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According to Keyton,(2011) Communication as the process of transmitting information and

common understanding from one person to another. The definition underscores the fact that
unless a common understanding results from the exchange of information, there is no
communication and identifies the important elements of communication process.

According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, Communication refers to the act or process of using
words, signs, sounds or behaviors to express or exchange information or to express your ideas,
thought feelings to someone else’s .

There are two types of communication which are verbal and non verbal.

Verbal communication refers to the use of sounds and language to relay a message. It serves as
a vehicle for expressing desires, ideas and concepts and is vital to the processes of learning and
teaching. In combination with nonverbal forms of communication, verbal communication acts as
the primary tool for expression between two or more people.

The following are the components of verbal communication according to Tracy Anglada:

i. Sound.
ii. Speech.
iii. Language.
iv. Conversation.

Sound

Sound is a basic component of verbal communication. Example babies start using sound to
communicate as soon as they are born. One cry may send a message such as "I'm hungry" and
another cry may say "I hurt." Communication progresses with babbling or urgent noises until a
child is finally able to use words. Adults continue to use sounds in communication. Some noises
are a confirmation of a statement as if to say, "I agree." Others are warning sounds. These types
of "paraverbal" communications are sometimes classified as nonverbal but they do use the
component of sound. In teaching and learning process the sound must be audible to be heard by
everyone during presentation of the lesson.
Speech

Speech is a more progressive component of verbal communication. It is the combination of many

unique sounds in a specific order to convey meaning. For speech to be effective in a
relationship or in a public setting, it must be given in a manner that does not offend. A person's
culture and background contribute to what is acceptable in speech. If acceptable etiquette is not
followed, then communication may be misunderstood and unsuccessful. In teaching and learning
process one must not involve personal touch words so that they cannot hurt the listener.

Language

The skillful use of language is a complex component of verbal communication. Language

involves expressing yourself accurately in order to be understood. Use of language to convey
meaning advances well beyond basic speech. It includes figurative expressions, literal
descriptions, and the use of illustrations and examples. In teaching and learning process,
language allows for an unlimited number of meaningful expressions to be formulated and
conveyed so that learners understand the lesson presented by the facilitator. It is not confined to
the present but can express information from the past and expectations for the future.

Proper grammar, syntax, pronunciation, and avoidance of slang terms are important
characteristics of communication with students. Verbal conversation and interaction in the
classroom as well as one-on-one English or math tutoring sessions is also a way to encourage the
exchange of ideas and opinions on varying subjects between teacher and students as well as
student and student.

Conversation

Conversation can be viewed as an art form. It is an important component of verbal

communication. This component can be difficult for some to master as it involves complex
patterns of language and interaction. These interactions include interjections, interruptions,
trailing sentences, questions, topic changes and incomplete thoughts.
These allow learners to participate in discussion during teaching and learning process, for
example teacher can ask the questions during presentation of his or her lesson and then the
students respond to the question asked, so here make easier for the teacher to get the feedback if
the lesson understood or not. Communication between an educator and his or her students is
essential in order to ensure quality of learning

Classroom discussions are an excellent form of monitoring what students have absorbed of the
curriculum. When learners are capable of verbally expressing their points of view on a particular
subject, it demonstrates to the teacher that information has been thoroughly taught and learned.

Non-verbal communication is the communication through sending and receiving wordless

cues. It includes the use of visual cues such as body language (kinesics), distance (proxemics)
and physical environments/appearance, of voice (paralanguage) and of touch (haptic). Also
according to Barker and Turker (1990) nonverbal communication indicates feelings and he said
that feelings are expressed more easily with nonverbal communication.

There are many components of non-verbal communication which are grouped into at least six
main groups. In which each group is explained below;

i. Kinesics
ii. Paralinguistic/paralanguage
iii. Proxemics
iv. Hepatics
v. Clothing and artifacts
vi. Color

Kinesics

This group of non-verbal communication involves facial expression, gestures, eye movements,
posture, also rate of walk.

Facial Expressions; Smiling, frowning and grimacing are facial expressions that easily convey a
person's attitude and are universally understood. The human face is extremely expressive, able to
express countless emotions without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal
communication, facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions for happiness, sadness,
anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures. In teaching it is applicable for the
teacher to obtain the feedback when delivering the lesson. As well in learning scenario it may
help the students to understand the mood of their teacher.

Eye movements; Eye movement is an important type of nonverbal communication. The way you
look at someone can communicate many things, including interest, affection, hostility, or
attraction. Eye contact is the instance when two people look at each other's eyes at the same time;
in teaching and learning processes, eye contact is also important in maintaining the flow of
conversation and for gauging the teacher and student’s response.

Postures; Posture is the position in which you hold your body upright against gravity while
standing, sitting or lying down. Good posture involves training your body to stand, walk, sit and
lie in positions where the least strain is placed on supporting muscles and ligaments during
movement or weight-bearing activities.

Paralanguage/paralinguistic

These are the messages that are sent through voices. How words are spoken in variations of
voices. Among the elements of paralanguage are pitch, volume, rate, articulation, pronunciation,
and hesitation.

Voice; In nonverbal communication in paralanguage, the way someone speaks offers as much
information as the words spoken. Mumbling and talking in a low voice convey insecurity. A
person who speaks in a loud voice implies that he is angry or powerful. It’s not just what you
say; it’s how you say it. When we speak, other people “read” our voices in addition to listening
to our words, how loud you speak, your tone and inflection, and sounds that convey
understanding, such as “ahh” and “uh- huh.” Think about how someone's tone of voice, for
example, can indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence. Words said in a calm manner can
indicate an attempt to sooth or comfort someone. Talking very fast or in a high-pitched tone are
traits associated with anxiety or nervousness.

Proxemics
How space and distance are used. Proximity and distance to signal either desire to communicate
or disinterest in communicating. The closer we stand, the greater the chances are that we like
another

Distance; the distance between speakers is considered a component of nonverbal

communication. How far a speaker is from his/her audience tends to be influenced by culture.
Americans prefer a 3- to 4-foot space around them, while people from many Latin countries see
no problem with a stranger standing only a foot away. You can infer a romantic connection when
two people are standing close together or are holding hands while walking. A person who stands
in an individual's personal space while speaking loudly or gesturing wildly displays aggression
or hostility. In teaching and learning environment(s), the proxemics as one of non-verbal
communication is applied on fixing the distance between a teacher and a student when talking
and/or walking together.

Hepatics

This is another kind of non-verbal communication which involves different types of touching.
We do touch for different purposes: to communicate attitude or affect, to encourage affiliation
and as therapeutic function.

Touch; touching a person while speaking to him/her can indicate many things. Someone with
romantic feelings may touch his companion's face or stroke her hair. In business settings, a
person who is trying to convince another of something may touch his/her wrist or shoulder.
Hugging a person implies affection for that person. A person who is grabbed by a stranger would
suspect aggression or danger. Also in teaching and learning hepatics has its application
especially how a teacher is allowed to touch a student during the processes of teaching and
learning.

Clothing and artifacts

Wearing styles to both teachers and students affects teaching and learning process whereby some
of the teachers wearing style may lead students to hate the subjects for example wearing shorts
skirts, transparent blouse affects students psychologically. On the other hand, proper dressing to
both teachers and students will facilitate learning and teaching process effectively.
Color

In teaching and learning processes, this implies various perceptions especially paying attention
during the learning process. Some of colors show various features in our environment for
example blue color shows water bodies while green color shows forestry, therefore in the whole
process of teaching and learning this simplifies the work. Clothes with black color to students
imply that there is no peace in that day which means that majority of the learners will not be
encouraged to learn even though the teacher does not have that meaning.

Conclusively, non-verbal communication takes a large percentage of total communication over a

verbal communication. Non verbal communication takes almost 65 % whereas verbal
communication takes 35 % . Action speaks louder than words. Although Nonverbal
communication is more applicable than verbal communication but we still need of them due to
their importance, as according to Wood, (2009) Investigated the needs of interpersonal
communication which range from physical needs, safety need, belonging needs self-esteem to
self-actualization.
 REFERENCES

Barker and Turker, R.N. (1990) The Interactive Learning Revolution: Multimedia in Training.

New York: Nichols Publication.

Keyton, J (2011). Communication and organization culture: A key to understanding work

Experience. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Wood, J.T (2009) Interpersonal Communication. Chapel Hill: Lyn Uhl. USA

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www.merriam-webster.com, dictionary