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IS 12695 (1989): Automotive Vehicles - Three Wheeled

Vehicles - Determination of Centre of Gravity [TED 4:
Automotive Braking Systems]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 IS : 12695 - 1989
( Reaffirmed 2004 )
Indian Standard

‘-, AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES -

./’ THREE WHEELED VEHICLES -
DETERMINATION OF CENTRE QF GRAVITY

UDC 629’115’3: 531’24

-. Q BIS 1990
_)
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG ,
NEW DELHI 110002

March 1990 Price Group 2

Automotive Vehicle Testing and Performance Evaluation Sectional Committee, EDC 108

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard was adopted dy the Bureau of Indian Standards on 4 March 198% after the
draft finalized by the Automotive Vehicle Testing and Performance of Evaluation Sectional
Committee had been approved by the Mechanical Engineering Division Council.
 IS 12695 :. I?89

lndi.n Staid& .‘. -.‘-:“‘-.?

_

AUTOMOTIVEVEHiCLES-
THREEWHEELEDVEHICLES-
DETERMINATIONOFCENTREOFGRAVITY
1 SCOPE 3.1 Position of Centre of Gravity
1.1 This standard prescribes the method of The position of centre of gravity on ;L hori-
determimng the position of centre of gravity of zontal plane shall be defined on the longitudinal
three wheeled vehicles, namely, autorickshaws and the transverse axes as follows ( SW Fig. 1 ).
and three wheeled passenger cars. 3.1.1 Position of centre of gravity along the
2 REFERENCES longitudinal axis is defined as the least distance
of centre of gravity in millimetres from a trans-
IS No. Title verse vertical plane passing through the centre
IS 9726 : 1984 Terms and definitions ot line of the front wheel of the vehicle. This is
weights of mopeds (first represented by X in Fig. 1.
revision ) 3.1.2 Position of centre of gravity along trans-
IS 9727 : 1981 Terms and definitions of verse axis of the vehicle is defined as the least
dimensions for mopeds distance of centre of gravity in millimetres from
IS 11,422 : 1985 Terms and definitions of a longitudinal median plane passing through
weights of scooters and the longitudinal centre line of the vehicle. This
motorcycles position of centre of gravity may be on left or
1s 1 I’432 : 1985 Terms and definitions of right hand side of the longitudinal vertical plane
dimensions of motorcycles with reference to driver when seated in the
driving seat. This is represented by. Y in Fig. 1.
1s 1 571 : 1986 Terms and definitions of
dimensions of scooters 3.2 Height of Centre of Gravity
3 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS It is the height of centre of gravity in millimetres
from the supporting surface when the vehicle is
3.0 For the purpose of this standard, the follow- placed on a plain level horizontal surface. This
ing terms and definitions shall apply. is represented by 2 in Fig. 1.
VERTICAL PLANE PASSING
POSITION OF CG THROUGH LONGITUDINAL CENTRE- Lih’t
OF THE VEHICLE
7 I-

IZONTAL PLANE
SING THROUGH CG

X a Distance of CG from Front Axle Along Longitudinal Axis

1’ = Distance of CC from Centre Line Along Transverse Axis
Z = Height of CG from Ground Level
FIG. I CENTREOF GRAVITY FOR THREE WHEELERS

1
IS 12695 : 1989

4 MdTi$Eh;rATWAL EXPRESSIONS FOR X 2. distance of CG from the centre of the

LOCATING THE POSITION ‘AND THE front wheel along the longitudinal axis
HEIGHT OF CENTRE OF GRAVITY of the vehicle in mm ( see 3.2 );
4.1 The following abbreviations have been used Y= distance of CG on transverse axis
while deriving the formulae for determining the towards left side or the right hand
position and height of centre of gravity for a side of longitudinal axis of the vehicle
three wheeled ( CG ) vehicle: in mm;
z= height of centre of gravity on vertical
W, = mass on front wheel (kg): axis ( mm ) from the ground level ( see
IV, = mass on rear right wheel ( kg >; Fig. I i;
a - rear wheel track ( mm j; and
IV, = mass 011rear left wheel ( kg ); r = rolling radius of wheels ( mm ).
W = vehicle kerb mass ( kg )= ?V,+W,+W,; 4.2 Position of CG along Longitudinal Axis
W, = mass on rear axle ( kg ) when the of Test Vehicle ( X) from the Centre of
vehicle has been lifted through certain Front Wheel ( we Fig. 2 )
height Y1 from the front; Taking moment about B,
L -;= average wheel base ( mm \; W~xL=Wx(L--x)
or, W,L=WL-wx
Yl = extent of lift ( mm ), that is, difference
or, WX==(W-WJL:
in heights of centres of front and rear
wheels from ground level when the or x_!w-w'L/L
...(I)
vehicle has been lifted from the front; W

Wl wvw

FIG. 2 LONGJTUD~NAL POSITION OF CENTRP OF GRAVITY

x W2

a
w3 2
CG

2,

+
x,
FIG. 3 TRANSVERSEPOSITION OF CENTRE OF GRAVITY

2
 IS 12695 :.1989

Hence, the position of CG on longitudinal axis Taking moments about A,.

for a three wheeled vehicle lies at a distance from Rx(c+d)=WxC ..,(3)
the centre of the front wheel given by:
But c + n = L cos a, and
g?$!L>,
c = All - CD
4.3 Position of Centre of Gravity along or, c = X cos @ - ( Z - r j sin Q,
Transverse Axis of Test Vehicle ( Y )
Taking moment about YYI, Substituting these values in equation c.3’)
R x Lcos@=~ W[Xcos@-(Z-r)sinQ]
(w2x .y-)+(WX Y)=W+-
or,(Z-r)sinO=( X-+)cos@
or, WY = ( W3 - W, )4

or, y-(“w W2)x _$ ...(2)

or, Z = I’ $
(wx- RL
W >
cot @

But R =T W - W, and cot CD=-$g ( see Fig. 4)

Hence, the position of CG along the transverse
axis of the test vehicle is located at distance
from the longitudinal axis of the vehicle ( see = JL” -
-__-_ Y2
Fig. 3 > given by: ( Y >
Substituting value in Equation ( 4 1, ____
we get
x JI*2-Y2
4.4 Height of CG on
Vehicle ( Z )
Vertical Axis of Test
z=r+
( wx-(W-W*‘,L
W ) ( Y )
...(5)
The height of CG of a three wheeled vehicle Hence the height of CG of the test vehicle over
may be experimentally determined by weighing the ground level is given by the above formula
the rear axle load when the rear wheels are rest- [ Equation (5) 1.
ing on the weighing platform and the front NOTE - When the vehicle is lifted on the front or
single wheel being lifted through certain height the rear wheel, the static rolling radius may have
Y1 from ground level ( see Fig. 4). different values due to different weight distribution in
the lifted position. The effect of this may be ignored.
Let R be the normal reaction on the front axle
when the vehicle has been lifted through a 5 PREPARATION OF THE VEHICLE
height Y,.
5.1 The vehicle shall conform in all its parts and
Therefore, R = W - W,
components to the design and/or production
Z -- height of CG from ground level, series.

REAR-3

W
Ftc;. 4 HEIGHT OF CENTKE OF GRAVITY ON VERTICAL AXIS

3
IS 12695: 1989
5.2 The tyrcs fitted on the vehicle shall not have
done more than 10 percent of its life and shall be
inflated to the pressure recommended by the
vehicle manufacturer.
5.3 The vehicle loading shall be as per the vehicle
kerb weight as defined in IS 11422 : 1986.
5.4 All axle suspensions of the vehicle shall be
locked by some means so that its springs do not
get deflected during the tests.
6 TEST PROCEDURE
6.1 After the preparation of the vehicle, the
following procedure shall be followed for deter-
mining the position and height of CG of the
three wheeled vehicle.
6.2 The front wheel, rear right wheel and rear
left wheel loading of the test vehicle shall be
measured separ‘itely on a weigh-bridge. These
loading values shall be denoted by W,, W, and
Ws, respectively.
6.3 The kerb mass of the test vehicle shall be
measured and denoted by W.
6.4 The wheel base shall be measured on both
the sides and the average wheel base shall be
found out. This shall be denoted by L.
6.5 The rear wheel track of vehicle shall be
measured and denoted by a.
6.6 The static rolling radius of the wheel of the
test vehicle shall be measured and denoted by r.
6.7 The lest vehicle shall be positioned on the
platform of weigh-bridge in such a way that the
rear wheels will be on the weighing platform
whereas the front wheel will remain outside on
the same level.
6.8 The parking brake of the vehicle shall be
applied and the engine shall be switched off.
6.9 The front wheel of the vehicle which is out-
side the weighing platform shall be lifted by
means of an anchoring hook and a crane so that
the angle through which the vehicle is tilted does
not exceed IO to 12” ( approx ).
6.10 Note the rear axle loading value in the lifted
position. Denote this by W,.
6.11 The position and height of centre of gravity
of the test vehicle can be worked out from the
following formulae:
a) Position of CG along longitudinal axis
from the centre of the front wheel ( X j
,y= w-.-E x L
W
b) Position of CG along transverse axis
towards left hand side of longitudinal
axis c. Y I
y,w3 - Kxa
W 2
c) Height of CG along vertical axis, 2
,---

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