DESIGN OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Department of Civil Engineering Page 1

 ABSTRACT

LUCKNOW is the capital city of UTTAR PRADESH.

As it is rapidly developing the construction in the
city is very costly. Economic point of view if the
building is constructed at a far distance from the
city it will be cheaper and residents can live
peaceful without any external polluted sources.
Having peaceful surroundings is the main point of
view of most of the people in today's lifestyle.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 2

 STUDY AREA:

Our proposed site is located at VILLAGE

MUBARAKPUR , PLOT NO. 18 , IIM ROAD ,
Lucknow . The main road which is near to site
leads to IIM . A branch road of about 4 m
width which is near is existing bituminous
road connected very near to the plot. The
total area of the site is about 235.11sq ft. The
residential building is single storey and
consists of two bed room, one hall, and
kitchen.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 3

 TABLE OF CONTENT
Page No.

CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
STUDY AREA:
AIM OF THE PROJECT
THEORY 2

2.INTRODUCTION
3.DEMAND OF HOUSES 3
4.CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BASED ON 4
OCCUPANCY
5.SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY 8
6.SURVEY OF SITE FOR PROPOSED BUILDING 9
7.RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS 10
a) LIMITATIONS OF BUILT UP AREA 10
b) MINIMUM FLOOR AREA AND HEIGHT OF 11
ROOMS
8.BUILDING BYE LAWS AND REGULATIONS 12
9. ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS 13

SPECIFICATION 18

1.WATER 19
2.EXCAVATION 20
3.P.C.C 22
5. 1st CLASS BRICK WORK 26

Department of Civil Engineering Page 4

 6. 12 mm THICK PLASTERING 28

DESINGS 33

1.DESING OF SLAB 35
2.DESINGS OF BEAM 37
3.DESINGS OF COLUMN 45

RATE ANALYSIS 48

1.1st CLASS BRICK WORK 49

2.P.C.C IN FOUNDATION 50
3.R.C.C 51

ESTIMATION 53

COST OF PROJECT 56

CONCLUSION 57

DRAWINGS 58

1.PLAN 59
2.FOOTING SECTION 60

Department of Civil Engineering Page 5

 1.AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aim of the project is to plan and design

the framed structure of a residential building.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 6

 INTRODUCTION

Department of Civil Engineering Page 7

 2. INTRODUCTION

The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s &

shelter. From times immemorial man has been making efforts in
improving their standard of living. The point of his efforts has
been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession
of shelter besides being a basic, used, gives a feeling of security,
responsibility and shown the social status of man.
Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful
environment needed for his pleasant living, this object is achieved
by having a place of living situated at the safe and convenient
location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires
considered and kept in view.

 A Peaceful environment.

 Safety from all natural source & climate conditions.

 General facilities for community of his residential area.

The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions,

building bye laws, environment, financial capacity, water supply,
sewage arrangement, provision of future, aeration, ventilation
etc.., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 8

 3.DEMANDS OF HOUSES

The house is the first unit of the society and it is the primary unit
of human habitation. The house is built to grant the protection
against wind, weathers, and to give insurance against physical
insecurity of all kinds.
The special features of the demand for housing of in its unique
nature and depend on the following factors:

 Availability of cheap finance.

 Availability of skilled labours.

 Availability of transport facility.

 Cost of labours & material of construction.

 Predictions of future demand.

 Rate of interest on investment e.g., low rates of interest with

facilities of long term payment may facilities investment
housing.

 Rate of population growth and urbanization.

 Supply of developed plots at reasonable prices.

 Taxation policy on real estates.

 Town planning & environmental conditions.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 9

 4. CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED
ON OCCUPANCY

GROUP-A RESIDENSIAL BUILDINGS

GROUP-B EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS
GROUP-C INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS
GROUP-D ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS
GROUP-E BUSINESS BUILDINGS
GROUP-F MERCANTILE BUILDINGS
GROUP-G INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
GROUP-H STORAGE BUILDINGS
GROUP-I HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS

Department of Civil Engineering Page 10

 RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS:
These building include any building in which sleeping
accommodation provide for normal residential purposes, with or
without cooking and dining facilities. It includes single or multi-
family dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or rooming houses,
restaurants, hostels, dormitories and residential hostels.

EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS:
These include any building used for school, college or day-care
purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or
recreation and which is not covered by assembly buildings.

INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used for different purposes, such as medical
or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or
mental illness, diseases or infirmity, care of infants, convalescents
or aged persons and for penal detention in which the liberty of the
inmates is restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide
sleeping accommodation for the occupants.

ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS:
These are the buildings where groups of people meet or gather for
amusement, recreation, social, religious, assembly halls, city halls,
marriage halls, exhibition halls, museums, places of work ship, etc.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 11

 BUSINESS BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used for transaction of business, for keeping
of accounts and records and for similar purposes, offices, banks,
professional establishments, courts houses, libraries. The
principal function of these buildings is transaction of public
business and keeping of books and records.12

MERCANTILE BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for display an
sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail, office, shops,
storags service facilities incidental to the sale of merchandise and
located in the same building.

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS:
These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds and
properties are fabrication, assembled, manufactured or
processed, as assembly plant, laboratories, dry cleaning plants,
power plants, pumping stations, smoke houses, laundries etc.

STORAGE BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of
goods, wares or merchandise vehicles and animals, as
warehouses, cold storage, garages, trucks.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 12

 HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacture or
processing of highly combustible or explosive materials or
products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidly and /or
which may produce poisonous elements for storage handling,
acids or other liquids or chemicals producing flames, fumes and
explosive, poisonous, irritant or corrosive gases processing of any
material producing explosive mixtures of dust which result in the
division of matter into fine particles subjected to spontaneous
ignition.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 13

 5.SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY
Selection of plot is very important for buildings a house. Site
should be in good place where there community but service is
convenient but not so closed that becomes a source of
inconvenience or noisy. The conventional transportation is
important not only because of present need but for retention of
property value in future closely related to are transportation,
shopping, facilities also necessary . one should observe the road
condition whether there is indication of future development or
not in case of un developed area.
The factor to be considered while selecting the building site are as
follows:-
 Access to park & play ground.

 Agriculture polytonality of the land.

 Availability of public utility services, especially water,

electricity & sewage disposal.

 Contour of land in relation the building cost. Cost of land.

 Distance from places of work.

 Ease of drainage.

 Location with respect to school, collage & public buildings.

 Nature of use of adjacent area.

 Transport facilities.

 Wind velocity and direction.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 14

 6.SURVEY OF THE SITE FOR PROPOSED
BUILDING
 Reconnaissance survey: the following has been observed during
reconnaissance survey of the site.

 Site is located nearly.

 The site is very clear planned without ably dry grass and other
throne
plats over the entire area.

 No leveling is require since the land is must uniformly level.

 The ground is soft.

 Labour available near by the site.

 Houses are located near by the site.

 Detailed survey: the detailed survey has been done to determine

the boundaries of the required areas of the site with the help of
theodolite and compass.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 15

 7.RESIDENTIAL BULIDING
Requirement for residential accommodation are different for
different classes of people & depends on the income & status of
the individual a highly rich family with require a luxurious
building , while a poor man we satisfied with a single room house
for even poor class family.

A standard residential building of bungalow type with has

drawing room, dining room office room, guest room, kitchen
room, store, pantry, dressing room, bath room , front verandah,
stair etc., for other house the number of rooms may be reduced
according to the requirements of many available.

a)LIMITATION OF BUILT UP AREA

Area of plot up to 200sq.m --------- maximum permissible
(240sq.yd) built up area

Ground and first ---------- 60% of site area on floors

only

201 to 500sq.m (241 to 600sq.yd) ------ 50% of the site area.

501 to 1000sq.m (601 to 1200sq. yd) ---- 40% of the site area

More than 1000sq.m -------- 33% of the site area.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 16

 b)MINIMUM FLOOR AREA & HEIGHT
OF ROOMS
FLOOR AREA HEIGHT(m)

LIVING 10sqm (100sqft)

(breadth min 2.7m or 9’) 3.3 (11’)

KITCHEN 6sqm (60sqft)

3.0(10’)

BATH 2sqm (20sqft) 2.7 (9’)

LATTRINE 1.6sqm (16sqft) 2.7 (9’ )

BATH & W.C. 3.6sqm (36sqft) 2.7 (9’)

SERVANT ROOM 10sqm (100sqft) 3.0(9’ )

GARAGE 2.5*4.8m (8’*16’) 3.0 (10’ )

MIN. HIEGHT ----------- 0.6 (2’)

OF PLINTH
FOR MAIN BUILDING

MIN. HIEGHT OF ----------- 0.3 (1’ )

PLINTH FOR
SERVANT QUARTES

MIN. DEPTH OF ----------- 0.9 (3’ )

FOUNDATION

THICKNESS OF WALL 20cms to 30cms ---------

(9’’ to 13.5’’)

DAMP PROOF 2cms to 2.5cms take full

COURSE (3/4’’ to 1’’) width of
plinth wall
Department of Civil Engineering Page 17
 8.BUILDING BYE LAWS & REGULATIONS
 Line of building frontage and minimum plot sizes.

 Open spaces around residential building.

 Minimum standard dimensions of building elements.

 Provisions for lighting and ventilation.

 Provisions for safety from explosion.

 Provisions for means of access.

 Provisions for drainage and sanitation.

 Provisions for safety of works against hazards.

 Requirements for off-street parking spaces.

 Requirements for landscaping.

 Special requirements for low income housing.

 Size of structural elements.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 18

 9.ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS
 LIVING ROOM
 KITCHEN
 STORE ROOM
 BED ROOM
 OFFICE ROOM
 BATH & W C
 DRESSING ROOM
 VERANDAH
 STAIR CASE

LIVING ROOMS:

This is the area is for general use. Hence the living & drawing
room should be planned near the entrance south east aspects.
During colder day the sun is towards the south & will receive
sunshine which is a welcoming feature. During summer
sunshine the northern side & entry of sunrays from southern
or south – east aspects do not arise.

KITCHEN:
Eastern aspects to admit morning sun to refresh & purity the
air.

READING ROOM / CLASS ROOM:

North aspects this makes more suitable since there will be sun
from north side for most part of the year.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 19

 BED ROOM:

Bed may also be provided with attached toilets, there size

depends upon the number of beds, they should be located so as
to give privacy & should accommodate beds, chair , cupboard,
etc., and they should have north or- west south – west aspect.

BATH & W.C:

Bath and W.C. are usually combined in one room & attached to
the bed room and should be well finished. This should be filled
with bath tub, shower, wash-hand basin, W.C. shelves, towels,
racks brackets, etc., all of white glazed tiles. Floor should be
mosaic or white glazed files. Instead of providing all bed room
with attached bath and W.C separated baths & latrines may
also be provided.

VERANDAH:
There should verandah in the front as well as in the rear. The
front verandah serves setting place for male members &
weighting place for visitors. The back verandah serve a ladies
apartment for there sitting, working controlling, kitchen works
etc., verandah project the room against direct sun, rain &
weather effect. They used as sleeping place during the summer
and rainy season & are used to keep various things verandah
also give appearance to the building. The area of a building
may vary from 10% to 20% of the building.

STAIR CASE:
This should be located in a easily accessible to all members of
the family, when this is intended for visitors it should be in the

Department of Civil Engineering Page 20

 front, may be on one side of verandah. It meant for family use
only, the staircase should be placed the rear. The stairs case
should be well ventilated & lighted the middle to make it easy
& comfortable to climb. Rises & threads should be uniform
through to keep rhythm while climbing or descending.
Some helpful points regarding the orientation of a building are
as
follows:

 Long wall of the building should face north south, short wall
should face.

 East and west because if the long walls are provided in east
facing, the wall.

 Absorb more heat of sun which causes discomfort during

night.

 A verandah or balcony can be provided to wards east &

west to keep the rooms cool.

 To prevent sun’s rays & rain from entering a room through

external doors & windows sunshades are required in all
directions.

ORIENTATION
After having selected the site, the next step is proper
orientation of building. Orientation means proper placement
of rooms in relation to sun, wind, rain, topography and
outlook and at the same time providing a convenient access
both to the street and back yard.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 21

 The factors that affect orientation most are as follows Solar
heat, Wind direction, Humidity, Rain fall, Intensity of wind,
Site condition, Lightning and ventilation.

SOLAR HEAT:
Solar heat means sun’s heat, the building should receive
maximum solar radiation in winter and minimum in summer.
For evaluation of solar radiation, it is essential to know the
duration of sunshine and hourly solar intensity on exposed
surfaces.

WIND DIRECTION:
The winds in winter are avoided and are in summer, they are
accepted in the house to the maximum extent.

HUMIDITY:
High humidity which is common phenomenon is in coastal
areas, causes perspiration, which is very uncomfortable
condition from the human body and causes more discomfort.

RAIN FALL:
Direction and intensity of rainfall effects the drainage of the
site and building and hence, it is very important from
orientation point of view.

INTENSITY OF WIND:
Intensity of wind in hilly regions is high and as such window

Department of Civil Engineering Page 22

 openings of comparatively small size are recommended in
such regions.

SITE CONDITIONS:
Location of site in rural areas, suburban areas or urban areas
also effects orientation , sometimes to achieve maximum
benefits, the building has to be oriented in a particular
direction.

LIGHTING:
Good lighting is necessary for all buildings and three primary
aims. The first is to promote the work or other activities
carried on within the building. The second is to promote the
safety of people using the buildings. The third is to create, in
conjunction to interest and of well beings.

VENTILATION:
Ventilation may be defined as the system of supplying or
removing air by natural or mechanical mean or from any
enclosed space to create and maintain comfortable
conditions. Operation of building and location to windows
helps in providing proper ventilation. A sensation of comfort,
reduction in humidity, removal of heat, supply of oxygen is
the basic requirements in ventilation apart from reduction of
dust.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 23

 SPECIFICATION
Specification describes the nature and class of the work,
material to be used in the work , workmanship , etc. and is very
important for execution of the work. The cost of work depends
much on the specification. The drawing of the buildings or
structure show the arrangement of the rooms and various part,
and the dimension –length, breadth and height, drawing do not
furnish the details of different items of work. Thus the
combination of drawing and specification define completely
structure. Drawings and specification from important parts of
contract document.

SPECIFICATION TYPES-
1. General specification or brief specification
2. Detailed specification

General Specifications or brief specifications-

General specification gives the nature and class of the work

and material in general items, to be used in various parts of the
work, from the foundation to the superstructure.

Detailed Specification-
The detailed specification of an item of specifies the quality
and quantities of material, the proportion of mortar,
workmanship, the method of proportion and execution and the
methods of measurement. The detailed specification are
arranged as far as possible in the same sequence of order as
the work is carried out. The detailed specification is prepared
properly are very helpful for execution of work.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 24

 WATER- water shall not be salty and brackish and shall be
clean, reasonably clear and free objectionable quantities of silt
and traces of oil and injurious alkalis, salt, organic matters and
other deleterious material which will wither weaken the
mortar of concrete or cause efflorescence or attack the steel in
R.C.C. container for transport, storage and handling of water
shall be clean. Water shall conform to the standard specified in
I.S 456-1978.

If required by the Engineer-in-Charge it shall be tested by

comparison with distilled water comparison shall be made by
means of standard cement test for soundness time of setting
and mortar by means of standard as specified in IS.269-1976.
Any indication of more than 10 percent in strength, of mortar
prepared with water sample when compared with the result
obtained with mortar prepared with distilled water shall be
sufficient cause for rejection of water under test.

Water for curing mortar, concrete or masonry should not be

too acidic or too alkaline. It shall be free of elements which
significantly affect the hydration reaction or otherwise
interfere with the hardening of mortar or concrete during
curing or those which produce objectionable strains or other
unsightly deposit on concrete or mortar surface.

Hard and bitter water shall not be used for curing. Potable
water will generally suitable for curing mortar and concrete.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 25

 2. Excavation for foundation upto 1.5m
depth including sorting out and stacking of
useful material and disposing of excavated
stuff upto 50m lead in loose or soft soil:

GENERAL-
Any soil which generally yields to the application of pickaxes and
shovels, phawaras rakes or any such ordinary excavating
implement or organic soil, gravel silt, sand turf, loam, clay, peat
etc, fail under this category.

Clearing the site-

The site which the structure is to be built shall be cleared, and all
obstruction loose stone, material and rubbish of all kind bush
wood and trees shall be removed as directed. The materials so
obtained and stacked as directed within 50m lead. The roots of
trees coming in the sides shall be cut and coated with a hot
asphalt.

The side of clearance is deemed to be included in the rate of the

earth work for no extra will be paid.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 26

 Setting out
After clearing the site the centre line will be given, by the
engineer- in-charge. The contractor shall assume full
responsibility for alignment, elevation and dimensions of each
and all parts of work. Contractor shall supply labours, material,
etc. required for the reference and benchmark shall maintain
them as long required and directed.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 27

 Disposal of the excavated stuff
The excavated stuff of the selected type shall be used in filling
the trenches and plinth or leveling the ground in layer
including ramming and watering etc.

The balance of the excavated quantity shall be removed by

and the contractor from the site of work to place as directed
with lead up to 50m and lift.

Mode of measurement and Payment

The measurement of excavation in trench for foundation shall
be made according to the section of trenches shown on
drawing or as per section given by the engineer-m-charge. No
payment shall be made for surplus excavation made in excess
of above requirements or due to stopping and sloping back as
found necessary on account of condition of soil and
requirements of safety.

The rate shall be for a unit one cubic meter.

3.Cement Concrete 1:2:4-

Materials-
Aggregate shall be invert materials and should be clean, dense,
hard, sound, durable, non-absorbent and capable of developing
good bond with mortar. Coarse aggregate shall be of hard
broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust, dirt
and the other foreign matters. The stone ballast shall be of
20mm size and well graded such that the voids do not exceed
42%.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 28

 Fine aggregate shall be coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp
and angular grains and shall pass through screen of standard
specifications clean and free from dust, dirt and organic
matters and shall not be used.
Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard I.S.I.
specification, and shall have the required tensile and
compressive stress and fitness.
Water shall be clean and free from alkaline and acid matters
and suitable for drinking purpose.

Coarse aggregate fine aggregate

cement

Department of Civil Engineering Page 29

 Proportion-

The proportion of concrete shall be 1:2:4 as cement : sand :

stone ballast by volume unless otherwise specified. Minimum
compressive strength of concrete of 1:2:4 proportion shall be
140kg per sq cm on 7 days of curing.

Machine Mixing-
Stone ballast sand and cement shall be put into cement
concrete mixer to have the required proportion. For concrete
of 1:2:4 proportion, first 4 boxes of stone ballast then 2 boxes
of sand and then 1 bag of cement shall be put into the c.c.
mixer, the machine shall then be revolve to mix materials dry
and then water shall be added gradually to required quantity,
25-30 lit/bag of cement to have the required water- cement
ratio. The mixing should be through out to have plastic mix of
uniform colour. It requires 1.5-2 min rotation for proper
mixing.

Slump-

Regular slump test should be carried out to control the

addition of water and to maintain the required consistency. A
slump of 7.5 cm to 10 cm may be allowed for building work, 4-
3 cm may be allowed for road work.

Form Work-
Form work, centering and shuttering shall be provided as
required. As per standard specification before laying concrete
to confine to support or to keep concrete in position. The inner
surface of shuttering shall be oiled to prevent concrete on
sticking to it.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 30

 The base and formwork over which concrete to be laid shall be
watered by sprinkling water before concrete is laid.

Form should not be removed before 14 days in general, side

form may however be removed after 3 days of concreting.

Laying-
Concrete shall be laid gently in layers not exceeding 15 cm and
compacted by vibrators until a dense concrete is obtained.

Concrete shall be laid continuously, if laying is suspended for

rest or for the following day, the end shall be sloped at angle
30o.

Cuing-
After about 2 hours laying when concrete has began to
harden, it shall be kept damp by covering with gunny bags for
24 hours, by covering with wet sand or earth and kept damp
continuously for 15 days.

Finishing-
If specified the exposed surface shall be plastered with 1:3
cement sand mortar not exceeding 6mm thickness and the
plastering shall be applied immediately after removal of the
centering while the concrete is green immediately before
applying plaster the surface of concrete shall be wetted and

Department of Civil Engineering Page 31

 neat cement wash shall be given.

Measurement-
Measurement shall be taken in cubic meter for the finished
work and no deduction shall be made for the volume of steel.
Steel Reinforcement shall be measured under a separate item
in quintal plastering, if any shall not be included in the
measurement. The rate R.C.C. work shall be for the work
excluding steel but including centering and shuttering and all
tools and plant.

5. 1st CLASS BRICKWORK

Brick- All brick should be of first class of standard
specification made of good brick earth thoroughly burnt, and
shall be of deep cherry red or copper colour. Brick should be

regular in shape and their edges should be sharp. Brick shall

not absorb water more than 1/6 of their own weight after 1
hour soaking by immersing in water. Brick should have
minimum crushing strength (pf) 105 kg per sq cm.

Mortar- Mortar shall be specified and material of mortar

shall be of standard specifications. For cement mortar cement

Department of Civil Engineering Page 32

 shall be fresh Portland cement of standard specifications. Sand
shall be sharp, clean and free from organic and foreign
matters. For rich mortar coarse or medium sand should be
used and for weak mortar local fine sand may be used.
Proportion of cement sand mortar may be of (1:3 to 1:6 as
specified). Fresh mixed mortar shall be used.
Lime surkhi mortar if specified shall be mixed in
specified proportion by grinding in the mortar mill for at least
three hours on the same day of use. Fresh mixed mortar
within 24 hours shall be used.

Soaking of Brick- Bricks shall be fully soaked in clean

water by submerging in a tank for a period of 12 hours
immediately before use soaking shall be continued till air
bubbling is ceased.

Laying- Brick shall be well bonded and laid in English

bond unless otherwise specified. Every course shall be truly in
plumb. Vertical joints of consecutive course shall not come
directly over one another, vertical joints in alternate course
shall come directly over one another, selected best shaped
brick shall be used for face work. Mortar joints shall not
exceed 6 mm in thickness and joints shall be fully filled with
mortar. Brick shall be laid with frogs upward excrept in the
top course where frogs shall be placed downward. When one
part of the wall has to be delayed, stepping shall be left at an
angle of 45 degree.

Curing- The brick work shall be kept wet for a period of at

least 10 days after laying. At the end of day’s work the top of
wall shall be flooded with water by making small weak mortar
edging to contain at least 2.5cm deep water.

Protection-The brick work shall be protected from the

effect of sun, rain, frost etc., during the construction and uplift
such time it is green and likely to be damaged.
Department of Civil Engineering Page 33
 Scaffolding- Necessary and suitable scaffolding shall be
provided to facilitate the construction of brick wall.
Scaffolding shall be sound and strong and supports and
members sufficiently strong so as to with stand all loads likely
to come upon them.

12mm.thick cement plaster in single

coat on face side of brick walls for
interior plastering

Material- Water shall conform to M-1. The cement

mortar of proportion 1:3 shall conform to M-13.

Scaffolding- Wooden bullies, bamboos, planks, trestles

and other scaffolding shall be sound. These shall be properly
examined before erection and use. Stage scaffolding shall be
provided for ceiling plaster which shall be independent of
walls.

Preparation of background- The surface shall

be cleaned of all dust, loose mortar droppings, traces of algae,
efflorescence and other foreign matter by water or by
brushing. Smooth surface shall be toughened by wire brushing
if it is not hard and by hacking if it is hard. In case of concrete
surface, if a chemical retarded has been applied to form work,

Department of Civil Engineering Page 34

 the surface shall be roughened by wire brushing and all the
resulting dust and loose particles cleaned off and care shall be
taken that none of the readers if left on the surface. Trimming
of projections on brick/concrete surface where necessary
shall be carried out to get an even surface.

Ranking of joints of masonry where necessary shall be

allowed to dry out for sufficient period before carrying out the
plaster work.

The work shall be soaked but only damped evenly before

applying the plaster. If the surface becomes dry, such area
shall be moistened again.

For external plaster, the plastering operation shall be started

from top floor and carried out downward. For internal plaster,
the plastering operation shall be started from top floor and
carried out downward. For internal plaster, the plastering
operation may be started wherever the building frame and
cladding work are ready and the temporary supports the
ceiling resting on the wall of the floor have been removed.
Ceiling plaster shall be completed before starting plaster to
walls.

Application of plaster- The plaster about 15X15

cm shall be first applied horizontally and vertically at not

Department of Civil Engineering Page 35

 more than 2 meters intervals over the entire surface to serve
as gauges. The surface of these gauges shall be truly in plane
of the finished plastered surface. The mortar shall then be
applied in uniform surface by working a wooden straight edge
reaching across the gauges with small upward and sideways
movement at a time. Finally, the surface shall be finished off
true with a trowel or wooden float according as a smooth or a
sandy granular texture is required excessive toweling or over
working the float shall be avoided. All corners, arises, angles
and junction shall be truly vertical or horizontal as the case
may be and shall be carefully finished out with proper
templates to be size required.

Cement plaster shall be used within half an hour after addition

of water and mortar and plaster which is partially set shall be
rejected and removed forth with from site.

In suspending the work at the end of the day, the plaster shall
be left out clean to the line both horizontally and vertically,
when recommencing the plaster, the edges of the old work
shall be scraped clean and wetted with cement putty before
plaster is applied to adjacent areas to enable the two to
properly join together. Plastering work shall be closed at the
end of the day on the body of the wall and nearer than 15 cm
to any corner or arises. It shall not be closed on the body of
features such as plaster bands and cornices not at the corners
or arises. Horizontal joints in plaster work shall not also occur
on parapet tops and coping as these invariably lead to leakage.
No portion of the surface shall be let out initially to be packed
up later on.

Each coat shall be kept damp continuously till the next coat is
applied or for a minimum period of 7 days. Moistening shall
commence as soon as plaster is hardened sufficiently. Soaking

Department of Civil Engineering Page 36

 of walls shall be avoided and only as much water as can be
readily absorbed shall be used, excessive evaporation on the
sunny or windward side of building in hot air or dry weather
shall prevented by hanging matting or gunny bags on the
outside of the plaster and keeping them wet.

MODE OF MEASUREMENTS AND

PAYMENT

The rate shall be included the cost of all materials, labors and
scaffolding etc. involved in the operations describe under
workmanship.

All plastering shall be measured in square meters unless

otherwise specified. Length, breadth or height shall be
measured correct to a cm.

Thickness of plaster shall be exclusive of thickness of the key

i.e. grooves or open joints in brick work, stone work etc. or
space between laths. Thickness of plaster shall be average
thickness with minimum 10 mm. at any point on this surface.
This item’s includes plastering up to floor two level.

The measurement of wall plastering shall be taken between

the walls or partition (dimensions before plastering being
taken ) for length and from the top of floor or skirting to
ceiling for height.
Depth of cover cornices if any shall be deducted.

Soffits of stairs shall be measured as

plastering on ceilings, following soffits shall be measured
separately

Department of Civil Engineering Page 37

 For jambs, soffits, sills etc. for openings not exceeding 0.5sq
met. Each in area for end of joints beam, posts, girders, steps
etc. not exceeding 0.5 sqmt. Each in area and for openings
exceeding 0.5 sq mt and not exceeding 3.00sq mt. in each area
deductions and additions shall be made in the following
manners.

(a) No deduction shall be made for ends of joints, beam posts

etc and openings not exceeding 0.5 sqmt each and no addition
shall be made for reveals, jambs, soffits, sills etc. of these
openings, for finish to plaster around ends of joints, beam
posts etc.
(b) Deduction for openings exceeding 0.5 sqmt. But not
exceeding 3sqmt. Each shall be made as follows and no addition
shall be made for ravels, jambs soffits, sills etc of these openings.

 When both aces of all walls are plastered with same plaster,
deduction shall be made for one face only.

 When two face of wall are plastered with different types of

plaster or if one face is plastered and the other pointed, deduction
shall be made from the plaster or pointing on the side of frame for
door, window etc. on which width of reveals is less than that on
the other side but no deductions shall be made on the other side.
Where width of reveals on both faces of all are equal , deduction
50% of areas of openings on each faces shall be made from areas
of plaster and /or pointing as the case may be.

For opening having door frames equal to or

projecting beyond the thickness of wall, full deduction for opening
shall be made from each plastered face of the wall.

In case of opening of area above 3 sqmt each ,

deduction shall be made for openings but jambs, soffits sand sills
shall be measured. The rate shall be for a unit of one sq. meter.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 38

 DESIGNS

Department of Civil Engineering Page 39

 DESIGNS

 DESIGNS OF SLABS
 LOADS ON BEAMS
 DESIGNS OF BEAMS
 LOADS OF COLUMNS
 DESIGNS OF COLUMNS

Department of Civil Engineering Page 40

 1. DESIGN OF SLABS
Slabs are to be designed under limit state methods by
reference of IS 456:2000.
 When the slabs are supported in two way supported slab.
 A two way slab is economical compared to one way slab.
SLAB DESIGN:
fck = 15N/mm2 fy = N/m2

Span
i. Shorter span :- Lx =5.8m
Longer span :- 7.62m

ii. Check Lx/Ly 7.62/5.8 =1.3<

Hence the slab has to be designed as “two way slab”.

iii. Providing over all depth of slab as 5”, 120mm

eff. depth = D-15-10/2 = 100mm

iv. Condition :- supported on four sides.

v. Load calculation :-
Dead load = 25x0.12x1 = 3.0KN/m
Load = 2x1 = 2.0KN/m
Floor finish = 1x1 = 1x1KN/m = 6.0 KN/m

Department of Civil Engineering Page 41

 vi. Bending moment calculation :- (as per IS code 456-2000)
Types of panel :- Two adjacent edges are discontinuous

ax(+) = 0.049 ax(-) = 0.065

ay(+) = 0.035 ay(-) = 0.047

(+ve) B.M at mid span in shorter directions.

Mx(+) = ax(+)wix2
=0.049x6x5.8^2 = 9.9kn-m
factored B.M = 9.9x1.5 = 14.85kn-m

Spacing and diameter:

As per sp-16
Provide 8mm bars at 210mm spacing.

(-ve) B.M at continuous edge in shorter direction .

Mx(-) = ax(-)wix2
= 0.062x6x(5.8)^2 13.12x1.5 = 19.67kn-m

(+ve) B.M at mid span in longer directions.

My(+) = ay(+)wlx2
= 0.035x6x(5.8)^2
= 7.06kN-m
Factored B.M = 7.06x1.5
= 10.69kN-m

(-ve) B.M at continuous edge in longer direction.

My(-ve) = ay(-ve)wlx2
= 0.047x6x(5.8)^2
9.48kn-m factored B.M=9.48x1.5
=14.22kN-m.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 42

 CHECK FOR DEPTH:

Permissible depth = 100mm

.lim = 0.36.Xumax(1-0.42Xumax)fckbd^2
d d
14.86x10^6= 0.36.Xumax (1-0.42x0.48)15x1000^2

d = 84.71 < 100mm

Hence ok.

1. DESIGN OF BEAMS

 Beam is a member which transfers the loads from slab to

columns and then foundation to soil.

 Beam is a tension member.

 Span of slabs, which decide the spacing of beams.

 Following are the loads which are acting on the beams

 Dead load

 Live load

 Wind load

Department of Civil Engineering Page 43

 LOADS ON BEAMS
B1: BEAM
SPAN = 5.8m(shorter span)
Assuming beam size = 9”x16”(230x405mm)
Height of the wall – 10’-3m

Load calculations

 Wall load – 0.23x3x19 = 13.11Kn/m

 Self load – 0.23x0.406x25 = 2.33Kn/m

 Slab load-
W = 6KN
Lx = 5.8
WLx/3 = (6x5.8)/3=11.6Kn/m
Total load =13.11+2.33+11.6=27.04Kn/m

Department of Civil Engineering Page 44

 DESIGN OF STIRRUPS:
B1 :BEAM
Calculation of shear force
Va = Vb = total force

=27.04x5.8=78.416KN

Calculation of normal shear

Tu = Vu = 1.5x78.416x10^3 = 1.37
Bd230x373

Calculation of permissible shear stress

Tc = %of tension steel
Pt = Astx100 Bd

Ast = 2x16^2xp =402.12mm^2

4
Pt=402.12x100= 0.60%
230x373

Tc = 0
Tc<Tv
0.05<0.76
Hence provide shear reinforcement

Design of shear:

Vs = (Tv-Tc)bd
=(0.76-0.50)x230x373
22.30KN
Calculation: Vus = 22.30=0.59KN/cm
D(cm)37.3

Department of Civil Engineering Page 45

 From sp-16 table no 62 we will get dia& spacing.

Hence provide 6mm dia@20 cm c/c spacing.

Check for shear:

Spacing should be provided min of the following.

(a) 0.75d = 0.75x373=279.75 mm
(b) Asvfy = 2x(6^2xp/4)250 = 153.2mm
0.4b 0.4x230
(c) Design spacing 45cmc/c
Hence provide 6mm dia stirrups @ 15 cm c/c.

LOADS ON BEAMS:
B2: BEAM

SPAN=7.62m (longer span)

Assuming beam size = 9”x16”(230x450mm)

Height of the wall-10’-3m

Load calculations
 Wall load – 0.23x3x19 = 13.11Kn/m
 Self load – 0.23x0.406x25=2.33Kn/m
 Slab load-
W = 6KN
Ly = 7.62
WLy/3 = (6x7.62)/3= 15.24Kn/m
Total load = 13.11+2.33+15.24=30.68Kn/m

Department of Civil Engineering Page 46

 Design of stirrups:
B2: BEAM
 Calculation of shear force
Va = Vb=total load
2
=30.68x7.62=116.89KN
2
 Calculation of normal shear
Tv = Vu=1.5x116.89x10^3=2.04
Bd 230x373
 Calculation of permissible shear stress
Tc = % of tension steel
Pt = Ast x 100
Bd

Ast = 2x16^2xp=402.12mm^2
4
Pt = 402.12x100=0.60%
230x373
Tc = 0.50
Tc<Tv
0.50<M0.85
Hence provide shear reinforcement.

Design of shear:

Vs=(Tv-Tc)bd
=(0.85-0.50)x230x373
=30.02KN

Calculation :Vus = 230.02=0.89KN/cm

D(cm) 37.3
From sp-16 table no 62 we will get dia& spacing.
Hence provide 6mm dia @ 15cmc/c spacing.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 47

 Check for spacing:

Spacing should be provide min of the following.

(a) 0.75d=0.75x373=279.75 m
(b) Asvfy=2x(6^2xp/4)x250=153.2mm0.4b 0.4x230
(c) Design spacing 45cm c/c
Hence provide 6mm dia stirrups @ 15 cm c/c

Design of beams:

Mu at Left span = 11.577KN-m

Mu at Mid span = 19.18 KN-m
Mu at Right span = 20.36KN-m

Check:-

Calculation limiting moment of resistances:

Mu = 11.577KN-m
Mulimit = 0.138fck bd2
=0.138x20x230x305^2
=59.05KN-m
Mu<Mulimit

Hence it is designed as simply reinforcement beam sp-16

Mu=11.577x10^6=1.39
Bd^2 230x350^2

Refer table no.2 at sp-16 and read out the value of percentage
of reinforcement

Corresponding to fy=415 N/mm^2 and fck = 20N/mm^2

Department of Civil Engineering Page 48

 For Mu=1.39Pt=?
bd^2
1.35 0.409
1.400.426
1.39

Mu=1.39Pt=0.422
bd^2
Pt=0.422%

Area of reinforcement:
Pt=Astx100
Bd
=0.422x230x405
100
=393.093 mm^2

Ast required=393.093 mm^2

Ast provided:
Hence provide 3 bars & 12 mmdia
Ast provide=400 mm^2

Reinforcement of mid span:-

Calculate limiting moment of resistance

Mu = 19.18KN-m
Mulimit = 0.138 fck bd ^2
=0.138x20x230x350^2
=59.05KN-m
Mu<Mulimit
Hence it is designed as singly reinforcement.
BY USING SP-16
Mu=19.18x10^6
Bd^2 230x305^2
0.66
Department of Civil Engineering Page 49
 Refer table no.2 at sp-16 and read out the value of percentage
of reinforcement
Corresponding to fy=415N/mm^2 and fck = 20 N/mm2
Mu pt
Bd^2
0.65 0.187
0.70 0.203
0.66 ?
Pt=0.190%
Reinforcement
Pt=Astx100
Bd
=0.19x230x305
100
=133.285mm2

Ast provided
Hence provided 2mm bars & 12 mm dia
Ast provided = 155.2mm2

Reinforcement of right span:-

Check
Calculate limiting moment of resistance :-
Mu=20.36KN-m
Mulimit=0.138 fck bd^2
=59.05KN-m
Mu<Mulimit
Hence it is designed as singly reinforcement.
BY USING SP-16
Mu=20.36x10^6
Bd^2 230x305^2
=1.39
Mupt
Bd^2
Department of Civil Engineering Page 50
 1.35 0.409
0.426 0.426
1.39 ?

Pt=0.422%
Reinforcement=
Pt=Astx100
bd

Ast=0.422x230x305
100

296.033mm2
Ast provided
Hence provide 3 bars and 12 mm dia
Ast provided = 300mm^2.

03. Design of columns

 Columns are compression members.

 Larger spacing columns cause stocking columns in lower
stores of multi storied building.
 Columns are transmitted loads which are coming from slabs to
foundations. Larger spans of beams shall also be avoided from
the consideration of controlling the deflection & cracking.

COLUMNS: The column which takes load are:

a) Slab load
Department of Civil Engineering Page 51
 b) Beam load
c) Wall load
d) Self Wt. of column
TOTAL LOADS OF COLUMN:
Loads from roof = 77.35KN
Loads from floor = 94.58KN
Self wt. of column = 0.23x0.23x3x25
= 34.5KN
Total loads = 167KN

Column Axial load:

Pu = 167KN
Cross section ---230x230mm
Calculation:
Pu=4167x10^3=0.15
Fck*b*d20x230x230

Calculation of eccentricity:
e= 1+b
500 30
=4640+230=16.94m
500 30
e<20mm

mue = pu*e
=167*0.020
=3.34Kn-m

Mue=3.34x10^6=0.0112
fck bd^2 20x230x230^2
d’ = 0.2
D
P=0.02
Fck
P=0.02*fck
=0.02x20
=0.4%minimum 0.8%
Department of Civil Engineering Page 52
 Area of steel=0.8 Bd = 0.8x230x230=423.2mm
100 100

No. of bars for 12mm dia

=423.2 = 4 bars
p/4xl2^2

STIRRUPS SPACING:

LEAST OF THE FOLLOWING:

a) 16dia of main reinforcement = 16x12 = 192mm.
b) 48dia = 48x12 = 576mm.

Provide 6mm dia. @ 192 mm c/c when main bars size is 12

mm.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 53

 RATE ANALYSIS

Department of Civil Engineering Page 54

 RATE ANALYSIS

The determination of rate per unit of a particular item of work,

from the cost of quantities of materials, the cost of labours and
other miscellaneous petty expenses require for its completion
is known as rate analysis.

A reasonable profit, usually 10% for the contractor is also

included in analysis of rates. The rate of materials and labour
vary from one place to another.

The rates of a particular item of work depends upon the

following:
1. Specification of work and materials, quantity of material.
2. Quantities of material and their rates.
3. Location of site of work and its distance from sources of
materials and rate of transport.
4. Profit and miscellaneous and overhead expenses of contractor.

1.1ST CLASS BRICK WORK IN MASORY (1:6) cement

sand mortar for 10m^3

MATERIALS

Mortar = 30% of brick work

=10*30/100
=3m^3
Cement = 3/(1+6)
=0.43^3*30
=13 bags
Sand = 0.43*6 = 2.58m^3
Bricks = 500*10 = 5000

Department of Civil Engineering Page 55

 MATERIAL QANTITY RATE (RS.) AMOUNT(RS.)
 Cement 13bags 360/bags 4680
 Fine sand 2.58m^3 31.25/sq. ft. 20.2481sq. ft.
 Brick 5000 7/pcs. 35000
 Mason 10nos. 450/head 4500
 Labour 20nos. 250/head 500
 T&P lump-sum 500

TOTAL = 50312.75 Rs

 15% water charge = 754.691 RS

 10%contractor profit = 5031.275 Rs
GRAND TOTAL COST = 56098.716 Rs
Rate/m^3 = 5609.87 RS

2.P.C.C. IN FONDATION (1:5:10) FOR 10M^3

MATERIALS
1.Qantity of cement = 10*1.52/ sum of ratio
=10*1.52/16
= 0.95m^3
1m^3 = 30 bags
NO. of bags = 0.95*30 = 28.5 bags
2.Fine sand = 095*5 = 4.75m^3
3. Aggregate (40mm) = 0.95*10 = 9.5m^3

MATERIAL QANTITY RATE AMOUNT (RS.)

 Cement 28.5 bags 360/bag 10260
 Fine sand 4.75m^3 31.25/sq. ft. 950.49
(304158sq. ft.)
 Aggregate 9.50m^3 659/m^3 6560.5
(48.281sq. ft.)
 Mason 2 nos. 450/head 900
 Labour 30nos. 250/head 7500
 Bhisti 4nos. 150/head 600
 T&P lump-sum 300

Department of Civil Engineering Page 56

 TOTAL = 26770.99

 15%water charge = 401.56 RS.

 10%contractor profit = 2677.09 RS.
GRAND TOTAL COST= 29849.649 RS.
Rate/m^3 = 2984.96 RS.

3.R.C.C. (1:2:4)

MATERIAL

 Cement = 10*1.25/7 = 2.17

o =2.17*30 = 65 bags
 Coarse sand = 2.17*2 = 4.34 m^3
 Aggregate (20mm) 2.17*4 = 8.68m^3
 Reinforced steel = 10*1/100 = 0.1m^3
= 0.1*7850+785 kg
 Binding wire = 1.5kg

MATERIAL QANTITY RATE AMOUNT(RS)

 Cement 65 bags 360/bags 23400
 Coarse sand 4.34m^3 616/bags 2673.44
(28.6394 sq. ft.)
 Aggregate 8.68m^3 942/m^3 8176.56
(45.4621 sq. ft.)
 Steel 78.5kg 45/kg 3532.5
 Wire 1.5kg 57/kg 87.07
 Mason 3nos. 450/head 1350
 Labour 30nos. 250/head 7500
 Bhisti 5 nos. 150/head 750
 T&P lump-sum 200
TOTAL = 79461.07 RS

BENDING, CRACKING & BINDING OF STEEL BARS

MATERIAL QANTITY RATE AMOUNT(RS)

 Black smith 8 nos. 500/head 4000

Department of Civil Engineering Page 57

  Labour 8 nos. 250/head 2000
 T&P lump-sum 400

TOTAL = 6400 RS.

SHUTTRING & CENTRING

MATERIAL QANTITY RATE AMOUNT(Rs)
 Timber 4600
 Labour 8 nos. 250/head 2000
 Carpenter 8 nos. 500/head 4000

TOTAL = 10600 Rs

TATOL = 79461.07+6400+10600
=99993.07 Rs
15% water charge = 1499.89 Rs
10% contractor profit = 9999.30 Rs
Rate/m^3 = 11149.27 Rs

Department of Civil Engineering Page 58

 ESTIMATION

Department of Civil Engineering Page 59

 ESTIMATION

SR. ITEMS NO. LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT QANTITY

(m) (m) (m)
1). Earth work in
excavation-
1. Long wall 2 10 0.90 0.90 16.120
2. Short wall 2 7.4 0.90 0.90 11.988
TATOL = 28.188m^3

2). Cement concrete

work in foundation-
1. Long wall 2 10 0.90 0.30 5.400
2. Short wall 2 5.6 0.90 0.30 3.024
TOTAL = 8.424m^3

3). Brick work

in foundation-
1. Long wall
1ST footing 2 9.7 0.60 0.10 1.164
2 footing
nd 2 9.5 0.50 0.10 0.950
Plinth wall 2 9.4 0.30 0.40 2.256
TOTAL = 4.370m^3
2. Short wall
1st footing 2 5.9 0.60 0.10 0.708
2nd footing 2 26.0 0.50 0.10 0.600
Plinth wall 2 6.2 0.30 0.40 1.488
TOTAL = 2.796m^3
4). B/W in super
structure
1.long wall 2 9.4 0.30 3.0 16.920
2. short wall 2 6.2 0.30 3.0 11.160
TOTAL = 28.08m^3

Department of Civil Engineering Page 60

 Deduction
1.Door 1 1.2 0.30 2.1 0.756
2.Windows 3 1.2 0.30 0.8 0.864
TOTAL = 1.620M^3
Net b/w = 26.460m^3

5). R.C.C. work

a) beams
Long span 2 9.4 0.23 0.405 1.760
Short span 2 6.34 0.23 0.405 1.190

b) Column 4 0.23 0.23 3.0 0.640m^3

c) Slab 1 9.8 6.4 0.10 6.272m^3

d) Lintel over
 Door 1 1.5 0.30 0.15 0.068
 Window 3 1.5 0.30 0.15 0.203
TOTAL = 10.133M^3

6). Plastering
long wall 2 9.4 - 3.0 56.04
short wall 2 6.8 - 3.0 40.80
TOTAL = 97.20m^2
Deduction
Door 1 1.2 - 2.1 5.04
Window 3 1.2 - 0.8 2.88
TOTAL = 7.92M^2
Net plastering = 89.28m^2

Department of Civil Engineering Page 61

 COSTING

S.NO. PARTICULAR RATE PER QANTITY ITEM

UNIT COST

1. P.C.C. 2984.96 8.424m^3 25145.3

2. Brick work 5609.87 3.626m^3 188637
3. R.C.C. 11149.2 10.13m^3 112974.8
4. Plastering 93 89.28m^2 8303.04
5. Other
Expenses 5000
TOTAL COST = 340060.14 Rs

Department of Civil Engineering Page 62

 CONCLUSION

We can conclude that there is a difference between the

theoretical and practical work done. As the scope of
understanding will be much more when practical work
is done. As we get more knowledge in such a situation
where we have great experience doing the pratical
work. Knowing the loads, we have designed the slabs
depending upon the ratio of longer to shorter span of
panel. In this project we designed slabs as two way
slabs depending upon the end condition,
corresponding bending moment. The coefficients have
been calculated as per I.S. Code methods for
corresponding lx/ly ratio. Here we have good bearing
capacity of soil therefore stepped fotting has been
used.

Department of Civil Engineering Page 63

 DRAWINGS

Department of Civil Engineering Page 64

Department of Civil Engineering Page 65
Department of Civil Engineering Page 66