CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Since 1970’s, steel shear walls have been used as the primary lateral load
resisting system in several modern and important structures. Initially, and
during 1970’s, stiffened steel shear were used in Japan in new construction and
in the U.S. for seismic retrofit of the existing buildings as well as in new
buildings. In 1980’s and 90’s, unstiffened steel plate shear walls were used in
buildings in the United States and Canada. In some cases, the steel plate shear
walls were covered with concrete forming . a somewhat composite shear wall.
In the following a brief summary of the applications of steel plate shear wall.

The composite shear wall project described in this paper concentrated on

the seismic behavior of two composite shear wall systems denoted as
“traditional” and “innovative”Shear wall systems are one of the most commonly
used lateral-load resisting systems in high-rise buildings. Composite shear wall
system studied herein consists of a steel boundary frame and a steel plate shear
wall with a reinforced concrete wall attached to one side. Shear walls have been
widely used as lateral load resisting system in concrete buildings in the past,
especially in high-rise buildings. In steel buildings, in many cases concrete
shear walls are used with a boundary steel frame to resist seismic effects. Shear
wall is one of the best lateral loading systems. In the wake of the devastating
earthquakes in the recent past and the trend in Civil Engineering construction, to
go for tall buildings, the shear wall- slab connection should be adequately
designed and detailed. Shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force
resisting system. In building construction, a rigid vertical diaphragm capable of
transferring lateral forces from exterior walls, floors, and roofs to the ground
foundation in a direction parallel to their planes.
Recently there have been large increase in number of tall building, both
commercial and residential and the modern trend is towards slender and taller
structures. Design of civil engineering structures is typically based on
prescriptive methods of building codes. Normally, loads on these structures are
low and result in elastic structural behavior. However, under a strong seismic
event, a structure may actually be subjected to forces beyond its elastic limit.
Thus the effects of lateral loads are attaining greater importance and almost
every civil engineer faced with the problem of providing adequate stability and
strength against lateral loads.
Therefore this thesis is carried out using appropriate analytical software.
Finite element software Ansys v14 is used for the analysis of composite shear
wall and Ansys v15 is used for steel shear wall
The finite element method (FEM) or finite element analysis (FEA), is
a numerical method for solving problems of engineering and mathematical
physics. Typical problem areas of interest include structural analysis, heat
transfer, fluid flow, mass transport, and electromagnetic potential.
The analytical solution of these problems generally require the solution
to boundary value problems for partial differential equations. The finite element
method formulation of the problem results in a system of algebraic equations.
The method yields approximate values of the unknowns at discrete number of
points over the domain.[1] To solve the problem, it subdivides a large problem
into smaller, simpler parts that are called finite elements. The simple equations
that model these finite elements are then assembled into a larger system of
equations that models the entire problem. FEM then uses variational
methods from the calculus of variations to approximate a solution by
minimizing an associated error function.
1.2 SHEAR WALL

A typical timber shearwall is to create braced panels in the wall line using
structural plywood sheathing with specific nailing at the edges and supporting
framing of the panel.In structural engineering, a shear wall is a structural system
composed of braced panels (also known as shear panels) to counter the effects
of lateral load acting on a structure. Wind and seismic loads are the most
common building codes, including the International Building Code (where it is
called a braced wall line) and Uniform Building Code, all exterior wall lines in
wood or steel frame construction must be braced. Depending on the size of the
building some interior walls must be braced as well.A structure of shear walls in
the center of a large building—often encasing an elevator shaft or stairwell—
form a shear core.

Shear walls resist in-plane loads that are applied along its height. The
applied load is generally transferred to the wall by a diaphragm or collector or
drag member. They are built in wood, concrete, and CMU (masonry).

Plywood is the conventional material used in wood (timber) shear walls,

but with advances in technology and modern building methods, other
prefabricated options have made it possible to inject shear assemblies into
narrow walls that fall at either side of an opening. Sheet steel and steel-backed
shear panels in the place of structural plywood in shear walls has proved to
provide stronger seismic resistance. Structural design considerations.
1.3 LOADING AND FAILURE MECHANISMS

Figure 1 Failure mechanisms of shear walls. (a) flexural failure, (b) horizontal
shear, (c) vertical shear, (d) buckling.

A shear wall is stiffer in its principal axis than it is in the other axis. It is
considered as a primary structure which provides relatively stiff resistance to
vertical and horizontal forces acting in its plane. Under this combined loading
condition, a shear wall develops compatible axial, shear, torsional and flexural

strains, resulting in a complicated internal stress distribution. In this way, loads

are transferred vertically to the building's foundation. Therefore, there are four
critical failure mechanisms; as shown in Figure 1. The factors determining the
failure mechanism include geometry, loading, material properties, restraint, and
construction.

1.4 OBJECTIVE

The main objective of our project work to study the behavior of a

concrete shear wall with different steel section subjected to a lateral load. Three
different arrangements of the shear wall are considered. In our proposes a new
three-dimensional finite element model, developed using the software ANSYS.
 1.5 WHAT IS SHEAR WALL WHY AND WHERE IT IS PROVIDED

A shear wall is a vertical structural element that resists lateral forces in

the plane of the wall through shear and bending. Shear wall, In building
construction, a rigid vertical diaphragm capable of transferring lateral forces
from exterior walls, floors, and roofs to the ground foundation in a direction
parallel to their planes. Examples are the reinforced-concrete wall or vertical
truss. Lateral forces caused by wind, earthquake, and uneven settlement loads,
in addition to the weight of structure and occupants, create powerful twisting
(torsional) forces. These forces can literally tear (shear) a building apart.
Reinforcing a frame by attaching or placing a rigid wall inside it maintains the
shape of the frame and prevents rotation at the joints. Shear walls are especially
important in high-rise buildings subject to lateral wind and seismic forces.

Fig 2 Shear Wall Why And Where It Is Provided

i. Shear walls are especially important in high-rise buildings.

ii. In residential buildings, shear walls are external form a box which provides
all of the lateral support for the building.
iii. Resist: Lateral loads, Seismic loads, Vertical Forces (gravity).
iv. Reduces lateral sway of the building.
v. Provide large strength and stiffness to buildings in the direction of their
orientation.
vi. Rigid vertical diaphragm transfers the loads into Foundations.
vii. Shear walls behavior depends upon: material used, wall thickness, wall
length, wall positioning in building frame also.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Timler and Kulak was the first group to conduct thecyclic tests on the
steel shear wall without the stiffeners. They have reported that the post buckling
behavior of the plateswas ideal, and they recommended the ductility ratio of
fourfor such a system. They also proposed a diagonal tension field uniaxial
model to predict the cyclic behavior of the plate system.
Driver et al. conducted test on a four-storeybuilding in which a shear
plate steel wall was used without stiffeners. From their test results; they
reported the ductility ratio of six for the steel wall system. Using the shell
elements, they also proposed a simplified nonlinear finite element model which
theircomputer models did not agree well with the test results.
Lubell et al.tested four stories and one storeysteel plate shearwallwithout
stiffeners subjected to cyclic loadings. They reported a degree of ductility of six
for their systemand concluded that the existing of the steel shear plate inthe
frame results in the reduction of the rotation in themoment resisting connection
and protects the frame fromsevere damage.
Elgaaly and Liu tested three stories of SPSWsubjectedto cyclic loadings.
They indicated that the nonlinear behaviorof the systemstarts with yielding of
the plate and the strengthof the system would be controlled by the plastic hinge
in thecolumns. On the other hand, they recommended that the steelplate wall
yields before the buckling of the columns.
Astaneh-Aslalso studied the behavior of the unstiffenedSPSW subjected
to cyclic loadings. He reported thatfollowing the failure of the connections, the
SPSW could stilltolerate sixty percent of the lateral loadings before the failureof
the system. This feature of the wall system can be veryuseful during the severe
earthquake in which the system canstill stand the lateral loadings before the
final failure.
 Bhowmick A. K. (2014) examined the behavior ofunstiffened thin steel
plateshear walls with circular perforations placedat thecenter of the infill plates.
A shear strength equationwas developed for perforated steel plate shear
wallwith circular perforation at the centeret al (2014) described the analysis and
design ofhigh-rise steel building frame with and withoutSteel plate shear wall
(SPSW). The analysis of steelplate shear wall and the building are carried
outusing Software STAAD PRO. The main parameterconsidered were used to
compare the seismic performance of buildings such as bending moment,shear
force, deflection and axial force also focusedon the effects comes on the steel
structure with andwithout shear wall.
Viscously coupled shear walls: Concept, simplified analysis, and a
design procedure , O. Lavan: In our project rigorously assesses the efficiency
of using viscous dampers as the coupling elements in coupled shear walls. The
parameter controlling the dynamic behavior of such systems is identified and its
effect on various important responses is examined, thus, important insight to the
effect of viscous dampers in those systems is gained. It is shown that the
addition of fluid viscous dampers could effectively reduce important responses
of walled structures. Those are: displacements, inter-story drifts, total
accelerations, total base shear and overturning moment, and wall base shear and
bending moment. In addition, the results of the analyses and the non-
dimensional tables and graphs developed for important response parameters
lead to a very simple "back of the envelope" method that could be easily
implemented in practice for the purpose of initial design.
Seismic Performance of Steel Plate-Reinforced Concrete Composite
Shear Wall , Bin Wang, Huanjun Jiang & Xilin Lu : In tall buildings the
reinforced concrete (RC) shear wall is one of the predominant structural
components used to resist lateral loads induced by earthquakes around the
world. Previous research demonstrated that shear walls displayed a sudden loss
in lateral capacity due to the wall corner and web crushing in the plastic zone. In
addition, it was found that large shear distortions in shear walls may lead to a
low energy dissipation capacity. For this reason, some steel-RC composite shear
walls have been developed and indicated to mitigate most disadvantages of RC
shear walls. From the results of verification study, the analysis model tends to
overestimate energy dissipation in the later stages of post-peak response. This is
may be a result of the interfacial slip between the embedded steel plate and RC
wall not being considered. The analytical model assumes sufficient anchorage
has been provided.
Caccese et al. presented the results of cyclictesting of six 1:4 scale
specimens that include one momentresistingframe, three specimens with various
plate thicknessesand moment-resisting beam-to-column connections, and two
specimens with shear beam-to-column connections. Elgaaly presented an
analytical design model where the plate panels were modeled by a series of
equivalent truss elements in the diagonal tension direction. In recent years, low-
yield-point steel (LYP steel) with low yield strength and high elongation
properties have been developed and used as steel plate shear walls. The yield
stress of this type of steel can be as low as 100 MPa, which is about40% of the
conventional structural steel such as ASTM A36and more than two times the
ultimate elongation. The LYPsteel can be used for the steel shear wall system.
Using lower yielding strength of steel shear wall, this system lets the shear wall
yield prior to the surrounding frame. This system prevents the surrounding
frame from collapsing and ensures high energy dissipating capacity before the
wall reaches its ultimate strength.
Research on seismic performance of shear walls with concrete filled
steel tube columns and concealed steel trusses ,Jianwei Zhang Hongying
Dong Min Wang : In order to further improve the seismic performance of RC
shear walls, a new composite shear wall with concrete filled steel tube (CFT)
columns and concealed steel trusses is proposed. This new shear wall is a
double composite shear wall; the first composite being the use of three different
force systems, CFT, steel truss and shear wall, and the second the use of two
different materials, steel and concrete. Three 1/5 scaled experimental
specimens: a traditional RC shear wall, a shear wall with CFT columns, and a
shear wall with CFT columns and concealed steel trusses, were tested under
cyclic loading and the seismic performance indices of the shear walls were
comparatively analyzed. Based on the data from these experiments, a thorough
elastic-plastic finite element analysis and parametric analysis of the new shear
walls were carried out using ABAQUS software. The finite element results of
deformation, stress distribution, and the evolution of cracks in each phase were
compared with the experimental results and showed good agreement. A
mechanical model was also established for calculating the load-carrying
capacity of the new composite shear walls. The results show that this new type
of shear wall has improved seismic performance over the other two types of
shear walls tested.
Nonlinear finite element analysis of composite RC shear walls H.
Naderpour , Ali Kheyroddin : Composite Reinforced Concrete (RC) wall
system refers to a cantilever composite wall, where steel or Fiber Reinforced
Polymer (FRP) components are embedded in or attached to an RC wall. The
results of an analytical and parametric study on the effectiveness of using
externally bonded steel plates and FRP sheets on RC shear walls as a retrofit
technique so as to improve their seismic behavior have been investigated in this
paper. Calibration and verification of a base RC wall has been done by
comparing the results of the finite element model and also the experimental
model. Analytical results are used to evaluate the capacity curves (Load-
Displacement relationships) of strengthened RC shear walls. Analysis results of
a model with an optimized thickness of a steel jacket instead of an over-hanging
part of the boundary element show the ductile behavior of a strengthened wall
close to the behavior of the base RC wall with boundary elements; this
achievement would lead to the theory that steel jacketing could be an alternative
for the boundary elements of RC shear walls. The main conclusion from the
verification against the experimental data is that the Finite Element program can
be used to simulate the whole load-deformation curve, i.e., the elastic part, the
initiation of cracking, shear cracks and crushing fairly well. However, the
determination of the ultimate load is difficult as it is affected by the hardening
rule, convergence criteria and iteration method used.
 CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEW

STUDY ABOUT SHEARWALL

ANALYSIS USING ANSYS

RESULT & DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER 4
SHEARWALL

A shear wall is a structural panel that can resist lateral forces acting on it.
Lateral forces are those that are parallel to the plane of the wall, and are
typically wind and seismic loads. In simple terms, lateral forces could push over
parallel structural panels of a building were it not for perpendicular shear
walls keeping them upright.When a structural member experiences failure by
shear, two parts of it are pushed in different directions, for example, when a
piece of paper is cut by scissors.

Shear walls are particularly important in large, or high-rise buildings, or

buildings in areas of high wind and seismic activity.Shear walls are typically
constructed from materials such as concrete or masonry. Shear forces can also
be resisted by steel braced frames which can be very effective at resolving
lateral forces but may be more expensive.

Shear walls can be positioned at the perimeter of buildings or they may

form a shear core – a structure of shear walls in the centre of a building,
typically encasing a lift shaft or stairwell.Lateral pressures tend to create a
rotational force on the shear wall which, due to the shear wall acting as one
member, produces a compression force at one corner and a tension force at
another. When the lateral force is applied from the opposite direction, this
‘couple’ is reversed, meaning that both sides of the shear wall need to be
capable of resolving both types of forces.
 Fig 3 Shear Wall

4.1 SHEAR FORCE

Fig 4 shear force

A shear force is a force applied perpendicular to a surface, in opposition

to an offset force acting in the opposite direction. This results in a shear strain.
In simple terms, one part of the surface is pushed in one direction, while another
part of the surface is pushed in the opposite direction.
 This is different to compression, which occurs when the two opposing
forces are pushing into each other at the same point (ie they are not offset),
resulting in compressive stress. When a structural member experiences failure
by shear, two parts of it are pushed in different directions, for example, when a
piece of paper is cut by scissors. Large or high-rise buildings must be designed
with shear walls to provide resistance to shear forces, which might otherwise
push over parallel structural elements of a building, in what is known
as racking. For more information, see Shear wall.

4.1.1 Slenderness Ratio

The slenderness ratio of a wall is defined as a function of the effective

height divided by either the effective thickness or the radius of the gyration of
the wall section. It is highly related to the slenderness limit that is the cut-off
between elements being classed "slender" or "stocky". Slender walls are
vulnerable to buckling failure modes, including Euler in-plane buckling due to
axial compression, Euler out-of-plane buckling due to axial compression and
lateral torsional buckling due to bending moment. In the design process,
structural engineers need to consider all these failure modes to ensure that the
wall design is safe under various kinds of possible loading conditions.

4.1.2 Coupling effect of shear walls

In actual structural systems, the shear walls may function as a coupled

system instead of isolated walls depending on their arrangements and
connections. Two neighboring wall panels can be considered coupled when the
interface transfers longitudinal shear to resist the deformation mode. This stress
arises whenever a section experiences a flexural or restrained warping stress and
its magnitude is dependent on the stiffness of the coupling element. Depending
on this stiffness, the performance of a coupled section will fall between that of
an ideal uniform element of similar gross plan cross-section and the combined
performance of the independent component parts. Another advantage of
coupling is that it enhances the overall flexural stiffness dis-proportionally to
shear stiffness, resulting in smaller shear deformation.

4.2 ARRANGEMENT IN BUILDINGS WITH DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS

The location of a shear wall significantly affects the building function,

such as natural ventilation and daylighting performance. The performance
requirements vary for buildings of different functions.

4.2.1 Hotel and dormitory buildings

Figure 5 Coupled shear wall acting as the partitioning system.

Hotel or dormitory buildings require many partitions, allowing insertions

of shear walls. In these structures, traditional cellular construction (Figure 5) is
preferred and a regular wall arrangement with transverse cross walls between
rooms and longitudinal spine walls flanking a central corridor is used.

4.2.2 Commercial buildings

In multi-story commercial buildings, shear walls form at least one core

(Figure 6). From a building services perspective, the shear core houses
communal services including stairs, lifts, toilets and service risers. Building
serviceability requirements necessitates a proper arrangement of a shear core.
From the structural point of view, a shear core could strengthen the building's
resistance to lateral loads, i.e., wind load and seismic load, and significantly
increase the building safety.

Figure 6 Shear core structure.

4.3 CLASSIFICATION OF SHEAR WALLS:

1. Simple rectangular types and flanged walls.

2. Coupled shear walls.

3. Rigid frame shear walls.

4. Framed walls with in filled frames.

5. Column supported shear walls.

6. Core type shear walls.

4.4 ADVANTAGES OF SHEAR WALLS:

1. Provide large strength and stiffness in the direction of orientation.

2. Significantly reduces lateral sway.

3. Easy construction and implementation.

4. Efficient in terms of construction cost and effectiveness in

minimizing earthquake damage.

5. Thinner walls.
6. Light weight.

7. Fast construction time.

8. Fast performance.

9. Enough well distributed reinforcements.

10. Cost effectiveness.

11. Minimized damages to structural and Nonstructural elements.

 CHAPTER 6
METHODS OF MODELING AND ANALYSIS

6.1 MODELING TECHNIQUES

Modeling techniques have been progressively updated during the last two
decades, moving from linear static to nonlinear dynamic, enabling more realistic
representation of global behavior, and different failure modes. Different
modeling techniques shear walls span from macro models such as modified
beam-column elements, to micro models such as 3D finite element models. An
appropriate modeling technique should:

 Be capable of predicting the inelastic response

 Incorporating important materials characteristics
 Simulate behavioural feature: Lap splice and Bar Slip
 Represent the migration of the neutral axis
 Tension stiffening
 Interaction of flexure and shear actions

Different models have been developed over time, including macro-

models, vertical line element models, finite-element models, and multi-layer
models. More recently, fiber-section beam-columns elements have become
popular, as they can model most of the global response and failure modes
properly, while avoiding sophistications associated with finite element models.

6.2 INVESTIGATION EXACT OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

A single story thin steel plate shear walls was tested at Univ. of British
Columbia [Lubell 1997] was modeled in the nonlinear program ANSYS 5.4,
and comparison of results were indicated that the finite element method is able
to properly predict behavior of a thin steel plate shear walls.
6.3 THE STRUCTURE OF FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

Finite element methods are numerical methods for approximating the

solutions of mathematical problems that are usually formulated so as to
precisely state an idea of some aspect of physical reality.

A finite element method is characterized by a variational formulation, a

discretization strategy, one or more solution algorithms and post-processing
procedures.Examples of variational formulation are the Galerkin method, the
discontinuous Galerkin method, mixed methods, etc.

A discretization strategy is understood to mean a clearly defined set of

procedures that cover (a) the creation of finite element meshes, (b) the definition
of basis function on reference elements (also called shape functions) and (c) the
mapping of reference elements onto the elements of the mesh.

Examples of discretization strategies are the h-version, p-version, hp-

version, x-FEM, isogeometric analysis, etc. Each discretization strategy has
certain advantages and disadvantages. A reasonable criterion in selecting a
discretization strategy is to realize nearly optimal performance for the broadest
set of mathematical models in a particular model class.

There are various numerical solution algorithms that can be classified into
two broad categories; direct and iterative solvers. These algorithms are designed
to exploit the sparsity of matrices that depend on the choices of variational
formulation and discretization strategy.

Postprocessing procedures are designed for the extraction of the data of

interest from a finite element solution. In order to meet the requirements of
solution verification, postprocessors need to provide for a posteriori error
estimation in terms of the quantities of interest. When the errors of
approximation are larger than what is considered acceptable then the
discretization has to be changed either by an automated adaptive process or by
action of the analyst. There are some very efficient postprocessors that provide
for the realization of superconvergence.

6.4 APPLICATION

A variety of specializations under the umbrella of the mechanical

engineering discipline (such as aeronautical, biomechanical, and automotive
industries) commonly use integrated FEM in design and development of their
products. Several modern FEM packages include specific components such as
thermal, electromagnetic, fluid, and structural working environments. In a
structural simulation, FEM helps tremendously in producing stiffness and
strength visualizations and also in minimizing weight, materials, and costs.

FEM allows detailed visualization of where structures bend or twist, and

indicates the distribution of stresses and displacements. FEM software provides
a wide range of simulation options for controlling the complexity of both
modeling and analysis of a system. Similarly, the desired level of accuracy
required and associated computational time requirements can be managed
simultaneously to address most engineering applications. FEM allows entire
designs to be constructed, refined, and optimized before the design is
manufactured.

This powerful design tool has significantly improved both the standard of
engineering designs and the methodology of the design process in many
industrial applications.The introduction of FEM has substantially decreased the
time to take products from concept to the production line.It is primarily through
improved initial prototype designs using FEM that testing and development
have been accelerated. In summary, benefits of FEM include increased
accuracy, enhanced design and better insight into critical design parameters,
virtual prototyping, fewer hardware prototypes, a faster and less expensive
design cycle, increased productivity, and increased revenue.

6.5 BASIC CONCEPTS

A typical work out of the method involves (1) dividing the domain of the
problem into a collection of subdomains, with each subdomain represented by a
set of element equations to the original problem, followed by (2) systematically
recombining all sets of element equations into a global system of equations for
the final calculation. The global system of equations has known solution
techniques, and can be calculated from the initial values of the original problem
to obtain a numerical answer.

In the first step above, the element equations are simple equations that
locally approximate the original complex equations to be studied, where the
original equations are often partial differential equations (PDE). To explain the
approximation in this process, FEM is commonly introduced as a special case of
Galerkin method. The process, in mathematical language, is to construct an
integral of the inner product of the residual and the weight functions and set the
integral to zero. In simple terms, it is a procedure that minimizes the error of
approximation by fitting trial functions into the PDE. The residual is the error
caused by the trial functions, and the weight functions are polynomial
approximation functions that project the residual. The process eliminates all the
spatial derivatives from the PDE, thus approximating the PDE locally with a set
of algebraic equations for steady state problems, a set of ordinary differential
equations for transient problems.

These equation sets are the element equations. They are linear if the
underlying PDE is linear, and vice versa. Algebraic equation sets that arise in
the steady state problems are solved using numerical linear algebra methods,
while ordinary differential equation sets that arise in the transient problems are
solved by numerical integration using standard techniques such as Euler's
method or the Runge-Kutta method.

In step (2) above, a global system of equations is generated from the

element equations through a transformation of coordinates from the
subdomains' local nodes to the domain's global nodes. This spatial
transformation includes appropriate orientation adjustments as applied in
relation to the reference coordinate system. The process is often carried out by
FEM software using coordinate data generated from the subdomains.

FEM is best understood from its practical application, known as finite

element analysis (FEA). FEA as applied in engineering is a computational tool
for performing engineering analysis. It includes the use of mesh generation
techniques for dividing a complex problem into small elements, as well as the
use of software program coded with FEM algorithm. In applying FEA, the
complex problem is usually a physical system with the underlying physics such
as the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation, the heat equation, or the Navier-Stokes
equations expressed in either PDE or integral equations, while the divided small
elements of the complex problem represent different areas in the physical
system.

FEA is a good choice for analyzing problems over complicated domains

(like cars and oil pipelines), when the domain changes (as during a solid state
reaction with a moving boundary), when the desired precision varies over the
entire domain, or when the solution lacks smoothness. FEA simulations provide
a valuable resource as they remove multiple instances of creation and testing of
hard prototypes for various high fidelity situations.For instance, in a frontal
crash simulation it is possible to increase prediction accuracy in "important"
areas like the front of the car and reduce it in its rear (thus reducing cost of the
simulation). Another example would be in numerical weather prediction, where
it is more important to have accurate predictions over developing highly
nonlinear phenomena (such as tropical cyclones in the atmosphere, or eddies in
the ocean) rather than relatively calm areas.

The subdivision of a whole domain into simpler parts has several

advantages:

Accurate representation of complex geometry

Inclusion of dissimilar material properties

Easy representation of the total solution

Capture of local effects.

 CHAPTER 7
ANSYS RESULT
7.1 GEOMETRY OF THE SPECIMEN

Frame size is 5 X 3 m with thickness of 7mm

MODEL BEAM COLUMN

MODEL 1 200*300 200*400
MODEL 2 250*350 250*450
MODEL 3 300*400 300*500
Table 1 Geometry Of The Specimen

Three sets of composite shear walls are refered by model 1 , model 2, and
model 3 which are modeled in ANSYS. The beam and column size is varying
for the three models respectively. In the beams and columns are made perfectly
rigid with pinned support for all the three models.
The whole composite wall has been modeled in ANSYS software. The
element bar frame and meshing of the model is shown in Fig. 7 and fig 8

Fig 7 3d model bar frame

 Fig 8 3d meshing bar frame

MODEL 1
In the model 1 beam and column size is 200 x 300 mm and 200 x 400
respectively with reference to the above table 1.After analysis the following
result has been generated as maximum deformation of 20.794 mm with
minimum of 2.310 mm and von-mises stress maximum of 601.52 Mpa with
minimum of 66.84 Mpa predicted in the model 1 is shown in Fig. 9 and fig 10

Fig 9 deformation
 Fig 10 von-mises stress
MODEL 2

In the model 2 beam and column size is 250 x 350 mm and 250 x 450
respectively with reference to the above table 1.After analysis the following
result has been generated as maximum deformation of 13.223 mm with
minimum of 1.46 mm and von-mises stress maximum of 447.55 Mpa with
minimum of 49.73 Mpa predicted in the model 1 is shown in Fig. 11 and fig 12

Fig 11 deformation
 Fig 12 von-mises stress

MODEL 3

In the model 3 beam and column size is 300 x 400 mm and 300 x 500
respectively with reference to the above table 1.After analysis the following
result has been generated as maximum deformation of 9.09 mm with minimum
of 1.01 mm and von-mises stress maximum of 374.15 Mpa with minimum of
41.54 Mpa predicted in the model 1 is shown in Fig. 13 and fig 14

Fig 13 deformation
 Fig 14 von-mises stress

The whole composite wall has been modeled in ANSYS software Fig 15
and 16 shows the 3d model and meshing of composite shear wall

Fig 15 3d model composite shear wall

Fig 16 3d meshing composite shear wall
MODEL 1

In the model 1 beam and column size is 300 x 400 mm and 300 x 500
respectively with reference to the above table 1.After analysis the following
result has been generated as maximum deformation of 1.97 mm with minimum
of 0.2 mm and von-mises stress maximum of 80.81 Mpa with minimum of
9.02 Mpa predicted in the model 1 is shown in Fig. 17 and fig 18.

Fig 17 deformation

Fig18 von-mises stress

MODEL 2

In the model 2 beam and column size is 300 x 400 mm and 300 x 500
respectively with reference to the above table 1.After analysis the following
result has been generated as maximum deformation of 1.93 mm with minimum
of 0.215 mm and von-mises stress maximum of 79.02 Mpa with minimum of
0.02 Mpa predicted in the model 1 is shown in Fig.19 and fig 20.

Fig 19 deformation

Fig 20 von-mises stress

MODEL 3

In the model 3 beam and column size is 300 x 400 mm and 300 x 500
respectively with reference to the above table 1.After analysis the following
result has been generated as maximum deformation of 1.91 mm with minimum
of 0.212 mm and von-mises stress maximum of 78.80 Mpa with minimum of
0.062 Mpa predicted in the model 1 is shown in Fig. 21 and fig 22

Fig 21 deformation

Fig 22 von-mises stress

 CHAPTER 8
ANALYSIS RESULT
8.1 COMPOSITE SHEAR WALL

Model Load Deformation (mm) Von-Mises Stress (Mpa)

(KN) MIN MAX MIN MAX
1 1000 0 1.9727 0.05128 80.818
2 1000 0 1.9394 0.02885 79.012
3 1000 0 1.9141 0.06289 78.801
Table 2 Steel Plate Shear Wall

Shear wall with steel plate modeled in Ansys its refer to above table 2 ,
the deformation curve with respect to load results will shown in fig 7

DEFORMATION OF COMPOSITE SHEAR WALL

1.98
DEFORMATION (MM)

1.97
1.96
1.95
1.94
1.93
1.92
1.91
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
MODEL

Fig 23 Load – deformation curve of ANSYS model

 Shear wall with steel plate modelled in Ansys its refer to above table 2,
the stress curve with respect to load results will shown in fig 8

STRESS OF COMPOSITE SHEAR WALL

81

80.5
VON-MISES STRESS (Mpa)

80

79.5

79

78.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
MODEL

Fig 24 Load – stress curve of ANSYS model

8.2 BAR FRAME

MODEL LOAD DEFORMATION VON-MISES STRESS

(MM) (MPa)
(KN) MIN MAX MIN MAX
1 1000 0 20.794 0.00555 601.52
2 1000 0 13.223 0.00854 447.55
3 1000 0 9.0989 0.00570 374.15
Table 3 Bar Frame
 Bar frame shear wall is modelled in Ansys its refer to above table 3 , the
deformation curve with respect to load results will shown in fig 9

BARE FRAME
25
DEFORMATION (MM)

20

15

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
MODEL

Fig 25 Bar frame Load – deformation curve of ANSYS model

Shear wall with steel plate modelled in Ansys its refer to above table 3 ,
the deformation curve with respect to load results will shown in fig 10

BARE FRAME
700
VON-MISES STRESS (Mpa)

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
MODEL

Fig 26 Bar frame Load – stress curve of ANSYS model

8.3 COMPARISON OF BAR FRAME WITH COMPOSITE SHEAR
WALL

MODEL STEEL SECTION SHEAR BAR FRAME

WALL
DEFORMATION STRESS DEFORMATION STRESS
(MM) (MPa) (MM) (MPa)
1 1.9727 80.818 20.794 601.52
2 1.9394 79.012 13.223 447.55
3 1.9141 78.801 9.0989 374.15
Table 4 Comparison Of Bar Frame With steel section shear wall
 The output results from the finite element analysis shows significant
reduction in displacement and von-mises stress when infill plates are
attaching to the frame.
 The displacement and von-mises stress of bar frame were decreased.
 This is due to the increased stiffness of the composite shear wall compared
to bar frame.
 Hence composite shear wall can be used effectively as a lateral load
resisting system in the seismic regions.
 CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
The model analyses of three models were carried out to study the lateral
load of the shear wall with different size of steel section following conclusion is
obtained from the analyses. Three models of shear wall is used to see their
dynamic load response and the third model with steel section is performed
better than the other two.

o The first model showed the maximum value of deformation and stress. It
also shows that the model was instable. The uneven stress concentration
on the shape resulted in its underperformance.
o From the analysis results, Compared to steel section shear wall and bar
frame, steel section shear wall attain better results Low deformation
(1.939 mm) and stress (79.012 Mpa).
o From this investigation Models are compared with their results model 3
(beam and column size is 300 x 400 mm and 300 x 500 ) achieve higher
strength with its maximum Load compared to other two models.
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