Karter, Michael J. “PATTERNS OF FIREFIGHTER FIREGROUND INJURIES.

” NFPA,
NFPA, Jan. 2012,​ ​www.tkolb.net/FireReports/2012/PatternsFF_FiregroundInj05-09.pdf​.
The article discussed and categorized different firefighter injuries that happened while
they were on duty. The injuries were placed into two main categories: minor and
moderate and severe. Minor injuries were described as first-aid only, treated by
physician, and not a lost-time injury. Severe and moderate injuries included those with
time-off, potential danger of death or permanent disability, and a potential
life-threatening condition. From there, they were subcategorized into many groups. This
includes primary apparent symptom, primary apparent symptom by part of body injured,
type of activity at time of injury, cause of injury, severity of injury for injury factors,
patterns of structure fires by occupancy and structure status, patterns for age of injured,
and by time of day. It also examined ways to improve firefighter safety.
The report was written by Michael J. Karter who has written several reports for the
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Since the NFPA considers him a reliable
writer, his reports are reliable sources. The report is current as it was created in 2012,
within the 5-year limit for STEM areas. The coverage of this article is both broad and
deep. It explores a wide variety of ways to interpret this data, and explains each one with
great detail and many tables and graphs. The article includes tables comparing total
injuries from previous years, comparing primary injury, comparing causes of injuries,
comparing primary most apparent symptom, and more. There are also graphs that show
the time of day when the injury happened, and age of the injured. There is no bias in this
because it is solely analyzing the data of firefighter injuries from 2005-2009. The
information in this report roughly matches annual averages in other reports, so there was
not a false increase or decrease in injuries faked in order to meet a requirement or prove a
point. This report was published to inform firefighters, fire marshals, and fire
investigators about the injuries to firefighters from 2005-2009.

FEMA, USFA. ​Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 2016​. By U.S. Department of
Homeland Security et al., Dec. 2017. ​USFA​,
www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/ff_fat16.pdf. Accessed 7 Feb. 2018.
The article discussed and categorized different firefighter deaths that happened while
they were on duty. The deaths discussed in this article were all classified as “on-duty”
based on the criteria from USFA. To be classified as on-duty, the death must have
occured while the firefighter was involved in operations at the scene of an emergency;
responding to, or returning from, an incident; performing other officially assigned duties.
From there, the deaths were subcategorized into many groups. This includes if the
firefighter was career, volunteer, or wildland, the type of duty the firefighter was
involved in (emergency or non-emergency), the cause of death (traffic collision, stress),
the nature of the death (heart attack, trauma), and how the age of the firefighter correlated
 to the nature of the death (the older the firefighter, the more likely they die from heart
attack opposed to trauma). They included detailed analysis of the tables and graphs, and
compared 2016’s data to the data of previous years. For example, the deaths from traffic
collisions in 2016 is 4x the deaths from the previous year.
The report was prepared by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal
Emergency Management Agency, U.S. Fire Administration, National Fire Data Center
and the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation. The report is current as it was created in
2017,​ ​within the 5-year limit for STEM areas. The coverage of this article is both broad
and deep. It explores a wide variety of ways to interpret this data, and explains each one
with great detail and many tables and graphs. The article includes tables comparing total
deaths from previous years,​ ​comparing type of death​, ​comparing causes of deaths​,
comparing type of duty when the death occurred, and more​. ​There are also graphs that
show​ ​the age of the death, and maps to show locations where deaths occur most. There is
no bias in this because it is solely analyzing the data of firefighter deaths from​ ​2016.​ ​The
information in this report roughly matches annual averages in other reports, so there was
not a false increase or decrease in deaths faked in order to meet a requirement or prove a
point. This report was published to inform firefighters, fire marshals, and fire
investigators about the deaths to firefighters from 2016.

Haynes, Hylton J. G., and Joseph L. Molis. United States Firefighter Injuries 2016. NFPA, Oct.
2017. NFPA,
www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/News-and-Research/Fire-statistics/Fire-service/osFFInjuries.
pdf​. Accessed 28 Feb. 2018.
The article discussed and categorized different firefighter injuries that happened while
they were on duty. There was data reported in many ways such as the number of total
injuries, the number of injuries at the fireground, fireground injuries per 1,000 fires, the
number of injuries at non-fire emergencies, injuries per 1,000 non-fire emergencies, and
the average fires and fireground injuries per department by population protected. The
injuries were categorized into many groups. This includes cause of injury, nature of
injury, and type of duty. This data was displayed in charts, tables, and maps when the
region was a factor.
The report was written by Hylton Haynes and Joseph Molis who have written several
reports for the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Since the NFPA considers
them reliable writers, their reports are reliable sources. The report is current as it was
created in 2017, within the 5-year limit for STEM areas. The coverage of this article is
both broad and deep. It explores a wide variety of ways to interpret this data, and explains
each one with great detail and many tables and graphs. The article includes tables and
graphs comparing total injuries from previous years, comparing injuries per 1,000 fires,
comparing causes of injuries, and more. There is no bias in this because it is solely
 analyzing the data of firefighter injuries from 2016. The information in this report
roughly matches annual averages in other reports, so there was not a false increase or
decrease in injuries faked in order to meet a requirement or prove a point. This report was
published to inform firefighters, fire marshals, and fire investigators about the injuries to
firefighters from 2016.

Haynes, Hylton. U.S. Volunteer Firefighter Injuries 2012-2014. Feb. 2016. NFPA,
www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/News-and-Research/Fire-statistics/Fire-service/osvolunteerfi
refighterinjuries.ashx?la=en​. Accessed 8 Mar. 2018.
The article discussed and categorized different volunteer firefighter injuries that
happened while they were on duty. They were categorized into many groups. This
includes type of duty (responding, on scene, etc.), nature of injury (burns, smoke/gas
inhalation, bleeding, etc.), and cause of duty. It also compared volunteer firefighter
injuries to injuries of all firefighters. It gave reasons as to why the data was the way it
was. For example, it explained that volunteer firefighters are less likely to be injured
during non-fire emergencies due to the fact that some volunteer fire departments don’t
have EMS, so they don’t respond to non-fire emergencies.
The report was written by Hylton Haynes who has written several reports for the National
Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Since the NFPA considers him a reliable writer, his
reports are reliable sources. The report is current as it was created in 2016, within the
5-year limit for STEM areas. The coverage of this article is both broad and deep. It
explores a wide variety of ways to interpret this data, and explains each one with great
detail and many tables and graphs. The article includes tables comparing volunteer
firefighter injuries to all firefighter injuries by type of duty and by cause of injury. It also
compared the population protected of volunteer firefighters to the population protected
by career firefighters. There are maps that show where there are fire departments
protecting communities with less than 10,000 population. There is always some bias in
articles, but it is limited in this because it is solely analyzing the data of volunteer
firefighter injuries from 2012-2014. The information in this report roughly matches
annual averages in other reports, so there was not a known false increase or decrease in
injuries faked in order to meet a requirement or prove a point. This report was published
to inform firefighters, fire marshals, and fire investigators about the injuries to volunteer
firefighters from 2012-2014.