Cloud Computing Dept.

Of 1
Information Science

ABSTRACT

Cloud computing promises to increase the velocity with which applications

are deployed, increase innovation, and lower costs, all while increasing
business agility. Sun takes an inclusive view on cloud computing that allows
it to support every accept, including the server, storage, network, and
virtualization technology that drives cloud computing environments to the so
atware that runs in virtual appliances that can be used to assemble
applications in minimal time. This white paper discusses how cloud
computing transforms the way we design, build, and deliver applications,
and the architectural considerations that enterprises must make when
adopting and using cloud computing technology

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Cloud Computing Dept. Of 2
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INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY

3. ARCHITECTURE
4. CLOUD COMPUTING IS BROKEN DOWN INTO THREE
SEGMENTS
5. Cloud Computing Segments
6. Who is offering On Demand Software?
7. Who is offering Traditional Software?
8. Platforms
9. Infrastructure
10. KEY FEATURES
11.CLOUD COMPUTING DERIVES CHARACTERISTICS
12.CLOUD COMPUTING TYPES
13. RESEARCH
14. Traditional software producers
15. Internet-based companies
16. Software/Hardware and Services companies
17. RESEARCH

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Cloud Computing Dept. Of 3
Information Science

INTRODUCTION

Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet and central remote
servers to maintain data and applications. Cloud computing allows consumers
and businesses to use applications without installation and access their personal
files at any computer with internet access. This technology allows for much
more efficient computing by centralizing storage, memory, processing and
bandwidth.

A simple example of cloud computing is Yahoo email or Gmail etc. You

don’t need a software or a server to use them. All a consumer would need is
just an internet connection and you can start sending emails.

The server and email management software is all on the cloud (internet)
and is totally managed by the cloud service provider Yahoo, Google etc. The
consumer gets to use the software alone and enjoy the benefits.

The analogy is, 'If you only need milk, would you buy a cow?' All the
users or consumers need is to get the benefits of using the software or
hardware of the computer like sending emails etc. Just to get this benefit (milk)
why should a consumer buy a (cow) software /hardware?

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Cloud Computing Dept. Of 4
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Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources,

software, and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand,
like the electricity grid.

Cloud computing is a paradigm shift following the shift from mainframe to

client–server in the early 1980s. Details are abstracted from the users, who no
longer have need for expertise in, or control over, the technology infrastructure "in
the cloud" that supports them.

Cloud computing describes a new supplement, consumption, and delivery

model for IT services based on the Internet, and it typically involves over-the-
Internet provision of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources. It is a
byproduct and consequence of the ease-of-access to remote computing sites
provided by the Internet. This frequently takes the form of web-based tools or
applications that users can access and use through a web browser as if it were a
program installed locally on their own computer..

NIST provides a somewhat more objective and specific definition here. The
term "cloud" is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on the cloud drawing
used in the past to represent the telephone network, and later to depict the Internet
in computer network diagrams as an abstraction of the underlying infrastructure it

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Cloud Computing Dept. Of 5
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represents. Typical cloud computing providers deliver common business

applications online that are accessed from another Web service or software like a
Web browser, while the software and data are stored on servers. A key element of
cloud computing is customization and the creation of a user-defined experience.

Most cloud computing infrastructures consist of services delivered

through common centers and built on servers. Clouds often appear as single
points of access for all consumers' computing needs. Commercial offerings are
generally expected to meet quality of service (QoS) requirements of customers,
and typically include SLAs. The major cloud service providers include
Microsoft,Salesforce, Sky tap, HP, IBM,

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Cloud Computing Dept. Of 6
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2. HISTORY
The underlying concept of cloud computing dates back to 1960s,
when John McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as a
public utility".

The actual term "cloud" borrows from telephony in that

telecommunications companies, who until the 1990s primarily offered dedicated
point-to-point data circuits, began offering Virtual Private Network (VPN)
services with comparable quality of service but at a much lower cost.

By switching traffic to balance utilization as they saw fit they were able to
utilize their overall network bandwidth more effectively. The cloud symbol was
used to denote the demarcation point between that which was the responsibility
of the provider from that of the user. Cloud computing extends this boundary to
cover servers as well as the network infrastructure.

Amazon played a key role in the development of cloud computing by

modernizing their data centers after the dot-com bubble, which, like most
computer networks, were using as little as 10% of their capacity at any one time
just to leave room for occasional spikes. Having found that the new cloud
architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements whereby
small, fast-moving "two-pizza teams" could add new features faster and easier,
Amazon started providing access to their systems through Amazon Web Service
(AWS) on a utility computing basis in 2006.

In 2007, Google, IBM, and a number of universities embarked on a

large scale cloud computing research project.

In early 2008, Eucalyptus became the first open source AWS API
compatible platform for deploying private clouds. By mid-2008, Gartner saw an
opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship among consumers of
IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them”, and observed
that "organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software

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Cloud Computing Dept. Of 7
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assets to per-use service-based models" so that the "projected shift to cloud

computing ... will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and
significant reductions in other areas."

3. ARCHITECTURE

Cloud architecture, the systems architecture of the software systems

involved in the delivery of cloud computing, typically involves multiple
cloud components communicating with each other over application
programming interfaces, usually web services.

This resembles the Unix philosophy of having multiple programs

each doing one thing well and working together over universal interfaces.
Complexity is controlled and the resulting systems are more manageable
than their monolithic counterparts.

The two most significant components of cloud computing architecture

are known as the front end and the back end. The front end is the part seen
by the client, i.e. the computer user. This includes the client’s network (or
computer) and the applications used to access the cloud via a user interface
such as Internet Explorer. The back end of the cloud computing architecture

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Cloud Computing Dept. Of 8
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is the ‘cloud’ itself, comprising various computers, servers and data storage
devices.

4. CLOUD COMPUTING IS BROKEN DOWN INTO THREE

SEGMENTS:

1. Applications
2. Platforms
3. Infrastructure.

“Each segment serves a different purpose and offers different

products for businesses and individuals around the world. In June 2009, a
study conducted by Version One found that 41% of senior IT professionals
actually don't know what cloud computing is and two-thirds of senior
finance professionals are confused by the concept,[1] highlighting the
young nature of the technology. In Sept 2009, an Aberdeen Group study
found that disciplined companies achieved on average an 18% reduction in
their IT budget from cloud computing and a 16% reduction in data center
power costs.
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Cloud Computing Dept. Of 9
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5. Cloud Computing Segments

Applications: It's all On Demand
So far the applications segment of cloud computing is the only
segment that has proven useful as a business model. The Cloud Wars: $100
Billion at Stake, Published by Merrill Lynch, May 7, 2008</ref> By
running business applications over the internet from centralized servers
rather than from on-site servers, company’s can cut some serious costs.
Furthermore, while avoiding maintenance costs, licensing costs and the
costs of the hardware required to run servers on-site, companies are able to
run applications much more efficiently from a computing standpoint.

On Demand software services come in a few different varieties which vary

in their pricing scheme and how the software is delivered to the end users.
In the past, the end-user would generally purchase a servers and is accessed
by the end user over the internet. While this is the most common platform
for On Demand software services, there are also some slightly different
offerings which can be described as a hybrid of these two platforms. For
instance, a program through which the end user pays a license fee, but then
accesses the software over the internet from centralized servers is
considered a hybrid service.
•

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6. Who is offering On Demand Software?

- The companies below are already established in the On-Demand
software or SaaS business. These companies charge their customers a
subscription fee and in return host software on central servers that are
accessed by the end user via the internet.

o Salesforce.com (CRM)
o Google (GOOG)
o NetSuite (N)
o Taleo (TLEO)
o Concur Technologies (CNQR)
o Info Technologies (IT)
o canadasoftware.net (nexgen)

7. Who is offering Traditional Software?

- The following companies have established themselves as traditional
software providers. These companies sell licenses to their users, who then
run the software from on premise servers.

o SAP AG (SAP)
o Oracle (ORCL)
o Blackbaud (BLKB)
o Lawson Software (LWSN)
o Blackboard (BBBB)

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Cloud Computing Dept. Of 11
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8. Platforms:
Many of the companies that started out providing On Demand
application services have developed platform services as well. The platform
segment of cloud computing refers to products that are used to deploy
internet. NetSuite, Amazon, Google, and Microsoft have also developed
platforms that allow users to access applications from centralized servers.

In July 2008, HP, Yahoo! (YHOO), and Intel (INTC) announced a

joint cloud computing research project called the Cloud Computing Test
Bed. The companies are jointly designing and producing the internet based
testing utilizing HP hardware and Intel processors.

• Active platforms - The following companies are some that have

developed platforms that allow end users to access applications from
centralized servers using the internet. Next to each company is the name of
their platform.
o Google (GOOG) - Apps Engine
o Amazon.com (AMZN) - EC2
o Microsoft (MSFT) - Windows Live
o Terremark Worldwide (TMRK) - The Enterprise Cloud
o Salesforce.com (CRM) - Force.com
o NetSuite (N) - Suiteflex
o Rackspace Cloud - cloudservers, cloudsites, cloudfiles
o Metrisoft - Metrisoft SaaS Platform
o [1] - SUN Oracle direct link

9. Infrastructure:

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Cloud Computing Dept. Of 12
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The final segment in cloud computing, known as the infrastructure, is

very much the backbone of the entire concept. Infrastructure vendors
environments (such as Google gears) that allow users to build applications.
Cloud storage, such as Amazon's S3, is also considered to be part of the
infrastructure segment.

9.1 Major Infrastructure Vendors - Below are companies that provide

infrastructure services:

o Google (GOOG) - Managed hosting, development environment

o International Business Machines (IBM) - Managed hosting
o SAVVIS (SVVS) - Managed hosting
o Terremark Worldwide (TMRK) - Managed hosting
o Amazon.com (AMZN) - Cloud storage
o Rackspace Hosting (RAX) - Managed hosting & cloud
computing

10. KEY FEATURES

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Cloud Computing Dept. Of 13
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10.1 Agility :
Improves with users' ability to rapidly and inexpensively re-
provision technological infrastructure resources.

10.2 Cost:
Is claimed to be greatly reduced and capital expenditure is
converted to operational expenditure. This ostensibly lowers barriers to
entry, as infrastructure is typically provided by a third-party and does not
need to be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing
tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is fine-grained with usage-
based options and fewer IT skills are required for implementation (in-
house).[

10.3 Device:
And location independence enable users to access systems
using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they are
using (e.g., PC, mobile). As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided
by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from
anywhere.

10.4 Multi-tenancy:
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Cloud Computing Dept. Of 14
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Enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of

users thus allowing for:

10.5 Centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as

real estate, electricity, etc.)
10.6 Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for highest
possible load-levels)
10.7 Utilization and efficiency improvements for systems that are often
only 10–20% utilized.[
10.8 Reliability :
Is improved if multiple redundant sites are used, which makes
well designed cloud computing suitable for business continuity and
disaster recovery.

Nonetheless, many major cloud computing services have

suffered outages, and IT and business managers can at times do little
when they are affected.

10.9 Scalability:
Via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a
fine-grained, self-service basis near real-time, without users having to
engineer for peak loads. Performance is monitored, and consistent and
loosely coupled architectures are constructed using web services as
the system interface. One of the most important new methods for
overcoming performance bottlenecks for a large class of applications
is data parallel programming on a distributed data grid.

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10.10 Security:

Could improve due to centralization of data. increased

security-focused resources, etc., but concerns can persist about loss of
control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for stored
kernels. Security is often as good as or better than under traditional
systems, in part because providers are able to devote resources to
solving security issues that many customers cannot afford. Providers
typically log accesses, but accessing the audit logs themselves can be
difficult or impossible. Furthermore, the complexity of security is
greatly increased when data is distributed over a wider area and / or
number of devices

10.11 Maintenance :

Cloud computing applications are easier to maintain, since

they don't have to be installed on each user's computer. They are easier
to support and to improve since the changes reach the clients instantly.

10.12 Metering:

Cloud computing resources usage should be measurable and

should be metered per client and application on daily, weekly, monthly,
and annual basis. This will enable clients on choosing the vendor cloud
on cost and reliability (QoS).

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Cloud Computing Dept. Of 16
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11. CLOUD COMPUTING DERIVES CHARACTERISTICS

1. Autonomic computing — "computer systems capable of self-
management".

2. Client–server model – Client–server computing refers broadly to any

distributed application that distinguishes between service providers
(servers) and service requesters (clients).

3. Grid computing — "a form of distributed computing and parallel

computing, whereby a 'super and virtual computer' is composed of a cluster
of networked, loosely coupled computers acting in concert to perform very
large tasks"

4. Mainframe — powerful computers used mainly by large

organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as
census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and
financial transaction processing.

5. Utility computing — the "packaging of computing resources, such as

computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public
utility, such as electricity";

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6. Peer-to-peer – a distributed architecture without the need for central

coordination, with participants being at the same time.

12. CLOUD COMPUTING TYPES

Public cloud

Public cloud or external cloud describes cloud computing in the

traditional mainstream sense, whereby resources are dynamically
provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet, via web
applications/web services, from an off-site third-party provider who and
bills on a fine-grained utility computing basis.[

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Cloud Computing Dept. Of 18
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Community cloud

A community cloud may be established where several organizations

have similar requirements and seek to share infrastructure so as to realize
some of the benefits of cloud computing. With the costs spread over fewer
users than a public cloud (but more than a single tenant) this option is more
expensive but may offer a higher level of privacy, security and/or policy
compliance. Examples of community cloud include Google's "Gov Cloud".

Hybrid cloud

A hybrid cloud environment consisting of multiple internal and/or

external providers” will be typical for most enterprises". By integrating
multiple cloud services users may be able to ease the transition to public
cloud services while avoiding issues such as PCI compliance.

Another perspective on deploying a web application in the cloud is

using Hybrid Web Hosting, where the hosting infrastructure is a mix
between Cloud Hosting for the web server, and Managed dedicated server
for the database server.

Private cloud

The concept of a Private Computer Utility was first described by

Douglas Park hill in his 1966 book "The Challenge of the Computer
Utility". The idea was based upon direct comparison with other industries
(e.g. the electricity industry) and the extensive use of hybrid supply models
to balance and mitigate risks.

Private cloud and internal cloud have been described as neologisms,

however the concepts itself pre-dates the term cloud by 40 years. Even
within modern utility industries, hybrid models still exist despite the
formation of reasonably well functioning markets and the ability to combine
multiple providers.

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Cloud Computing Dept. Of 19
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Some vendors have used the terms to describe offerings that emulate
cloud computing on private networks. These (typically virtualization
automation) products offer the ability to deliver some benefits of cloud
computing whilst mitigating some of the pitfalls. These offerings capitalize
on data security, corporate governance, and reliability concerns during this
time of transition from a product to a functioning service based industry
supported by competitive marketplaces.

• Traditional software producers that could have some

catching up to do if cloud computing ultimately wins out
include:
o Oracle (ORCL)
o SAP AG (SAP)
o Blackbaud (BLKB)
o Lawson Softwares (LWSN)

• Internet-based companies that could gain from a shift

towards cloud computing include:
o NetCustomer(NCS)
o Amazon.com (AMZN)
o Yahoo! (YHOO)
o Microsoft (MSFT)
o Google (GOOG)
o CISCO (CSCO)

• Software Producers that could gain from a shift towards

cloud computing include:
o NetSuite (N)
o Salesforce.com (CRM)
o Taleo (TLEO)
o RightNow Technologies (RNOW)

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Cloud Computing Dept. Of 20
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o Concur Technologies (CNQR)

o Omniture (OMTR)
o Hyperic
o Quest Software (QSFT)
o Disney (DIS)

• Consulting/Software/Hardware and Services companies that

could gain from a shift towards cloud computing include:
o IBM

RESEARCH
A number of universities, vendors and government organizations are
investing in research around the topic of cloud computing.

Academic institutions include University of Melbourne (Australia),

Georgia Tech, Yale, Wayne State, Virginia Tech, University of Wisconsin
Madison, Boston University, Carnegie Mellon, MIT, Indiana University,
University of Massachusetts, University of Maryland, North Carolina State,
Purdue, University of California, University of Washington, University of
Virginia, University of Utah, University of Minnesota, among others.

Joint government, academic and vendor collaborative research

projects include the IBM/Google Academic Cloud Computing Initiative
(ACCI). In October 2007 IBM and Google announced the multi- university
project designed to enhance students' technical knowledge to address the
challenges of cloud computing.

In April 2009, the National Science Foundation joined the ACCI and
awarded approximately $5 million in grants to 14 academic institutions.

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Cloud Computing Dept. Of 21
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In July 2008, HP, Intel Corporation and Yahoo! announced the

creation of a global, multi-data center, open source test bed, called Open
Cirrus, designed to encourage research into all aspects of cloud computing,
service and data center management.

Open Cirrus partners include the NSF, the University of Illinois

(UIUC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, the Infocomm Development
Authority (IDA) of Singapore, the Electronics and Telecommunications
Research Institute (ETRI) in Korea, the Malaysian Institute for
Microelectronic Systems(MIMOS), and the Institute for System
Programming at the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISPRAS).

In July 2010, HP Labs India announced a new cloud-based

technology designed to simplify taking content and making it mobile-
enabled, even from low-end devices. Called SiteonMobile, the new
technology is designed for emerging markets where people are more likely
to access the internet via mobile phones rather than computers.

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