join and to maintain or gain the lead in a quantitative arms race. Unprecedentedly
large masses of military hardware could be produced in an unprecedentedly short time. First strike
instability. Even if two sides are evenly matched, high levels of deployed armaments may be militarily
unstable, in that a surprise attack could perhaps decimate the opposing force before it could respond.
This is especially likely in co-occupied environments, i.e. space, the oceans, and along land lines of
confrontation. Forces based in protected areas may remain survivable, but serious competitors would not
cede vast stretches of "no man's land" to enemy control in advance of a fight, and whoever strikes first in
the co-occupied environments may gain an irreversible advantage. The greater the density of
interpenetrating forces, the shorter the strike time. Thus a crisis becomes progressively less stable as a
buildup proceeds.
A perfect balance of technical and material resources is unrealistic in any case, which leads to a new type
of strategic instability: Early advantage instability. If one has an early lead in a replicator-based crisis
arms buildup, the fact that a competitor may have somewhat faster replicators or superior weaponry, or
may have access to a larger primary resource base, provides another strong stimulus to an early first
strike. Moreover, it is unlikely that one actually knows the performance of an enemy's weapons or
production base, particularly after a long peace. Thus, a runaway nanotechnic arms race may be a race
to nowhere; there may be no further island of stable military balance out there, even if we could manage
to avoid war along the way. A very rapid pace of technological change destabilizes the political-military
balance. Revolutionary new types of weaponry, fear of what a competitor may be doing in secret, tense
nerves and worst-case analyses, the complexity of technical issues, the unfamiliarity of new
circumstances and resistance to the demands they make, may overwhelm the cumbersome processes of
diplomacy and arms control, or even of intelligence gathering and assessment, formulation of measured
responses and establishment of political consensus behind them. A runaway military technological
revolution must at some point escape the grasp of even wise decisionmakers. An increase of nuclear
arsenals, deployment in more secure, covert basing modes, and development of new delivery systems
designed to penetrate defenses, would prolong the reign of nuclear deterrence and postpone the day of
possible vulnerability to nanotechnic aggression. Thus a nuclear power or potential nuclear power,
especially one that was behind in the technology race, might want to retain its nuclear options or even
expand its nuclear arsenal. Advanced nanotechnology should also facilitate a possible nuclear
rearmament to levels manyfold higher than those of the Cold War. Thus it is possible that the result of a
nanotechnic arms race will be rampant nuclear proliferation and the expansion of major nuclear arsenals
to warhead counts in the hundred thousands or millions — A new "balance of terror," but note that a
balance is not necessarily stable.
Our framework is necessary to preserve the respect for human life and freedom- we
solve their morality arguments.
palmer, 1992 (richard, prof of philosophy @ macmurray college, teaching philosophy, march)
Respect for the lives, the hopes, the freedom, to pursue one's goals free of coercion by other
people, are all widely recognized requirements for attaining the greatest good, or the least harm for all
people affected. Outcries against violations of human rights, against lack of respect for life and physical
safety, against apartheid or slavery, or anti-semitism, are not even primarily the voices of deontologists in
the moral wilderness. They are more often the pained voices of utilitarians decryingthe fact that these
actions lessen the good, and increase the harm to society, and that they are, therefore, morally
wrong. They are morally wrong because they produce less than the greatest good, or more than the least
harm for the people whom they affect, which are many indeed. Most utilitarians firmly believe that respect
for rights and justice are critical components in the achievement of the greatest good or the least harm for
society. Most utilitarians clearly recognize that respect for rights and a concern for justice are constitutive
of the greatest good, or the least harm, for all people affected.
Increasing H-1B visas for STEM jobs is awesome – massively boosts innovation, jobs,
and long term economic growth
NAGPS 9 [National Association of Graduate-Professional Students, H-1B Visa Reform,

9/24/09, http://nagps.org/files/H1B%20visa%20reform%20information.pdf]
The Obama campaign called for “comprehensive immigration reform that improves our visa programs to
attract some of the world's most talented people to America.” In past years, the annual cap of 85,000 H-
1B visas – including 20,000 slots for foreigners holding master's degrees or higher training from American
universities – was met within days of the application period opening. In 2008, USCIS kept the filing period
open for the first five business days in April, and received a total of more than 163,000 petitions, including
31,200 against the advanced degree quota. There exists a positive relationship between the presence of
foreign workers and increased job opportunities for Americans. And results indicate that both international
graduate students and skilled immigrants have a significant and positive impact on innovative activities in
the US as proxied by future patent applications as well as on future patents awarded to university and
nonuniversity institutions. Thus, an increase in the H-1B visas quota for holders of advanced degrees
could lead to a significant increase in employment opportunities for Americans as well as a boost to
innovation-driven long-run economic growth. PROPOSAL Support relief from H-1B caps for foreigners
holding master's degrees or higher training from American universities in Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). BENEFITSHUGE BOOST TO INNOVATION AND LONG-RUN
ECONOMIC GROWTH. A World Bank Research Policy Working Paper (Chellaraj, Maskus and Mattoo,
2005) that looked at total patent applications, patents awarded to U.S. universities, and patents awarded
to other U.S. entities (each scaled by the domestic labor force) estimated that both international graduate
students and skilled immigrants have a significant and positive impact on future patent applications. Using
2008 figures, every 10% increase in the H-1B visa quota for holders of PhDs from American
universities in science and engineering could lead to an increase in patents (and thus, growth) that is
greater than the 2008 combined total number of patents granted in the semiconductor manufacturing and
drug compositions and biotechnology industries. For this World Bank study, in the main specification a
system of three equations is estimated, where dependent variables are total patent applications, patents
awarded to U.S. universities, and patents awarded to other U.S. entities, each scaled by the domestic
labor force. “[A] ten percent rise in the number of scientists and engineers in the labor force(SK) [PhD's
employed in science and engineering as a percentage of labor force], holding fixed the labor force, would
increase later patent applications by 10,534 (7.5 percent of sample mean), university grants by 68 (6.4
percent) and other-institution grants by 5,660 (6.4 percent).” (World Bank, 2005) Holding constant the
total relative presence of graduate students in U.S. universities, “a ten-percent rise in the ratio FORTGR
[foreign graduate students] would expand later patent grants by 6,560 (or around 7.3 percent of mean
total grants), suggesting a marginal productivity of 0.62 grants. These are large figures in the context of
U.S. patent flows.” (World Bank, 2005)
INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR AMERICANS AND EXPANDED SIZE OF
OVERALL JOB MARKET IN THE US. The non-partisan National Foundation for American
Policy (NFAP) used a regression model that controls for both general market conditions and firm size
and found that that for every H-1B position requested, U.S. technology companies increase their
employment by 5 workers. Furthermore, the report (NFAP, March, 2008) also found that employers that
reduced employment reduced it less if they had filed for H-1Bs visas. The data indicates that, for every H-
1B position requested on a labor condition application, total employment is estimated to be 2 workers
more than it otherwise would have been. “A year-by- year examination of H-1B filings and employment
growth at the technology companies in the S&P 500 shows H-1B use is associated with increased hiring
at tech companies… the data show that for every H-1B position requested, U.S. technology companies
increase their employment by 5 workers… There are empirical reasons to believe these findings
demonstrate new opportunities being created for U.S. workers by the availability of foreign high-skilled
labor, rather than a substitution.” (National Foundation for American Policy, 2008) PREVENTING THE
LOSS OF JOBS TO OTHER COUNTRIES, ESPECIALLY IN THE TECHNOLOGY SECTOR. The NFAP
surveyed 120 companies and found that sixty-five percent of technology companiesresponding to the
survey said in response to the lack of H-1B visas they had hired more people (or outsourced work)
outside the United States, pushing work to other countries. “This is significant in that even if those
companies responding to the survey are heavier users of H-1B visas it means that these are the
companies most likely to hire outside the United States in response to an insufficient supply of skilled
visas for foreign nationals.” (National Foundation for American Policy, 2008) As Ralph Hellman, senior
vice president of government relations for the Information Technology Industry Council
said, "[p]rotectionism, cutting research and development, and sending all the smart people home isn't the
smartest way to keep America's leading edge." Laszlo Bock, Vice-President for People Operations at
Google (about 8 percent of Google’s U.S.-based employees are working on H-1B temporary visas from
over 80 different countries) pointed out in his testimony at the House Judiciary Immigration Subcommittee
that Google does not hire foreign nationals instead of Americans but in addition to them. “We believe that
it is in the best interests of the United States to welcome into our workforce talented individuals who
happen to have been born elsewhere,rather than send them back to their countries of origin,” said Bock.
“But this doesn't mean we don't recruit here in the U.S., or that American workers are being left behind.
To the contrary, we are creating jobs here in the U.S. every day.”
Hypothesizing about government is key to political change
David E. MCCLEAN, 2001, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” Am. Phil. Conf.,
www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion%20papers
/david_mcclean.htm
Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country, a book that I think is long overdue, leftist critics continue to cite and
refer to the eccentric and often a priori ruminations of people like those just mentioned, and a litany of others including Derrida, Deleuze, Lyotard, Jameson, and
Lacan, who are to me hugely more irrelevant than Habermas in their narrative attempts to suggest policy prescriptions (when they actually do suggest them) aimed
at curing the ills of homelessness, poverty, market greed, national belligerence and racism. I would like to suggest that it is time for American social critics who are
enamored with this group, those who actually want to be relevant, to recognize that they have a disease, and a disease regarding which I myself must remember
to stay faithful to my own twelve step program of recovery. The disease is the need for elaborate theoretical "remedies" wrapped in neological and multi-syllabic
jargon. Theseelaborate theoretical remedies are more "interesting," to be sure, than the pragmatically settled
questions about what shape democracy should take in various contexts, or whether private property should be protected by the state, or regarding
our basic human nature(described, if not defined (heaven forbid!), in such statements as "We don't like to starve" and
"We like to speak our minds without fear of death" and "We like to keep our children safe from poverty"). As Rorty puts it, "When
one of today's academic leftists says that some topic has been 'inadequately theorized,' you can be pretty certain that he or she is going to drag in
either philosophy of language, or Lacanian psychoanalysis, or some neo-Marxist version of economic determinism. . . .These
futile attempts
to philosophize one's way into political relevance are a symptom of what happens when a Left retreats
from activism and adopts a spectatorial approach to the problems of its country. Disengagement from
practice produces theoretical hallucinations"(italics mine).(1) Or as John Dewey put it in his The Need for a Recovery of Philosophy, "I
believe that philosophy in America will be lost between chewing a historical cud long since reduced to woody fiber, or an apologetics for lost causes, . . . . or a
scholastic, schematic formalism, unless it can somehow bring to consciousness America's own needs and its own implicit principle of successful action." Those
who suffer or have suffered from this disease Rorty refers to as the Cultural Left, which left is juxtaposed to the Political Left that Rorty prefers and prefers for good
reason. Another attribute of the Cultural Left is that its members fancy themselves pure culture critics who view the successes of America and the West, rather
than some of the barbarous methods for achieving those successes, as mostly evil, and who view anything like national pride as equally evil even when that pride
is tempered with the knowledge and admission of the nation's shortcomings. In other words, the Cultural Left, in this country, too often dismiss
American society as beyond reform and redemption. And Rorty correctly argues that this is a disastrous conclusion,
i.e. disastrous for the Cultural Left. I think it may also be disastrous for our social hopes, as I will explain . Leftist American culture critics
might put their considerable talents to better use if they bury some of their cynicism about America's social and
political prospects and help forge public and political possibilities in a spirit of determination to, indeed, achieve our country - the
country of Jefferson and King; the country of John Dewey and Malcom X; the country of Franklin Roosevelt and Bayard Rustin, and of the later George
Wallace and the later Barry Goldwater. To invoke the words of King, and with reference to the American society, the time is always ripe to seize the
opportunity to help create the "beloved community," one woven with the thread of agape into a conceptually single yet diverse tapestry that shoots for
nothing less than a true intra-American cosmopolitan ethos, one wherein both same sex unions and faith-based initiatives will be able to be part of the
same social reality, one wherein business interests and the university are not seen as belonging to two separate galaxies but as part of the same
We who fancy ourselves philosophers would do well to create from
answer to the threat of social and ethical nihilism.
within ourselves and from within our ranks a new kind of public intellectual who has both a hungry theoretical
mind and who is yet capable of seeing the need to move past high theory to other important questions that
are less bedazzling and "interesting" but more important to the prospect of our flourishing - questions such as "How is it
possible to develop a citizenry that cherishes a certain hexis, one which prizes the character of the Samaritan on the road to Jericho almost more than
any other?" or "How can we square the political dogma that undergirds the fantasy of a missile defense system with the need to treat America as but
The new public philosopher might seek to understand labor
one member in a community of nations under a "law of peoples?"
law and military and trade theory and doctrine as much as theories of surplus value; the logic of
international markets and trade agreements as much as critiques of commodification, and the politics of
complexity as much as the politics of power (all of which can still be done from our arm chairs.) This means going down
deep into the guts of our quotidian social institutions, into the grimy pragmatic details where intellectuals
are loathe to dwell but where the officers and bureaucrats of those institutions take difficult and often
unpleasant, imperfect decisions that affect other peoples' lives, and it means making honest attempts to
truly understand how those institutions actually function in the actual world before howling for their
overthrow commences. This might help keep us from being slapped down in debates by true policy pros
who actually know what they are talking about but who lack awareness of the dogmatic assumptions from
which they proceed, and who have not yet found a good reason to listen to jargon-riddled lectures from
philosophers and culture critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."
Local solutions inevitably fail-only speaking in the dominant language can ever
successfully change international politics.
George Monbiot, journalist, academic, and political and environmental activist, 2004, Manifesto for a New World Order, p. 11-
13
The quest for global solutions is difficult and divisive. Some members of this movement are deeply suspicious of all
institutional power at the global level, fearing that it could never be held to account by the world’s people. Others are concerned
that a single set of universal prescriptions would threaten the diversity of dissent. A smaller faction has argued that all
political programmes are oppressive: our task should not be to replace one form of power with another, but to replace all
power with a magical essence called ‘anti-power’. But most of the members of this movement are coming to recognize that if we
propose solutions which can be effected only at the local or the national level, we remove ourselves from
any meaningful role in solving precisely those problems which most concern us. Issues such as climate
change, international debt, nuclear proliferation, war, peace and the balance of trade between nations can be
addressed only globally or internationally. Without global measures and global institutions, it is impossible
to see how we might distribute wealth from rich nations to poor ones, tax the mobile rich and their even more mobile money, control
the shipment of toxic waste, sustain the ban on landmines, prevent the use of nuclear weapons, broker peace between
nations or prevent powerful states from forcing weaker ones to trade on their terms. If we were to work
only at the local level, we would leave these, the most critical of issues, for other people to tackle. Global
governance will take place whether we participate in it or not. Indeed, it must take place if the issues which
concern us are not to be resolved by the brute force of the powerful. That the international institutions have been
designed or captured by the dictatorship of vested interests is not an argument against the existence of international institutions, but
a reason for overthrowing them and replacing them with our own. It is an argument for a global political system which holds power to
account. In the absence of an effective global politics, moreover, local solutions will always be undermined by
communities of interest which do not share our vision. We might, for example, manage to persuade the
people of the street in which we live to give up their cars in the hope of preventing climate change, but
unless everyone, in all communities, either shares our politics or is bound by the same rules, we simply
open new road space into which the neighbouring communities can expand. We might declare our
neighbourhood nuclear-free, but unless we are simultaneously working, at the international level, for the
abandonment of nuclear weapons, we can do nothing to prevent ourselves and everyone else from being
threatened by people who are not as nice as we are. We would deprive ourselves, in other words, of the power of
restraint. By first rebuilding the global politics, we establish the political space in which our local alternatives
can flourish. If, by contrast, we were to leave the governance of the necessary global institutions to others,
then those institutions will pick off our local, even our national, solutions one by one. There is little point in
devising an alternative economic policy for your nation, as Luis Inacio ‘Lula’ da Silva, now president of Brazil,
once advocated, if the International Monetary Fund and the financial speculators have not first been
overthrown. There is little point in fighting to protect a coral reef from local pollution, if nothing has been
done to prevent climate change from destroying the conditions it requires for its survival.
H1-B @ Gonzaga
Plan: The United States federal government should create an H-1B cap exemption for
specialized workers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.
Science Diplomacy Advantage

Visa restrictions are a constraint on current scientific diplomacy
Hinz 10 [Franziska Hinz, Royal Society, London January
2010 http://diplomacy.aaas.org/files/New_Frontiers.pdf]
Science diplomacy is the only way to retain global influence in the modern world
Science diplomacy solves the internal link to every major impact – resolves issues related to
warming, resource shortages, economic opportunity and public health, ensuring global stability
Increasing science diplomacy key to international non-proliferation efforts – solves

Dickson 10 (David, Director, SciDev.Net, 7 May 2010, “Nuclear disarmament is top priority for science
Ignore their alt cause arguments – cap on H-1B visas triggers negative perceptions of US
science credibility – all of their alt causes are based on others still wanting to work with us
AAAS 4 (American Association for the Advancement of Science. Physics Today, 00319228, Feb2005, Vol. 58, Issue 2. EBSCO)
Heg Advantage
H-1B visas fill the critical gap left by a weak educational system needed to maintain US hegemony
Paarlberg 4 (Robert, Prof. Poli Sci Wellesley College; International Security, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Summer,
2004), pp. 122-151; pp. 25)
Plan key to semiconductor industry – there aren’t enough domestic engineers

Industrial College of the Armed Forces 6 [“The Final Report Electronics Industry,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-
bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA475296&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf]
Semiconductor industry key to military dominance – solves economic disruption and military instability
Industrial College of Armed Forces 8 [“Final Report Electronics Industry” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-
bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA487610&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf ]
Heg solves every scenario for nuclear war

Kagan 7 (Robert, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “End of Dreams, Return of History”
Policy Review http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/8552512.html#n10)
US heg sustainable – plan key – multiple reasons
Slaughter 9 (Anne-Marie, of the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton, Foreign Affairs, January-
February 2009, “America's Edge Subtitle: Power in the Networked Century,” p. 94)
Technology Advantage
Scenario 1 – Biotechnology
H-1B workers are critical to biotechnology innovations

Sevier & Dahms 2 (Nature Biotechnology, E. Dale Sevier is director, workforce development and operations, California State
University System Biotechnology Program, A. Stephen Dahms is executive director, CSUPERB and chair of the Council of
Biotechnology
A terrorist WMD attack is inevitable by 2013 – biological weapons are the most likely scenario
Cohen & Talent 8 [Alex Cohen and Jim Talent, vice chair of The Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass
Destruction, Proliferation, and Terrorism, former senator from Missouri, Report: WMD Attack Inevitable Before 2013, NPR,
transcript, December 2, 2008, AD: 9/11/09 http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=97693884]
New biotech innovations key to surviving a bioterror attack

Maurer 7 (Stephen M. Maurer, J.D. Director of the Goldman School Project at the University of California,
Berkeley on Information Technology and Homeland Security Lifeboat Foundation BioShield http://lifeboat.com/ex/bio.shield 2007)
(Richard Ochs, Chemical Weapons Working Group Member, 2002 “Biological Weapons must be Abolished Immediately,” June
9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)
Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many without a
known cure or vaccine, are an extreme danger to the continued survival of life on earth. Any perceived
military value or deterrence pales in comparison to the great risk these weapons pose just sitting in vials
in laboratories. While a "nuclear winter," resulting from a massive exchange of nuclear weapons, could
also kill off most of life on earth and severely compromise the health of future generations, they are easier
to control. Biological weapons, on the other hand, can get out of control very easily, as the recent anthrax
attacks has demonstrated. There is no way to guarantee the security of these doomsday weapons
because very tiny amounts can be stolen or accidentally released and then grow or be grown to
horrendous proportions. The Black Death of the Middle Ages would be small in comparison to the
potential damage bioweapons could cause. Abolition of chemical weapons is less of a priority because,
while they can also kill millions of people outright, their persistence in the environment would be less than
nuclear or biological agents or more localized. Hence, chemical weapons would have a lesser effect on
future generations of innocent people and the natural environment. Like the Holocaust, once a localized
chemical extermination is over, it is over. With nuclear and biological weapons, the killing will probably
never end. Radioactive elements last tens of thousands of years and will keep causing cancers virtually
forever. Potentially worse than that, bio-engineered agents by the hundreds with no known cure could
wreck even greater calamity on the human race than could persistent radiation. AIDS and ebola viruses
are just a small example of recently emerging plagues with no known cure or vaccine. Can we imagine
hundreds of such plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.
Scenario 2 – Nanotechnology
The lack of H-1B visas is crippling US nanotechnology and sending the industry abroad
Erickson 10 (Britt E. April 12, Ph.D. in analytical/environmental chemistry, University of Maryland College Park, Nanotechnology
Investment U.S. Focuses on commercialization and strengthening environmental, health, and safety research
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/government/88/8815gov1.html)
Nanotech leadership is critical to winning humanity’s most important arms race

John Robert Marlow, 2004, Interview on the Superswarm Option Nanotechnology Now,
February, http://www.nanotech- now.com/John-Mar...view-Feb04. htmMarlow's 2nd Paradox As stated in
the Nano novel, Marlow's Second
Increasing H-1B visas for STEM jobs is awesome – massively boosts innovation, jobs, and long term
economic growth
NAGPS 9 [National Association of Graduate-Professional Students, H-1B Visa Reform,
9/24/09, http://nagps.org/files/H1B%20visa%20reform%20information.pdf]
Securitization
GSU Disclosure
Plan- The United States federal government should provide United States
permanent resident cards for foreign individuals who receive or have received an
advanced degree in science or engineering at an accredited institution in the
United States and for whom proof of permanent employment in nanotechnology
industry exists.
The Advantage is Nanoweapons
Other countries have incentives to gain nanoweapons before the U.S. – the only way
to maintain U.S. dominance is through the development of nanoweapons before other
countries
John Robert Marlow, freelance journalist, nanotech author, member of the
Scientific Advisory Board, April 04 (“Nanosecurity and the Future (if Any)”
NanoNews Now Monthly Report,
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http://www.johnrobertmarlow.com/sa ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:914 art--
nanosecurity%20and%20the%20future%20if%20any.html)
And though many might .....than government programs.
This proves that realism is correct
Moira Carroll-Mayer, Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering AND Bernd

Carsten Stahl, The Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, De Montfort
University. The Wild West: Nanotechnological Weaponry and the Rule of Law on
the Battlefield, BILETA. April 2005
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%20Wild%20West%20-
%20Nanotechnological%20Weaponry%20and%20the%20Rule%20of%20Law%
20on%20the%20Battlefield.pdf
http://www.bileta.ac.uk/Document%20Library/1/The%20Wild%20West%20-
%20Nanotechnological%20Weaponry%20and%20the%20Rule%20of%20Law%
20on%20the%20Battlefield.pdf ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:915
The movement towards .....in power and security
And, China is specifically about to pass the US in nanotechnologies
Alexis Madrigal. The Chinese Government’s Plans for Nanotechnology, Wired

Science. February 17, 2008
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:916:http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/02/the-
chinese-gov/ http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/02/the-chinese-gov/
BOSTON, MA – China .....or zizhu chuangxin).
The United States could uniquely cripple national competitors nanotechnology

development and ensure US nanoleadership—the US produces the majority of
researchers--- they want to stay in the US now but can’t, increasing green cards
for individuals who have received an advanced degree and has a job
The President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) is an

advisory group of the
Nation’s leading scientists and engineers, appointed by the President to augment
the science and
technology advice available to him from inside the White House and from cabinet
departments and
other Federal agencies. REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT AND CONGRESS ON
THE THIRD ASSESSMENT OF THE NATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY
INITIATIVE March 25, 2010 www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/pcast
One area in which the United ....or engineering discipline exists.
U.S. development of nanoweapons is the only way to prevent their use
John Robert Marlow, freelance journalist, nanotech author, member of the

Scientific Advisory Board, April 04 (“Nanosecurity and the Future (if Any)”
NanoNews Now Monthly Report,
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http://www.johnrobertmarlow.com/sa ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:917 art--
nanosecurity%20and%20the%20future%20if%20any.html)
"If the United States ....Lev Navrozov. [18]
And the use of nanoweapons leads to extinction
Bill Joy, cofounder and Chief Scientist of Sun Microsystems, was cochair of the
presidential commission on the future of IT research. Why the future doesn't
need us, Wired News. April 2000
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:918:http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy_pr.htm
l http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy_pr.html
Unfortunately, as with nuclear technology...viruses and fruit flies.
China is developing nanoweapons and is going to wipe out the west
News Max, interview with Lev Navrozov – a journalist, author, and columnist—
extensively studied superweapons and won the Albert Einstein Price for
outstanding intellectual achievements, 9/26/2003, “an interview on
nanoweapons,”
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:919:http://archive.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2003/
9/25/210250.shtml
http://archive.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2003/9/25/210250.shtml
RM: What countries are developing ....means of nuclear retaliation.
If we don’t lead the nanotechnology revolution we could end up living in a totalitarian

world controlled by China
Argument as summarized by, but not made by, Patrick Lin is the director of The
Nanoethics Group, and s a visiting assistant professor in the philosophy
department at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, and also
holds academic appointments at Dartmouth College as well as Western Michigan
University. Nanotechnology Bound: Evaluating the Case for More Regulation,
NanoEthics: Ethics for Technologies that Converge at the Nanoscale, August
2007, Number 2: 105-122
The final objection we....Or so this objection might go.
And before assemblers are created, nanotechnology will strengthen United States
hegemony
GLENN HARLAN REYNOLDS is a professor of law at the University of

Tennessee College
of Law. FORWARD TO THE FUTURE: NANOTECHNOLOGY AND
REGULATORY POLICY, The Pew Institute. November 2002
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:920:http://www.pacificresearch.org/docLib/2002_Forwar
d_to_Nanotech.pdf
http://www.pacificresearch.org/docLib/2002_Forward_to_Nanotech.pdf
Military nanotechnologies may .....missile defenses.38
Heg stops global nuclear war
Zalmay Khalilzad, RAND policy analyst, Spring 1995, The Washington Quarterly,
Vol. 18, No. 2, “Losing the Moment?”
Under the third option, ....balance of power system.
Now Our prempts

First, Extinction comes first the right to life is the highest value to uphold in extreme
situations based upon a consequentialist loose utilitarianism
Kateb 1992
George, professor of politics @ Princeton University. "The Inner Ocean:
Individualism and Democratic Culture."
What does a theory of rights.....attempt to end the threat.)
Second, Debates by non-government actors about future crises are critical distopian
visions that can mobilize transnational movements that are effectively pressuring
governments into preventing nuclear annihilation
Kurasawa, 04 (Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki,

Constellations Volume 11, No 4, 2004).
In the twenty-first century....and mass human rights violations).
Third, Any problem that they identify about futurism will only be worse in a world
where we give up. Either others will decide for us or we will be overwhelmed by
crises. Futurism may have flaws but scenario planning by citizens is the best hope that
we have.

None of this is to disavow ......in the here and now
Fourth, Just because we cannot predict the future with total certainty does not mean
that we cannot make educated guesses. And, scenario planning is key to making
responsible choices. We are obligated to take care of the planet if we have a
significant role to play.

A radically postmodern line of thinking....on the global stage.
Fifth, Everyone has a desire to find meaning to life and they can and will find it even in
the worst of circumstances
Oral Cancer Foundation, The Last Taboo (Part 1). March 02, 2009
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:921:http://www.oralcancerfoundation.org/emotional/last
_taboo.htm http://www.oralcancerfoundation.org/emotional/last_taboo.htm
The concepts of Viktor Frankl, .....not a relationship."
Realism is inevitable – states live in an anarchic world, and there is little that can be
done to change that—all states operate this way
Mearsheimer ‗95 John J., professor of political science at the University of

Chicago. ―The False Promise of International Institutions.‖ International
Security, Vol. 19, No. 3., Winter 94/95.
Realism, paints a rather grim .....out in this world.
Iraq proves that realism is correct, it predicted the results
John Mearsheimer, R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of

Political Science, Co-Director, Program on International Security Policy,
University of Chicago, ―Realism is Right,‖ The National Interest, Fall, 2005,
Ebscohost
Realists are often accused....viruses and fruit flies.

Tactical Action K Aff
The current political system engages in strategic action in order to manipulate
everyone and everything by identifying a proper place and actions that maybe taken—
this is what happens when the United States determines who and for what reasons
someone may enter the country—but this isn’t the only way of being, there is also
tactical action that can be taken
Michel de Certeau, Director d'Etudes at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes et

Sciences Sociales in Paris and visting Professor of French and Comparative
Literature at the University of California, San Diego. The Practices of Everyday
Life. 1984 p. 35-39
A distinction between strategies....bet on place or on time.
This is why we affirm the everyday tactical action of the resolution. One example of
everyday tactical action is poetry. This is an example
A poem is read here, the exact poem will be put up soon. It just changed the
night before GSU.
But don’t get us wrong, this poem just read is not the only way to understanding the
political world—our affirmative is not about bringing any form of knowledge and
insight to the forefront exclusively, but to have all forms of insight accepted
Roland Bleiker, Professor of International Relations at the University of

Queensland, Australia. Aesthetics and World Politics. 2009 p. 173-174
The case studies in my book .....relations scholarship.
And the poem read is an example of everyday tactical action against the domination
of the hegemonic structures. Tactical Action can slowly challenge norms and
structures to be more tolerant and understanding by opening up the space for critical
thought and questioning of current politics
Roland Bleiker, Senior Lecturer and Coordinator of the Peace and Conflict
Studies Program at the University of Queensland. Popular Dissent, Human
Agency and Global Politics. 2000 p. 40-45
What is left of the concept.....irrational, absurd, taboo.48

The space that opened can create a new type of policy that is resistant to hegemonic
practices that are traditionally placed upon the immigrant. Instead the policy needs to
not just tolerate the immigrant, but to open up space for the immigrant to portray
themselves with their everyday tactical actions— this has the potential to transform
society as our repressive systems become exposed by the juxtaposition of the
immigrant
Ben Highmore, Reader in Cultural Studies at the University of the West of

England, Bristol. Michel de Certeau; Analyzing Culture. 2006 p. 150- 161
I’ve been attempting throughout .....counter public spheres.
There are two impacts to this opening of space through tactical action.
First, we avoid the destruction of ones being by exposing repressive hegemonic
practices-- this outweighs all other impacts including extinction
Zimmerman, 94 (Michael, Professor of Philosophy at Tulane University,

Contesting Earth's Future, pg 119-120)
Heidegger asserted that .....disclosed” by humanity.
Second, the opening of space ensures communication which can expose and prevent
structural violence
Habermas, Prof Phil @Frankfurt, 2003

(Jurgen, Philosophy in a Time of Terror, p 35)
Since September 11 I have often ...needs to be repaired.
And, Structural violence outweighs the neg impacts
Gilman 2000 (Robert, President of Context Institute, “Structural Violence”, The

Foundation of Peace IC #4,
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http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC04/Gilman1.htm ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:48 ,
2000, AD: 7-9-9)EH
How legitimate is it to ascribe....most serious flaw.

Remove Visas
Ob. 1: Advocacy Statement
The United States federal government should remove the visa system.
Ob. 2 Advantages
Advantage 1: Freedom
A. Visa policies open the applicants to the biopolitics and oppression of the
government
Salter 6 Mark B, “The global visa regime and the political
technologies of the international self: borders, bodies, biopolitics”,
**Alternatives: Global, Local, Political**, **April-June, 2006**,
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hb3225/is_2_31/ai_n29276866/pg_13/
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3225/is_2_31/ai_n29276866/p
g_13/ ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:546
B. Visa restrictions imposed by the government create an oppressive mindset against
immigrants
Camacho 08 Alicia Schmidt Camacho, Professor of American Studies at Yale, Migrant
Imaginaries: Latino Cultural Political in the US and Mexico Borderland 2008 pg 28-29
C. The government uses this control of its population to eliminate all freedom and
justify mass atrocities.
Clifford 2001 (Michael Clifford is a professor of philosophy at the Mississippi State
University. He holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Vanderbilt University. "Political
Genealogy After Foucault." Routledge Publications, 2001. pg. 48 DC)
D. Loss of freedom outweighs all other impacts because freedom is the foundation of
human existence.
Clifford 2001 (Michael Clifford is a professor of philosophy at the
Mississippi State University. He holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from
Vanderbilt University. "Political Genealogy After Foucault." Routledge
Publications, 2001. pg. 143 DC)
E. Impact: With this biopolitical control, the government can justify violence and
deaths, leading to extinction.
Foucault 84
(Michel, Director of Institute Francais at Hamburg, THE FOUCAULT READER p. 259-
260.)
Advantage 2: Threat Construction
A. The government creates perceived threats and prejudice towards others, such as
immigrants, in order to maintain control of its citizens.
Stephan 2000 (Walter G- professor of psychology at the University of New Mexico, and
Cookie White- a professor of Sociology at the University of New Mexico, Reducing
Prejudice and Discrimination, An Integrated Threat Theory of Prejudice]
B. Current immigration policy is based on a notion of protecting against the other,

creating an illusionary fear of immigrants.
Didier, Prof. Institut des Etudes politiques, 02 (Bigo “Security and
immigration: Toward a critique of the governmentality of unease.”)
C. The government’s use of these visa restrictions affirms dehumanizing violence for
the sake of protecting the nation state and everything in it
Wilson - Professor of Anthropology, Binghamton University.- 1999
(Borders: Frontiers of Identity, Nation and State. , Thomas M.,
p.141-142 - Questia)
D. The identification process of visa restrictions categorizes life in terms of their
capabilities and worth to the government. This process leads to infinite violence and
oppression.
Dillon, Michael, 4.2008. “Biopolitics of Security in the 21st Century” Review of
International Studies,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:547:http://www.biopolitica.cl/docs/Lobo_Biopolitics_of_Secu
rity_21stCentury.pdf
http://www.biopolitica.cl/docs/Lobo_Biopolitics_of_Security_21stCentury.pdf
E. This government control and oppression leads to a condition of permanent war and
banishes us to bare life
Moretti ‘3 (Ben, Der Standard, 2/3,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:548:http://www.mail-
archive.com/nettime@bbs.thing.net/msg00101.html
http://www.mail-archive.com/nettime@bbs.thing.net/msg00101.html
ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:548 )
Ob. 4 Enlightenment
A. Our criticism of biopower begins the process of re-evaluating the power of the
government. This re-evaluating can empower the citizens to take a stand against the
oppressions of the government.
Haber 94 (Honi Fern, Asst Prof of Phil @ U of Colorado Denver, Beyond Postmodern
Politics: Lyotard, Rorty. Foucault p. 93-95)
B. Complete abandonment of visa policies in all of its forms is the only way to
challenge the government and its oppressive control. Without these visa policies, we
open up a space for resistance and mindset change.
Michael Shapiro, professor of political science at university of HI, 1997 “Violent
Cartographies” p.175-6
C. The purpose of our advocacy is to identify strengths and weaknesses within the
government and leave behind ideas and strategies for further resistance that will
eliminate the government’s oppression.
Smart 86 (Barry, Professor of Sociology, Cultural Values and Social Practices,
University of Portsmouth. Foucault: A Critical Reader pg. 167)
D. The State would lose significant power without visa policies, ending its oppressive
control over its citizens.
Gearóid Ó Tuathail, professor of government and international affairs at Virginia
Tech, 1996”Critical Geopolitics”
E. Resistance is possible. It only takes one person to spark a revolution, especially in

the face of repression. Current political events prove.
Muasher 11 (Marwan, former foreign minister and deputy prime minister of Jordan,
in an interview for the Carnegie Middle East Center, http://www.carnegie-
mec.org/publications/?fa=42354&lang=en&zoom_highlight=tunisia)
Security
NEW CARDS:
The debate surrounding immigration is never complete- they are merely snap-shots controlled by risk
managers to describe an always incomplete picture of reality based on the anticipation of future threats;
however, this coupling of security and immigration highlights the exact moment where security interest
converge with immigrants bartering for ground are constantly taken back to justify never-ending violence
Bigo 2002 /Didier, Visiting professor of War Studies @ King’s College, “Security and immigration: Toward
a critique of the governmentality of unease,” Alternatives, January-March/
Securitization of immigration...chaos and urban insecurity.
The ability to control the flow of information and situation of immigrants forces the same the same rigged
bargain as the postwar Civil Right Compromise: The price extracted in exchange for the legitimacy of
action is accepting the current terms of debate which means that the official solutions elites and
reformists advocate must remain blind to the linkage between race and the imperialism of American
capital.
Harpalani – Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Development @ U. Penn - 2004
(Vinay, “Simple Justice or Complex Injustice?: American Racial Dynamics and the Ironies of Brown and
Grutter,” Penn GSE Perspectives on Urban Education, Volume 3, Number 1, Fall.
[Online] http://www.urbanedjournal.org/notes/notes0014.html) Accessed 08.26.10 jfs
In 1946, the Luce...post-Civil Rights era.
Thus—those moments of victory are taken back—coopted in exchange for minority support of elite policy
demands that cannot last. The most resistant elements of movements will either be bought off or brutally
suppressed
Delgado – Law Professor @ University of Colorado-Boulder – 2002
(Richard, “Explaining the Rise and Fall of African American Fortunes: Interest Convergence and Civil
Rights Gains,” Review of Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American
Democracy, Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Volume 37 [37 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 369],
pp. 369-387 at 376-7) jfs
Dudziak impressively demonstrates...was largely lost.

Biometrics
The United States Federal Government should not require biometric identifiers of
applicants for topical visas.
Contention 1: Ghostface Killah
Technological identification has become the centerpiece of security policy at the

border. Biometric identification is the U.S.’s primary tool to secure its citizens against
the imminent threat of the stranger, creating a risk-society focused on managing
anxieties.
Ceyhan, Director of GEEST, 08 [Ayse, Surveilance and Society Vol. 5, Issue 2, “Technologization of
Security: Management of Uncertainty and Risk in the Age of Biometrics” Group of Studies and Expertise
of Security and Technology, http://www.surveillance-and-society.org]
Often assumed as a consequence … untouchable power.
Risk-society creates the citizen as neurotic, displacing personal responsibility to the

state. The need for security predetermines our relationship to alterity.
Isin, prof of social science @ Calumet College, 04 [Engin, Citizenship Studies, Vol 8, No. 3, “The Neurotic
Citizen”]
As is well known, Foucault … the neurotic citizen, neuropower and neuropolitics.
Specifically, biometric identification determines future risks through expert

calculation and scientific rationality. Decisions of hospitality are made for us, through
identification of ‘risky’ persons.
Aas, University of Oslo , Norway, 06 [Katja Franko, Crime Media Culture vol. 2, “‘The body does not lie’:
Identity, Risk, and Trust in Technoculture”]
It would be wrong, though, … correspond to computer programmes.
The objectivity of biometric information predetermines to whom our responsibility

lies, destroying ethical decision making.
Derrida, Director of Studies at the School for Advanced Study in the Social Sciences, 1995
(Gift of Death, trans. David Willis).
To "subordinate responsibility to … for freedom and for decision.
This certainty of knowledge promotes governance at a distance which makes violence
necessary in order to maintain our current lifestyle. The immigrant becomes the easy
target on which to displace our anxieties, recreating cycles of violent exclusion.
Bigo, prof of PoliSci @ Institute of Political Studies at Paris, 02 [Didier, “Security and Immigration: Toward
a Critique of the Governmentality of Unease” Questia]
The present period is interesting … (so-identified) or groups at risk. (70)
The United States Federal Government should not require biometric identifiers of
applicants for employment-based immigrant visas, nonimmigrant temporary worker
visas, family-based visas, and human trafficking-based visas.
Contention 2: The Method, Man
Removing biometric identifiers is an essential step in opening a space for ethical

orientation of hospitality to an anonymous Other. Instead of classifying migrants as
‘unsafe,’ the aff embraces the possibility of hospitality to overcome our
vulnerabilities.
Kordvani, Melbourne Law School, 07 [Amir, April, “Hospitality, Politics of Mobility, and the Movement of
Service Suppliers under the GATS” http://ssrn.com/abstract=980864]
The second paradox of hospitality… on borders, names as borders.123
By making ourselves hostage to the needs of the guest, the plan reshapes moral,
spatial, and political conceptions that transform politics.
Bernard-Donals, 2005—Michael, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Difficult Freedom: Levinas,

Language, and Politics, Diacritics
Is a politics founded in an … hosts, hostages, and guests.
More Bernard Donals
Needed to change security
<new card>
our response to the call of the other is a priori—we must reject totalizing theories that recourse to
appropriative thinking
Grob 1999—Leonard, professor of philosophy at Farleigh Dickinson University, Ethics After the
Holocaust, p. 8-11
This face-to-face encounter is… simply not good enough!
Biometrics
Biometrics Aff – Most Recent Version (District 5 Tournament)
Contention One – Inherency –
Under the promise of security and objectivity, the US requires biometric data
collection for all visa applicants.
State Department 10 (US Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Modified 8/13/10
“Biometrics,” http://travel.state.gov/visa/immigrants/info/info_1336.html)
The United States...re-considered without prejudice.
Biometrics are used to decide visa eligibility.

State Department 10 (“Amendment to the Biometric Visa Program,”
6/25, http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2010,0708-biometric.shtm)
This public notice…the United States.
Plan - The United States Federal Government ought to remove the collection of biometric identifiers from
the documentation requirements used to decide beneficiary eligibility for the topically designated visas
issued by the United States Federal Government.
Contention Two – Racism -
Biometrics perpetuate global inequality by disproportionately targeting groups perceived as foreign and
increasing the costs of global migration for lesser developed countries.
Thomas 5 (Rebekah, Associate Policy Officer, Global Commission on International Migration,
“Biometrics, international migrants and human rights,” Global Migration Perspectives, No. 17,
January, http://www.gcim.org/gmp/Global%20Migration%20Perspectives%20No%2017.pdf)
Existing evidence demonstrates...ever more impenetrable.38
Collection of biometric identifiers for the topically designated visas reproduces a silent system of
whiteness – continued development, application and rationalization for this program authorizes unlimited
violence.
Browne 9 (Simone, Associate Professor of Sociology and African American Studies at University of
Texas-Austin, “Digital Epidermalization: Race, Identity and Biometrics,” Critical Sociology, 36(1)
How can epidermalization...neo-pastoral governance practices.
Racism is the foundation of all warfare and genocide – their DA scenarios are all inevitable in a world in
which we fail to challenge the state’s use of racism as a means to motivate violence.
Mendieta 2 (Eduardo, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, San Francisco, “To make live and to Let Die p-
Foucault on Racism,” APA Central Division Meeting – Chicago, 4/25,
http://www.sunysb.edu/philosophy/faculty/emendieta/articles/foucault.pdf)
I have thus...biological in nature.
Its try or die for the affirmative – we must tear down the walls of racism.
Barndt 91 (Joseph, Co-Director of Crossroads Ministries, Dismantling Racism, p. 155)
To study racism...it to continue.
Contention Three – The State of Exception -

Biometric visas constitute us all as individual security threats to the State, allowing the sovereign to
globalize war as a permanent condition. Individual resistance is not enough to strike at the heart of this
biopolitical relationship that that allows the indefinite suspension of oversight and accountability.
Gates 8 (Kelly, Assistant Professor of Communication at University of California-San Diego, “Biometric
Registration: The Liquidation of US Democracy?” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 5(2)
Giorgio Agamben’s decision...been effectively suspended.
Lack of public debate about biometric visas is precisely what unleashes the state of exception through
surveillance. We must actualize protection against biometrics in order to resist the racialized and
militarized subjugation that has become routinized in everyday life.
Yadav 9 (Vikash, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Hobart and William Smith Colleges,
“Biometrics and Biopolitics,” August 18, http://afghannotebook.blogspot.com/2009/08/biometrics-and-
biopolitics.html)
One of the...even at home.
Biopolitics requires the elimination of all possible threats by mobilizing the population to ensure the
preservation of our way of life – the logical endpoint of this double sided thinking is extinction of entire
populations.
Hoffman 7 (Kasper, International Development Studies at Roskilde University, Militarised Bodies and
Spirits of Resistance, http://diggy.ruc.dk:8080/bitstream/1800/2766/4/z2.pdf)
In modern processes…other inassimilable elements.
Contention Four – Securitization
Biometrics represent a unique nexus of industry and intelligence that creates products touted as the
solution to international security and terrorism. Such efforts allow the unsolicited collection of information
to be compared to watch lists, even though such identities may have no dangerous affiliation whatsoever.
Zureik 4 (Elia, Professor Emeritus of Sociology at Queen’s University (Canada), with Contribution from
Karen Hindle, “Governance, Security and Technology: The Case of Biometrics,” Studies in Political
Economy, Vol. 73, Spring/Summer)
Promoting Biometrics: The...other transportation employees.
Even if biometrics themselves don’t threaten immigrants, the perception created renders the individual
subservient to the idea of national security. This paves the way for more unthinkable invasions by the
State under the guise of security.
Thomas 5 (Rebekah, Associate Policy Officer, Global Commission on International Migration,
“Biometrics, international migrants and human rights,” Global Migration Perspectives, No. 17,
January, http://www.gcim.org/gmp/Global%20Migration%20Perspectives%20No%2017.pdf)
The driving force behind...this overriding priority.
Securitization creates a cycle of limitless use of violence, makes war a permanent feature of politics, and
alienates us from the world.
Burke 7 (“Ontologies of War,” Theory and Event, 10(2))
In his Politics...such an injury...39
Contention Five – Solvency -
Political action and public debate is critical to restoring accountability for the use of biometrics – this is the
only way to provide comprehensive solutions to the problems biometrics are meant to solve.
Petermann et al 6 (Thomas, Arnold Sauter and Constanze Scherz, “Biometrics at the Borders: The
Challenges of a Political Technology,” International Review of Law Computers and Technology, 20 (1/2)
The path of the...citizens are necessary.
Demands on the State are critical to reconstituting citizenship and resisting biopower.
Campbell 98 (David, professor of international politics at the University of Newcastle, Writing Security:
United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, pg. 204-205)
The political possibilities...identity is articulated.”
A public commitment to oppose biometrics is critical to stopping the combined power of corporations and
the national security state that threatens to impose repressive subjugation. Now is the key time – full
imposition of biometrics will undermine the scope for effective opposition.
Clarke 1 (Roger, Visiting Fellow, Department of Computer Science, Australian National University,
“Biometrics and Privacy,” 4/15, http://www.rogerclarke.com/DV/Biometrics.html)
Biometrics is one...be drastically reduced.
Iowa Quarters -
Alternate Version of Plan
The United States Federal Government should ban the collection of biometric identifiers from the
documentation requirements used to decide beneficiary eligibility for the topically designated visas issued
by the United States Federal Government.
Wake Round #1 -
vs. KU KP
Judge: Jessica Johnson
The United States Federal Government should remove the collection of biometric identifiers from the
documentation requirements used to decide beneficiary eligibility for the topically designated visas issued
by the United States Federal Government.
Under the promise of security and objectivity, the US requires biometric data collection for all visa
applicants.
State Department 10
US Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Modified 8/13/10
“Biometrics,” http://travel.state.gov/visa/immigrants/info/info_1336.html
Contention Two – Racism -
Thomas 5
Rebekah, Associate Policy Officer, Global Commission on International Migration, “Biometrics,
international migrants and human rights,” Global Migration Perspectives, No. 17,
January, http://www.gcim.org/gmp/Global%20Migration%20Perspectives%20No%2017.pdf
Biometrics are structurally calibrated to record the white identity – non-white identity is cast into the realm
of irregularity or glitch. This classification of identity around a norm of whiteness underpins the
hierarchical construction of race that renders certain bodies unimportant and thus non-representable.
Pugliese 7
Joseph, Associate Professor in the Dept of Critical and Cultural Studies, Macquarie University, (Australia),
“Biometrics, Infrastructural Whiteness, and the Racialized Zero Degree of Nonrepresentation,” boundary
2, 34(2)
In order to...scanning of subjects.
Mendieta 2
Eduardo, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, San Francisco, “To make live and to Let Die p- Foucault on
Racism,” APA Central Division Meetinf – Chicago, April 25th, 2002,
http://www.sunysb.edu/philosophy/faculty/emendieta/articles/foucault.pdfI have thus...biological in nature.
Its try or die for the affirmative – we must tear down the walls of racism
Barndt 91
Joseph, Co-Director of Crossroads Ministries, Dismantling Racism, p. 155
Contention Three – The State of Exception -
Biometric visas constitute us all as individual security threats to the State, allowing the sovereign to
globalize war as a permanent condition. Individual resistance is not enough to strike at the heart of this
biopolitical relationship that that allows the indefinite suspension of oversight and accountability.
Gates 8
Kelly, Assistant Professor of Communication at University of California-San Diego, “Biometric
Registration: The Liquidation of US Democracy?” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 5(2)
Giorgio Agamben’s decision...been effectively suspended.
Lack of public debate about biometric visas is precisely what unleashes the state of exception through
surveillance. We must actualize protection against biometrics in order to resist the racialized and
militarized subjugation that has become routinized in everyday life.
Yadav 9
Vikash, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Hobart and William Smith Colleges, “Biometrics and
Biopolitics,” August 18, http://afghannotebook.blogspot.com/2009/08/biometrics-and-biopolitics.html
One of the...even at home.
Biopolitics requires the elimination of all possible threats by mobilizing the population to ensure the
preservation of our way of life – the logical endpoint of this double sided thinking is extinction of entire
populations.
Hoffman 7
Kasper, International Development Studies at Roskilde University, Militarised Bodies and Spirits of
Resistance, http://diggy.ruc.dk:8080/bitstream/1800/2766/4/z2.pdf
In modern processes…other inassimilable elements.
Contention Four – Solvency -
Petermann et al 6
Thomas, Arnold Sauter and Constanze Scherz, “Biometrics at the Borders: The Challenges of a Political
Technology,” International Review of Law Computers and Technology, 20 (1/2)
Campbell 98
David, professor of international politics at the University of Newcastle, Writing Security: United States
Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, pg. 204-205
Clarke 1
Roger, Visiting Fellow, Department of Computer Science, Australian National University, “Biometrics and
Privacy,” 4/15, http://www.rogerclarke.com/DV/Biometrics.html
Wake Update
Most Recent Plan Text – The United States Federal Government should remove the collection of biometric
identifiers from the documentation requirements used to decide beneficiary eligibility for the topically designated
visas issued by the United States Federal Government.
Northwestern Round #6 –
Vs. New School
Judge: Donny Peters
Intersectionality Advantage
Though represented at race-neutral, biometrics buy directly into the problematic assumption of identity being
biological – such assumptions must be questioned to avoid reinscription of dangerous stereotypes through
attempts to make suspect bodies visible.
Magnet 7
Shoshana, PhD candidate, Institute of Communications Research at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign,
“Are Biometrics Race-Neutral,”
6/5, http://www.anonequity.org/weblog/archives/2007/06/are_biometrics_raceneutral.php
Biometrics regularly are…called into question.
Oppressions are interlocking and support the system of power that makes nuclear war inevitable.
LaBalme, activist, 2002
(Fen, Activism.net, “Activism: Pease: NVCD: Discrimination,”
2002, http://www.activism.net/peace/nvcdh/discrimination.shtml, accessed July 2, 2009, GD).
In this action… treat each other.
Acknowledging the intersection of race-sex relationship is key to solving hierarchies and domination.
Caldwell 91 [PAULETTE M. CALDWELL, * Professor of Law, New York University, April, 1991 (Duke Law Journal, p.
lexis)]
There is clearly…r,ace-sex interaction.
(T) Answers
Biometric data is the most visible service used determine visa eligibility.
DHS Accessed 10 (*US-VISIT stands for the United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology*)
Department of Homeland Security, “US-VISIT,” Accessed 8/18, http://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/usv.shtm
US-VISIT supports …simple, convenient and secure.
Biometrics adjudicate eligibility versus ineligibility.

Department of State 10
“Amendment to the Biometric Visa Program,” 6/25, http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2010,0708-
biometric.shtm
This public notice…the United States.
Counterinterpretation – eligibility is determined on the basis of documentation used to render a final decision by
Consular Officers.
Immihelp.com Accessed 10
Private Immigration Service Company, accessed 7/25, http://www.immihelp.com/visas/refusal.html
Finding reason for denial
If yours or…of the law.
We meet – biometrics are documentation used to render a final decision on visa applicants– that’s the 1AC State
Department evidence.
State Department 10
In the Enhanced...the United States.
Politics Answers
Political predictions are flawed; Their statements are based on advancing ideology rather than giving an accurate
description
Menand 5, Professor of English and American Literature at Harvard (Louis, “Everyone’s an Expert,” NEW
YORKER http://www.newyorker.com/critics/books/articles/051205crbo_books1)
Tetlock also has…Think for yourself.
Reject their creation of politics: it’s based on the privileging of elite interests to the detriment of those whose
voices aren’t backed up by economic power
Fitzgerald 96 (Keith, Professor of Political Science at New College of Florida, The Face of the Nation: Immigration,
the State, and the National Identity, pg. 7-8 AD: 7-2-09) JL
The pluralists present…voices were silenced.
Their use of the news media to report about the undertakings of political parties and elected representatives
marginalizes counter-hegemonic struggles by supporting the view that power is only exercised at the level of
government. Their representations of politics reinforces the status quo, blocks effective social change and
forecloses democratic participation.
Kevin Howley, Associate Professor of Media Studies at DePauw University, 2k8 “Democracy Now! Decolonising US
News Media,” Transformations, Issue
16, http://www.transformationsjournal.org/journal/issue_16/article_05.shtml
Nevertheless, journalistic objectivity…undocumented workers themselves.
Northwestern R6
vs. New School GP
Judge: Donny Peters
Andrew and I advocate eliminating biometric identifiers in visas.
Northwestern R4
vs. Texas CM
Judge: Jackie Massey
The Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches of the United States

located in Washington, D.C. should remove the collection of biometric
identifiers from the documentation requirements used to decide beneficiary
eligibility for the topically designated visas issued by the Executive,
Legislative and Judicial branches of the United States located in
Washington, D.C.
Northwestern R1
vs. Georgia DR
Judge: Brian Severson
The United States Federal Government should remove the collection of

biometric identifiers from the documentation requirements used to decide
beneficiary eligibility for the topically designated visas issued by the United
States Federal Government.
University of Norther Iowa Tournament

Rnd 1
V. Illinois State DM
Judge: Jason Regnier

Under the promise of security and objectivity, the US requires biometric data collection for all visa
applicants.
State Department 10
Expanded use of biometrics are at the center of immigration reform proposals – legislation won’t pass
without it – these will be used to identify all eligible workers in the US.
Leonard 10
Bill, Senior Writer for Society for Human Resources Management, “Biometric Identity Card Called
Essential to Immigration Reform,”
3/16, http://www.shrm.org/Publications/HRNews/Pages/BiometricEssentialReform.aspx
Interest is growing....according to Graham.
Contention Two – Racism –

We’ll isolate three internal links –
First is Deportation –
Homeland Security will identify 95 percent of those deemed ‘illegal immigrants’ as it expands biometrics
nationwide. This connects the drug war with immigration debates, spilling over to justify racism and
deportation of the entire immigrant population.
Phillip 10
Joshua, Epoch Times Staff, “DHS Plans to Expand Secure Communities Nationwide,”
8/18, http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/41155/
The Department of Homeland Security....immigration reform,” he said.
Second is Whiteness –
Biometrics are structurally calibrated to record the white identity – non-white identity is cast into the realm
of irregularity or glitch. This classification of identity around a norm of whiteness underpins the
hierarchical construction of race that renders certain bodies unimportant and thus non-representable.
Pugliese 7
Joseph, Associate Professor in the Dept of Critical and Cultural Studies, Macquarie University, (Australia),
“Biometrics, Infrastructural Whiteness, and the Racialized Zero Degree of Nonrepresentation,” boundary
2, 34(2)
In order to...scanning of subjects.
Third is Inequality –
Thomas 5
Rebekah, Associate Policy Officer, Global Commission on International Migration, “Biometrics,
international migrants and human rights,” Global Migration Perspectives, No. 17,
January, http://www.gcim.org/gmp/Global%20Migration%20Perspectives%20No%2017.pdf
Next, the impacts –

Mendieta 2
Eduardo, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, San Francisco, “To make live and to Let Die p- Foucault on
Racism,” APA Central Division Meetinf – Chicago, April 25th, 2002,
http://www.sunysb.edu/philosophy/faculty/emendieta/articles/foucault.pdf
I have thus...biological in nature.
Rejecting racism is a moral imperative that outweighs all other impacts – conflict and destruction are
inevitable within a society that allows it.
Memmi 2k
Albert, Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ U of Paris, Naiteire, Racism, Translated by Steve Martinot, p.
163-165
The struggle against....stakes are irresistible.
THUS THE PLAN:

The United States Federal Government should prohibit the collection of biometric data as a
means of determining beneficiary eligibility for its employment-based immigrant visas,
nonimmigrant temporary worker visas, family visas and human trafficking-based visas.
Contention Three – Solvency –
Clarke 1
Roger, Visiting Fellow, Department of Computer Science, Australian National University, “Biometrics and
Privacy,” 4/15, http://www.rogerclarke.com/DV/Biometrics.html
Petermann et al 6
Thomas, Arnold Sauter and Constanze Scherz, “Biometrics at the Borders: The Challenges of a Political
Technology,” International Review of Law Computers and Technology, 20 (1/2)
Campbell 98
David, professor of international politics at the University of Newcastle, Writing Security: United States
Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, pg. 204-205
Finally, its try or die for the affirmative – we must tear down the walls of racism
Barndt 91
Joseph, Co-Director of Crossroads Ministries, Dismantling Racism, p. 155
The FK/Others
L1 Visas
Contention One: Inherency
India’s government and India’s IT industry are expecting a timely response from the
U.S. on its new Visa Fees and their direct impact trade between the two countries
Sharma September 2010, comments by India’s Commerce minister
Anand Sharma. “India expresses concern about US trade policies,” Published
on Wed, Sep 22, 2010 at 19:46, Updated at Thu, Sep 23, 2010 at 09:43,
Source: Moneycontrol.com
After the Indo-US trade policy forum held at Washington DC on Tuesday which
discussed the trade and investment relations between the two countries, commerce
minister Anand **Sharma** conveyed India’s displeasure over the recent
protectionist moves by the US.
“Protectionism kills growth and innovation. In order to ensure that we continue our
high growth trajectories, we have to be strong to resist domestic calls and pressures
to increase barriers to trade.”
Sharma also said he has seriously registered India's viewpoint, as well as concerns
of the Indian IT industry. He hopes that responses from the US will be timely and
appropriate.
Restrictions, he said directly impact the Indian software companies and increase
costs by millions of dollars.
The state of Ohio has banned offshore outsourcing, and the US government has hiked
the visa fees for professionals. Sharma also discussed the issue of a totalisation
agreement, under which Indians on short-term jobs would not have to pay social security
tax in the US.
US/India relations at all time low: Indian Companies have sent letters to the US
Ambassador to India requesting a change for Indians coming to work in the US with
visas
Economic Times November 4, 2010, “US consulates rejecting many more B1, L1, H1
business visas,” 4 Nov, 2010, 12.27PM IST, Sujit John & Mini Joseph Tejaswi, accessed
via http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/US-consulates-rejecting-many-more-
B1-L1-H1-business-visas/articleshow/6869033.cms
BANGALORE: US protectionism is assuming a new, and perhaps a more insidious

and indirect, form. US consulates in the country are said to be rejecting many more
business visas (B1, L1, H1) over these past few months than earlier and visa interviews
are bordering on interrogations. Indian IT companies say there is also greater
aggression among immigration personnel at US airports towards Indians who come
to the US on valid business visas, with several professionals being even deported.
The situation has reached such a pass that IT industry body Nasscom has been
forced to intervene. Nasscom has written a letter to the US ambassador in India,
Timothy Roemer , raising the concerns. When contacted, Nasscom declined to give
details, but said it had received complaints from member-companies and had taken the
issue up “appropriately” with the US embassy in New Delhi. The letter is said to have
pointed out that the firms affected are all “perfectly good companies” which have “met
all guidelines”. Nasscom said it had also conveyed the matter to the Indian government .
Whether it will come up in discussions with US President Barack Obama when he visits
India later this week remains to be seen.
Almost every major IT company, including some US MNCs in India, is said to have
experienced one or more of these problems. But few wanted to come on record for
fear of being victimized. As one said, “We have not even appealed to the US consulate
on visa harassment for fear we will put our entire pipeline of visas at risk.”
Pratik Kumar, executive VP for HR in Wipro, said Nasscom represents the concerns of
the industry and “hence what they are taking up with the authorities is an expression of
concern that is prevailing across the industry”.
A senior official in one of India’s biggest BPO companies, who did not want her name or
her company’s name to be mentioned, narrated a nasty experience their employees went
through. In one instance , a group of about 5-6 employees that had landed in New
York to undergo 6 weeks training at a new client’s location, was taken to a separate
room and put through what she describes as “third-degree questioning” .
“They were told they were lying, that all that was written in their documents was
fake. They were told that if they signed a letter stating that the company had sent
them on an illegal visa, they would be allowed to go without any adverse recording
about them. Eventually, they all withdrew their application to enter the US and
came back,” she said.
The fact that the incident took place in a New York airport was of particular concern, the
official said. “New York and others like Los Angeles have been liberal airports, unlike
Philadelphia, Chicago that have been conservative ports. But now it looks like the
Philadelphia attitude is spreading to the other ports of entry,” she said.
In another instance narrated by a major company, a group of its young employees who
went together to the US embassy in Delhi for the visa interview were put in separate
rooms and asked questions like “What is your company planning?” and threatening them
with a “99-year ban” on travelling to the US. “They were all denied visas,” an official of
the company said.
Therefore we propose the following plan:

The United States Federal Government should substantially expand beneficiary
eligibility for L-1 visas by eliminating all fees related to the L-visas. We reserve the
right to clarify.
Advantage One: Protectionism

Current L 1 Visa fees are viewed as a Protectionist policy by the international
community and by the most populous democracy in the world.
THE TIMES INDIA AUGUST 2010, “India may drag US to WTO for hiking H-1B visa
fee,” accessed via
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1725:http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-
business/India-may-drag-US-to-WTO-for-hiking-H-1B-visa-
fee/articleshow/6325497.cms http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-
business/India-may-drag-US-to-WTO-for-hiking-H-1B-visa-
fee/articleshow/6325497.cms ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1725
India may drag US to the **W**orld **T**rade **O**rganisation for its new
"protectionist" move in hiking **professional visa** fees, a step that will make Indian
IT companies less competitive in the American market.
The fee hike is expected to cost Indian companies, mainly IT outsourcing firms, about
USD 200 million annually.
India "cannot keep quiet" on an issue that hurts its commercial interests,
**Commerce Secretary** **Rahul Khullar** said today, making it clear that moving
the **WTO** on the matter is being considered seriously.
"Yes this (visa fee hike) is WTO incompatible... I will take up the matter under
advisement," Khullar told reporters when asked if India was considering to drag the US
to WTO on the issue.
Protesting the American move, **Commerce and Industry Minister** **Anand

Sharma** wrote to the **US Trade** **Representative** **Ron Kirk** last week
saying that the **visa fee hike** would cost Indian firms USD 200 million a year,
making them less competitive.
Khullar said the hike in H-1B and L-1 visa fees is a protectionist move that would
also hurt the US interest.
"If the US wishes to put up its protectionist barriers to hurt itself let them do it. But where
a measure is specifically targetting my commercial interest I cannot keep quiet," the
Secretary said.
By raising visa fees the U.S. is creating a new kind of Protectionism and Protectionism
will spark trade wars-history proves.
Wadhwa April 2009, Vivek Wadhwa is a visiting scholar at University of California-
Berkeley, senior research associate at Harvard Law School, and director of research at the
Center for Entrepreneurship and Research Commercialization at Duke University.
“America's Perilous Anti-Immigrant Protectionism: By erecting immigration barriers to
protect knowledge workers, the U.S. is resurrecting a ghost of the Depression-era Smoot-
Hawley tariff,”
http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/apr2009/tc20090415_771803.htm
As unemployment rises and the recession deepens, advocating skilled immigration has
become fraught with risk. In the past two months, Kauffman Foundation has published
two of my reports outlining how U.S. immigration policy is chasing away talented
foreigners who had previously served as a backbone for U.S. science innovation. I have
received more than 1,000 e-mails attacking me for my views and disparaging my race
and heritage. Some have threatened to do me harm.
The xenophobia reflected by these attacks and recent public discourse is a dangerous
indication of a political climate and attitude shift that threaten our economy. The U.S. is
sliding toward a new kind of protectionism, one that seeks to preserve knowledge-
worker jobs by shutting out skilled immigrants. This protectionism could be every
bit as devastating to the U.S. as the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, which boosted tariffs
to record levels, sparked a trade war, and ravaged world trade during the Great
Depression. In the knowledge economy, production of intellectual property is the
highest-valued good, helping create great jobs and strong growth. Erecting
immigration barriers, political or cultural, to protect knowledge workers is nothing
more than IP Protectionism, a modern-day version of Smoot-Hawley.
And, Protectionism causes trade wars and history proves that trade wars escalate into
shooting wars.
Miller and Elwood 1988, Vincent H. Miller is the founder and President of the
International Society for Individual Liberty And James R. Elwood is Vice-President of
the International Society for Individual Liberty. Accessed via
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protectionism.html#author http://www.isil.org/resources/lit/free-trade-
protectionism.html#author ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1726
When the government of Country "A" puts up trade barriers against the goods of
country "B," the government of country "B" will naturally retaliate by erecting
trade barriers against the goods of Country "A." The result? A trade war in which
both sides lose. But all too often a depressed economy is not the only negative
outcome of a trade war.
History is not lacking in examples of cold trade wars escalating into hot shooting
wars:
• Europe suffered from almost non-stop wars during the 17th and 18th centuries,
when restrictive trade policy (mercantilism) was the rule; rival governments
fought each other to expand their empires and to exploit captive markets.
• British tariffs provoked the American colonists to revolution, and later the
Northern-dominated US government imposed restrictions on Southern cotton
exports – a major factor leading to the American Civil War.
• In the late 19th Century, after a half century of general free trade (which brought a
half-century of peace), short-sighted politicians throughout Europe again began
erecting trade barriers. Hostilities built up until they eventually exploded into
World War I.
• In 1930, facing only a mild recession, US President Hoover ignored warning pleas in
a petition by 1028 prominent economists and signed the notorious Smoot-
Hawley Act, which raised some tariffs to 100% levels. Within a year, over 25
other governments had retaliated by passing similar laws. The result? World
trade came to a grinding halt, and the entire world was plunged into the "Great
Depression" for the rest of the decade. The depression in turn led to World
War II.
Impact:
The current increase of Protectionism will lead to long simmering resentments
between America and China, China and Taiwan, and Israel and Iran to erupt into a
New World War.
Panzer 2007, Michael Panzer, “FINANCIAL ARMAGEDDON: Protecting Your Future
from Four Impending Catastrophes,” p. 137-138. Published by Kaplan Publishing, a
division of Kaplan, Inc.
Authorities and ordinary citizens will likely scrutinize the cross-border movement of
Americans and outsiders alike, and lawmakers may even call for a general crackdown on
nonessential travel. Meanwhile, many nations will make transporting or sending funds to
other countries exceedingly difficult. As desperate officials try to limit the fallout from
decades of ill-conceived, corrupt, and reckless policies, they will introduce controls on
foreign exchange. Foreign individuals and companies seeking to acquire certain
American infrastructure assets, or trying to buy property and other assets on the cheap
thanks to a rapidly depreciating dollar, will be stymied by limits on investment by
noncitizens. Those efforts will cause spasms to ripple across economies and markets,
disrupting global payment, settlement, and clearing mechanisms. All of this will, of
course, continue to undermine business confidence and consumer spending.
In a world of lockouts and lockdowns, any link that transmits systemic financial pressures
across markets through arbitrage or portfolio-based risk management, or that allows
diseases to be easily spread from one country to the next by tourists and wildlife, or that
otherwise facilitates unwelcome exchanges of any kind will be viewed with suspicion and
dealt with accordingly. The rise in isolationism and protectionism will bring about
ever more heated arguments and dangerous confrontations over shared sources of
oil, gas, and other key commodities as well as factors of production that must, out of
necessity, be acquired from less-than-friendly nations. Whether involving raw
materials used in strategic industries or basic necessities such as food, water, and energy,
efforts to secure adequate supplies will take increasing precedence in a world where
demand seems constantly out of kilter with supply.
Disputes over the misuse, overuse, and pollution of the environment and natural
resources will become more commonplace. Around the world, such tensions will
give rise to full-scale military encounters, often with minimal provocation. In some
instances, economic conditions will serve as a convenient pretext for conflicts that
stem from cultural and religious differences. Alternatively, nations may look to
divert attention away from domestic problems by channeling frustration and
populist sentiment toward other countries and cultures. Enabled by cheap technology
and the waning threat of American retribution, terrorist groups will likely boost the
frequency and scale of their horrifying attacks, bringing the threat of random violence to
a whole new level. Turbulent conditions will encourage aggressive saber rattling and
interdictions by rogue nations running amok. Age-old clashes will also take on a new,
more heated sense of urgency. China will likely assume an increasingly belligerent
posture toward Taiwan, while Iran may embark on overt colonization of its
neighbors in the Mideast. Israel, for its part, may look to draw a dwindling list of
allies from around the world into a growing number of conflicts.
Some observers, like John Mearsheimer, a political scientist at the University of Chicago,
have even speculated that an “intense confrontation” between the United States and
China is “inevitable” at some point. More than a few disputes will turn out to be almost
wholly ideological. Growing cultural and religious differences will be transformed from
wars of words to battles soaked in blood. Long-simmering resentments could also
degenerate quickly, spurring the basest of human instincts and triggering genocidal
acts. Terrorists employing biological or nuclear weapons will vie with conventional
forces using jets, cruise missiles, and bunker-busting bombs to cause widespread
destruction. Many will interpret stepped-up conflicts between Muslims and Western
societies as the beginnings of a new world war.
As events unfold, unsettling geopolitical tensions and the continuing economic collapse
will weigh heavily on the familiar routines of everyday life, forcing many Americans to
wonder when, or if, it will ever end!
Advantage Two: India

As long as trade relations remain strong between India and the US, the US will be
capable of having enough political capital to dissuade a nuclear conflict between India
and Pakistan
Gupta and Leather 2002, Amit Gupta is a Consultant in South Asian Affairs Foreign
Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, Kaia Leather is an Analyst in Foreign Affairs,
Defense, and Trade Division
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http://www.iwar.org.uk/news-archive/crs/13390.pdf ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1727 ]
Until the September 11 attacks on the U.S., however, in terms of U.S. global strategy,
South Asia tended to be of lower interest to the United States than the Middle East or
East Asia. U.S. forces in Asia are concentrated in South Korea and Japan with a focus on
potential hot spots along the Korean Demilitarized Zone and the Taiwan Straits. Pakistan
became a front-line state for the United States only because of the campaign in
Afghanistan. In the absence of the war on terrorism, there would be few strategic
resources for the United States in the region, nor are there strong historical, cultural, or
ethnic ties to it. Should the war on terror move away from South Asia, American interest
in the region could wane. Furthermore, despite market reforms by both India and
Pakistan, the volume of U.S. trade with and investments in these countries remains
relatively low. In other geopolitical contexts, however, such as U.S. relations with
China, the focus on India and Pakistan could intensify, depending on circumstances.
The ability of the U.S. government to generate the domestic political support
necessary to intervene in South Asian affairs or for India and Pakistan to accede to
U.S. influence tends to be greatest in crisis situations – such as the one that currently
exists. Over the longer term, however, the United States could find it difficult to maintain
the type of long-term political and military commitment to South Asia that it has
maintained for other regions, such as East Asia or the Middle East.
Currently, the policy options for the United States to deal with the Kashmir conflict
seem to be to reduce tensions between India and Pakistan, to encourage an ongoing
dialogue and confidence building measures between the two countries, and to work to
reduce terrorism in the region and worldwide. Since much of the current tension has
arisen because of alleged incursions from Pakistan across the LOC, an important step in
reducing tensions might involve some type of monitoring of the LOC in Kashmir. A
system would be required that would allow India to present proof of reported incursions
but also enable Pakistan to reject any false claims of infiltrations. Airborne or satellite
surveillance would be nonintrusive and could help both countries make their cases.
Another possibility would be to expand the United Nation’s presence in South Asia to
include monitoring the LOC. Currently, India opposes an expanded UN role, as noted
above.
India’s government is frustrated by an increase of Visa Fees because these fees inhibit
free-trade and will cost India’s IT Sector hundreds of millions of dollars.
Jacob in September of 2010, (Jayanth, Reporter, New Delhi, September 10, 2010,
Hindustan Times, “Govt to protest 'protectionism',”
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1728:http://www.hindustantimes.com/Govt-to-protest-
protectionism/H1-Article1-598263.aspx http://www.hindustantimes.com/Govt-to-protest-
protectionism/H1-Article1-598263.aspx ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1728 )
The Ohio ban on offshore outsourcing sparked strong reactions here on Thursday,
prompting India to voice its protest against US "protectionism" for the second time in a
month. The move, though ridden with America's domestic compulsions with impending
elections to the US Congress, has a direct bearing on India's IT sector and has New Delhi
concerned.
India had been disappointed about the US not conceding to its concerns over a
legislation that raised fees for the two visa categories — H1B and L1 — that IT
companies use to send workers to that country for project work. Indian companies
are expected to incur an additional annual expense of $200 million for this.
Government sources said they would again take up these matters with the US "as
economic relations are a major component in the strategic relationship between the
two countries, and Indian IT companies play an important role in it, including
making considerable investments in the US". On the Ohio ban, NASSCOM said it was
"counter-productive to the US government thrust on reducing public deficit and possibly
lead to an increased tax burden on its citizens".
Infosys and other IT companies also voiced their protest. Government sources said such
decisions amount to "protectionism". "We have to address this irritant and will be taking
up the issue with the US. Our IT companies have substantial investment in the US," a
government source pointed out.
These fees will cost each IT company in India up to 250 million dollars and this will
hurt these companies ability to compete globally
Goyal and Krishnan, August 2010 [Kartik Goyal and Unni Krishnan, 8/10/2010 “India
Expresses Concern on ‘Discriminatory’ U.S. Bill” staff writer Bloomberg News Corp.
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1729:http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-08-10/india-
expresses-concern-on-discriminatory-u-s-bill.html
http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-08-10/india-expresses-concern-on-
discriminatory-u-s-bill.html ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1729
Aug. 10 (Bloomberg) -- India called a proposed U.S. bill that could double visa costs
as “highly discriminatory” and said such a measure will erode the competitiveness
of the nation’s software services companies.
In a letter to U.S. Trade Representative Ron Kirk, India’s Trade Minister Anand Sharma
said the legislation will hurt primarily companies of Indian origin, according to a
statement on the government’s website today. If it becomes law, the bill that was passed
unanimously by the U.S. Senate on Aug. 5 is likely to add $2,000 to fees for companies
with more than half their employees on work visas.
The Senate fee increases are aimed at helping to finance a $600 million effort to boost
security at the U.S.-Mexican border, including the addition of 1,500 guards and other
officials. Sen. Charles Schumer of New York, who sponsored the bill, said the
technology-services companies add to unemployment in the U.S. by outsourcing jobs to
foreign workers.
“Though the need of the U.S. government to strengthen their border security is
understandable, it is inexplicable to our companies to bear the cost of such a highly
discriminatory law,” according to the Indian government statement. Indian
companies account for less than 12 percent of the visas issued in the U.S., it said.
Shares Drop shares of Infosys Technologies Ltd., Tata Consultancy Services Ltd. and
Wipro Ltd. declined in Mumbai trading. Tata Consultancy, the country’s largest, fell 1.7
percent; Infosys, the second-biggest dropped 1.6 percent and Wipro slid 2.1 percent on
the Bombay Stock Exchange, compared with a 0.4 percent loss in the benchmark
Sensitive Index.
Technology companies such as Wipro and Infosys bring skilled workers from overseas,
often from India, into the U.S. to develop software and manage projects for customers in
the country. The bill could cost such companies up to $250 million a year, Som
Mittal, president of Nasscom, a trade association for Indian information-technology
companies, said Aug. 6.
The majority of U.S. workers for the India-based companies are in the U.S. on what are
known as H-1B and L-1 visas, the companies say in regulatory filings. The law wouldn’t
affect U.S. technology companies such as International Business Machines Corp.,
Microsoft Corp. and Google Inc. since less than half their workers use work visas.
The United States must make the first step to strengthen Indo/Pak relations—its key
to economic growth for India and the United States
Financial Times Novenmber 2010 (By Mansoor Ijaz Why India needs an Obama plan
for Pakistan, Published: November 8 2010 22:17 | Last updated: November 8 2010 22:17
Financial Times)
Barack Obama reminded his Indian hosts of this reality on Monday as he addressed
India’s parliament. The US president made clear that security is the cornerstone of
sustainable economic growth in free societies, acknowledging that his own ambitions
for the American economy would remain unfulfilled until countries such as India
could grow without the fear of instability and havoc that terrorists sow.
In the months ahead, a realistic blueprint needs to be drafted that provides an open security
architecture for the region. For Pakistan is a country that can no longer manage the
monsters it has created. Mr Obama’s first step should be to bring key Indian and
Pakistani army and intelligence officials together so they can candidly discuss the
technical issues that divide them and frame co-operative plans that minimise distrust,
maximise bilateral exchanges on countering terrorism and clear a pathway for the
private and public sectors of both countries to work freely with each other. There are many hard-
working, honest, apolitical men and women of goodwill at the upper echelons of both the Indian
and Pakistani command structures who would welcome such an opening if America could take
the lead role.
Such co-operation would reduce stress not only along the Indo-Pakistani border,
enabling those resources to be spent elsewhere in stabilising Pakistan, but also in
Afghanistan, where Islamabad perceives an Indian effort to squeeze it out of a
traditional power base. Defusing mistrust here is critical. As a confidence-building measure,
India could for example ask Pakistan’s military to join its own in training the new Afghan army.
Manmohan Singh, India’s prime minister, should take the next step by offering a robust bilateral
trade pact between India and Pakistan in order to help stabilise Pakistan’s economy. Whatever
his public misgivings about Pakistan’s terrorism record, privately he surely understands what Mr
Sahay did back in 2004 – that the terrorists nurtured by Pakistan are now everyone’s problem.
He should invite Asif Ali Zardari, Pakistan’s president, to a summit in India where trade is at the
centre but counterterrorism co-operation is the foundation. It is likely that Mr Zardari would
gladly accept and accommodate his Indian hosts at every level.
Pakistan could respond to India’s offer of economic revitalisation and political reconciliation by
handing over all those suspected of involvement in the Mumbai attacks a year ago, healing the
political wounds of that terrible day. Gen Ashfaq Kayani, Pakistan’s army chief, could show
good faith to his Indian counterparts by shutting down supply lines to Haqqani terrorist cells in
northern Waziristan where Mumbai-type terrorists plot future attacks. He could also encourage
Pakistani-backed jihadists in Kashmir to back off, helping to break the cycle of violence and
setting the stage for rational talks over Kashmir’s future.
Mr Obama and Mr Singh have achieved much in three days. But much remains to be done. It can
all work if India understands that its fortunes are inextricably linked to the stabilisation and
future prospects of Pakistan, Afghanistan and other countries in the region. America must
play the role of trust-builder and help to heal the divisions in a region home to one
quarter of all humanity.
India is preparing for a nuclear war with Pakistan in the SQ

Muslim Media Network January 2010, written by Zaheerul Hassan
http://muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/, MMN’s mission is to develop a bridge between
Muslims and non-Muslims in the world of media. Through promoting harmony,
pluralism, human dignity and tolerance for differences of opinion, the MMN intends to
achieve its goal to highlight positive stories that help people of different faiths come
together for better mutual understanding.”)
Reliable sources stated that Pakistani authorities have decided to move her forces
from Western to Eastern border. The move of forces would start soon. The decision
has been taken after receiving the threat from Indian Army Chief General Deepak
Kapoor to strike Pakistan on November 22, 2009. Indian Chief warned that a limited
war under a nuclear overhang is still very much a reality at least in the Indian sub-
continent. On November 23, 2009 Pakistan Foreign Office Spokes man Abdul Basit
asked the world community to take notice of remarks passed by the Indian Army Chief.
He also said that India has set the stage and trying to impose a limited war on
Pakistan. There are reports that Indian intelligence agencies have made a plan to hit
some Indian nuke installation, alleging and then striking Pakistan. It is also added
here that India has started purchasing lethal weapons. According to the careful survey a
poor Asian country (India) has spent trillions on purchasing of Naval, Air force and
nuke equipments. Thus, Indian preparation simply dictates that she is preparing for
nuke war. The Kashmir conflicts, water issue, border dispute between China and India,
American presence in Afghanistan, Maoist movements, Indian state terrorism, cold war
between India and regional countries would be contributing factors towards Next third
world war. Indian Chief’s statement by design came a day earlier to Manmohan Singh
visit to USA. The purpose of threatening Pakistan could also be justifying future
Indian attack on Pakistan. Therefore, Islamabad concern is serious in nature since any
Indian misadventure will put the regional peace into stake and would lead both the
country towards nuclear conflict. Islamabad probably conveyed her ally (USA)
regarding danger of limited war against Pakistan; she has to cease her efforts on western
border for repulsing Indian aggression on eastern border. In fact, Indian government and
her army chief made a deliberate try to sabotage global war against terror. In this
connection Pakistan Army Spokesman Major General Athar Abbas time and again said
that India is involved in militancy against Pakistan and her consulates located in
Afghanistan are being used as launching pad. It is worth mentioning here that Pakistan
has deployed more than 100,000 troops on the border with Afghanistan and is
fighting a bloody war against terrorism. Her security forces are busy in elimination
of foreign sponsored militancy.
Impact: Indo/Pak Nuke War

Over 30 million people would be affected by lethal radioactive fallout in a potential
nuclear conflict between India and Pakistan, and the survivors would escalate the
conflict.
NRDC, 02 (National Resources Defense Council, NRDC is the nation's most effective
environmental action group, combining the grassroots power of 1.3 million members and online
activists with the courtroom clout and expertise of more than 350 lawyers, scientists and other
professionals.6.4.02, ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:1730:http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/southasia.asp
http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/southasia.asp ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:1730 ]
In January, NRDC calculated the consequences of a much more severe nuclear
exchange between India and Pakistan. It first appeared as a sidebar in the January 14,
2002, issue of Newsweek ("A Face-Off with Nuclear Stakes"). This scenario calculated
the consequences of 24 nuclear explosions detonated on the ground -- unlike the
Hiroshima airburst -- resulting in significant amounts of lethal radioactive fallout.
Exploding a nuclear bomb above the ground does not produce fallout. For example, the
United States detonated "Little Boy" weapon above Hiroshima at an altitude of 1,900
feet. At this height, the radioactive particles produced in the explosion were small and
light enough to rise into the upper atmosphere, where they were carried by the prevailing
winds. Days to weeks later, after the radioactive bomb debris became less "hot," these
tiny particles descended to earth as a measurable radioactive residue, but not at levels of
contamination that would cause immediate radiation sickness or death.
Unfortunately, it is easier to fuse a nuclear weapon to detonate on impact than it is to
detonate it in the air -- and that means fallout. If the nuclear explosion takes place at or
near the surface of the earth, the nuclear fireball would gouge out material and mix it
with the radioactive bomb debris, producing heavier radioactive particles. These heavier
particles would begin to drift back to earth within minutes or hours after the explosion,
producing potentially lethal levels of nuclear fallout out to tens or hundreds of kilometers
from the ground zero. The precise levels depend on the explosive yield of the weapon and
the prevailing winds.
For the second scenario, we calculated the fallout patterns and casualties for a
hypothetical nuclear exchange between India and Pakistan in which each country targeted
major cities. We chose target cities throughout Pakistan and in northwestern India to take
into account the limited range of Pakistani missiles or aircraft. The target cities, listed in
the table below, include the capitals of Islamabad and New Dehli, and large cities, such
as Karachi and Bombay. In this scenario, we assumed that a dozen, 25-kiloton warheads
would be detonated as ground bursts in Pakistan and another dozen in India, producing
substantial fallout.
The devastation that would result from fallout would exceed that of blast and fire.
NRDC's second scenario would produce far more horrific results than the first scenario
because there would be more weapons, higher yields, and extensive fallout. In some large
cities, we assumed more than one bomb would be used.
NRDC calculated that 22.1 million people in India and Pakistan would be exposed
to lethal radiation doses of 600 rem or more in the first two days after the attack.
Another 8 million people would receive a radiation dose of 100 to 600 rem, causing
severe radiation sickness and potentially death, especially for the very young, old or
infirm. NRDC calculates that as many as 30 million people would be threatened by
the fallout from the attack, roughly divided between the two countries.
Besides fallout, blast and fire would cause substantial destruction within roughly a
mile-and-a-half of the bomb craters. NRDC estimates that 8.1 million people live
within this radius of destruction.
Observation Two: Solvency
Our plan creates a greater openness to international free trade, therefore the plan is
unique to creating liberal peace between India and Pakistan
Mamoon & Murshed October 2009, Dawood Mamoon · S. Mansoob Murshed, “The
conflict mitigating effects of trade in the India-Pakistan case,”
ideas.repec.org/a/spr/ecogov/v11y2010i2p145-167.html
We examine whether greater inter-state trade, democracy and reduced military spending
lower belligerence between India and Pakistan, beginning with a theoretical model
covering the opportunity costs of conflict in terms of trade losses and security spending,
as well as the costs of making concessions to rivals. Conflict between the two nations is
best understood in a multivariate framework where variables such as economic
performance, integration with rest of the world, bilateral trade, military
expenditure, democracy orientation and population are simultaneously considered.
Our empirical investigation based on time series econometrics from 1950 to 2005
suggests that reduced bilateral trade, greater military expenditure, less development
expenditure, lower levels of democracy, lower growth rates and less general trade
openness are all conflict enhancing. Globalization, or a greater openness to
international trade with the rest of the world, is the most significant driver of a
liberal peace, rather than a common democratic orientation.
International free trade is key to preventing India and Pakistan’s ever-present

hostilities escalating into a Nuclear War
Mamoon & Murshed October 2009, Dawood Mamoon · S. Mansoob Murshed, “The
conflict mitigating effects of trade in the India-Pakistan case,”
ideas.repec.org/a/spr/ecogov/v11y2010i2p145-167.html
Outright war is just one manifestation of the rivalry between nations; the armed
peace is equally consistent with aggressiveness. India and Pakistan have had four
large scale military confrontations (1948, 1965, 1971 and 1999), but otherwise spend a
great deal of time in uncompromising posturing vis-à-vis each other. Central to their
hostility is the territorial dispute over Kashmir. India, in particular, frequently
accuses Pakistan of sponsoring terrorism in her territory. Negotiations are
infrequent, but occasionally both nations make goodwill gestures, such as sending out
peace buses between cities, and agree to cricket tours. Figure 1 (based on the data in
Faten et al. 2004) charts the hostility levels of the two states on a scale of 0–6. It has
never been below 2, but is usually at a high level of 4, which indicates belligerency
short of outright war.
International trade allows one country to peacefully benefit from the endowment of
another nation through voluntary exchange. Conflict and rivalry are symptomatic
of the absence of cooperation, including lesser bilateral trade. Equally, conflict may
be said to be a consequence of the lack of trade. Polachek (1997) and Polachek
andSeiglie (2006) argue that wars and disputes between geographically contiguous states
involve substantial losses, as more efficient geographically proximate trade is displaced.
Figure 2 shows that India-Pakistan official trade (as a proportion of Pakistan’s total
international trade) steadily declined from nearly 20% in the early 1950s, plummetingto
almost zero after their war in 1965, and has shown some signs of recovery in the 1990s.
But it is still below the levels of the 1950s, which was shortly after the two nations
separated. This is despite the fact that both India and Pakistan have fairly open economies
at present.
In the traditional realist international relations literature, nations co-exist in a Hobbesian
state of nature, where war is an opportunistic act actuated by self-interest, and
unrestrained by any social contract. Peace is maintained by a balance of power. In
contrast to this view are notions of the liberal peace; see Murshed (2010, chapter 7) for a
review. The liberal peace may then be sub-divided into two strands: the first among
which is its idealist variant, sometimes referred to as the democratic peace. The idea
is that democracies will not fight each other because they share cultural norms that
militate against forceful dispute resolution, or alternatively the checks and balances
that characterise political processes in advanced democracies restrain violence. Put
simply, the idea is that established democracies do not go to war with each other, but
cooperate instead. The intellectual basis for this argument is traced back to Immanuel
Kant (1795) work on the Perpetual Peace, where a like mindedness referred to as
cosmopolitanism would prevent outright war between republics; a tendency that could be
reinforced by commercial interdependence.
The alternative notion of the liberal peace argues that it is against the economic self-
interest of nations to go to war with each other as it seriously disrupts mutually
beneficial international trade.2 The trouble with the pacific interpretation of
international trade is that during the two world wars of the 20th century, highly
interdependent economies went to total war with each other. While all analysts agree that
war impedes trade, the realist view is that countries may choose to disrupt their potential
enemy’s gains from trade by ceasing trade with them, even if this means hostilities. Even
if there are losses to the aggregate economy from war or diminished trade, some groups
may gain, and these groups may be the more politically influential. For example, Kim
and Rousseau (2005) find that conflict diminishes economic interdependence, but not the
other way around, providing only partial support for the opportunity cost of trade liberal
peace theory.
Climate migration
Advantage 1 is warming
The US has failed to seize a leadership role in international climate change
negotiations—action now is key to spur global cooperation
Christer Karlsson, et al., Associate Professor of Political Science at the
Department of Government, Uppsala University in Sweden, Charles Parker,
Associate Professor of Political Science at the Department of Government, at
Uppsala University in Sweden, Mattias Hjerpe, holds a PhD in Water and
Environmental Studies and is Assistant Professor at the Centre for Climate
Science and Policy Research at Linköping University, Sweden, and Björn-Ola
Linnér, Professor in Water and Environmental Studies and director of the Centre
for Climate Science and Policy Research at Linköping University, Sweden,
“Looking for Leaders: Perceptions of Climate Change Leadership among Climate
Change Negotiation Participants,” Global Environmental Politics, February 2011,
MUSE
Conclusions During the preparations leading up to the
AND
foremost to the EU and China for leadership.
Obama will inevitably push for climate change mitigation—but current proposals
don’t address adaptation
Nick Sundt, “In Rolling Stone Interview, Obama Says "We're Going to Have to
Mobilize" on Climate Change,” World Wildlife Federation, 10/11/2010,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:806:http://www.wwfblogs.org/climate/content/rolling-
stone-interview-obama-climate-change-oct2010
http://www.wwfblogs.org/climate/content/rolling-stone-interview-obama-climate-
change-oct2010 ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:806
"[C]limate change has the potential
AND
an adaptation program after the initial leadership push."
Climate change causes global food, energy, and water wars that risk nuclear conflict
Michael T. Klare, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire
College, “The Coming Resource Wars,” 10 March 2006,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:807:http://www.alternet.org/environment/33243?page=1
http://www.alternet.org/environment/33243?page=1 ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:807
It's official: the era of resource wars
AND
to slow the pace of global climate change.
And, plan solves – admitting climate migrants is perceived as a significant concession
that creates clout to ensure international negotiations produce effective solutions
Sujatha Byravan and Sudhir Chella Rajan, Center for Development Finance,
IFMR and Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT, Warming Up to
Immigrants: An Option for the US in Climate Policy, November 7, 2009,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:808:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1549524
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1549524 ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:808
To begin with, the US may
AND
reducing their future flows of greenhouse gas emissions.
And, Congressional involvement is key to credibly regaining leadership

Kentaro Tamura, Researcher at the Climate Policy Project of the Institute for
Global Environmental Strategies, “Climate Change and the Credibility of
International Commitments: What is Necessary for the U.S. to Deliver on Such
Commitments?” IGES, March 2005
This paper focuses on the question of U
AND
by the executive branch’s deal in international negotiations.
Disregard their lies—warming is real and anthropogenic

Geological Society of America, nonprofit organization dedicated to the
advancement of the geosciences, “Climate Change,” GSA Position Statement,
revised April 2010,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:809:http://www.geosociety.org/positions/pos10_climate.
pdf http://www.geosociety.org/positions/pos10_climate.pdf
Scientific advances in the first decade of the
AND
full effect of gas increases in recent decades.
Advantage 2 is migration
Waves of migration are inevitable even if we stop emissions – extreme weather and
sea level rise will destroy habitats, forcing population movements. Relocation
strategies like the plan are a moral imperative.
Sujatha Byravan and Sudhir Chella Rajan, “The Ethical Implications of Sea-Level
Rise Due to Climate Change,” Ethics & International Affairs 24, No. 3, 9/20/2010,
only accessible on some exclusive database
As scientific evidence for the adverse effects of
AND
an argument for making reparations for past injury.
Climate migration causes war and instability
Paul J. Smith, associate professor of national security affairs at the US Naval
War College, “Climate Change, Mass Migration and the Military Response,”
Foreign Policy Research Institute, Fall 2007,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:810:https://transnet.act.nato.int/WISE/FSE/FuturesPap/
ClimateCha0/file/_WFS/%20Orbis2--
climate%20change%20and%20mass%20migration.pdf
https://transnet.act.nato.int/WISE/FSE/FuturesPap/ClimateCha0/file/_WFS/%20
Orbis2--climate%20change%20and%20mass%20migration.pdf
Another consideration related to climate change is the
AND
or mitigate the underlying causes of state failure.
Specifically leads to South Asian war

Simon Tay and Phir Paungmalit, Singapore Institute of International Affairs,
“Climate Change and Security In the Asia-Pacific,” Conference Paper Prepared
for the 2nd Tokyo Seminar on Common Security Challenges, 26 March 2010,
google
Environmentally induced displacement and migration are already taking
AND
forefront of security discussion scenario around the world.
Causes nuclear war

“Nuclear War A Real Fear In South Asia,” UPI, 17 December 2004,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:811:http://www.spacedaily.com/news/nuclear-india-
pakistan-04k.html http://www.spacedaily.com/news/nuclear-india-pakistan-
04k.html ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:811
No conventional war between India and Pakistan will
AND
will force Pakistan to use its nuclear option.
The plan solves – only US action spurs international momentum on climate and
migration which helps resolve US moral culpability.
Sujatha Byravan and Sudhir Chella Rajan, Center for Development Finance,
IFMR and Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT, Warming Up to
Immigrants: An Option for the US in Climate Policy, November 7, 2009,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:812:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1549524
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1549524 ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:812
Among industrialised countries, the US has one …to reduce the risks of a
massive humanitarian crisis as climate impacts become more severe (Byravan
and Rajan 2006).
Permanent immigration visas trigger returns and build remittance networks—key to

solve adaptation
Jon Barnett, Lead author for the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Executive
Editor of the adaptation domain of Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate
Change, on editorial board of Global Environmental Change, Australian
Research Council Fellow, and former Senior Lecturer in Development Studies at
Melbourne University, and Michael Webber, “Accomodating Migration to Promote
Adaptation to Climate Change,” The World Bank, April 2010,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:813:http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2010/05224.pd
f http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2010/05224.pdf
When migrants have security in their new destination
AND
, and diaspora can contribute to social infrastructure.
Advantage 3 is environmental diplomacy

The plan is key to restoring environmental leadership – this strengthens US-EU
relations and builds new partnerships to solve conflict and sustain primacy
Michael Levi, senior fellow in energy and environment at CFR, project director,
“Confronting Climate Change: A Strategy for US Foreign Policy, report of an
independent task force for the Council on Foreign Relations, 2008,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:814:http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments
/Climate_ChangeTF.pdf
http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Climate_ChangeTF.pdf
Climate change policy also provides an opportunity to
AND
provide an avenue for strengthening relations with others.
Environmental leadership checks extinction—its key to biodiversity, oceans, forests,

soil, and economy
Ashok Khosla, IUCN President, International Union for Conservation of Nature,
“A new President for the United States: We have a dream” 27 January 2009
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:815:http://www.iucn.org/knowledge/news/opinion/?2595
/new-President-for-the-United-States-We-have-a-dream
http://www.iucn.org/knowledge/news/opinion/?2595/new-President-for-the-
United-States-We-have-a-dream ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:815
A rejuvenated America, with a renewed
AND
industries, construction, agriculture and transport systems.
Advantage 4 is China
Chinese diplomatic overtures in the South Pacific are preparations for military
expansion
Paul G. Buchanan, Visiting Associate Professor of Political Science at the
National University of Singapore, “China Steps Into Pacific Power Vacuum,”
Pacific Islands Report, 17 September 2009,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:816:http://archives.pireport.org/archive/2009/September
/09-18-cm.htm http://archives.pireport.org/archive/2009/September/09-18-cm.htm
The emergence of China as a political and
AND
southwestern Pacific is not (all) good.
Continued Chinese expansion in the South Pacific risks nuclear war – committing to a
new soft power strategy is key to maintaining stability
Paul G. Buchanan, Visiting Associate Professor of Political Science at the
National University of Singapore, “The giant’s rival, part two,” Samoa Observer,
21 September 2009,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:817:http://www.samoaobserver.ws/index.php?option=co
m_content&view=article&id=13428:the-giant&catid=1:latest-
news&Itemid=50
http://www.samoaobserver.ws/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=
13428:the-giant&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=50 ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:817
The relationship with individual countries ebbs and flows
AND
diplomacy being Mandarin rather than English or French.
And, plan solves – engaging island nations on climate migration is key to checking
Chinese expansion in the South Pacific
Cleo Paskal, Associate Fellow at Royal Institute of International Affairs and
Adjunct Faculty in the Department of Geopolitics at Manipal University, Global
Warring, 2010, p. 231-232
Whether individual countries survive or not, and
AND
and detonating nuclear devices that contaminated entire islands.
And, diverting Chinese influence through migration is key to sustaining US dominance

Kayly Ober, “Realist Reasoning for Climate Migrant Legitimacy,” Towards
Recognition, 15 July 2010,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:818:http://www.towardsrecognition.org/2010/06/realist-
reasoning-for-climate-migrant-legitimacy/
http://www.towardsrecognition.org/2010/06/realist-reasoning-for-climate-migrant-
legitimacy/ ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:818
In 2006, Chinese premier Wen Jiabao pledged
AND
generating citizens and not burden-inducing immigrants.
PLAN: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase the
number of its employment-based visas available to international climate migrants.
[Families Aff] Observation 1 is Family Visas—
Despite its Practical Non-Existence and its Theoretical Inadequacy, Immigration Law is Focused Around a Specific
Definition of Family Structure—Its Priority is the Sustenance and Support of a Problematic Model Which
Demonizes All Other Attempts at Definition—Current Challenges Focus on the Question of the Specific Family,
Rather than the General Category of Family Crucial to Produce Any Real Opposition
Linda Kelly, Associate Professor and Immigration Clinic Instructor, Saint Thomas University School of Law,
“CONTENT: Family Planning, American Style,” Alabama Law Review, Spring 2001 (Lexis)
Elian and the Troxel children live in a very real world w... developing understanding of "family."
These Immigration Restrictions are a Not-So-Subtle Attempt to Regulate the Function and Structure of the
Family Unit—Maintaining Such Definitions Prevents Us From Adequately Investigating the Notion of Definition
that Decides What Relationships Are or Are Not Valid
David B. Thronson, Associate Professor of Law at the University of Nevada Las Vegas, “Article: Custody and
Contradictions: Exploring Immigration Law as Federal Family Law in the Context of Child Custody,” Hastings Law
Journal, February, 2008 (Lexis)
As it makes judgments that reveal ...operation of both.
This Concern and Desire for a Preservation of the Nuclear Family is Precisely the Form of Political Subjectivity
that Manifests as Fascism
Robin Adele Greely, Associate Professor of Art History at the University of Connecticut, “Dali’s Fascism, Lacan’s
Paranoia,” Association of Art Historians, 2001 (http://wiki.uiowa.edu/download/attachments/570/Greeley-
lacanparanoid.pdf)
Far from analysing Aimee's paranoid sadomasochism a...n effective political tactic against fascism.
The Conception of Family that Underlies Immigration Law Creates Contradictory Patterns Which Immigrants Can
Never Live Up To—Their Inclusion Within a Family is Marked as Greedy and Demanding While the Lack of a
Family is Rendered Dangerous and Deviant
Jennifer Marie Chacon, Acting Professor of Law, U.C. Davis School of Law, “ARTICLE: LOVING ACROSS BORDERS:
IMMIGRATION LAW AND THE LIMITS OF LOVING,” Wisconsin Law Review, 2007 (Lexis)
Contemporary immigration law and policy ...avail themselves of government benefits. n176
This Fantasy of Security is the Basis of All Violence—The Inevitable Failure of the Other To Live Up to Our
Standards Justifies Its Destruction
Slavoj Zizek, “Ideology between Fiction and Fantasy,” Cardozo Law Review, 1995, p. lexis
Our argument can be briefly summarized as follows: ... the more horrifying were the dimensions acquired by the remainder...
Plan: The United States Federal Government Should Remove All Eligibility Restrictions
on Individuals and Groups that Qualify For Family-Based Visas and Remove All
Limitations on the Number of Family Based Visas.
Observation 2 is the Organization of Desire:
Our Desire to Organize and Maintain the Traditional Family is a Fantasy Designed to Structure Our
Relation to Subjectivity and the Social—This Organization Can Only Produce Violence Against
Families that Fail Our Definitions and Psychotic Subjects—Psychoanalysis is the Sole Strategy
Capable of Recognizing the Contingency of This Organization and Challenging these Structures
Ian Parker, Professor at Manchester Metropolitan University, Lacanian Psychoanlysis: Revolutions in

Subjectivity, 2010 (Google Books)
This revolution in modes of production is accompanied by a revolution in forms of reproduction, t...y must revolve around the phallus. We can then accept the role of the phallus itself as a historically-
structured symbolic function.
Maintaining This Subjective Structure is Crucial—The Production of Psychotic Subjects is

Functionally the Production of Death
David Gray Carlson, Professor of Law, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Cardozo Law Review,
2003, v. 24 n. 6, p. 2290-2292.
What is the operative psychological theory in the ordinary science of legal scholarship,... I am not merely unfree. I am dead.
Individual Structures of Family Dynamics are Embodied in Specific Policies and Social
Fantasies—We Must Be Attentive to This Specific Manifestation of Desire as the Primary Question
of Our Relation to the World At Large
Florencia Shanahan, Psychotherapist, “The Freudian Family and Ours,” Irish Circle of the Lacanian
Orientation, June 27th, 2009 (http://iclo-nls.org/pdf/The%20Freudian%20Family%20and%20Ours%20-
%20Florencia%20Shanahan.pdf)
We could say that, in Freud, the family is essentially a romance ...the analysis when it is led to its end?
The Affirmative is an Act of Ethical Responsibility—Rather than Deferring the Question of Duty We
Must Universally Assume Our Actions and the Basis For Those Actions
Slavoj Zizek, Robespierre or the "Divine Violence" of Terror, Lacan.com, 2007
(http://www.lacan.com/zizrobes.htm)
We can see now why Lacan's motto ...no less for determining what my duty is.
Don’t Trust the Negative Impact Comparisons—Our Primary Mission Must Be a Confrontation
With Desire—Focusing on Utilitarian Impact Calculations Can Only Lead Us to Ignore the Primacy
of these Issues and Cause the Impacts You Aim To Avoid
Rolando Gaete, “ARTICLE: Law & The Sacred: Desecration, Law and Evil,” Law/Text/Culture, 2000, p.
lexis
This is the terror that Burke wrote about, "te... to return as the repressed" (La Capra 1992: 126).
Terror
Plan: the United States federal government should no longer consider terror grounds in
determining eligibility for employment-based visas, temporary worker visas, family based visas,
and trafficking-based visas.
Terror and security related grounds make aliens ineligible to receive visas
Michael John Garcia, Legislative Attorney, and Ruth Ellen Wasem, Specialist in Immigration Policy, 2008
(“Immigration: Terrorist Grounds for Exclusion and Removal of Aliens,” Congressional Research Service,
January 22, 2008, http://trac.syr.edu/immigration/library/P4306.pdf)
Even if an alien is not AND or security of the United States.
The visa regime exists to rein in the threat the mobile migrant represents – the process creates
categories of migrants and eligibility for immigration is determined by the exclusion of risky
migrants - the ultimate outcome renders ALL applicants as potential risks to be managed
Mark B. Salter, Professor of in the School of Political Studies @ the University of Ottawa, 2006 (“The
Global Visa Regime and the Political Technologies of the International Self: Borders, Bodies, Biopolitics,”
Alternatives, 31, 167-189)
The visa is a necessary supplement AND norm of regularly occurring fraud .4
Moreover, the threshold to deny visas is constantly lowered because of security and terror
grounds
Ruth Ellen Wasem, Specialist in Immigration Policy, 2010 “Immigration Visa Issuances and Grounds for
Exclusion: Policy and Trends,” March 10,
2010, http://www.aila.org/content/default.aspx?bc=1016|6730|16872|31687]
A foreign national may be AND forms of relief from removal.47
Advantage 1: Interest Convergence
The debate surrounding immigration is never complete- they are merely snap-shots controlled by
risk managers to describe an always incomplete picture of reality based on the anticipation of
future threats; however, this coupling of security and immigration highlights the exact moment
where security interest converge with immigrants bartering for ground are constantly taken back
to justify never-ending violence
Bigo 2002 /Didier, Visiting professor of War Studies @ King’s College, “Security and immigration: Toward
a critique of the governmentality of unease,” Alternatives, January-March/
Securitization of immigration is the result AND one of chaos and urban insecurity.
The ability to control the flow of information and situation of immigrants forces the same the same
rigged bargain as the postwar Civil Right Compromise: The price extracted in exchange for the
legitimacy of action is accepting the current terms of debate which means that the
official solutions elites and reformists advocate must remain blind to the linkage between race and
the imperialism of American capital.
Harpalani – Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Development @ U. Penn - 2004
(Vinay, “Simple Justice or Complex Injustice?: American Racial Dynamics and the Ironies of Brown and
Grutter,” Penn GSE Perspectives on Urban Education, Volume 3, Number 1, Fall.
[Online] http://www.urbanedjournal.org/notes/notes0014.html) Accessed 08.26.10 jfs
In 1946, the Luce-AND the post-Civil Rights era.
Thus—those moments of victory are taken back—coopted in exchange for minority support of
elite policy demands that cannot last. The most resistant elements of movements will either be
bought off or brutally suppressed
Delgado – Law Professor @ University of Colorado-Boulder – 2002
(Richard, “Explaining the Rise and Fall of African American Fortunes: Interest Convergence and Civil
Rights Gains,” Review of Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American
Democracy, Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Volume 37 [37 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 369],
pp. 369-387 at 376-7) jfs
Dudziak impressively demonstrates that Brown AND Civil Rights movement waslargely lost.
Scenarios surrounding immigration are always lodged in the framing of worst-case-scenarios

because it is trapped in a way that always makes them the objects of violence-- risk
NECESSARILY fixes their position as scientifically and objectively always already the targets of
bombs
Rey Chow, Humanities and Modern Culture & Media Studies at Brown University, 2006 (The Age of the
World Target: Self-Referentiality in War, Theory, and Comparative Work, 40-1)
Often under the modest apparently innocuous AND the problem of the vanishing object.”
This process of securitization then becomes a perpetual fear that needs to be managed and
solved--New dangers are always lurking around the corner and new threats can manifest
themselves in any person
Marieke De Goede, April 2008 (Department of European Studies, University of Amsterdam, the
Netherlands. “Beyond Risk: Premediation and the Post-9/11 Security Imagination” Security Dialogue Vol.
39, no. 2-3)
Premediation is a promising term to AND can only speculate’ (emphasis added).
Solvency
So, we step back. We must problematize security’s hold on immigration to challenge the risk
managers AND the bleeding heart’s solution to a problem that maybe doesn’t exist. The 1AC is new
discursive understanding of migration that opens up new ways of for challenging the project of
security.
Norman 2006 (Ludvig, Thesis for the School of Social Sciences at Södertörn University, “Asylum and
Immigration in an Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: EU policy and the logic of
securitization,” http://sh.diva portal.org/smash/get/diva2:16609/FULLTEXT01.
As was stated above in the AND be countered and perhaps even changed.
TN Visas
Plan-
The United States federal government should no longer require professional status as a determinant of
eligibility for TN-2 visas.
Advantage One is Mexican Politics

The PRI controls the political agenda in Mexico, preempting political victories for the PAN and Calderon.
Including low-skilled workers into NAFTA breaks that cycle—allowing for victories of Calderon and his
party
Cánovas and Mares 2010 /Gustavo--@ El Colegio de México, and David--@ the University of California
San Diego, “The U.S.-Mexico Relationship: Towards a New Era?,” January
1, http://usmex.ucsd.edu/assets/024/11646.pdf/
Democratization is an on-going AND best use of North American potential.
First- The PRI is preventing PEMEX reform

Camarena 10-19-10 AND of Pemex”, World Politics Review/
http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/6759/mexicos-energy-reform-and-the-future-of-pemex
The ebullient celebration in Brazil over AND importer may very well be sealed.
Including low-skilled workers into NAFTA is essential for PEMEX reform- it’s the key bargaining chip
Barbash 2009 /Shepard, former bureau chief in Mexico City for the Houston Chronicle, “Helping Mexico
Help Itself,” Autumn, City Journal, Vol. 19, No. 4, http://www.city-journal.org/2009/19_4_helping-
mexico.html/
The grim fact is that Mexico AND give both countries something to celebrate.
PEMEX reform is key to reduce dependence on overseas oil

Johnson ‘9 /Keith, Wall Street Journal writer and lead writer of the Environmental Capital column, “Oil
Addiction: Don’t Count on Mexico to Supplant Mid-East Crude”, Environmental Capital, Jan 20/
http://blogs.wsj.com/environmentalcapital/2009/01/20/oil-addiction-dont-count-on-mexico-to-supplant-mid-
east-crude/
Whether the calls for reducing America’s AND they can in other oil regions.
Oil dependence causes numerous flashpoints for war

Rosen ‘10 - Deputy General Counsel @ Center for Naval Analyses & Professor of Homeland Security
Law and Policy @ George Washington University [Mark E. Rosen, ?Energy Independence and Climate
Change: The Economic and National Security Consequences of Failing to Act,? University of Richmond
Law Review, March 2010 (Vol. 44, Issue 3)]
President Roosevelt's tacit agreement in 1945 AND archipelago would be held hostage. n110
Second- Calderon legitimacy and P.A.N. center-right consensus are key to emissions reduction
Climate Institute ‘9 /“Cogeneration and Clean Energy”, Winter/
http://www.climate.org/publications/Climate%20Alerts/Winter2009/Mexico.html
Just as the Interactive Climate Network AND translate Presidential vision to real change.
Breaking the gridlock with the PRI on immigration and guaranteeing sustained PEMEX revenue within the
framework of US-Mexico relations are key to the Mexican climate push
del Mar Galindo ‘9 /Maria, London School of Economics and Political Science, “Green Year Ahead? 9
things to know in 2009 about Mexican climate change policy”, Climatico, Jan 19/
http://www.climaticoanalysis.org/post/green-year-ahead-9-things-to-know-about-mexican-climate-change-
policy-for-2009/
4. A Private Matter: AND issues, during the economic crisis.
Mexican emissions reductions are the model for green initiatives in developing countries
The Washington Post ’10 “Mexico City drastically reduced air pollutants since 1990s”, April 1
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/31/AR2010033103614_pf.html
This megalopolis once had the world's AND adviser for the World Health Organization.
Moreover, Calderon will push to replace the financing mechanisms for emissions reductions in developing
countries
Point Carbon 11-1-10 / world-leading provider of independent news, analysis and consulting services for
European and global power, gas and carbon markets, “Mexico to target housing emissions”,
OneWorld.net/
http://uk.oneworld.net/article/view/166275/1/246
The Mexican government has announced that AND and procedures on the multilateral level”.
Transforming the financing mechanism is vital to meaningful climate action

Cozijnsen et al. ‘7 /Jos, Consultant, Daniel J. Dudek, Chief Economist, Kyle Meng, Research Fellow,
Annie Petsonk, International Counsel, Jose Eduardo Sanhueza, Consultant, “CDM and the Post-2012
Framework”, Vienna, August 27 – 31, 2007, AWG/Dialogue, Environmental Defense/
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&sqi=2&ved=0CBwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fww
w.edf.org%2Fdocuments%2F6838_ED_Vienna_CDM%2520Paper_8_22_07.pdf&rct=j&q=post-
2012%20cers&ei=C7zaTMT8KML7lwfp67CwCQ&usg=AFQjCNEYVZI_wQnwz1x_wXVGYdtdaUfGVg&ca
d=rja
In order to limit warming to AND in Figures 5 and 6 above.
Warming’s fast and will soon hit a tipping point with massive methane hydrate release – disrupts global
agriculture – causing resource scarcity that results in nuclear war
J.E. Robertson 9, 3-9, Department of Oceanography, Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of
Southampton, Global Climate Destabilization is Major Security & Economic Threat, 3-9-
09, http://www.casavaria.com/hotspring/2009/03/337/global-climate-destabilization-is-major-security-
economic-threat/
The new administration in Washington, AND among those dependent on the monsoons.
Warming devastates phytoplankton populations, which triggers positive feedbacks and terminates in
extinction
AP ‘10 “Rapid Decline in Phytoplankton Population Stuns Scientists”, July 28
http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100728/ap_on_sc/us_sci_declining_plankton;_ylt=Ag1cA4QbZYmAUkxGV
W4yQG0PLBIF;_ylu=X3oDMTJxZm9yNjk0BGFzc2V0A2FwLzIwMTAwNzI4L3VzX3NjaV9kZWNsaW5pb
mdfcGxhbmt0b24EY3BvcwMxBHBvcwMxBHNlYwN5bl90b3Bfc3RvcnkEc2xrA3BsYW5rdG9uYmFzZQ--
Despite their tiny size, plant AND of the new study made sense.
Advantage Two is NAFTA

TN Visas exclude low-skilled workers which is making NAFTA ineffective- extending NAFTA visas to low-
skilled Mexican workers is key to NAFTA effectiveness
Orrenius and Streitfeld 2006 /Pia, senior economist and policy advisor in the Research Department of the
Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, and Daniel, intern, “TN Visas: A Stepping Stone Toward a NAFTA Labor
Market”, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, November/December/
The TN visas’ flexibility allows them AND —may prove deep and lasting.
The professional-worker requirement obstructs the liberalization of labor within NAFTA

Bravo ‘8 /Karen, Associate Professor of Law, Indiana University, “THE CHANGING TIDE OF TRADE:
THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF REGIONAL TRADE
AGREEMENTS: ARTICLE: REGIONAL TRADE ARRANGEMENTS AND LABOR LIBERALIZATION:
(LOST) OPPORTUNITIES FOR EXPERIMENTATION?”, 28 St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev. 71, Lexis/
An underlying, if un-AND labor market of another member state.
Labor liberalization solves terrorism and restarts FTAA negotiations

Walters ‘6 /Ryan, researcher at the American Constitution Society, “Managing Global Mobility Free Trade
in Services in the Age of Terror”, May 6, 6 U.C. Davis Bus. L.J. 15/
http://blj.ucdavis.edu/archives/vol-6-no-2/Managing-Global-Mobility.html
The U.S. and AND flow from a more interconnected world.
Terrorism causes extinction

Yonah Alexander, director of the Inter-University for Terrorism Studies, 8/28/03 (Washington Times)
Last week's brutal suicide bombings in AND , regional and global security concerns.
Engaging Mexico on the FTAA is essential to balance the emergence of an anti-US coalition
Zibechi ‘6 /Raul, professor and researcher on social movements at the Multiversidad Franciscana de
América Latina, “AMERICAS - Five Years After 9-11: Bush’s Backward Slide in Latin America”, Alter
Infos, Sept 6/
http://www.alterinfos.org/spip.php?article533
The list of events adverse to AND terrorism’ unleashed in these five years.
This alliance makes global war inevitable 

Coronel 7 (Gustavo, petroleum geologist and public policy expert - founder and president of Agrupación
Pro Calidad de Vida, 9/18, “A possible political scenario for Latin America”
muevete.wordpress.com/2007/09/18/a-possible-political-scenario-for-latin-america-2007-2012/)
Still, there is no doubt AND a major threat to world stability.
Navy
Soccer
Observation 1: The SQuo
Status quo visa policy makes it difficult for all athletes to get visas.
NYT 06. Jere Longman, Foreign Runners Find Getting to Race Can Be Hardest Step, New York Times,
November 5, 2006,
at http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/sports/sportsspecial/05visas.html?_r=2&ref=paul_tergat *njs*
Since the terrorist… now, agents said
Plan Text: Resolved: the United States Federal Government should substantially increase the number of
its P1 and P4 employment-based immigrant visas.
Module 1: Soft Power
Soft power can rebound despite downward fluctuations, the U.S. is able to recover
Nye 06. Joseph S. Nye Jr. [Distinguished Service Professor and former Dean of the Kennedy School of
Government at Harvard University], “Hard Power, Soft Power, and the Future of Transatlantic Relations,”
edited by Thomas L. Ilgen [Professor of political studies, Pitzer College; PhD], at 26 *njs*
American skeptics about… our hard power.
Hard power doesn’t cut it. Soft power is key to hegemony, the war on terror, and solving warming and
disease.
Nye 08. Joseph S. Nye Jr. [Distinguished Service Professor and former Dean of the Kennedy School of
Government at Harvard University], Security and Smart Power, 51 American Behavioral Scientist, 1351-
1356, March 3, 2008, at http://abs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/51/9/1351 *njs*
Etzioni is correct… one for Iran.
Soccer solves soft power.

Irons 06. John S. Irons [Research and Policy Director, Economic Policy Institute; B.A. (Economics)
Swathmore; Ph.D. (Economics) MIT], Does the World Cup Get the Economic Ball Rolling?, Center for
American Progress June 8, 2006, at 7 *njs*
Because soccer truly… the negotiation table.
Module 2: North Korea
North Korea is dying to escalate in the SQuo.

Bandow 10. Doug Bandow [Senior Fellow, CATO Institute, author; former special assistant to President
Reagan], The U.S.-South Korea Alliance Outdated, Unnecessary, and Dangerous, 90 CATO Institute
Foreign Policy Briefing, July 14, 2010, 2-3, at http://www.cato.org/pubs/fpbriefs/fpb90.pdf *njs*
And yet, while… of these objectives.
North Korea’s sinking of the Cheonan might be the last straw

Daily Telegraph 10. Peter Foster and Malcolm Moore, North Korea threatens 'all-out war' over warship
sinking report , The Daily Telegraph, May 20, 2010,
at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/7745370/North-Korea-threatens-all-out-
war-over-warship-sinking-report.html *njs*
In the most… off after this."
North Korea war goes nuclear

Ogura & Oh 97. Toshimura Ogura [Economics Professor, Toyama University] and Ingyu Oh [Economics
Professor, Toyama University] , Nuclear clouds over the Korea peninsula and Japan, Monthly Review,
April 1997, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/m..._19693242/pg_8 Monthly Review, findarticles.com *njs*
North Korea, South… into a global conflagration.
Soccer is key to solving North Korea/South Korea relations.

AP 10. The Associated Press, Tensions test Korean sports diplomacy, ESPNsoccernet,
at http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/story/_/id/5198687/ce/us/soccer-diplomacy-north-korea-south-
korea-strained-warship-sinking&cc=5901?ver=us *njs*
Soccer could be… cheering for us?"
Module 3: Feminism
The patriarchy reinforces gender stereotypes, demanding militant otherization.

Clark 04. Mary E. Clark in 2004 [Druce French Cumbie Chair in Conflict Resolution at the Institute for
Conflict Analysis and Resolution, George Mason University; Ph.D., UC-Berkley], Rhetoric, Patriarchy &
War: Explaining the Dangers of “Leadership” in Mass Culture, 27 Women and Language *njs*
Today's Western patriarchal… us" into compliance.
Sport is a venue to critique gender issues.

Sever 05. Carlie Sever [Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex], Swiss Agency for
Development and Cooperation (SDC), Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA), Gender & Sport:
Mainstreaming Gender in Sports Projects (2005), at 4 *njs*
Sport is a social… engages in sports.
Soccer is a breeding ground for feminism.

Majumdar 04. Boria Majumdar [Senior Research Fellow, University of Central Lancashire; DPhil, history,
University of Oxford; Rhodes Scholar], Forwards and Backwards: Women’s Soccer in Twentieth-Century
Indian, in Fan Hong and J. A. Mangan [Eds.], Soccer, Women, Sexual Liberation: Kicking Off a New Era
96 (2004) *njs*
A history of women’s…post-independence India.
Module 4: Solvency
Policy change is the first step of structural change. Simply by proposing a policy we have begun the
transformational process. The ballot is the method of affirming the value of that transformation and
integrating our perspective into politics.
Reardon 93. Betty Rearden [Director of Peace Education Program at Columbia University], Women and
Peace: Feminist Visions of Global Security, 1993, 166
I have tried…vulnerability, equity, and protection.
Sport can create lasting social change.

Fein 10. Bruce Fein [Resident Scholar, Turkish Coalition of America; Former Associate Deputy Attorney
General], No Repeal in Arizona SB 1070, No World Cup, Huffington Post, June 2,
2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bruce-fein/no-repeal-in-arizona-no-w_b_597765.html *njs*
International sport can…For the World."
Soccer solves war; empirically proven.

Gorcey 08. Ryan Gorcey [Correspondent, Bleacher Report; B.A., English, University of California –
Berkley; former columnist, The Daily Californian], How Soccer Stopped The Great War, Bleacher Report,
December 24, 2008, http://bleacherreport.com/articles/96702-how-soccer-stopped-the-great-war *njs*
It’s the morning… World Cup truces.
Patriarchy Aff
The status quo makes women who are victims of the patriarchy invisible—only a framework that critically
examines gender and brings women’s labor into the light can solve.
Tickner, 2001 (J. Ann, Director of the Center for International Studies at USC, Gendering World
Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold-War Era, page 77)
Feminist perspectives on economic globalization …
focus on calculation of interest.
Sex trafficking victims' lives are held in T-visa limbo

Bales, 2009 (Kevin, President of Free the Slaves Institute, The Slave Next Door: human trafficking and
slavery in America today, page 72-73)
A T visa…they will often simply disappear.
There Have Been Few T Visas Requests in the Status Quo Because of the Flaws in the T.V.P.a.
Olsen, 2008 (Lisa, journalist for Houston Chronicle, Sex trafficking victims’ lives are held in visa limbo,
Houston Chronicle. Nov. 24, 2008,
http:// www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/immigration/6129019.html)
Nationwide, 1,924 people …wait for a visa can be long.
Women are uniquely vulnerable to trafficking because of their low economic and social status
Haynes, Assistant Professor of Law at New England Law, 08 (Dina Francesca, ARTICLE: (NOT)
FOUND CHAINED TO A BED IN A BROTHEL: CONCEPTUAL, LEGAL, AND PROCEDURAL FAILURES
TO
FULFILL THE PROMISE OF THE TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT,” Georgetown
Immigration
Law Journal, Spring 2007, Lexis, mrw)
It is certainly true that …immigration status vulnerability.
Slavery is normatized in “pimp culture”—we accept the victimization of women and children as
what men do
Who are the men who … the realities of “the life.”
Trafficking destroys women’s lives in the same way torture would

Skinner, 2008 (E. Benjamin, author and journalist, A Crime so Monstrous: Face to face with modern day
slavery, page 133)
Slavery is a …the situation was even graver.
Traffickers strive to control a woman’s body and her very life, subjecting her to harsh
punishment if she tries to resist
These women and…you will be punished.
Deportation of Trafficked People Only Allows for Them to Be Further Traumatized and Re-
Trafficked
Haynes, Assistant Professor of Law at New England Law, 08 (Dina Francesca, ARTICLE: (NOT)
FOUND CHAINED TO A BED IN A BROTHEL: CONCEPTUAL, LEGAL, AND PROCEDURAL FAILURES
TO
FULFILL THE PROMISE OF THE TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT,” Georgetown
Immigration
Law Journal, Spring 2007, Lexis, mrw)
Real immigration …be squarely acknowledged and addressed.
The patriarchy emphasizes dehumanization based on hierarchies and violent otherization-two

preconditions to
war
Reardon, 1985 (Betty, Director of Peace Education Program at Columbia, Sexism and the War System,
Syracuse University Press, pg 40)
The continuation of …for human survival.
The model of man as dominator and oppressor inevitably leads to omnicide.

Eisler, 1987 (Riane, codirector of the Center for Partnership Studies, The Chalice and the Blade: Our
History, Our Future, page 157)
Through the industrial revolution our technological …
did not fail but is merely incomplete.
Thus the plan: The United States Federal Government should eliminate the cap on T-visas and amend
the
Trafficking Victims Protection Act to adopt the standards for trafficking provided by the United Nations
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children.
Eliminating “Force, Fraud, or Coercion” solves for the exploitation of trafficking victims by
comprehensively
recognizing the conditions of servitude all victims endure
Giampolo 2006 (Angela D., J.D. @ Temple, “THE TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION
REAUTHORIZATION ACT OF 2005: THE LATEST WEAPON IN THE FIGHT AGAINST HUMAN
TRAFFICKING,” 16 Temp. Pol. & Civ. Rts. L. Rev. 195, Lexis)BB
International bodies and …
social services and immigration relief.
Removing the coercion standard accounts for the socio-political motives of trafficking and allows women
to
reclaim agency
Zimmerman 5 doctoral candidate in the religion and social change concentration of the joint
Ph.D. in religious and theological studies at Iliff School of Theology and University of Denver.
She is also a member of the adjunct faculty at the University of Denver and the University of
Colorado at Colorado Springs.
(Yvonne, “Situating the Ninety-Nine: A Critique of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act”
Journal of Religion & Abuse Vol 7 (3) November, 37-56)
The U.S.’s human trafficking … human trafficking in this country.
Our politics of transformation solves structural, statist, and interpersonal violence. The transition solves
for
nuclear war, environmental destruction, poverty, and terrorism.
Eisler, 1987 (Riane, codirector of the Center for Partnership Studies, The Chalice and the Blade: Our
History, Our Future, page 199)
The most dramatic change …
maximum of developmental flexibility.
Reardon , 1993 (Betty, Director of Peace Education Program at Columbia University, Women and
Peace: Feminist Visions of Global Security, pg 166)
I have tried to make …
vulnerability, equity, and protection.
US incorporation of the UN Protocol is key to an international response to trafficking

Chuang 10 Assistant Professor of Law, American University
Janie, “RESCUING TRAFFICKING FROM IDEOLOGICAL CAPTURE: PROSTITUTION REFORM AND
ANTI-
TRAFFICKING LAW AND POLICY,” 158 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1655)BB
Neo-abolitionist advocacy …perpetuates this confusion and inconsistency.
US action out of treaty obligation causes spillover

Culpepper 10 J.D. candidate @ Vanderbilt (Brent, “Missed Opportunity: Congress's Attempted Response
to
the World's Demand for the Violence Against Women Act,” 43 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 733, Lexis)BB
The United States is a …
a strong commitment to gender equality. n76
Changing the Tvpa to Allow All Trafficked People to Stay in the United States Solves
Lopiccolo 9 (Julie Marie, J.D. Candidate 2010, Whittier Law School; B.A. in History, San Diego State
University, 2005NOTE AND COMMENT: WHERE ARE THE VICTIMS? THE NEW TRAFFICKING
VICTIMS
PROTECTION ACT'S TRIUMPHS AND FAILURES IN IDENTIFYING AND PROTECTING VICTIMS OF
HUMAN TRAFFICKING, Whittier Law Review, 30 Whittier L. Rev. 851, Summer, L/N bjn
This qualifier, however, may be more relevant to issues …a world leader in eradicating human trafficking.
Trafficking Aff
OBSERVATION 1: INHERENCY
There Have Been Few T Visas Requests in the Status Quo Because of the Flaws in the T.V.P.A.
Olsen, 2008 (Lisa, journalist for Houston Chronicle, Sex trafficking victims’ lives are held in visa limbo,
Houston Chronicle. Nov. 24, 2008,
http:// www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/immigration/6129019.html)
Nationwide, 1,924 people got services …
for a visa can be long.
The “force, fraud, and coercion language” of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act violates the UN
Protocol on
Trafficking
Giampolo 2006 (Angela D., J.D. @ Temple, “THE TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION
REAUTHORIZATION ACT OF 2005: THE LATEST WEAPON IN THE FIGHT AGAINST HUMAN
TRAFFICKING,” 16 Temp. Pol. & Civ. Rts. L. Rev. 195, Lexis)BB
International bodies and international…
social services and immigration relief.
Thus, the plan: The United States Federal Government should amend the Trafficking Victims Protection
Act to
adopt the standards for trafficking provided by the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and
Punish
Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children.
OBSERVATION 2: ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGE 1: TERRORISM
US incorporation of the UN Protocol is key to an international response to trafficking
ANTI-
Neo-abolitionist advocacy has …
prostitution perpetuates this confusion and inconsistency.
Implementing the UN Protocol is key to data sharing networks

ANTI-
The application of a uniform definition …
confusion and inconsistency in this regard.
Increased data sharing is key to check terrorist organizations

Keefer 06 United States Army Colonel
Sandra L. “HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND THE IMPACT ON NATIONAL SECURITY FOR THE UNITED
STATES,” USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?
Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA448573)BB
As in our war on terrorism…
with the legitimate economy.
Terrorism causes extinction

Alexander ‘03 [Yonah, Director of Inter-University for Terrorism Studies, Washington Times, August 28,
LN]
Last week's brutal suicide …
there is no survival.”
ADVANTAGE 2: TREATY CREDIBILITY

Treaty credibility is key to hegemony
Culpepper 10 J.D. candidate @ Vanderbilt
Brent, “Missed Opportunity: Congress's Attempted Response to the World's Demand for the Violence
Against
Women Act,” 43 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 733, Lexis)BB
The Supreme Court has …
legislation originating in international law.
US Hegemony solves multiple scenarios of war—the alternative is not multipolarity, it’s a world of chaos.
Ferguson 04. Niall Ferguson, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, Professor of History, Harvard. “A
World
Without Power.” Foreign Policy Magazine July/August 2004
So what is left? Waning …
such a not-so-new world disorder.
Put away your Kritik, we solve for it—Only US Heg can challenge traditional hierarchies
Bonnett 06 Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Volume 32, Issue 7 September 2006 , pages 1083 –
1103 “The Americanisation of Anti-Racism? Global Power and Hegemony in Ethnic Equity” Alastair
Bonnett is
Professor of Social Geography at the University of Newcastle
The notion that anti-racism …
to intellectually and politically explicate.
ADVANTAGE 3: PATRIARCHY
Women are uniquely vulnerable to trafficking because of their low economic and social status
Haynes, Assistant Professor of Law at New England Law, 08 (Dina Francesca, ARTICLE: (NOT) FOUND
CHAINED TO A BED IN A BROTHEL: CONCEPTUAL, LEGAL, AND PROCEDURAL FAILURES TO
FULFILL
THE PROMISE OF THE TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT,” Georgetown Immigration Law
Journal, Spring 2007, Lexis, mrw)
It is certainly true that …
and immigration status vulnerability.
The patriarchy emphasizes dehumanization based on hierarchies and violent otherization-two

preconditions to
war
Reardon, 1985 (Betty, Director of Peace Education Program at Columbia, Sexism and the War System,
Syracuse University Press, pg 40)
The continuation of warfare …
defenses for human survival.
Reardon , 1993 (Betty, Director of Peace Education Program at Columbia University, Women and Peace:
Feminist Visions of Global Security, pg 166)
I have tried to make …
vulnerability, equity, and protection.
OBSERVATION 3: SOLVENCY
“Force, fraud, and coercion” is impossible to prove – removing the standard is necessary to solve
Bartow 08 Professor of Law at the University of South Carolina School of Law
(Ann, “Another Overview of William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (the
TVPRA)” November 3rd 2008) http://feministlawprofs.law.sc.edu/?p=4285
The TVPA has not …
coercion very difficult to prove.
Put away your politics DA—solving for trafficking has bipartisan support
Hyland 01 J.D. candidate, Washington College of Law, American University --The author is grateful to the
President's Interagency Council on Women for its guidance Kelly, Protecting Human Victims of
Trafficking: An
American Framework 16 Berkeley Women's L.J. 29 lexis
On November 8, 1999, Representative …
of women worldwide.
Increasing eligibility for T visas won’t open the floodgates of immigration.

Haynes, Assistant Professor of Law at New England Law, 08 (Dina Francesca, ARTICLE: (NOT) FOUND
CHAINED TO A BED IN A BROTHEL: CONCEPTUAL, LEGAL, AND PROCEDURAL FAILURES TO
FULFILL
THE PROMISE OF THE TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT,” Georgetown Immigration Law
Journal, Spring 2007, Lexis, mrw)
Much of the lack …
concern about floodgates opening.
Marriage
Plan
The United States federal government should not require that visa applicants’ marriages be
consummated.
Readiness Advantage
The United States will always be involved in the global arena – a loss of our conventional power ensures
that conflicts escalate and the US will be inevitably be drawn in – war is only possible with a weakened
America.
Horowitz and Shalmon, ‘9 (Michael and Dan, Spring, The Future of War and American Military
Strategy)
It is important to ...are difficult to foresee.
Readiness is dangerously low now – risks the US being unable to respond effectively to hotspots around
the globe
Boston Globe 09
Report casts doubt on military's readiness,
www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2009/02/20/report_casts_doubt_on_militarys_readines
s/
For the third consecutive ...to any new crises.
A major cause of readiness decline is unauthorized absences - undermines military effectiveness, and
unit cohesion
NC Times – 9 (MILITARY: Marine Corps desertion cases stretch to WWII, January,
http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/military/article_3a2deba2-2dd5-5e0c-99a0-9624ec23c41f.html
Military officials say t...for effective war-fighting."
Immigration is at the heart of this decline – complications for families undermines readiness
Stock – Attorney and Lieutenant Colonel, Military Police Corps, US Army – ‘8
Margaret, IMMIGRATION NEEDS OF AMERICA’S FIGHTING MEN AND WOMEN,
May, http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/printers/110th/42509.PDF
The U.S. is a global ...will enhance military readiness.
Family stability is a cornerstone of military strength

Henderson ‘6 (Journalist, While They're at War: The True Story of American Families on the Homefront,
pg. 5)
Is my husband bothered ...unprepared to defend herself.

This continued rate of decline puts us on the brink – absent action, an ‘invisible red line’ will be
crossed, collapsing the Army.
Eagle, ’11 (Mackenzie, research fellow for Heritage, “Assessing Strategic Readiness Of U.S. Armed
Forces,” Testimony before The Readiness Subcommittee on Armed
Services http://www.eurasiareview.com/assessing-strategic-readiness-of-u-s-armed-forces-03032011/)
Further consequences of continued ...only after the fact.
Low readiness negates the US advantage in military size – this actively invites aggression by hostile
nations.
Spencer 2k
Research Fellow at the Heritage Foundation, The Facts About Military
Readiness, http://www.heritage.org/Research/MissileDefense/BG1394.cfm
U.S. military readiness ...thereby preserving peace.
Challengers cause global nuclear conflict

Gray Director Strategic Studies Center Reading U. ‘5
(Colin S.-, Spring, Parameters, “How Has War Changed Since the End of the Cold
War?”, http://www.carlisle.army. mil/usawc/parameters/05spring/gray.htm; Jacob)
6. Interstate War, Down but Far from Out....fear, honor, and interest.”23
Readiness key to win the war on terror and deter aggression from Iran, North Korea, and China
Mahnken, Professor of National Security at the US Naval War College, 3/3
11, Are We Ready? An Independent Look at the Required Readiness Posture of U.S. Forces, BEFORE
THE READINESS SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE
COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
armedservices.house.gov/index.cfm/files/serve?File_id=5a623ec4-1331-47f7-a4aa-33610c13e123
As someone who ...unknown and the unexpected.
Credible deterrence prevents Iran from instigating nuclear conflict

Ben-Meir 7 (Alon Ben-Meir, professor of international relations at the Center for Global Affairs at NYU,
2/6/07, Realpolitik: Ending Iran's defiance, http://www.upi.com/Security_Industry/2007/02/06/Realpolitik-
Ending-Irans-defiance/UPI-69491170778058/)
Feeling emboldened and ...major U.S. punitive measures.
We solve
The consummation requirement for proxy marriages creates a massive strain on military personal with
foreign born spouses – they become distracted and go AWOL
Edwards, Editor of the Hastings Women's Law Journal, 11
Winter, JD Candidate at Hastings, Kicking the INA Out of Bed: Abolishing the Consummation
Requirement for Proxy Marriages, 22 Hastings Women's L.J. 55
As the Hardin court ….presenting that evidence to DHS.

This affects a large number of soldiers – causes a decline in readiness
Shane 09
Journalist for Stars and Stripes, INS Plans to Deport Wife of GI in
Iraq, http://www.military.com/news/article/ins-plans-to-deport-wife-of-gi-in-iraq.html
Immigration experts say ...from those countries.
Resolving immigration concerns of the loved ones of military members key to restore readiness
Stock, Professor at US Miltary Academy, 09
Legal Needs of Military Veterans, Servicemembers, and their
families, http://www.nationalimmigrationproject.org/Seattle2009/NLG_Materials/timmons.pdf
Many military members ….women and their families.
Federalism Advantage
The consummation requirement for proxy marriages is a uniquely dangerous threat to federalism
1) It is the only time in the INA that marriage is defined – a huge intrusion into exclusively state matters
Titshaw, Law Prof at Mercer, 10
Spring, THE MEANING OF MARRIAGE: IMMIGRATION RULES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR
SAME- SEX SPOUSES IN A WORLD WITHOUT DOMA, 16 Wm. & Mary J. of Women & L. 537
The scope of a federal ...exclusively a State matter."
2) It invalidates marriages that states have declared valid

A marriage is ….consented to the marriage
3) It contravenes state privacy protections – the Federal government is not only intruding into the
bedroom, it is peeking under the sheets
The power to define ….and sexual privacy.
The INA’s consummation requirement spillsover to call into question state primacy throughout family law
Abrams, Law Prof at Virginia, 07
Immigration Law and the Regulation of Marriage, 91 Minn. L. Rev. 1625
But immigration law’s ….marriage through immigration law.
Maintaining state primacy over marriage law is the most important aspect of federalism
Cruz, Law Prof at USC, 11
The Defense of Marriage Act and Uncategorical Federalism, forthcoming 19 W M.&MARY BILL RTS. J.
March 2011, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1745003
First and foremost, ...of traditional state regulation . . . .”
Reaffirming state primacy over family key to restoring the federalist balance
Dailey, Law Prof at UConn, 95
FEDERALISM AND FAMILIES, 143 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1787
Lopez did not directly ….familial origins of the civic self.
Scenario One is Nigeria
Nigeria models US governmental practice and division of power formulations

Mwalimu, Senior Legal Specialist at Law Library of Congress, 05
The Nigerian Legal System: Public Law, Pg. 6
Nigeria is a country ...United States and Nigeria.
Modeling is not just historical - US influence continues to contribute to the development of Nigerian civil
society
Campbell, Senior Fellow for Africa policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, 10
Examining the U.S.-Nigeria Relationship in a Time of
Transition, http://allafrica.com/stories/201002240888.html
Nigeria and the United ...much reference to Abuja.
Religious tension in Nigeria threatening violence across the country

BBC News 2/24
Nigerian religious riots continue , http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4749534.stm
Violence is continuing ...have long been tense.
Nigerian Islamic movements are mounting resistance to standards of family law imposed by the federal
government
Behrouz 03
Attorney and independent scholar, TRANSFORMING ISLAMIC FAMILY LAW: STATE RESPONSIBILITY
AND THE ROLE OF INTERNAL INITIATIVE, 103 Colum. L. Rev. 1136
Because of the centrality ….divided amongst surviving heirs.
Respect for local control of family law key to prevent civil war and dismemberment
Ojielo, Senior Peace and Development Advisor at the UN, 03
HUMAN RIGHTS AND SHARIA'H JUSTICE IN NIGERIA, Ann. Surv. Int'l & Comp. L. 135
It is important to evaluate ….how to deal with the
Spreads throughout the region

National Intelligence Council 05
Mapping Sub-Saharan Africa’s Future, www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_GIF_confreports/africa_future.pdf
Other potential developments might ….without massive international assistance.
Causes terrorist nuclear strikes against the US

Dempsey, Director African Studies Army War College, ‘6
(Thomas, Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army War College and served as a strategic intelligence
analyst for Africa at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and as Chief of Africa Branch for the
Defense Intelligence Agency, Counterterrorism in African Failed States: Challenges and Potential
Solutions, April, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub649.pdf)
Raising the Stakes:The Nuclear Dimension .be a complex and difficult ta
Extinction
SID-AHMED 04
(Mohamed, internationally renowned reporter and columnist in Al Ahram, “Extinction!” Al-Ahram
Weekly, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)
What would be the consequences we will all be losers.
Nigerian collapse will provoke outside military intervention

National Intelligence Council 08
Global Trends 2025:A Transformed
World, http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_2025/2025_Global_Trends_Final_Report.pdf
Domestic instability, insurgencies, ...stabilize energy flows.
Superpower nuke war

Deutsch, Contributing Editor for Russian Politics and PHD in economics from GMU,
02 http://www.rabidtigers.com/rtn/newsletterv2n9.html
The Rabid Tiger Project ….people love to go fishing.
Scenario 2 is Indonesia
Indonesian secessionist movements will break apart the country in the status quo
BMI 11
January, Indonesia Defence and Security Report Q1
2011, http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/ca0b2c/indonesia_defence_and_security_report_q1
_2011
In 2004 and then ….of other insurgent movements.
Indonesia models US federalism

London, Professor Emeritus NYU, 2k
The Enemy Within, http://ao.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=article_detail&id=1398
Fourth, the United States ….maintain its extraordinary leadership.

Sustaining US support for federalism key to Indonesian adoption – only way to prevent collapse
Dillon 2k
Senior Strategist BCP International, INDONESIA AND SEPARATISM: FINDING A FEDERALIST
SOLUTION, www.heritage.org/Research/AsiaandthePacific/EM670.cfm, No. 670
Separatist grievances focus on ….causes of the current instability.
Indonesian collapse undermines the global economy

Menon, IR Prof at Lehigh, 01
National Interest, Another Year of Living Dangerously?, Lexis
Indonesia may survive the …..blows of 1997 would slow.
Global nuclear conflict

Mead 09
Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, Only Makes You Stronger, The
New Republic, www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8&p=2
The greatest danger ...we may still have to fight.
Indonesian collapse ends ASEAN

Menon, IR Prof at Lehigh, 01
National Interest, Another Year of Living Dangerously?, Lexis
Indonesia's neighbors have ….Indonesia, its keystone, crumbles.
Extinction
Rajaratnam 92
Former Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, ASEAN The Way Ahead, www.aseansec.org/13991.htm
Should regionalism collapse, then ….war mankind will ever fight.
Scenario Three is Korea
North Korean collapse is inevitable

Foster-Carter 05
2/17, Honorary senior research fellow in sociology and modern Korea at Leeds University, “The Six-Party
Failure,” http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/0516A_Carter.html
The grassroots are restive plan for much bumpier landings.
Collapse will happen quickly – managing unification process key to stability

Wolf, Econ Prof at NYU, 98
Korean Unification: Lessons from
Germany, http://www.iie.com/publications/chapters_preview/26/9iie2555.pdf
In the summer of 1989, closely resemble the German case.
American federalist model key to successful unification

Rowan, Poli Sci Prof at Chicago State, 06
“American Federalism and Korean Unification,” Google
Chi Bong-do elaborates to consider Korea’s political culture.
The impact is great power nuke war

Stares and Wit 09
January, Senior fellow for Conflict Prevention and director of the Center for Preventive Action at the
Council on Foreign Relations, Adjunct senior research fellow at the Weatherhead East Asia Institute,
Columbia University, “Preparing for Sudden Change in North Korea”
Under these circumstances, ….misunderstanding and outright discord.
Urban Growth Advantage

Family reunification policies are key – 2 internal links
First, enclave hiring is integral to business wikth low profit margins – these operations are diporrtionately
cound in the inner city
Harriet Duleep, “Role of family-based immigration in the U.S. immigration system hearing before the
subcommittee on immigration, citizenship, refugees, border security, and international law of the
committee on the judiciary house of representatives one hundred tenth congress first session, May,
online
Family Admissions Promote Immigrant Entrepreneurship…businesses that would not otherwise exist.
Family reunification provides emotional and financial stability – key to urban business and job growth
Bill Ong Hing, Role of family-based immigration in the U.S. immigration system hearing before the first
session, May, online subcommittee on immigration, citizenship, refugees, border security, and
international law of the committee on the judiciary house of representatives one hundred tenth congress
The economic data on today’s kinship immigrants are favorable…urban neighborhoods and economic
sectors.
The trade defecit makes economic collapse inevitable – only strengthening exports can produce
sustained and long term economic growth
Weller, 2/11, The case for strategic export promotion, Center for American Progress
The United States faces enormous economic…and long-term economic growth.
Urban revitalization key to export promotion – mitigates all threats to the economy
Katz, Director of rht Brookings Metro Policy, Export Nation: How U.S. Metros Lead National Export
Growth and Boost Competitiveness
Increasing exports is one key…roughly seven export clusters
Econ collapse causes nuclear war

Mead 09
The massive trade defecit creates unsustainable debt – causes global conflict
Elliott, 06 “Is America Heading for Economic Collapse?”
There are those who say that the trade…without a fight seems fanciful in the extreme
The trade deficit will cause protectionist escalation – causes tit for tat trade war – boosting exports solve
Hufbauer, 10 “US Protectionist Impulses in the Wake of the Great Recession”
The U.S. unemployment rate more than doubled…instances of U.S. protectionism.
Free Trade reduces the risk and severity of interstate conflicts

Griswold, 5
Trafficking/Dom Abuse
Human Trafficking Narrative
CONTENTION ONE IS A CRITIQUE OF THE DOMINANT TRAFFICKING
NARRATIVE:
First, the T-visa program is constructed from a trafficking narrative that inhibits its
effectiveness. The cooperation requirement and the narrow definition of who
constitutes a victim of severe forms of human trafficking disqualifies the vast majority
of applicants
Srikantiah in 2007
(JAYASHRI, Associate Professor of Law and Director, Immigrants’ Rights Clinic, Stanford Law
School, “PERFECT VICTIMS AND REAL SURVIVORS: THE ICONIC VICTIM IN DOMESTIC
HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAW”, BOSTON UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW, Vol. 87:157,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:242:http://128.197.26.3/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volum
e87n1/documents/SRIKANTIAHv.2.pdf
http://128.197.26.3/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volume87n1/documents/SRIKANTI
AHv.2.pdf ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:242 )
Antonio is not alone. The … deserving trafficking victim.
And, the intent of the drafters of the TVPA to emphasize protection over law
enforcement has been subverted. Now, in order to be recognized as a victim, a
migrant must play into the narrative of their victimhood and cooperate with attempts
to prosecute their traffickers
Haynes in 2009
(Dina Francesca, Associate Professor of Law at New England Law – Boston, “EXPLOITATION
NATION: THE THIN AND GREY LEGAL LINES BETWEEN TRAFFICKED PERSONS AND
ABUSED MIGRANT LABORERS”, Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy, 23 ND J.
L. Ethics & Pub Pol'y 1, l/n)
The world, including …of her traffickers.
And, U.S. trafficking policy was formed and supported by neoconservatives.

Congress’s enactment of the TVPA was due in large part to their framing of helpless
and innocent victims in need of protection from the barbaric other.
Desyllas in 2007
(Moshoula Capous Desyllas, 4th year Ph.D. Student in Social Work and Social Research at
Portland State University in the Graduate School of Social Work, “A Critique of the Global
Trafficking Discourse and U.S. Policy”, Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, December 2007,
Volume XXXIV, Number 4)
Trafficking policy in the …they were coerced.

And, this narrative has its roots in the Bush era but extends across party lines, the
following are two examples of the top level of our government invoking images of
innocent victims violated by foreign criminals to rhetorically construct a framing of the
trafficking phenomenon as an affront to U.S. ideals.
The first is a speech given by Bush to law enforcement officials in Florida
Bush in 2007
(George W., former president of the United States, “G. W. Bush Announces
Initiatives To Combat Human Trafficking”, transcribed from a youtube video
located at
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:243:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gi9mCTxkDh8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gi9mCTxkDh8 ws:end:WikiTextUrlRule:243 )
I am honored to be with …will lead the fight against it.
And, Obama continues to promote this narrative
Obama in 2008
(Barrack, the president of the United States, “Obama on Human Trafficking”,
transcribed from a youtube clip located at
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:244:http://traffickingproject.blogspot.com/2008/08/obam
a-on-human-trafficking.html
http://traffickingproject.blogspot.com/2008/08/obama-on-human-trafficking.html
This has to be a top …like that taking place.
And, dominant media accounts of trafficking collude with the government’s narrative
that conflates sex slavery and human trafficking. As one prominent New York Times
editorial piece exemplifies, these stories are told to induce fear and cooperation from
a public already panicked over our porous borders and the harm they could bring to
an otherwise white, peaceful neighborhood
Landesman in 2004
(Peter, NYT Editor, “The Girls Next Door”,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:245:http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/25/magazine/25S
EXTRAFFIC.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/25/magazine/25SEXTRAFFIC.html
The house at 1212 1/2 West … beaten and sometimes killed.
And, the application of this Good/Evil dichotomy emphasizes the innocence of victims
and reproduces fear and anxiety over the dark, foreign criminals who threaten our
way of life. These narratives doom anti-trafficking efforts to failure.
Berman in 2010
(Jacqueline, PhD. Principal Analyst, Berkeley Policy Associates, “Biopolitical
Management, Economic Calculation and ‘‘Trafficked Women’’”, International
Migration, Vol. 48 (4) 2010)
A nefarious underworld populated … in trafficking networks.4
And, this narrative sensationalizes the sexual and criminal aspects of trafficking and
justifies sovereign intervention through the biopolitical management of the
“trafficking victims” population. We need to unpack this discussion before we can
properly redress the trafficking phenomenon
Berman in 2010
Why is this narrative of … how to redress it.
And, these discourses are tied to the functioning of the state and the exercise of
sovereign power. Women’s bodies have become a site of surveillance for the state to
distinguish between the pure citizen and the impure foreigner that allows for the
violent removal of any threat. These discourses enable a vicious biopolitics that
reinforce gendered and racialized distinctions in the name of preserving the political
community.
Berman in 2003
(Jacqueline, Rockefeller Fellow, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, USA, “(Un)Popular
Strangers and Crises (Un)Bounded: Discourses of Sex-trafficking, the European Political
Community and the Panicked State of the Modern State”, European Journal of International
Relations, 9:37, pMUSE)
As I have discussed, in their …the political community.

And, this law and order approach to sex trafficking ensures that t-visas function as a
device to assist prosecutors, shifting the burden on exploited migrants to prove their
innocence and coercion. This framing uses sexual harm as a justification to restrain
women’s movement and guarantees the marginalization, stigmatization, and
criminalization of sex workers and migrants alike
Desyllas in 2007
(Moshoula Capous Desyllas, 4th year Ph.D. Student in Social Work and Social Research at
Portland State University in the Graduate School of Social Work, “A Critique of the Global
Trafficking Discourse and U.S. Policy”, Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, December 2007,
Volume XXXIV, Number 4)
Another large part of … sex workers and migrants (Wijers & Van Doorninck, 2005; Wijers,
2001).
id="wikitext@@anchor@@_Toc272831036" title="Anchor:
_Toc272831036"/> ws:end:WikiTextAnchorRule:11
And, the administration’s framing enables migration management, a disciplinary
technique that furthers the biopolitical agenda of the state. This narrative turns the
trafficked body into a site of production marked by sovereignty and capital that
renders life bare
Berman in 2010
As the above discussion … useful and the not.
Vote aff to endorse the rhetorical criticism of T-visa beneficiary eligibility
Contention Two is our method

The role of the ballot is to open spaces of resistance to the dominant narratives of
trafficking.
First, Narratives construct ontology. We must beign by investigating how master
narratives shape power relations
Kirkscey in 2008
(T. Russel, M.A. Communication Studies, "Finding Opportunities: A Reevaluation
of Narrative Theory and Praxis in Communication Studies," Thesis presented to
the Graduate Council of Texas State University-San Marcos,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:246:http://ccommons.txstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?ar
ticle=1001&context=comstad
http://ccommons.txstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=comstad
These same fundamental issues surround humans... as a tool for appraising the
purpose of rhetoric
And, re-framing the trafficking narrative from a gender and immigration perspective is
critical to avoid conflation of trafficking and sex slavery, the production of security
threats and the construction of racialized foreign enemies
Berman 2010
Given the over-simplicity and failure... tropes that haunt the debate.
Finally, the 1AC is a discursive act of resistance to the dominant trafficking narrative.
Anything less than constant criticism will form a new narrative ripe with the
biopolitical structures of the status quo, this means only the aff can solve
Kirkscey in 2008
(T. Russel, M.A. Communication Studies, "Finding Opportunities: A Reevaluation
of Narrative Theory and Praxis in Communication Studies," Thesis presented to
the Graduate Council of Texas State University-San Marcos,
ws:start:WikiTextUrlRule:247:http://ccommons.txstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?ar
ticle=1001&context=comstad
http://ccommons.txstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=comstad
Foucault (1977/1980) envisions power as an... discourse "transmits," "exposes,"

and "renders fragile" power.
ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:2:<h1>
VAWA
Plan: The United States federal government should substantially expand beneficiary eligibility for special
family visas by expanding self-petition status to persons subject to domestic abuse regardless of marital
status, immigration status, or domestic partner’s immigration status. Normal means. Affirmative Speeches
will clarify.
Advantage One: Domestic Abuse

1. Undocumented persons subject to domestic abuse must be viewed from an intersectional approach
that incorporates their class, race, gender,immigration, victimage and autonmy. Orloff, 2001 [Leslye Orloff
is the Director of the Immigrant Women Program, National Organization for Women (NOW) Legal
Defense and Education Fund. She was formerly the director of the National Policy Project at Ayuda Inc.,
a legal services program for immigrant and refugee women., Lifesaving Welfare Safety Net Access for
Battered Immigrant Women and Children: Accomplishments and Next Steps; William and Mary Journal of
Women and the Law]
Multiple barriers hamper immigrant women's ability to achieve economic … and immigrant rights'
advocates; without their united efforts this vulnerable population cannot be fully served.
2. This reconceptualization of victim and autonomy is the best method for proactive policymaking.
Schnieder 2003. [38 N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev. 387 ARTICLE: FEMINISM AND THE FALSE DICHOTOMY OF
VICTIMIZATION AND AGENCY Elizabeth M. SchneiderProfessor of Law, Brooklyn Law School. ]
This new victim-agent identity of battered women can be a powerful policy tool. Policymakers can identify
those decision-and action-junctures they deem as critical to stopping or reducing the domestic violence.
They then can rely on the rationality and agency of battered women by using both positive support and
negative consequences to steer women into using these identified opportunities towards desirable
outcomes. Positive support should include genuinely helpful social services that work towards
long- [*1261] term solutions, such as useful job training and permanent housing options. Negative
consequences can range from suspension of certain privileges at shelters to modification of visitation or
custody rights.
It is critical, though, that such policies not operate in … opportunities to move towards desirable
outcomes.
3. Immigrant women are uniquely vulnerable to domestic abuse. Shaw 09 [Spring, 200915 Cardozo J.L. &
Gender 663NOTE: BARRIERS TO FREEDOM: CONTINUED FAILURE OF U.S. IMMIGRATION LAWS
TO OFFEREQUAL PROTECTION TO IMMIGRANT BATTERED WOMEN]
Domestic violence victims constitute a significant proportion of crime … of immigrant women are abused
by their spouses than women in the general population in the United States.
4. Immigration dependency on a spouse locks women into a cycle of long term violence and domination.
Shaw 2009 [Spring, 200915 Cardozo J.L. & Gender 663NOTE: BARRIERS TO FREEDOM: CONTINUED
FAILURE OF U.S. IMMIGRATION LAWS TO OFFEREQUAL PROTECTION TO IMMIGRANT
BATTERED WOMEN]
Immigrant women are a particularly vulnerable group … abuse among immigrant women is much higher
than that among other victims of domestic abuse. n16
5. Failure to escape abusive relationships result in death. Domestic Violence causes Murder. SW 2006 [
Silent Witness, June 29, 2006, “ Statistics on Domestic
Violence” http://www.silentwitness.net/sub/violences.htm]
By the mid 1990's, at least fifteen hundred women each year were murder victimes from domestic
violence. … two-thirds of reported domestic violence incidents are classified as "simple assaults," which is
a misdemeanor rather than a felony. But up to 50 percent of these "simple assaults" result in physical
injuries that are as, or more, serious than 90 percent of all rapes, robberies, and aggravated assaults.
Victims of violence are trapped within the sphere of the unreal where certain lives are not considered lives
at all. This gives rise to inevitable violence against those who are not recognized as real Butler 2004
[Judith Butler, 2004, “Undoing Gender” , pgs.24-25]
What are the cultural contours of the notion of the human at work here? And how do the … has been no
sundering of that commonality. None of this takes place on the order of the event. None of this takes
place. How many lives have been lost from AIDS in Africa in the last few years? Where are the media
representations of this loss, the discursive elaborations of what these losses mean for communities
there?
Advantage 2: Child Abuse

1. ) There is a direct link between Domestic Violence and Child Abuse. These children have no choice in
the matter. AHA 1994 [ American Humane Association- Child Division, September 1994, “ The Link
Between Child Abuse and Domestic Violence” yesican.org]
A growing body of research points to a definite link between adult domestic …violence experience
increased problems themselves.
2.) Children are victimized by just witnessing domestic violence. They often become what they see which
perpetuates domestic violence. AHA 1994 [ American Humane Association- Child Division, September
1994, “ The Link Between Child Abuse and Domestic Violence” yesican.org]
Even in households in which children are not themselves physically abused … witnesses of domestic
violence may also display an inability to control and express emotion, or to delay gratification.
3.) The Result is neglect, child death, and continuation of the cycle of violence. Carter 2005[ Janet Carter,
March 15 2005, “Domestic Violence, Child Abuse, and Youth Violence: Strategies for Prevention and
Early Intervention” Family Violence Prevention Fund.]
Domestic violence and child abuse take a devastating toll on children and society at large. …. Clearly,
domestic violence and child abuse are spawning grounds for the next generation of abusers, as well as
for violent juveniles.
Observation 1 Solvency
1. Inherency and Solvency. VAWA is effective at protecting battered U.S. women, however
undocumented battered immigrant women are excluded from those same rights. Only by expanding U.S.
immigration visa eligibility can these goals of VAWA be achieved. Wood, 2004 [VAWA'S UNFINISHED
BUSINESS: THE IMMIGRANT WOMEN WHO FALL THROUGH THE CRACKSDr. Sarah Wood, Ph.D.
from Harvard and a Law Degree from Duke, writes in the Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy, 2004.]
VAWA 2000 went a long way toward closing the gaps in protection for … deportation for reporting the
crimes committed against them.
2. The Violence Against Women Act is effective because it allows abused immigrants to file for assistance
without their abuser’s cooperation. Orloff in 2001 [Leslye Orloff is the Director of the Immigrant Women
Program, National Organization for Women (NOW) Legal Defense and Education Fund. ; Spring, 2001;
Lifesaving Welfare Safety Net Access for Battered Immigrant Women and Children: Accomplishments
and Next Steps; The College of William and Mary, William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law]
In VAWA, Congress included immigration provisions … applications without the cooperation of the
abusive spouse or parent. n12
4. The Violence Against Women Act is needed to allow battered immigrants to escape further abuse and
regain their autonomy. Orloff in 2001 [Leslye Orloff is the Director of the Immigrant Women Program,
National Organization for Women (NOW) Legal Defense and Education Fund. ; Spring, 2001; Lifesaving
Welfare Safety Net Access for Battered Immigrant Women and Children: Accomplishments and Next
Steps; The College of William and Mary, William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law]
Battered women escaping violence must be able to locate safe, secure …, federally funded public or
assisted housing is crucial.
6. When victims of domestic abuse have access to public benefits, they can regain their autonomy and
escape abusive relationships. Orloff, 2001 [Leslye Orloff is the Director of the Immigrant Women
Program, National Organization for Women (NOW) Legal Defense and Education Fund. She was formerly
the director of the National Policy Project at Ayuda Inc., a legal services program for immigrant and
refugee women., Lifesaving Welfare Safety Net Access for Battered Immigrant Women and Children:
Accomplishments and Next Steps; William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law]
On the other hand, when battered immigrants receive public benefits… enable them to obtain secure,
safe housing, food and clothing for themselves and their children.
7. Plan re-engages politics for social change. Merely critiquing the status quo and language does nothing
to actual solve their “ism,” creates atrocity, and cedes politics to the Evil they critique. Boggs ’97 (CARL
BOGGS – Professor and Ph.D. Political Science, National University, Los Angeles -- Theory and Society
26: 741-780)
The false sense of empowerment that comes with such mesmerizing impulses … might help further
rationalize the existing power structure. In either case, the state would likely become what Hobbes
anticipated: the embodiment of those universal, collec-tive interests that had vanished from civil
society.75
Observation 2
A. Our interpretation is that plan focus is good.
B. Prefer our interpretation –
1. Aff Choice – If we’re resolutionally based, there should be a presumption for the affirmative, otherwise
they can moot 9 minutes of the 1AC.
2. Negative Ground – plan focus provides a stable locus for negative links – solves all their offense, they
can still read critiques of plan action.
3. Topic Specific Education – We ought to answer the question in the resolution. – disincentivizing topic
specific research kills education.
4. Alternative Frameworks aren’t responsive – The assumptions of the 1AC are predicated on the
framework that we think the resolution demands. If they sever us out of our framework, it should also
sever assumptions based on it.
C. If we win our framework, Reject representation based link arguments and non-policy alternatives.
Observation 3. Defense Wins Championships.
1. The Plan will not increase fraud or immigration. These women and children are already in the United
States. Shaw 2009 [Spring, 200915 Cardozo J.L. & Gender 663NOTE: BARRIERS TO FREEDOM:
CONTINUED FAILURE OF U.S. IMMIGRATION LAWS TO OFFEREQUAL PROTECTION TO
IMMIGRANT BATTERED WOMEN]
Extending VAWA benefits to undocumented immigrant battered women … cross the border. n188 She
should not have to suffer physical battery or risk death merely because she is undocumented.
2. Your disads are terminally non-unique. Historically, VAWA changes for immigrant women have
received bipartisan support., VAWA has been in existence since 1995. Shetty, 2002
[http://new.vawnet.org/category/Main_Doc.php?docid=384; Sudha Shetty, J.D.
Director, Access to Justice Institute Seattle University School of Law]
There was further bi-partisan recognition that immigration laws were … contained provisions that limit the
ability of the abuser to use immigration laws to threaten and control his immigrant spouse or child.
3. Your Politics Disad is Not Unique. Obama has rejected bipartisanship. He does not want it and he does
not expect it. Weigant, September 8, 2010. [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chris-weigant/obamas-
bipartisan-obsessi_b_709880.html]
President Barack Obama gave a wowser of a speech today… and appeared much more like the
"Candidate Obama" that so many of his supporters have been missing for so long.
4. Your generic immigration politics links are Non-Unique. Obama Administration is doing mass
dismissals of deportations and suits to prevent enforcement of immigration laws. Bargeman August 26,
2010 [http://www.worldnewsheardnow.com/ice-dropping-immigration-cases-backdoor-amnesty/2008/]
Immigration and Customs Enforcement is dropping cases against … be more interested in enforcing
current immigration laws.
Trafficking
an effort to combat human trafficking, Congress adopted the Trafficked Victims
Protection Act in 2000. Unfortunately, the TVPA focuses on an iconic victim, a pure
woman, typically kidnapped or sold into slavery to evil men who traffick her across the
border to be forced into a life of prostitution and slavery. SRIKANTIAH 2007
(JAYASHRI, Associate Professor of Law and Director, Immigrants’ Rights Clinic, Stanford Law) Perfect
Victims And Real Survivors: The Iconic Victim In Domestic Human Trafficking Law Boston University Law
Review v.
187 http://www.bu.edu/lawcentral/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volume87n1/documents/SRIKANTIAHv.2.
pdf /bgb 8/18/10
The regulations and agency implementation … regulatory requirement of the LEA
endorsement.
The failure to meet this iconic status is deportation or worse. SRIKANTIAH 2007
(JAYASHRI, Associate Professor of Law and Director, Immigrants’ Rights Clinic,
Stanford Law) Perfect Victims And Real Survivors: The Iconic Victim In Domestic
Human Trafficking Law Boston University Law Review v.
187 http://www.bu.edu/law//central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volume87n1/document
s/SRIKANTIAHv.2.pdf /bgb 8/18/10
The second burden imposed by … to other immigration sanctions as well.
Contention 2: Significance
Our emphasis on iconic victims results in several problems.
Scenario 1: Human Trafficking
Because the current law features only innocent women kidnapped or sold into slavery who do not free
themselves, the vast majority of all trafficking victims are missed. Men, children, anyone trafficked for non-
prostitution reasons, anyone who frees herself, anyone who is not a good witness, or anyone who made a
decision to cross the border illegally are simply ignored. This creates a breeding ground for human
trafficking. SRIKANTIAH 2007
Review v.
187 http://www.bu.edu/law//central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volume87n1/documents/SRIKANTIAHv.
2.pdf /bgb 8/18/10
Domestic anti-trafficking efforts are currently … full range of real trafficking stories.
Traffickers know this and use it to avoid prosecution. The result is unfettered human trafficking.Jones
2007
(Loring Jones, David Engstrom, Tricia Hilliard, Mariel Diaz – San Diego State University School of Social
Work) Globalization and Human Trafficking, Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, June, EBSCO /bgb
8/23/10
. Traffickers then use the "illegal" immigration … almost any type of illegal activity"
(quoted in Hughes, 2000, p. 7).
The result is more than 800,000 people trafficked each year, rapidly approaching the numbers of the
African slave trade of the 1700s. McKeown & Ryo 2008
(M. Margaret, U.S. Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit &
Emily, J.D., Harvard Law School) Fall, Cornell International Law Journal 41 Cornell Int'l
L.J. 739 The Lost Sanctuary: Examining Sex Trafficking Through the Lens of United
States v. Ah Sou L/N /bgb 8/18/10
Human trafficking is a thriving and . .. 50,000 n21 victims every year.
We must change our approach to help these people. Protecting their human dignity is essential for the
continuation of the humanity, for if we tolerate human trafficking, all forms of abuse become acceptable
and we repeat the greatest tragedies of history. Fasching 1993
Fasching, Prof Relig @ U S Florida, 1993 (Darrell J., The Ethical Challenge of Auschwitz and
Hiroshima, p 179-181)
Human rights claims suggest that … and religious forces of dehumanization. 179-181
Scenario 2: HIV/AIDS
Human trafficking in the sex trade is a uniquely important means of spreading HIV/AIDS. Kloer 2009
(Amanda, December
1) http://humantrafficking.change.org/blog/view/the_intersection_of_human_trafficking_and_aids
All people in commercial sex … out of the commercial sex industry.
Up to 80% of HIV/AIDS cases are attributable to the sex industry. Physicians for Human Rights 2003
http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/2003-06-25.html /bgb 8/24/10
Though the percentage of HIV transmissions … sex workers in Mumbai (Bombay) exceeds 50%.
AIDS will lead to human extinction. THE JAKARTA POST 2000 March 6, 2000
The challenge is not one of . . . and maybe the human race.
Scenario 3: Organized Crime

Human trafficking is the key internal link to all organized crime. Keefer 2006
Keefer 6 Sandra, Colonel U.S. Army War College, HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND THE
IMPACT ON NATIONAL SECURITY FOR THE UNITED
STATES, http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-
bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA448573&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf
Slave traffickers around the world . . . criminal syndicates the world over. 13
This transnational organized crime is the root cause of failed states. Carlson 1997
Carlson 97 Thomas, Commander of the US Navy, The Threat of Transnational
Organized Crime to U.S. National Security: A Policy Analysis Using a Center of Gravity
Framework, Global Security, Online
Transnational organized crime contributes . . . moral, legal, humanitarian, and/or
security threshold.
Failed states are a comparatively larger risk than great power wars – encourage US and
allied intervention
Yoo 5 John, Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley School of Law, Failed
States, Int’l Colloquium, Online
Failed states pose one of . . . money, supplies, and lives.
Organized crime makes all of their wars inevitable – pre-requisite for stability
UNODC 9 February, Preventing organized crime from spoiling peace, Commission on
Narcotic Drugs, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/preventing-organized-crime-
from-spoiling-peace.html
Look at almost any . . . - has an impact on regional security.
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially expand beneficiary eligibility for
human trafficking-based visas by removing the LEA cooperation requirement, the severe hardship
standard, the preference for rescued individuals, and the prioritization of sexual exploitation in
making determinations of T visa eligibility.
Contention 3: Solvency
The plan solves human trafficking. By removing the requirement to assist Law Enforcement Agents and
providing people time to make decisions, more prosecutions occur. SRIKANTIAH 2007
Review v.
187http://www.bu.edu/lawcentral/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volume87n1/documents/SRIKANTIAHv.2.
pdf /bgb 8/18/10
. In Belgium and the Netherlands . . . psychological understandings of trauma survivors
The plan improves human dignity and prevents re-victimization. Angel 2007
Angel, Carole. “Immigration Relief for Human Trafficking Victims: Focusing the Lens on the Human Rights
of Victims.” University of Maryland School of Law. 2007. L/N. 8/20/10 JBB.
The most obvious legislative need . . . vulnerability to future victimization.
And, we provide the best solution to the HIV/AIDS crisis. Physicians for Human Rights 2003
http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/2003-06-25.html /bgb 8/24/10
There is one unique aspect to this crime, . . . facilitate their illegal activities.
Absent the LEA requirement, victims can use civil remedy 1595, which provides unique solvency
for empowerment and ending trafficking. Nam 2007
Jennifer S. Nam, ‘7 (NOTE: THE CASE OF THE MISSING CASE: EXAMINING THE
CIVIL RIGHT OF ACTION FOR HUMAN TRAFFICKING VICTIMS) Columbia Law
Review November, 2007 107 Colum. L. Rev. 1655
Section 1595 significantly changed . . . in comparison to criminal prosecutions.
Finally, we achieve global modeling. SRIKANTIAH 2007 (JAYASHRI, Associate Professor of Law and
Director, Immigrants’ Rights Clinic, Stanford Law) Perfect Victims And Real Survivors: The Iconic Victim
In Domestic Human Trafficking Law Boston University Law Review v.
187 http://www.bu.edu/law//central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volume87n1/documents/SRIKANTIAHv.
2.pdf /bgb 8/18/10
As the United States continues to . . . victims from immigration relief.
T Visa
Plan: The United States federal government should remove cooperation with prosecution as a requirement of T
Visa recipients.
The T-visa program is constructed from a trafficking narrative that inhibits its effectiveness. The cooperation
requirement and the narrow definition of who constitutes a victim of severe forms of human trafficking
disqualifies the vast majority of applicants
Srikantiah in 2007
(JAYASHRI, Associate Professor of Law and Director, Immigrants’ Rights Clinic, Stanford Law School, “PERFECT
VICTIMS AND REAL SURVIVORS: THE ICONIC VICTIM IN DOMESTIC HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAW”, BOSTON
UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW, Vol.
87:157, http://128.197.26.3/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volume87n1/documents/SRIKANTIAHv.2.p
df
Antonio is not alone- deserving trafficking

victim.
the intent of the drafters of the TVPA to emphasize protection over law enforcement has been subverted. Now, in
order to be recognized as a victim, a migrant must play into the narrative of their victimhood and cooperate with
attempts to prosecute their traffickers
Haynes in 2009
(Dina Francesca, Associate Professor of Law at New England Law – Boston, “EXPLOITATION NATION: THE THIN AND
GREY LEGAL LINES BETWEEN TRAFFICKED PERSONS AND ABUSED MIGRANT LABORERS”, Notre Dame Journal of
Law, Ethics & Public Policy, 23 ND J. L. Ethics & Pub Pol'y 1, l/n)
The world, including the United- prosecution of her traffickers.
The cooperation requirement shapes the popular cultural representations of the iconic victim—these images only
include a narrow set of victims that fits within the law enforcement narrative
Jayashri Srikantiah, ‘7 (February, Associate Professor of Law and Director, Immigrants’ Rights Clinic, Stanford Law
School, “PERFECT VICTIMS AND REAL SURVIVORS: THE ICONIC VICTIM IN DOMESTIC HUMAN TRAFFICKING
LAW” http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volume87n1/documents/SRIKANTIAHv.2.pdf
)
The term “human trafficking” has only- regarding
trafficking victims.257
This dominant discourse and understanding of human trafficking sees survivors as calculable bodies. This renders
the trafficked as tools of the state undermining their ontological value
Srikantiah 7 (JAYASHRI, Associate Professor of Law and Director, Immigrants’ Rights Clinic, Stanford Law School,
“PERFECT VICTIMS AND REAL SURVIVORS: THE ICONIC VICTIM IN DOMESTIC HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAW”, BOSTON
UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW, Vol.
87:157, http://128.197.26.3/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volume87n1/documents/SRIKANTIAHv.2.p
df)
The problem is compounded- trafficker as maximally culpable
It is impossible to separate analysis of trafficking from narratives—the law and order approach treats trafficking as
a linear and episodic event that has a clear beginning and clear end. This approach is inadequate because the
material, institutional, and symbolic factors can only be understood in relation to each other. The way we come to
understand those relations are through narratives—A narrative view helps us understand that people’s behavior is
guided by the stories they believe about the events in which they are embedded. What is important is how we
orient ourselves towards narratives.
Mona Baker, ‘5 (Professor at Centre for Translation & Intercultural Studies School of Languages, Linguistics and
Cultures University of Manchester, “Narratives in and of
Translation”, http://manchester.academia.edu/documents/0075/2237/Baker_2005.pdf)
More recent and equally- least so this narrative goes.
We must orient the ballot towards including the other in trafficking policy—bridging the gap in understanding is
key to transformative trafficking politics
Jonathan Todres, ‘9 (Associate Professor of Law, Georgia State University College of Law, “LAW, OTHERNESS, AND
HUMAN TRAFFICKING”, 49 Santa Clara L. Rev. 605)
Human trafficking needs- incidence of human trafficking.
Trafficking
vs Dartmouth ER
New advocacy and cites for security aff
My partner and I advocate that the judge should reject the

securitized discourse of human trafficking and embrace non-
securitized human trafficking narratives.
Securitization is the grand narrative which tells us how to view politics and society. This narrative
justifies the USFG’s actions and prevents any successful policy towards the trafficked from being
formed. The metanarrative of human trafficking is used to legitimate and defend the logic of
security.
Chirs Hughes 10 A Politics in the Absence of a Universal Human Nature
University of Manchester
A metanarrative has-. idea of
the human
Our recognition of the USFG’s role in the construction of the meta narrative of trafficking
destabilizes the grand narrative of securitization. This allows securitization to terminate and
alternative modes of thought to form.
Adi Ophir 97 Shifting the ground of the moral domain in Lyotard’s Le Differend
Constellations, volume 4 1997
The point of departure-part has already lost
Our advocacy comes first Assumptions are a-priori to questions of politics—before we can
formulate questions concerning what we must do- we must first understand the how and why.
Jayan Nayar, shape-shifter, horse whisperer, 1999 (“SYMPOSIUM: RE-FRAMING INTERNATIONAL
LAW FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: Orders of Inhumanity” Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems
Fall, 1999) Lexis
The description of the continuities- the "technologies" of ordering.
our framework provide the crucial link between knowledge and action
Owen 02, (David, Reader in Political Theory at the University of Southampton, “Reorienting International
Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning”, Millennium: Journal of International
Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, http://mil.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/3/653)
Another way of elucidating- pragmatism’s concern with growth
Additionally, our framework come prior to issues of fairness, predictability, ground etc.—imperial
practices are dependent on representations. The imperialist discourse constructs the reality
under which politics operates—placing representations first is necessary to escape dominant
modes of thinking.
Roxanne Lynn Doty, 1996, Professor of Poli Sci @ Arizona State University, Imperial Encounters, p 171
By examining the ways- in dominant representations.
Our Framework has a net benefit: SECURITY DISCOURSE KILLS PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT –
FRAMEWORK ALLOWS STRONG DEBATE IN PUBLIC SPHERE.
Moller 07 (Frank Moller. “Security Dialouge”. 2007. Möller is a Research Fellow at the Tampere Peace
Research Institute, University of Tampere, Finland, and the co-editor (2005–08) of Cooperation and
Conflict)
According to Buzan, Wæver- processes of desecuritization
Policy Framework Arguments Call for Limitations in How Things are to Be Interpreted-this is The Same
Obsession with Limits Characterized by Modern Thought. We Must Reject Limits in Favor of The
Possibilities of New Political Thought
Dillon in 96 (Michael, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at The University of
Lancaster, The Politics of Security)
What is most at issue- an insistence upon security
YOUR ATTEMPT TO NARROWLY DEFINE THE REALM OF DEBATE JUSTIFIES VIOLENCE AND
EXCLUSION OF DISSENT.
Butler in 2k4 (Judith, Professor @ Cal-Berkeley, Precarious Life)
Dissent and debate depend- about the effects of war).<xix-xxi
Conceptions of political space that are dominated by a focus on the state perpetuate a project of
universalization that inflicts institutionalized violence on other cultures.
Shapiro in 2k4 (Michael, Methods and Nations)
To elaborate on the- their political imaginaries
Wayne State Tournament
Scott and I advocate that the judge should recognize the United States federal
government’s role in the perpetuation of human trafficking.
Though we may like to think Trafficking is a problem of the “3rd world”, the United States levels are among the
worst in the world
Coalition Against Trafficking in Women 2010
http://www.catwinternational.org/factbook/usa1.php
Trafficking in women….what is going on
Trafficking is NOT an effect capitalism, but a tool for its spread. Breaking down trafficking breaks
down capitalism
Devin Brewer 09 Globalization and Human Traffikcing
http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/trafficking/Trafficking.pdf
globalization is the development….Thailand brothel economy
The state has a vested interest in the spread of capitalism. The state can never effectively combat
trafficking since a blow to capitalism is a blow to the state.
Sanbonmatsu, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Massachusetts, ‘09
(John Sanbonmatsu, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Massachusetts,
May/June 2009, Tikkun “Why Capitalism Shouldn’t Be
Saved” http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=2&hid=104&sid=1131528e-c63b-4785-8caa-
66c8c156fe8a%40sessionmgr10&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=39753533)
Capitlaism antagonism towards…..tables of the wealthy
We are facing the zero point of all humanity. Both quantitative extinction and the point where capitalism will
permanently destroy all value to life.
Zizek 09
What the struggles in all……march towards the apocalypse
Trafficking Commodifies people and legitimizes racism, sexism, and classism, destroying value to life
Korbel School of International Studies 09 The Development and Growth of Sex Trafficking
Traditions of colonialism…..and drug a addiction
No value to life is the root and justification of all impacts- extinction is only possible when lives have no value.
DILLON 99 (MICHAEL DILLON, UNIVERSITY OF LANCASTER, “ANOTHER JUSTICE”POLITICAL THEORY VOL. 27, NO. 2,
APRILL 1999, JSTOR)
Otherness is born(e)….human way of being
Rather than assisting the trafficked, the state has treated them as criminals, and this leads to many being
revictimized, and even greater levels of trafficking
Dina Francesca Haynes 04. Used, Abused, Arrested and Deported
Human Rights Quarterly (Project Muse)
As recently as…..year without a salary
We must recognize our individual role in combating human trafficking. Transnational activism of the 90’s prove
individual acts solve.
Andrea Bertone 04 College Park Scholars International Studies
http://preventhumantrafficking.org/storage/article-downloads/TransnationalActivism.pdf
in the early to mid…..sexual and labor explotation
To tether ourselves to a centralized power, be it the USFG or the resolution destroys the individual ability to act,
we must cut the cord if we are to create any real change
Papworth, Date Unknown
John, “Shut up and Listen” http://www.aislingmagazine.com/aislingmagazine/articles/TAM23/ShutUp.html
Centralized power in any…..regulatory mechanism to control
By viewing the trafficked as something more than a passive being that is either trafficked involuntarily or
forcibly labeled as criminal, we offer a counter narrative for the trafficked, liberating them from external and
internal oppression
*This evidence has been altered for gendered language
Hilde Nelson 10 Identity and free agency
Counterstories can provide…. Moral agency more freely
Conceptions of political space that are dominated by a focus on the state perpetuate a project of
universalization that inflicts institutionalized violence on other cultures.
Shapiro in 2k4 (Michael, Methods and Nations)
To elaborate on the implications…..of their political imaginaries.
Security advantage
Both the traffickers and the trafficked are seen by the state as the central threat post cold war,
creating a need to securitize against both groups.
Claudia Aradau 04 The Perverse Politics of Four-Letter Words: Risk and Pity in the Securitisation of Human
Trafficking
central to the problem of......with bureaucratic struggles.4
The securitization of trafficking creates two worlds: One where the trafficked are constructed as
feminine victims who must be protected and are passively acted against and a second where the
trafficked are a threat themselves who must be eliminated.
Claudia Aradau 04 The Perverse Politics of Four-Letter Words: Risk and Pity in the Securitisation of Human
Trafficking
The security continuum in.... and made insecure themselves.
Securitization leads to extinction
Mészáros 3 (István, Hungarian Marxist philosopher, and Professor Emeritus at the University of Sussex. He held
the Chair of Philosophy at Sussex for fifteen years and was earlier Professor of Philosophy and Social Science for
four years at York University. The Monthly Review, “Militarism and the Coming Wars” June
2003. http://monthlyreview.org/0603meszaros.htm AD 7/9/09)
the dangers and immense.....the model or rationality
University of Northern Iowa Tournament
Scott and I support the following idea:

eligibility for human trafficking visas.
Inherency- only 5000 T-visas can be allocated per year, while substantially less are given every year.
National immigration law center 00 Congress creates new "T" and "U" visas for victims of exploitation
http://www.nilc.org/immlawpolicy/obtainlpr/oblpr039.htm
Tvisas are….. not to dependents
The United States level of human trafficking is among the worst in the world, with most of the trafficked going
through Mexico.
Trafficking in women…. What is going on
Human Trafficking represents a form of “New Capitalism”
Ann Jordon no date Human Trafficking and Globalization, Center for American Progress’
None the less
http://www.americanprogress.org/kf/terrorinshadows-jordan.pdf
Globalization and neoliberalism have increased the number of people vulnerable to human trafficking- the
United States government aggress.
US State department 06 Trafficking in persons report
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2006/65983.htm
Trafficking is NOT an effect capitalism/globalization, but a tool for its spread. Breaking down
trafficking breaks down capitalism
CAPITALISM GUTS VALUE TO LIFE.

(Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, 1998
Clayton Morgareidge, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Lewis & Clark College. August 22, 1998
http://legacy.lclark.edu/~clayton/commentaries/evil.html)
Capitalism leads to both qualitative and quanitative destruction

Zizek 09
Trafficking Commodifies people and legitimizes racism, sexism, and classism, destroying value to life Korbel
School of International Studies 09 The Development andGrowth of Sex Trafficking
The political goal of capitalism is the integration of immigrants into society by

erasing their cultural identity. Trafficking is the ultimate form of this
Diken 2 [Bulent, prof of sociology at Lancaster University, AMID working paper series,
"Justification and immigration in the NetworkS society- A New Ambivalence?"
We have a moral obligation to break down capitalism.

Marsh 95 (JAMES L, CRITIQUE, ACTION, AND LIBERATION P. 334-335)
CAPITALISM IS PERPETUATED SIMPLY BECAUSE WE AS HUMANITY GIVE IT SYMBOLIC AUTHORITY. REFUSING TO
ACCEPT THE IDEOLOGY OF CAPITALISM ALLOWS IT TO SELF-TERMINATE.
Johnston 2k 4[ Dept of Philosophy at Univ. of New Mexico, 2004 (Adrian, “The Cynic’s Fetish: Slavoj Žižek and the
Dynamics of Belief, Psychoanalysis, Culture, and Society, December)
The plan will make clear the distinction between criminals and those who are trafficked
Trafficking
"Implementation of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), for purposes of
obtaining a T-Visa, has focused on an extremely narrowed interpretation of who
constitutes a 'victim' - the requirement for cooperation with law enforcement has
given prosecutors the dual power of identifying who constitutes an 'iconic' victim and
assessing whether or not they have adequately cooperated with an investigation - in
short, if one does not construct their political identity in alignment with the elements
of a prosecutors 'iconic victim' then they will not receive a visa. Srikantiah in 2007
[Jayashri, Associate Professor of Law and Directir, Immigrants' Rights Clinic, Stanford
Law School, "PERFECT VICTIMS AND REAL SURVIVORS: THE ICONIC VICTIM IN
DOMESTIC HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAW", BOSTO UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW, VOL
87:157, http:/128.197.26.3/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volume87n1/documents/SRIKANT
IAHv.2.pdf
"Attaching Identity to suffering in an attempt to eliminate it negates life and makes destruction desirable."
Nietzsche, '86 - German Philosopher - 1886 (Friedrich, "Beyond Good and evil", Page 342)
"This sort of politics creates a firm of political paralysis that destroys the possibility for self affirming
action."
Wendy Brown 1993, UC Berkeley, "WOUNDED ATTACHMENTS," Political Theory, Vol. 21, No. 3
Thus the plan: The United States Federal Government should eliminate sections
101(a)(15)(T)(I), (III), and (IV) of the Immigration and Nationality Act"
"We must accept that there is no objective reason to preserve existence and that suffering is an inevitable condition
of life. We should conceal this 'horror of existence' by an affirmation of the will to power, why we must do the aff
despite it all."
Kain in 2009 (Phillip J., Professor of Philosophy at Santa Clara University "Nietzsche and the Horror of Existence",
Page 10-13)
"Forcing sex-trafficked women to be answerable to the identity of victim constrains them to a negative existence."
Nietzsche 1873 ["On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense", pg. 7]
"However, law is not a neutral arbiter if injury but itself invested with power to produce identity - politics that
universalize the identity of a 'trafficking victim' as rooted in 'injury' establishes a hierarchy of victims that depoliticizes
inequality, marginalization, and conflict."
Stenvoll, 2k9
[Dag, Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Metaphors in the US Trafficking in Persons Report, Paper
submitted for the to the 2009 APSA Annual Meeting in
Toronto, http://papers.ssrn.com/Sol13/papers.cfm?abstract_id=14496491]
"Our aff opens up a political space for sex-trafficked women to refuse domination by
'refusing to speak' as a method of resistance - this allows individuals to refuse injurous
interpellation and subjection through juridico-regulative confession."
Brown '96
[Wendy, Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies at the University of California-Santa
Cruz,Constitutions and 'Survivor Stories': In the 'folds of our own discourse' The
Pleasures and Freedoms of Discourse,// 3 U Chi L Sch Roundtable 185, 1996, l/n, pgs
12-13]
"We can't abandon state politics. Politics must be grounded in secure foundational
guarantees, like the law. Radical open-ended politics are bad."
Hatab, '02 (Prospects For A Democratic Agon: Why We Can Still Be Nietzscheans,
Lawrence J. Hatab, The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 21 (2002) 132-147, Professor of
Philosophy and Religious Studies, Old Dominion University).
Trafficking Visas
eligibility for human trafficking visas.
Inherency- only 5000 T-visas can be allocated per year, while substantially less are given every year.
National immigration law center 00 Congress creates new "T" and "U" visas for victims of exploitation
http://www.nilc.org/immlawpolicy/obtainlpr/oblpr039.htm
Tvisas are….. not to dependents
The United States level of human trafficking is among the worst in the world, with most of the trafficked going
through Mexico.
Trafficking in women…. What is going on
Human Trafficking represents a form of “New Capitalism”
Ann Jordon no date Human Trafficking and Globalization, Center for American Progress’
None the less
http://www.americanprogress.org/kf/terrorinshadows-jordan.pdf
Globalization and neoliberalism have increased the number of people vulnerable to human trafficking- the
United States government aggress.
US State department 06 Trafficking in persons report
http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2006/65983.htm
Trafficking is NOT an effect capitalism/globalization, but a tool for its spread. Breaking down
trafficking breaks down capitalism
CAPITALISM GUTS VALUE TO LIFE.

(Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, 1998
Clayton Morgareidge, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Lewis & Clark College. August 22, 1998
http://legacy.lclark.edu/~clayton/commentaries/evil.html)
Capitalism leads to both qualitative and quanitative destruction

Zizek 09
Trafficking Commodifies people and legitimizes racism, sexism, and classism, destroying value to life Korbel
School of International Studies 09 The Development and Growth of Sex Trafficking
The political goal of capitalism is the integration of immigrants into society by

erasing their cultural identity. Trafficking is the ultimate form of this
Diken 2 [Bulent, prof of sociology at Lancaster University, AMID working paper series,
"Justification and immigration in the Network Society- A New Ambivalence?"
We have a moral obligation to break down capitalism.

Marsh 95 (JAMES L, CRITIQUE, ACTION, AND LIBERATION P. 334-335)
CAPITALISM IS PERPETUATED SIMPLY BECAUSE WE AS HUMANITY GIVE IT SYMBOLIC AUTHORITY. REFUSING TO
ACCEPT THE IDEOLOGY OF CAPITALISM ALLOWS IT TO SELF-TERMINATE.
Johnston 2k 4[ Dept of Philosophy at Univ. of New Mexico, 2004 (Adrian, “The Cynic’s Fetish: Slavoj Žižek and the
Dynamics of Belief, Psychoanalysis, Culture, and Society, December)
The plan will make clear the distinction between criminals and those who are trafficked
Fem trafficking
Contention 1: Flawed Feminism
1. Status Quo stiff eligibility requirements are deterring applicants for T-visas.
Sadruddin, Walter, and Hidalgo 5 – (Hussein Sadruddin, Natalia Walter, Jose Hidalgo, “SYMPOSIUM:
GLOBALIZATION, SECURITY & HUMAN RIGHTS: IMMIGRTATION IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: HUMAN TRAFFICKING
IN THE UNITED STATES: EXPANDING VICTIM PROTECTION BEYOND PROSECUTION WITNESSES”, 16 Stan. L. & Pol'y Rev
379, Lexis Law, Stanford Law & Policy Review)
Because we in the United States tend to think of slavery as something relegated to the past....attempted
to ameliorate the TVPA, it did not effectively address its main shortcomings.
2. Human Trafficking is Slavery and current “T-Visa” legislation fails because of

exclusionary barriers.
CYNTHIA L. WOLKEN 2006 [University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class, Fall, 2006, 6
RRGC 407, ARTICLE: FEMINIST LEGAL THEORY AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE UNITED STATES: TOWARDS A NEW
FRAMEWORK, The Author is a Skadden fellow at Montana Legal Services Association and is currently designing and implementing
a model anti-trafficking program for rural agricultural states. Her project includes education, advocacy and direct civil representation,
with a special emphasis on assisting people of color and those trafficked for agricultural labor. B.A. 2000, University of Colorado at
Boulder, J.D. 2005, Washington University School of Law in St. Louis, Order of the Coif.]
Human trafficking is modern day slavery..... less than 3.5% of victims are able to gain access to the
system and receive meaningful assistance. In this paper, I explore how we know the current framework is
failing, why it is failing and what can be done to improve it.
3. We have an ethical obligation to stop such measures. We cannot let ourselves

remain complicit to a system of slavery that we enable.
Kevin Bales 1999 (Disposable People New Slavery in the Global Economy p. 262) Emeritus Professor of Sociology
at Roehampton University in London; this book was nominated for the Pulitzer prize and has been
translated into 10 languages.
We have to answer the same question today....If we can't choose to stop slavery, how can we say that we are
free?
4. Current Trafficking policy is focused on Sex which gives space to white women, but
makes invisible all other forms of Trafficking and dooming policy effectiveness.
CYNTHIA L. WOLKEN 2006
It is general knowledge among experts....confront all types of trafficking in the United States. n17
Thus the plan:
The United States Federal Government should eliminate the requirement for T Visa applicants to
comply with any reasonable request for assistance in the investigation or prosecution of acts of
severe forms of trafficking in persons.
OR
Plan: The United States federal government should remove cooperation with prosecution and
the “severe” qualifier as requirements of T visa recipients.
Solvency
1. Altering our definition of trafficking is critical to data collection and
standardization of tools critical to stopping trafficking
Valerie S. Payne, JD Candidate at the Regent School of Law, “ON THE ROAD TO VICTORY IN AMERICA'S WAR ON HUMAN
TRAFFICKING: LANDMARKS, LANDMINES, AND THE NEED FOR CENTRALIZED STRATEGY,” 2009, 21 Regent U.L. Rev.
435, lexis
What is human trafficking?.....in the war on human trafficking.
2. Removing the cooperation with prosecution requirement causes more effective

and successful prosecutions
Jayashri Srikantiah 2007 (February, Associate Professor of Law and Director, Immigrants’ Rights Clinic, Stanford Law
School, “PERFECT VICTIMS AND REAL SURVIVORS: THE ICONIC VICTIM IN DOMESTIC HUMAN TRAFFICKING
LAW” http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volume87n1/documents/SRIKANTIAH v.2.pdf)
DHS should eliminate the LEA....a wide range of experiences from a diverse group of victims.
3. Granting more ex-captives T visas is key to including them in the anti-

trafficking movement
Denise Brennan 2005 (“Methodological Challenges in Research with Trafficked Persons: Tales from
the Field”) Associate professor of Anthropology at Georgetown University
Modern-day slavery exists....potential for a spectrum of abuse.
4. Plan would more than double the number of applicants

Joycelyn M. Pollock and Valerie Hollier 2010 (“T Visas: Prosecution Tool or Humanitarian
Response?” Women & Criminal Justice) Pollock is a professor of Criminal Justice, Texas State University,
and serves on the editorial board of Women & Criminal Justice. Hollier is a candidate for her MA studying
under Pollock.
Even if victims do not fear retaliation.... enforcement that they are "cooperating."
5. The inclusion of ex-captive voices is necessary to effectively change US anti-

trafficking policy
Jayashri Srikantiah 07 (“PERFECT VICTIMS AND REAL SURVIVORS: THE ICONIC VICTIM IN
DOMESTIC HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAW”) Associate Professor of Law and Director, Immigrants’ Rights
Clinic, Stanford Law School.
An approach that relies..... from a diverse group of victims.
6. We must place lived experiences at the center of examination. The Double

Consciousness of oppressed groups is crucial to creating complete
understanding and resolving the epistemological shortcomings of the dominant
system.
Abigail Brooks 2006
[FEMINIST STANDPOINTEPISTEMOLOGY Building Knowledge and Empowerment Through Women’s Lived
Experience,http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:BH28-2Um6qAJ:www.sagepub.com/upm-
data/12936_Chapter3.pdf+standpoint+epistemology&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us]
WOMEN’S EXPERIENCES AND DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS
Feminist standpoint scholarship.....prevailing representations that reflect the standpoint of men”
7. Standpoint epistemology breaks down the barriers of academia and activism. It
not only creates knowledge, but also how to practice that knowledge for
liberation without essentializing all oppression as shared.
Abigail Brooks 2006
[FEMINIST STANDPOINTEPISTEMOLOGY Building Knowledge and Empowerment Through Women’s Lived
Experience,http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:BH28-2Um6qAJ:www.sagepub.com/upm-
data/12936_Chapter3.pdf+standpoint+epistemology&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us]
Feminist standpoint epistemology ..... necessary, if we hope to fight for more just societies and to
improve women’s condition within them.
8. Solutions are tied to the way one has framed a problem. Our problematization
allows for solutions to emerge. Only a thorough analysis of how knowledge
production and power production are linked can free us from violent constructs
and oppression.
Foucault 1984 (Michel, volume 1, “Ethics” of “Essential Works of Foucault”, The New Press
1997, **http://foucault.info/foucault/interview.html**)
For a long time......this is what constitutes the point of problematization and the specific work of thought.
9. Quantitative risk assessment privileges only body counts and excludes marginalized
voices. An expansion of decision-making calculus is necessary to preclude the
replication of the harms of the status quo. We must engage in a standpoint
epistemology.
Verchick 96
(Robert, Prof @ UMKC Law) Harvard Women’s Law Review. “In a greener voice” 1996
Women and people of color .......must include the voices of those typically excluded from its practice.
Trafficking
Human Trafficking is appalling and has been ignored by the current laws
University, 2005NOTE AND COMMENT: WHERE ARE THE VICTIMS? THE NEW TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION
ACT'S TRIUMPHS AND FAILURES IN IDENTIFYING AND PROTECTING VICTIMS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING, Whittier
Law Review, 30 Whittier L. Rev. 851, Summer, L/N bjn)
Human trafficking is undoubtedly…border control, and for being ineffective.
The US purposefully limits the definitions of trafficking in order to limit services

to victims
Giampolo 06 (Angela D., J.D. @ Temple, ―THE TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION REAUTHORIZATION ACT
OF 2005: THE LATEST WEAPON IN THE FIGHT AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING,‖ 16 Temp. Pol. & Civ. Rts. L. Rev.
195, Lexis)BB
International bodies and international human rights…exploitation of immigration relief by
victims. n198
Human trafficking is modern slavery

ACLU 07 (American Civil Liberties Union, ―Human Trafficking: Modern Enslavement of Immigrant Women in
the United States,‖ May 31, 2007, http://www.aclu.org/womens-rights/human-trafficking-modern-enslavement-
immigrant-women-united-states , accessed 7-30-10 )
Human trafficking is a…individuals trafficked within U.S. borders.
Most trafficking victims are woman and children, with most of those being
minors
University, 2005NOTE AND COMMENT: WHERE ARE THE VICTIMS? THE NEW TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION
ACT'S TRIUMPHS AND FAILURES IN IDENTIFYING AND PROTECTING VICTIMS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING, Whittier
Law Review, 30 Whittier L. Rev. 851, Summer, L/N bjn
As stated above, as many as 900,000…countries who do not comply. n54
Trafficking victims face multiple forms of violence – especially the children

madebysurvivors.com 10, ,(About Slavery and Human Trafficking What is Human Trafficking and
Slavery? http://www.madebysurvivors.com/AboutSlavery, LA: 7/28/10) MR
Sometimes slaves are kept…HIV/AIDS and other diseases.
The current T-Visa program does not work because of several unreasonable
requirements
MACIEL-MATOS 10 (ENRIQUE A., COMMENT: BEYOND THE SHACKLES AND CHAINS OF THE MIDDLE
PASSAGE: HUMAN TRAFFICKING UNVEILED, The Scholar: St. Mary's Law Review on Minority Issues, 12 SCHOLAR
327, Winter, l/n bjn)
In order to be eligible for a T visa…needed immigration relief.
The TVPA does not apply the same standards as the UN, and it EXCLUDES those
who come voluntarily and are consequently forced into slavery
Harvard Law Review 06 (―Remedying the Injustices of Human Trafficking through Tort Law,‖ Harvard
Law Review, Vol. 119, No. 8 (Jun., 2006) p.2581-2582 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4093518 mrw)
Stringent Requirements for Receiving Benefits.
As a thresh-old matter…power or of a position of vulnerability."5
While the current law purports to offer exceptions for children, the truth is that
it often specifically excludes them
Green 08. (Sally Green, Law professor at Texas Southern U, ―Protection for Victims of Child Sex Trafficking in
the United States: Forging the Gap between U.S. Immigration Laws and Human Trafficking Laws,‖ UC Davis Journal
of Juvenile Law & Policy, Summer 2008 Lexis mrw)
The law sets forth one …they are excluded from protection.
Repatriating victims creates a vicious cycle. This is especially true for minorities,
indigenous people, and those without legal status.
Feingold 10 (David A. Feingold, ―Think Again; Human Trafficking‖
6/29/2010 http://www.hrusa.org/workshops/trafficking/ThinkAgain.pdf)
Sending victims home…most abusive forms of labor.
Repatriated persons are often persecuted upon their return, even by their own
friends, families and governments.
HYLAND 01 (J.D. candidate, Washington College of Law, American University --The author is grateful to the President's Interagency
Council on Women for its guidance Kelly, Protecting Human Victims of Trafficking: An American Framework 16 Berkeley Women's L.J. 29 lexis)
If trafficked women are found… returned with nothing but shame.
Children are the ones most likely to be retrafficked.

Green 08 (Law professor at Texas Southern U., Sally Green, ―Protection for Victims of Child Sex
Trafficking in the United States: Forging the Gap between U.S. Immigration Laws and Human Trafficking Laws,‖ UC
Davis Journal of Juvenile Law & Policy, Summer 2008 Lexis mrw)
And so, the cyclical nature…insidiousness of the industry.
Unfortunately, the TVPA treats victims as tools instead of victims, again

perpetuating their role as slaves
BALES, FLETCHER AND STOVER 05 ( Kevin Bales, President, Free the Slaves; Laurel E. Fletcher, Acting
Clinical Professor of Law and Director of the International Human Rights Law Clinic, University of California,
Berkeley, School of Law (Boalt Hall); Eric Stover, Director of the Human Rights Center and Adjunct Professor of
Public Health, Berkeley Journal of International Law 23 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 47 LEXIS)
The U.S. government has been… restoration of their human rights.
Focusing on Prosecution leads to increased victimization, we need a victim

centered approach.
Angel 08 (Carole, legislative council, ―Immigration relief for human trafficking victims: Focusing the lens on
the Humans rights of the Victims,‖
5/14/2008http:digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=wle_papers
accessed 7-30-10)
To effectively address….protection or prosecution.
Trafficking is a stain on humanity and must be rejected

America Jul 12, http://www.cwfa.org/articles/13418/BLI/dotcommentary/index.htm]cn
We have all heard…. out of existence."
With all of this in mind here is the plan:

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase the
number of and substantially expand beneficiary eligibility for human trafficking-
based visas by making the following changes to the current T-Visa program:
1. Reduce the requirement for proof of severe human trafficking to simply
passing a sight test for evidence of having been trafficked;

2. Remove the prosecution cooperation requirement.
3. Remove the 5,000 per year cap on T-Visas.

Augustana Plan Text
The United States Federal government should expand beneficiary eligibility for
trafficking-based visas by removing the requirement that applicants cooperate with
law enforcement agencies and eliminating the force, fraud, and coercion standard for
defining trafficking as well as the extreme hardship standard.
Trafficking Aff @ UNI, Emporia-Moralization
Anti-trafficking discourse and policy has been hijacked by the moralizing and reductive
narrative of religious and anti-prostitution groups
Chuang 10 [Janie, Assistant Prof of Law, “Rescuing Trafficking Policy from Ideological Capture,”Pennsylvania Law Review ,
lexis]
Further, the primary goal of this religious framework is the policing of moral and sexual impropriety –
the opposition to sex trafficking is grounded in an expected standard of heterosexual marriage.
Zimmerman 10 [Yvonne, Assistant Prof of Christian Ethics, “From Bush to Obama: Rethinking Sex and
Religion in the United States’ Initiative to Combat Human Trafficking,” Journal of Feminist Studies in
Religion 26.1, p.94-5]
Also, current discourse reproduces gendered notions of agency that frame women as
passive victims
Lobasz 09 [Jennifer, Instructor at Macalaster College, “Beyond Border Security,” Security Studies 18, p.338-40]
Additionally, the reduction of trafficking to sex slavery silences the voices of the
migrants involved by discounting their perspectives and experiences
Berman 06 [Jacqueline, Senior Research Analyst with Berkeley Policy Associates, “The Left, the Right, and the Prostitute: The
Making of U.S. Antitrafficking in Persons Policy,” Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law , lexis]
This silencing of migrant voices ensures the continuation of oppression – our attempts
help are doomed to failure as long as we don’t heed their perspectives
Henze 2000 [Brent, Associate Prof of English, “Who Says Who Says?” Reclaiming identity: Realist Theory and the
Predicament of Postmodernism , ed. Moya and Hames-Garcia]
Further, failure to heed the perspectives of migrant workers is ethnocidal

Mignolo 2000 [Walter, Local Histories/Global Designs, 68-70]
“An other thinking” . . .center and the periphery
These gendered assumptions render all non-sex trafficking invisible and increase the
vulnerability of migrants to exploitation and violence
Chuang 10 [Janie, Assistant Prof of Law, “Rescuing Trafficking Policy from Ideological Capture,” Pennsylvania Law Review ,
lexis]
This is extended in a racialized way to the global south, rendering third world women
as the paradigm of victimization – this imperialist discourse constructs a “war of
civilizations” narrative that justifies an anti-migrant agenda
Sharma 05 [Nandita, Assistant Prof of Social Sciences, “Anti-Trafficking Rhetoric and the Making of a Global Apartheid,”
Feminist Formations 17.3, p.100-3]
The securitization of trafficking underlies a new global apartheid where oppressive

restrictions on migration are justified in the name of preserving homeland security –
this narrative renders invisible the economic structural violence that created the
problem in the first place
Sharma 05 [Nandita, Assistant Prof of Social Sciences, “Anti-Trafficking Rhetoric and the Making of a Global Apartheid,” Feminist
Formations 17.3, p.88-90]
The global apartheid is a system of extermination, where whole sectors of humanity

are constituted as zones of death – the elimination of these “garbage human being”
happens in the name of preserving “civilization”
Balibar 04 [Etienne, Prof Emeritus of Moral and Political Philosophy, We, the People of Europe? , p.125-9]
The United States federal government should expand beneficiary eligibility for human
trafficking-based visas by ending the discourse and practice of moralization,
victimization and securitization
Emphasizing the “work” of prostitution enables attention to the specific context of

different experiences and opens possibilities for discursive agency
Sullivan 03 [Barbara, Senior Lecturer in Political Science, “Trafficking in Women: Feminism and New International Law,”
International Feminist Journal of Politics 5.1, p.78-9]
In some formulations . . . trafficking as forced labour).
The plan challenges social constructions of human trafficking that contribute to

gender and race-based hierarchies of oppression
Both abolitionist feminists . . . escape this cycle.
The affirmative challenges the dominant discourse of human trafficking and opens up
possibilities for refiguring our understanding of trafficking.
Berman 03 [Jacqueline, Senior Research Analyst with Berkeley Policy Associates, “(Un)Popular Strangers and Crises
(Un)Bounded,” European Journal of International Relations 9.1, p.43-6]
Refusing to conflate sex work with human trafficking is key to challenge the gender
hierarchies that further disempower migrants.
Next, draw a line for our theory of fiat: the affirmative must defend a topical action
carried out by the USFG, but also must defend the discursive context within which
such an action could take place. Attempts to separate discourse from action are based
on a flawed view of human agency
Bleiker 2000 [Roland, Prof of International Relations, Popular Dissent, Human Agency, and Global Politics, p. 134-6]
Since a systematic theory . . .exert human agency.
Attempts to separate discourse from action are incoherent – policy change can only
take place when discursive dynamics are also changed through the slow
transformation of cultural values.
While the previous . . .Wall is a case in point.
Our approach recognizes the importance of the state, but is not state centric – agency
transverses a multitude of actors and institutions, which makes it essential for policy
analysis to account for transversal discursive dissent
At a time when processes . . . Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
Trafficking
DESPITE PASSING TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT, 50,000 PEOPLE ARE TRAFFICKED
TO U.S. ANNUALLY
Rieger 2007. April Harvard Journal of Law & Gender [Vol. 30 2007] Why the TVPA Fails To Protect
Victims in the United States. Lexis.
Although women are trafficked....as in the statute’s enforcement.
TVPA FAILS DUE TO REQUIREMENT THAT T VISA APPLICANTS MUST PROVE THEY ARE VICTIMS
OF SEVERE TRAFFICKING
LOPICCOLO 2009 (Julie Marie, J.D. Candidate 2010, Whittier Law School; B.A. in History, San Diego
State University, 2005NOTE AND COMMENT: WHERE ARE THE VICTIMS? THE NEW TRAFFICKING
VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT'S TRIUMPHS AND FAILURES IN IDENTIFYING AND PROTECTING
VICTIMS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING, Whittier Law Review, 30 Whittier L. Rev. 851, Summer, L/N
Another issue that critics ....a better life for themselves?
TRAFFICKING IS PROFOUNDLY DEHUMANIZING- THOUSANDS IN THE UNITED STATES ARE

RAPED AND TORTURED
Upon arrival, victims often....middle of the night.”99
'SEVERE' REQUIREMENT RESULTS IN DEPORTATION- A DEATH SENTENCE
The final requirement for certification....significant number of victims.178

FILTERED THROUGH A FLAWED MEDIA NARRATIVE, THE TVPA MUTATED DURING THE
DRAFTING PROCESS TO INCLUDE A POLICE COOPERATION REQUIREMENT. THIS
REQUIREMENT TURNS HUMAN DIGNITY INTO A CRIMINAL PROCEEDING
Haynes 2009. (Dina Francesca “PANEL: EXPLOITATION NATION: THE THIN AND GREY LEGAL
LINES BETWEEN TRAFFICKED PERSONS AND ABUSED MIGRANT LABORERS” (Associate
Professor of Law at New England Law) 23 ND J. L. Ethics & Pub Pol'y 1
One law shall there be....prosecution of her traffickers.
IT’S CRUCIAL WE DON’T IGNORE THOSE BEING DEHUMANIZED. PUTTING ETHICS ON THE
BACKBURNER CREATES VIOLENCE BY MAKING IT PSYCHOLOGICALLY ACCEPTABLE
Maise 2003 (Michelle, department of Philosophy at the University of Colorado, research staff, Conflict
Research Consortium, “What it means to dehumanize,” Intractable Conflict Knowledge Base
Project, http://www.intractableconflict.org/m/dehumanization.jsp, uw/mjs)
Once certain groups ..., and the pursuit of common goals.
GANDHI DEMONSTRATED ETHICS ARE POWERFUL- ALTHOUGH BRITISH FORCES HAD EVERY
PHYSICAL ADVANTAGE, HIS ARTICULATION OF ETHICAL OBLIGATIONS CONVINCED THE
BRITISH TO LEAVE ON THEIR OWN ACCORD. LIKEWISE, WE CAN USE ETHICAL IMPERATIVES
TO RECONFIGURE POWER FOR PEACE, EVEN IN A NUCLEAR ERA.
Nemo 85 (Emmanuel Levinas, professor of philosophy, and Philippe Nemo, professor of new philosophy,
Ethics and Infinity, 1985, pg 12-14.)
Radical alterity figures in Levinas’ .... is its ultimate strength.
FINALLY, F.) IN A WORLD WHERE WE ELEVATE ETHICS AS AN A PRIORI COMMUNICATIVE

RESPONSIBILITY, THEIR UTILITARIAN CLAIMS WON’T COMPETE- ETHICS SOLVES VIOLENCE
ITSELF
Wood and Jovanic 2004
Roy Wood and Spoma Jovanic, Communication/Rhetoric Professors at Denver University and University
of North Carolina, “Speaking from the Bedrock of Ethics.” Penn State University Press, Philosophy and
Rhetoric 37.4 (2004)pg PM.wyoT.
Recognizing a new context: ....view the human condition.
REFORMING TVPA JUMPSTARTS AN INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT

DALRYMPLE 2005 (Joyce Koo, Spring 2005. 25 B.C. Third World L.J. 451. Lexis)
In this regard, the TVPA....rights abuses of our time. n151
ABOLISHING THE CAP ON T-VISAS RECOGNIZES AND FUFILLS OUR ETHICAL IMPERATIVE
TOWARDS PEOPLE BEING ABUSED WITHIN THE U.S.
DALRYMPLE 2005 (Joyce Koo, Spring 2005. 25 B.C. Third World L.J. 451. Lexis)
Moreover, the TVPA restricts the ....enslaved within the nation's borders. n93
COMPLEXITIES OF TRAFFICKING PREVENT ANY LAW FROM BEING PERFECT. HOWEVER,

BENEFITS OUTWEIGH ANY EXTERNALITIES.
Gallagher 9 (Anne T. Gallagher, Summer, 2009. 49 Va. J. Int'l L. 789. Lexis, Technical Director, Asia
Regional Trafficking in Persons Project; Head of Operations, Equity International; former United Nations
official (1992-2003) and UN Adviser on Human Trafficking (1998-2002).)
Accepting the limits of.... one precious but blunted sword.
IT IS ESSENTIAL WE FOCUS ON POLICY REFORM- IMMINENT DEATH FOR MANY NECESSITATES

PRAGMATISM
DeFranco 10 (Marisa A. DeFranco, 2010. Massachusetts Bar Association. Gender asylum: Bringing the
law into the 21st century http://www.massbar.org/publications/section-review/2010/v12-n1/gender-
asylum-bringing-the-law-into-the-21st-century)
Many people inanely argue....tantamount to a death sentence.
politics bad
Stolz 2007 (BARBARA ANN. Law & Policy, Jul 2007, Vol. 29 Issue 3, p311-338, 28)
The article also points out .... oversimplification found therein.
THE REASON POLICIES SUCH AS THE TVPA BECOME CORRUPTED WHEN DOMINATED BY
MEDIA NARRATIVES IS THAT JOURNALISTS ARE BAD ANALYSTS- THEY PREFER PROCESS
OVER SUBSTANCE
Washington Monthly 1986. (Dec “The King of Quotes; why the press is addicted to Norman Ornstein”
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_v18/ai_4589385/?tag=content;col1)
Many Washington journalists.... in a town obsessed with the process.
WE SHOULD REJECT SUPERFICIAL FRAMES- AGENT CP + TIX- JOURNALIST OBSESSIONS WITH

PROCESS VERSUS IMPLEMENTATION TURNS ALL DEMOCRACY INTO A GLENN BECK RANT
CALLAGHAN and SCHNELL 2001. (Karen and Frauke, “Assessing the Democratic Debate: How the
News Media Frame Elite Policy Discourse” Political Communication, 18:183–212, 2001)
What does this imply for democratic .... window of opportunity is closed.
THESE REDUCTIONS HAVE SIGNIFICANT IMPLICATIONS- WE LOSE OUR ABILITY TO ANALYZE

ANYTHING AND ARE REDUCED TO ROOTING FOR MEANINGLESS SYMBOLS. THIS IS META-
OFFENSE AGAINST ACTOR COUNTERPLANS AND POLITICS DISADS.
Michael Karlburg 2002. “Partisan Branding and Media Spectacle: Implications for Democratic
Communication” Democratic Communique 18, Summer 02. (Phd Communication, Simon Fraser BC.)
Given the heavy reliance ....active and engaged civil society
WE’LL WIN A REAL WORLD IMPACT TO OUR FRAMEWORK- WHEN WE REFUSE TO ADVOCATE
POLICIES BECAUSE LITERALLY ANYTHING WILL TANK OBAMA’S CAPITAL ENDING IN NUCLEAR
WAR, WE REDUCE THE WORLD TO THE FICTIONAL ONE OF THE DAILY NEWS- PREVENTING
SOLUTIONS AND MAKING EVERY IMPACT INEVITABLE
Bennett 96 (Lance, Professor of communication and political science, University of Washington. “News:
The Politics of Illusion” Third Edition, Pg. 15)
This political information system .....such a world did not exist to begin with.
Trafficking/Slavery
Despite claims of cleaning up its record for trafficking, slavery is still occurring on US
military bases and by US contractors overseas.
Nick Schwellenbach and Carol Leonnig 7/17/2010 “U.S. policy a paper tiger against sex trade
in war zones,” d/l: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2010/07/17/AR2010071701401_pf.html
Nearly a decade after AND a woman for $20,000.

And, currently US trafficking visas are only available to people trafficked within the US
and not abroad.
USAID May 2009 “Albanian Woman Is First Trafficking Victim Admitted as U.S. Refugee:
USAID Seeks New Ways to Protect Victims of Trafficking,”
d/l: http://www.usaid.gov/press/frontlines/fl_may09/p8_albania050916.html
In March 2008, the U.S. AND eligible for U.S. citizenship.

The current T visa policy exposes the government’s willingness to protect only people who have
been trafficked to the USA and not those overseas
World Organization for Human Rights d/l 6/26/2010 “TRAFFICKING & FORCED
MARRIAGE,”
d/l: http://www.humanrightsusa.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=4
0
The project grew out of AND subject to continued slavery.

This is unfortunate since US military policy surrounding trafficking serves as the foundation of patriarchal
and sexual violence, which will only be addressed once we focus our attention on it
Enloe, 2004
Cynthia, feminist thinker and professor, The Curios Feminist, pg 119-121
There is a widespread belief AND for women is the real story.
This violence becomes especially bad on military bases that serve as the foundation of militarism
and the inscription of violence.
Chris J. Cuomo, Fall 1996, Assoc Prof of Phil & member of the Women's Studies Program at U of
Cincinnati, “War is not just an event: Reflections on the significance of everyday violence,” Hypatia, Vol
11, Iss 4, proquest
Enloe writes, "military politics AND war involve and affect women.
Ultimately this grounding of patriarchy is the root cause behind militarism, capitalism, racism, and
imperialism.
Enloe, 2004
Cynthia, feminist thinker and professor, The Curious Feminist, 4-7
Patriarchy—patriarchy is the structural AND drawing them into complicity.
Further, this refusal to deal with trafficking in connection with military officials creates a restricted
understanding of security
Enloe, 2004
Cynthia, feminist thinker and professor, The Curios Feminist, 225-6
Traﬃcking in women, likewise, AND the proverbial back burner.
In the end, this view of security that views traditional concepts war as the root of evil ignore
structural and environmental problems that are the most likely cause of extinction in the long run.
11, Iss 4, proquest
Philosophical attention to war AND state-funded militaristic campaigns.
PLAN: PRESIDENT OBAMA SHOULD ISSUE A PRESIDENTIAL DIRECTIVE TO EXPAND ELIGIBILITY
FOR HUMAN TRAFFICKING VISAS FOR OVERSEAS VICTIMS OF US MILITARY PERSONNEL,
MILITARY CONTRACTORS, AND THIRD-PARTY PARTICIPANTS TRAFFICKING.
Universal jurisdiction against torture and trafficking won’t work unless there’s a
mechanism to get victims to come forward.
Richard Durbin & Holly Burkhalter 2007 [US Senator from IL] & [vice president of Government Relations at the
International Justice Mission, a human rights organization that helps rescue trafficking victims overseas. Before joining IJM, Ms.
Burkhalter was the U.S. policy director of Physicians for Human Rights, and before that, Advocacy Director at Human Rights Watch]
“Legal options to stop human trafficking hearing before the subcommittee on human rights and the law of the committee on the
judiciary united states senate,” d/l: http://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/hearings/110s/37695.wais.pdf
Chairman DURBIN. But what AND investigate those crimes abroad.
Extending T-visas to people trafficked abroad is essential to protecting them while

helping to set international standards.
Richard Durbin & Katherine Kaufka 2007 [US Senator from IL] & [Supervising Attorney Counter-Trafficking
Services Program at National Immigrant Justice Center] “Legal options to stop human trafficking hearing before the subcommittee
on human rights and the law of the committee on the judiciary united states senate,”
d/l: http://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/hearings/110s/37695.wais.pdf
Ms. KAUFKA. I’d like to just AND extremely serious about this.
A presidential directive is the best vehicle for enacting the plan since only
through such an action can the US overcome interagency conflicts in order
to conjure enough leadership to truly combat trafficking.
Action Group to End Human Trafficking 2008 [U.S.-based, non-partisan legislative coalition of complementary
organizations dedicated to developing a specific and time-bound policy agenda for abolishing slavery and human trafficking. The current member
organizations come from various sectors including non-governmental, foundational, and corporate] “Recommendations for Fighting Human Trafficking
in the United States and Abroad,” d/l: http://www.freetheslaves.net/Document.Doc?id=96
The current United States government’s AND significant leadership on human trafficking.
Further, US leadership in the distribution of rights for people who have
been trafficked will help establish a framework to combat trafficking world
wide.
Action Group to End Human Trafficking 2008 [U.S.-based, non-partisan legislative coalition of complementary
organizations dedicated to developing a specific and time-bound policy agenda for abolishing slavery and human trafficking. The current member
organizations come from various sectors including non-governmental, foundational, and corporate] “Recommendations for Fighting Human Trafficking
in the United States and Abroad,” d/l: http://www.freetheslaves.net/Document.Doc?id=96
Human trafficking1 is an egregious AND recommendations to achieve this goal.

And, the more visas that are issued the more people will trust the system,
creating a snowball effect.
Gosia Wozniacka 7/18/2009 “Little-known visas free immigrants from abuse,” The Oregonian,
d/l: http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/07/littleknown_visas_free_immigra.html
In recent months, other unauthorized AND those who have no documents.
Once people start coming forward overseas it will be possible to prosecute US
contractors
Richard Durbin & Martina Vandenberg 2007 [US Senator from IL] & [Attorney at Jenner &
Block who does Pro Bono legal representation for trafficking victims] “Legal options to stop
human trafficking hearing before the subcommittee on human rights and the law of the
committee on the judiciary united states senate,”
d/l: http://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/hearings/110s/37695.wais.pdf
Ms. VANDENBERG. Well, ironically AND trafficking case, not once.

Within debates on sexual violence we must confront the victims on their own terms in tangible
ways so as not to recreate static metaphors that are an acutely racist form of academic
masturbation.
Carter & Giobbe 1999 (Vednita [Executive Director of BREAKING FREE. BREAKING FREE, a nonprofit
organization founded in 1996, assists prostituted women and girls, and other battered women involved in the criminal
justice system, former sex worker] Evelina [Executive Director of the Commercial Sexual Exploitation Resource
Institute, former sex worker] “Duet: Prostitution, Racism and Feminist Discourse,” 10 Hastings Women's L.J. 37,
Winter 99)
Preparing for a speaking engagement AND in which it is rooted.

To do so, we must overcome the refusal to pay attention to the sexual violence the drives the politics of
militarism by working in concert with the state
Enloe, 2004
Cynthia, feminist thinker and professor, The Curios Feminist,
American feminist analysts and strategists AND about American political culture.
The state is especially critical in approaching sexual violence because it creates systems of
justice and ethics to prevent transgression. In order to create a universal ethical obligation we
need to engage with the state and constantly improve the power in state politics.
Simmons, 1999 [William Paul, Bethany College, Department of History and Political Science. “The Third: Levinas’
Theoretical Move From An-archical Ethics to the Realm of Justice and Politics.” Philosophy and Social Criticism. Vol.
25 no. 6. P. 96-98.]
We should also say that AND calls for the liberal state.
This is why there is a societal moral obligation to pressure governments to deal with the issue of
trafficking or else we remain complicit in the ongoing violence.
Human Rights Watch 2003 (“Trafficking of Migrant Women and Forced Prostitution in Greece,” d/l
2/20/04 from http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/eca/greece/greece_memo_back.htm)
Trafficking must be addressed AND trafficking in the region.
Further, remaining attentive to how the presence of war should not be held above all other
impacts is key to debunking militarism.
11, Iss 4, proquest
Emphasizing the ways in AND even when peace seems present.
Finally, the State is inevitable and we cannot escape it. We therefore have an ethical obligation to
constantly improve it.
Simmons, 1999 [William Paul, Bethany College, Department of History and Political Science. “The Third: Levinas'
Theoretical Move From An-archical Ethics to the Realm of Justice and Politics.” Philosophy and Social Criticism. Vol.
25 no. 6. p. 99-100.]
Since ‘it is impossible to AND what it wants to secure.
Trafficking/ Caps
Plan: Bill and I affirm that all beneficiary eligibility requirements and caps for United States Federal
Government employment-based, non-immigrant temporary worker, family and human trafficking based
visas be abolished.
The visa regime evokes a state of exception through the logics of inclusion and exlcusion
Salter ‘6
Mark, School of political science, University of Ottawa, “The Global Visa Regime and the Political
Technologies of the International Self: Borders, Bodies, Biopolitics”, Alternatives 31 (2006), 167-189
On his entry to the United States … states, but also denationalized.
The visa is a tool used to enforce and impose the sovereign over the immigrant
Salter ‘6
Mark, School of political science, University of Ottawa, “The Global Visa Regime and the Political
Technologies of the International Self: Borders, Bodies, Biopolitics”, Alternatives 31 (2006), 167-189
The visa is a necessary…rather than a security function.
Visas reduce Being to its usefulness – a process based on a diagram of power that brings about imperial
domination
Spanos 2k (William V. [professor of English and Comparative Literature at Binghamton

University]America's Shadow: Anatomy of Empire). pp 58
As such a transcendental diagramming … Other on which it is practiced.
The visa system is a proliferation of sameness – a metaphysical construct that is grounded in nothing.
The visa system needs to be unthought to allow for any form of ontological understanding
Spanos 2k
(William V. [professor of English and Comparative Literature at Binghamton University] America's
Shadow: Anatomy of Empire). pp 185
In occluding the site of ontological representation, … into a truly multicultural social democracy.
The drive to assign an identity to that which is unidentifiable throws Being on both sides of the border into
standing reserve, rendering all disposable
Spanos ‘99
(William, Professor at Binghamton University, America's Shadow: An Anatomy of Empire p. 18-19)
The same ideological agenda … and, above all, imperial Roman antiquity.
Failure to question the exceptionalist state created through America’s state of exception reifies a
narrative of global biopolitics.
Spanos 11 [William. Professor at Binghamton University, The Exceptionalist State and the State of
Exception. Pg 144]
With this general diagnosis…crucial, disabling lack.
Our nomadic thinking liberates us from normative flawed metaphysics. This rethinking of thinking in the
interregnum of politics allows us to establish a new polis that moves away from the imperialist
metaphysical drive as the impetus for action.
Spanos 99 (William, Professor at Binghamton University, America's Shadow: An Anatomy of Empire p.

205-206)TMR
It has not been my purpose in this book to … imbalance of power — and injustice — always rules.
Rethinking the visa process allows us to illuminate the normative regimes of violence inherent in
immigration discourse. Zylinska ‘4 [Joanna Zylinska is a cultural theorist writing on new technologies and new
media, ethics and art. She is a Reader in New Media and Communications at Goldsmiths, University of London. The author
of three books - Bioethics in the Age of New Media (MIT Press, 2009), The Ethics of Cultural Studies (Continuum, 2005) and
On Spiders, Cyborgs and Being Scared: the Feminine and the Sublime (Manchester University Press, 2001) - she is also
the editor of The Cyborg Experiments: the Extensions of the Body in the Media Age, a collection of essays on the work of
performance artists Stelarc and Orlan (Continuum, 2002) and co-editor of Imaginary Neighbors: Mediating Polish-Jewish
Relations after the Holocaust (University of Nebraska Press, 2007). “The Universal Acts: Judith Butler and the biopolitics
of immigration.” Cultural Studies Vol. 18, No. 4 July 2004, pp. 524-525]
Indeed, even the very process … response to the 'asylum question'.
To think and speak of the immigrant in a way that is not instrumental is crucial to challenge the
politics of intelligibility. It is only when the exiled immigrant becomes unknowable that we can
challenge imperialism Spanos 09 (William, Professor at Binghamton University,The Legacy of
Edward W. Said// p:137-139)
At the terminal and decentering point of … to their both oppositional and projective imperatives.
Our 1AC harnesses the resoluteness of contemplation by refusing to instrumentally make the resolution
singular or individual. By provoking our own anxieties we can see the nothingness hidden by the
resolution revealing itself
Zingale and Hummel 08(Nicholas, teaches environmental finance, corporate change, and public policy
and administration at Cleveland State University and the University of Akron, and Ralph, Institute for
Applied Phenomenology in Science and Technology, “Disturbance, Coping, and Innovation: A
Phenomenology of Terror”, Administrative Theory and Praxis, Vol. 30, No. 2)
Contemplation, according to Heidegger, can be …namely, the threat of being nothing and nobody.
Contemplation is not a withdraw from the world, but an active engagement with being – voting affirmative
allows us to reveal politics in its infinite potentiality and recognize that the political is always already all
around us
Geiman 01 (Clare Pearson “Heidegger’s Antigones”—A companion to Heidegger’s Introduction to Metaphysics--on

google books pg 182)
With the move to poetic thinking, Heidegger's characterization … Poetic thinking points to just such a move.
Our affirmative twists free from the domain of the will that encapsulates being.
Davis 07 [Bret W. “Heidegger and the Will: On the Way to Gelassenheit” Northwestern Studies in
Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy, Northwestern Press pg 6]
Yet despite Arendt’s…by the term “will”.
Resisting American Exceptionalism is key

Spanos 11 [William. Professor at Binghamton University, The Exceptionalist State and the State of
Exception. Pg 158]
Reconstellated into the context…our contemporary global occasion.
Trafficking
The “severe” clause of TVPA violates the UN’s Palermo
Protocol on Trafficking. The “mandatory” clause results
in the failure of the TVPA. And both clauses violate
human rights protections.
Hartsough 02 JD Candidate @ Hastings College of Law,
(Tala, “Asylum for Trafficked Women: Escape Strategies Beyond the T Visa” Hastings Women’s Law
Journal, 13 Hastings Women’s L.J. 77)
Although the legislative…detained and prosecuted. n261
Hence the Plan:

The United States Federal Government should adapt its definition for T visa
eligibility to be consistent with the United Nations Palermo Protocols, as well as
remove the “mandatory” cooperation requirement from the Trafficking Victims
Protection Act.
ADV 1: North Korea
US failure to match the Palermo Protocol undermines the UN.
Chuang 10
Assistant Professor of Law, American University. Janie, “RESCUING TRAFFICKING FROM
IDEOLOGICAL CAPTURE: PROSTITUTION REFORM AND ANTI-TRAFFICKING LAW AND POLICY,”
158 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1655)BB
Neo-abolitionist advocacy….confusion and inconsistency.
US commitment to the United Nations concept of human

rights restores UN credibility.
Wexler, Winter 2008 (Lesley - assistant professor at Florida State University College of Law, 22 Geo.
Immigr. L.J. 285, p. lexis)
The development of …. in other arenas .
The UN is at the center of multilateralism – it is the crux of the system
Ramesh Thakur, Vice Rector, United Nations University, 3/3/2003 (The Nation) p. lexis
The UN is the ….rules and regimes.
We are on the brink. North Korean tensions high now due to South Korean goading.
Sunny Lee. 3/3/2011. Korean tensions reach new heights. Asia Times
Online. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/MC03Dg01.html
BEIJING - Tension has spiked…. ratchet up tensions."
North Korea will use CBWs as a first strike weapon and nuclear deterrence doesn’t solve
Andrew Scobell and John M. Sanford, Strategic Studies Institute, “North Korea’s Military Threat: Pyongyang’s
Conventional Forces, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and Ballistic Missiles” 2007
http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub771.pdf
However, very soon … will be employed.
CBW lead to extinction
Ochs 02 (Richard Ochs, Baltimore Sun, Baltimore Chronicle, Science magazine writer past president of the Aberdeen Proving
Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition, member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project and a member of
the Chemical Weapons Working Group, “BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY,” June 9th
2002, http://www.freefromterror.net/othe r_articles/abolish.html) aat
The failure of …must be dismantled
The US is building up troops in Asia now. And the US will act to protect South Korea in
the case of an attack.
Layton o6 (Julia. "Is North Korea equipped to attack the United States?" 12 October, 2006. HowStuffWorks.com.
<http://science.howstuffworks.com/north-korea-threat.htm> 17 February 2011.)
But it's perfectly… Iraq and Afghanistan.
Failure to control casualty rate ensures US nuclear response

Conley ‘03 (Harry W., chief of the systems analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Air and Space Power Journal-
Spring 2003- http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html
The number … had been made.”
War leads to nuclear escalation.
Kim Myong Chol, Executive Director of the Center for Korean-American Peace, 10-24, 2' /Agreed
Framework Is Brain Dead; Shotgun Wedding Is the Only Option to Defuse
Crisis. http://nautilus.org/fora/security/ 0212A_Chol.html#sect2/
Any military strike …a million people."
ADV 2: Pakistan
Pakistan surge coming this year and it’ll fail – leading to Middle East destabilization
Tom Engelhardt, co-founder of the American Empire Project, “The Urge to Surge
Washington’s 30-Year
High” 2011. http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175336/tomgram%3A_engelhardt,_war_is_a_drug/
Just as 2010 ended… strategic desperation.
Taliban takeover of Pakistan results in nuclear exchange with India and global nuclear
war.
Morgan, 2007 (Steven John - former member of the British Labour Party Executive Committee, Better another taliban
afghanistan, than a taliban nuclear pakistan, p. http://www.electricarticles.com/display.aspx?id=639)
The Break-Up of Pakistan? …against the US.
A nuclear exchange between India and Pakistan would cause a hole in the ozone layer, causing
extinction
Maggie Fox, Planet Ark, “India-Pakistan Nuclear War Would Cause Ozone Hole” 2008
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/47829/story.htm
Eight nations are …in a statement.

If we don’t act to stop climate change we will all die. Tickell ‘08
(Oliver, Climate Researcher, The Gaurdian, “On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is
extinction”, 8-11,)
We need to get …similar hothouse Earth.
Solvency
UN key in Pakistan – they have significant security and political ties, law
enforcement resources, and technical expertise
EricRosand, Naureen Fink, and Jason Ipe, Center for Global Counterterrorism Cooperation, "Countering
Terrorism in South Asia: Strengthening Multilateral Engagement" May 2009
http://www.ipinst.org/media/pdf/publications/ct_in_south_asia_epub.pdf
Regardless of which …its day-to-day operations.
Unilateralism in Pakistan fails – they view the US as trying to usurp their

sovereignty, which will lead to failed intervention. Only a UN multilateral
approach solves
Barnett R. Rubin, Asia Society Fellow and the Director of Studies and
Senior Fellow at New York University’s Center on International
Cooperation, ANDAhmed Rashid, a Pakistani writer based in Lahore, “From
Great Game to Grand Bargain: Ending Chaos in Afghanistan and Pakistan”
2008
http://asiasociety.org/policy-politics/strategic-challenges/us-asia/great-
game-grand-bargain-ending-chaos-afghanistan-and-p
This objective requires …of common interest.
The US is refusing to speak with North Korea and is pushing for inter-Korean dialogue
Korea Joongang Daily, “U.S. dismisses bilateral talks with Pyongyang” 2-24-11
http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2932665
The United States ….Washington and Tokyo.
This hands-off approach will fail – only by strengthening multilateralism can the Korean peninsula be
stabilized
Sung Chull Kim, associate professor at Hiroshima Peace Institute, Why Multilateralism for North
Korea’s Nuclear Crisis?HIROSHIMA RESEARCH NEWS, Vol.6 No.3 March 2004
http://serv.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/English/dletter/ne1802.pdf
The American unilateralist ….and human rights.
Trafficking
Observation 1 is Inherency
A. In the status quo, human trafficking is one of the largest sectors of international organized crime. The
current version of the TVPA does not offer adequate protection to trafficking victims.
Congressional Research Group 2006 Trafficking in Persons: The U.S. and International
Response http://italy.usembassy.gov/pdf/other/RL30545.pdf
B. Eligibility for T-Visas is currently too narrow; this is a function of the restrictive language of the TVPA.
Current language is written with a view towards prosecution of traffickers, and places victim identification
in the hands of prosecutors; this results in many trafficking victims being made ineligible.
Srikantiah 7 Associate Prof of Law and Director of Immigrants Rights Clinic @ Stanford Law School
(Jayashri, “Perfect Victims and Real Survivors: The Iconic Victim in Domestic Human Trafficking Law”
Boston University Law Review Vol 87: 157-211).
making determinations based on her own conception of who is a deserving trafficking victim.
C. Reform now is key-- The status quo drives trafficking underground, as trafficking victims are unwilling
to come forward to prosecutors for fear of prosecution and deportation. Removing the conditions on T-
visas is necessary to fight trafficking.
Angel 8 Legislative Counsel to US Congressman Nadler Carole, “Immigration Relief for Human
Trafficking Victims: Focusing the Lens of the Human Rights of
Victims” http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=wle_papers
Thus the plan:
The United States Federal Government should amend the Trafficking Victims Protection Act to adopt the
standards for trafficking provided by the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children.
Observation 2 is Solvency
A. Currently the “force, fraud, and coercion language” of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act does not
meet the standards set in the UN Protocol on Trafficking.
Giampolo 06 (Angela D., J.D. “THE TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION REAUTHORIZATION ACT
OF 2005: THE LATEST WEAPON IN THE FIGHT AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING”
B. The U.S.’s approach confuses and undermines the U.N.’s Trafficking Protocol’s definition of trafficking
required to foster international cooperation
Chuang 10 (Janie, Assistant Professor of Law, American University “RESCUING TRAFFICKING FROM
158 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1655)
1AC- Solvency
C. Amending the TVPA expands the number of people with access to the State to secure their human
rights and avoid slavery
Chacon, 06 [Jennifer M. Chacon, Assistant Professor, University of California, Davis, School of Law,
MISERY AND MYOPIA: UNDERSTANDING THE FAILURES OF U.S. EFFORTS TO STOP HUMAN
TRAFFICKING, 74 Fordham L. Rev. 2977, May, 2006, lexis]
Advantage 1 is Terrorism
A. Adopting the UN Protocol allows for the creation of a standard worldwide database.
Chuang 10 (Janie, Assistant Professor of Law, American University “RESCUING TRAFFICKING FROM
158 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1655)
B. Increased data sharing capability is key to tracking terrorist groups

Keefer 06 (Sandra L. United States Army Colonel “HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND THE IMPACT ON
NATIONAL SECURITY FOR THE UNITED STATES,” USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH
PROJECT, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA448573)BB
C. Nuclear terrorism is the greatest threat facing national security. A nuclear terrorist attack would cause
millions of deaths and untold destruction in a matter of seconds.
Rhodes, 10 ( “Reducing the nuclear threat: The argument for public safety” By Richard Rhodes | 14
December 2009. Bulletin of Atomic Scientists)
Advantage 2 is Human Rights
A. The “force, fraud, and coercion” clause excludes many victims and leads to increased deportations of
trafficking victims.
Harvard Law Review 06 (“Remedying the Injustices of Human Trafficking through Tort Law,” Harvard Law
Review, Vol. 119, No. 8 (Jun., 2006) p.2581-2582 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4093518 mrw)
B. Deportation of trafficked people only allows for them to be further traumatized, ostracized from their
home societies or re-trafficked.
Haynes 08 (Dina Francesca, ARTICLE: (NOT) FOUND CHAINED TO A BED IN A BROTHEL:
CONCEPTUAL, LEGAL, AND PROCEDURAL FAILURES TO FULFILL THE PROMISE OF THE
TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT,” Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, Spring 2007, Lexis,
mrw)
C. Trafficking is the ultimate form of dehumanization.

America Jul 12, http://www.cwfa.org/articles/13418/BLI/dotcommentary/index.htm]cn
We have all heard the catchy song lyrics about "what happens in Mexico" staying in Mexico or the
advertisements about "what happens in Vegas" staying in Vegas. Ambassador Lagon addressed that
fallacy.
D. The dehumanizing motivations that legitimize and foster human rights abuses, like those occurring in
the human trafficking industry, is at the root cause of war and conflict. It permeates all ATROCITIES and
until it is addressed we will continue to see a cycle of suffering and violence.
Berube ’97 (David, Ph.D. in Communications, “Nanotechnological Prolongevity: The Down Side”,
NanoTechnology Magazine, June/July 1997, p. 1-6,
URL: http://www.cla.sc.edu/ENGL/faculty/berube/prolong.htm)
Advantage 3 is International Norms
A. The best long term solvency for human rights atrocities is increased support of established
international human rights promotion mechanisms.
Amann 2008. (Diane Marie, Symposium: Human Rights in the United States, Harvard Human Rights
Journal)
B. By adopting the UN standards for trafficking the plan is supporting international human rights norms,
thus promoting the Universality of Human Rights, which elevates the power of the discourse.
Baxi 98 (Upendra, Professor Of Law At The University Of Warwick, Fall, 8 Transnat'l L. & Contemp.
Probs. 125, "Voices Of Suffering And The Future Of Human Rights," L/N)
C. The language of human rights empowers people to make demands on their societies, questions
political practices, and prevent atrocities.
D. Engaging in discourse of universality of human rights is necessary to create and maintain the concept
of indispensability of the Other, which is key to resisting oppression and dehumanization.
Advantage 4 is Soft Power
A. Lack of HR credibility is lowering US influence now

Hongju 2009 (Harold Hongju professor of international law at Yale Law School , “Speech: Repairing Our
Human Rights Reputation,” Lexis)
B. Government activism to solve gender issues is key to gaining trust and cooperation and maintain
influence
Culpepper 10 (Brent, “Missed Opportunity: Congress's Attempted Response to the World's Demand for
the Violence Against Women Act,” 43 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 733, Lexis)BB
C. US decline in the international sphere will explode into transition wars, maintaining influence and soft
power is key to peace
Brzezinski 05 (Zbigniew, The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadership, p. 2-4; National Security
Advisor in the Carter Administration, Professor of Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University)
Trafficking
Trafficking Aff @ App State
Current trafficking discourse and practice deters individuals from seeking visas since they are
conditioned to be skeptical of others and they fear retaliation from their captors – this destroys
the ability to resist the worst forms of trafficking
Cianciarulo, 2k8
[Marisa, Assistant Professor of Law at Chapman University School of Law, The Trafficking and
Exploitation Victims Assistance Program: A Proposed Early Response Plan for Victims of
International Human Trafficking in the United States, New Mexico Law Review 38 373, Spril 2008,
lexis]
Even when trafficking victims… international human trafficking victims .
Criticism of the victims of trafficking forces them to internalize their position within a modern form
of slavery that takes on two distinct forms – forced labor and sexual exploitation
Friedrich, 2k7
[Krista, B.A., Bowdoin College; J.D. candidate, 2007, Brooklyn Law School, Brooklyn Law
Review, Statutes of Liberty? Seeking Justice Under United States Law When Diplomats Traffic in
Persons, 72 Brooklyn L. Rev. 1139, Spring, 2007, l/n]
Trafficking in persons is… the U.S. range from 14,500 to 50,000 individuals.
Trafficking denies the most basic freedoms – exploitation, humiliation, rape, and violence destroy
sense of self and their will to live – this is a form of psychological violence that is worse than
death
Hopper and Hidalgo, 2k6
[Elizabeth, Ph.D psychologist at the Trauma Center in Boston, Jose, program director of Project REACH
at the Trauma Center in Boston, INVISIBLE CHAINS: PSYCHOLOGICAL COERCION OF HUMAN
TRAFFICKING VICTIMS, Intercultural Human Rights Law Review, 1 Intercultural Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 185,
2006, l/n]
During the course of trafficking,.. physically, emotionally, and spiritually shattered.
Trafficking discourse that assumes a single interpretation of the experience result in pratices and
pedagogies that reproduce a form of bias that favors existing institutional responses.
Lobasz 9 Prof @ U of Minnesota

(Jennifer K., “Beyond Border Security: Feminist Approaches to Human Trafficking”)
Beyond specific arguments against the prohibition… , such as police officers and the judiciary.
This trafficking discourse that essentializes the experience of this oppressive institution also
condones the denial of agency
Bravo, 2k7
[Karen, Assistant Professor of Law, Indiana University School of Law, Boston University International Law
Journal, EXPLORING THE ANALOGY BETWEEN MODERN TRAFFICKING IN HUMANS AND THE
TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE, 25 B.U. Int'l L.J. 207, Fall, 2007, l/n]
The challenge to plumb the depths of the analogy… and economic forces that continue to sustain it.
Denial of human agency is the ultimate impact – it paves the way for all forms of violence
Berube 1997
[David, Ph.D. in Communications, June-July, Nanotechnological Prolongevity: The Down Side,
Nanotechnology Magazine,
P: http://www.cas.sc.edu/ENGL/faculty/berube/Nanotechnological%20Prolongevity.pdf ]
This means-ends dispute is… is evil's most powerful weapon.
The role of the ballot in this debate is to create pedagogy and practice that is both critical and
reflective of discourse and practice that supports individual agency.
Bensimon and Marshall 3 (Estela, professor at the University of Southern California, Catherine,
professor at the University of North Carolina, “Like It Or Not Feminist Critical Policy Analysis Matters”, The
Journal of Higher Education, Volume 74, Issue 3, Project Muse, HC)
Earlier we said that the master's… to get the hegemonic center to listen.
The cooperation requirement fails to meet obligations established in international law to protect
victims – only a shift to a victim centered approach will solve
Vandenberg, 2k7
[Martina, Attorney for Jenner & Block LLP, Stopping Human Trafficking, Statement before the Senate
Judiciary Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law, March 26th, 2007, lexis]
Trafficking in persons is a… impunity for traffickers will remain the rule.
Viewing the debate from the standpoint of the oppressed reveals dominant frameworks as partial
and limited and allows for the consideration of multiple sites of oppression.
Weldon 6, Feminist Methodologies or International Relations, S. Laurel Weldon: Associate Professor of Political Science at the
University of Purdue, edited by Brooke A. Ackerly: Assistnat Professor in the Department of Political Science at Vanderbilt
University, Maria Stern: Lecturer and Researcher at the Department of Peace and Development Research, Goteborg University,
and Jacqui True: Senior Lecturer in the Department of Political Studies at the Univeristy of Auskland, New Zealand, 2006,
Cambridge University Press p. 64-5
Current feminist scholarship draws… in suppressing some standpoints, is retained in current
accounts.

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AT

1. No Link plan is spun as a womens issue American Chronicle 2006

2. Too early Weisman 10

4. Congress out of session NYtimes 10

Disabled Voters are key to the election Mellman 10

We often forget, ...... Bush in ’04 and Barack Obama in ’08.

Women are the key vote Daily Chronicle 10

Link turn outweighs the link Butler 10

2AC Law Bad

2AC Bare Life

BIOPOWER DOESN’T RESULT IN BARE LIFE – IT INCREASES THE POTENTIALITIES OF LIFE

Moreover, life as the object ......... to produce “extra‐life.”

GOP Link Turns

1. Hispanics backlash over piecemeal reform. Milfeld 8

WASHINGTON – A key Hispanic ....... has already rejected.”

Now, consider, as my previous post .....…non-Democrats.

Which brings us back to politics. ........ had among Latino voters.

4. Passing single issue reform is a major anti-Hispanic symbol Lochhead 2k

5. Symbol is key to Hispanic vote Keck 10

The value to human life can never be extinguished

Preserving existence is a prerequisite to their value to life arguments

A2: "The" PIK

Startup visas are key to maintaining U.S. global competitiveness

Only way out of this recession is to embrace a new model of entrepreneurial

U.S. biotech is key to global biotechnology

BIODIVERSITY IS DECLINING GLOBALLY – GM CROPS ARE KEY TO REVERSE IT

THE IMPACT IS EXTINCTION – WE’RE AT THE TIPING POINT – CROSSING THE

Startup visas key to revive the entire startup industry

Tens of thousands of dolphins …….. coastal whales for 400 years.

Because animals cannot speak for themselves we have a moral

The recognition of intrinsic value to all life forms is a prerequisite to preventing

Dolphins should be treated as we treat humans—it breaks down the current

This binary uniquely cases extinction Trenell, 2006

It is a relatively recent realisation that human ….. imbalance in the humanity-nature

Local Activism can spark legislative change- Kucinich 5

Plan- The United States Federal Government should

CONTENTION II- ECONOMY

3. INVESTOR VISA REQUIREMENTS ARE FAR TOO HIGH

4. US KEY TO WORLD ECONOMY

5. GROWTH PREVENTS WAR- REJECTING CAPITALISM PUTS EXTREMISTS IN POWERIT'S

6. WE'LL CONTROL UNIQUENESS - GROWTH LOWERS FERTILITY RATES SOLVING

OBSERVATION III -RENEWABLES

2. US MILITARY PERCEPTIONS ARE KEY- THEY'RE PANICKING

The Guardian, April 11, 2010.

3. WAR IS INEVITABLE ABSENT A MAJOR RENEWABLES PUSH

Freeman, Writer specializing in economics, 2004

4. ONLY US CAN SOLVE TRANSITION- ALTERNATIVE IS EXTINCTION

“The Startup Visa” (essayist, programmer, and investor)

2. US IS BEST FOR ENTREPRENEURS- OUR INTERNALS WILL DWARF TRADEOFF DISADS

3. PLAN IS MOST DIRECT ROUTE FOR GROWTH

4. DISCARDING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS SOLVES

5. PLAN SOLVES RENEWABLES- NEW START-UPS ARE KEY TO TRANSITIONING

Access to the US market is critical for SEU success.

Successful SE is key to cross-border commerce

Cross-border commerce key to European econ growth

Poor European economic growth precludes US/EU relations

Strong US/EU relations key to prevent disease spread

We’re on the brink of a H2N2 flu pandemic

Unchecked disease causes extinction

Advantage Two is Trade

The plan increases overall multilateral free trade

SE success is key to European trade harmonization

Key to Global Free Trade

WTO is key to global environmental protection- including warming