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Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 327–336

9th International Conference on Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, SEB-17, 5-7 July 2017,
Chania, Crete, Greece

Waste-To-Energy Technologies: an opportunity of energy recovery

from Municipal Solid Waste, using Quito - Ecuador as case study
Diego Moyaa*, Clay Aldásb, David Jaramilloc, Esteban Játivad, Prasad Kaparajue
a
Área de Energía, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Avd. Los Chasquis y Rio Payamino, 18013 14,
Ambato, Ecuador
b
Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Avd. Los Chasquis y Rio Payamino, 18013 14,
Ambato, Ecuador
c
Subgerencia de Proyectos de Expansión, Corporación Eléctrica del Ecuador, CELEC-EP TRANSELECTRIC, Av. 6 de Diciembre N26-235 y
Orellana, 170143, Quito, Ecuador
d
Escuela de Formación de Tecnólogos, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito, Ecuador
e
Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, 4111 Queensland, Australia

Abstract

In this study, energy generation potential from municipal solid waste (MSW) in Quito, Ecuador was estimated for biochemical and
thermochemical processes using generic models. Results showed that MSW of Quito contained 69.3% of biodegradable waste and
30.7% of non-biodegradable waste with putrescible waste accounting for 81.4% of biodegradable waste. The calculated energy
potentials through thermochemical and biochemical routes were 5970 kWh/tMSW and 62 kWh/tMSW respectively. Similarly, the
power generation potentials were estimated at 0.78 and 0.07 MW/tMSW for biochemical and thermochemical processes,
respectively. This study thus illustrates that Quito´s MSW has high potential for producing biogas and heat energy.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of KES International.

Keywords: Waste-to-energy technologies (WTE-T); municipal solid waste (MSW); biochemical processes; thermochemical processes.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +593-95-992-0251.

E-mail address: da.moya@uta.edu.ec; diego.moyapinta@griffithuni.edu.au

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of KES International.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of KES International.
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.537
328 Diego Moya et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 327–336
Moya et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

1. Introduction

The World Bank estimates that 1.3 billion tonnes of waste is generated annually worldwide and, by 2025, this
amount will increase to 2.2 billion tonnes per year [1]. Thus, the need for treatment and disposal of municipal solid
waste (MSW) around the globe will become increasingly important. Solid Waste Management (SWM) is a current
paradigm between developing and developed countries. In industrialized countries, technologies to utilize MSW for
the production of energy, heat, solid biofuel and compost were well established [2-4]. On the contrary, collection and
transport of waste, and management of landfills in the developing countries is still by large a challenge [5, 6].
Unplanned management, cultural and socio-economic aspects, industrialization and low standard of living, policies
and international influences have impeded an adequate SWM in developing countries [7, 8]. In this regard, waste to
energy technologies (WTE-T) are vital for addressing sustainable SWM worldwide with special focus on developing
nations.
MSW is a valuable renewable resource with capacity of biogas generation for combined heat and power (CHP)
production by using the appropriate waste-to-energy technologies [9]. These technologies must be selected based on
the waste composition assessment and economics [10]. Selection of the appropriate WTE-T is not an easy task due to
generation of solid waste is influenced by seasonality and socioeconomic level of producers [11]. Policy instruments
for sustainable waste management also have a significant impact in the selection of WTE-T [12]. Waste-to-energy
technologies can be classified into biochemical and thermochemical processes while MSW can be classified as
biodegradable and non-biodegradable, which are suitable for biochemical and thermochemical processes respectively
[13, 14]. Biochemical processes are related to anaerobic digestion technologies to produce biogas [15] and
thermochemical processes are related to pyrolysis [16], gasification [17] and incineration technologies [18]. Other
authors also consider landfill gas utilization technologies [19] along with biorefineries as WTE-T [20, 21]. These
technologies are potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in decentralized energy from waste systems [22].
In the Ecuadorian context, the Ministry of the Environment (MAE - Spanish acronym) has recently developed the
National Program for the Integral Management of Solid Waste (PNGIDS - Spanish acronym) [23, 24]. There are 221
Decentralized Autonomous Governments (GADs – Municipalities) countrywide. Of which, only 24% of GADs have
begun source separation of waste. MAE-PNGIDS estimates that 5.4 million metric tonnes of MSW per year will be
generated by the end of 2017 at a per capita production of 300 kg per year. Furthermore, MAE-PNGIDS considers
waste to energy technologies as part of the program. Some initiatives are being implemented in GADs. In the Pichacay
Landfill, Cuenca, for example, 1,6 MWh of energy is estimated to be generated by biogas recovering and driving a
thermal power plant [25]. Other examples of WTE-T projects are being studied in Quininde [26], and Quito [27].
However, the related literature has no addressed the methodology to estimate the potential of energy recovery from
MSW neither in the country nor in GADs.
The aim of this study is to estimate the energy potential of Quito´s MSW by using biochemical and thermochemical
processes by applying generic models.

Nomenclature

WTE-T Waste to energy technologies

tMSW tonnes of Municipal Solid Waste
SWM Solid Waste Management
CHP combined heat and power
MAE Ministry of the Environment
PNGIDS National Program for the Integral Management of Solid Waste
GADs Decentralized Autonomous Governments
EMASEO-Q Metropolitan Public Sanitation Company of Quito
EMGIRS-EP Metropolitan Public Company of Integrated Management of Solid Waste
TS - NTS - STS Transfer Stations - North Transfer Station - South Transfer Station
CELEC-EP Electric Corporation of Ecuador, Public Company
EEQ Electrical Company Quito
 Diego Moya et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 327–336 329
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2. Methodology

2.1. Study area

Total generation of Quito´s MSW along with its characterization is assessed. The Metropolitan Public Sanitation
Company of Quito, EMASEO-Q, and the Metropolitan Public Company of Integrated Management of Solid Waste,
EMGIRS-EP, are the two municipal companies responsible of collection of waste and the operation of Transfer
Stations (TS) and Landfills. This study uses data from recent studies from EMASEO-Q and EMGIRS-EP companies
assessing the characteristics of urban solid waste according the population growth in Quito.
Quito, the capital of Ecuador, stands at 2850 meters above sea-level, is located on coordinates 0.1807° S, 78.4678°
W, and its area is 372 km² approximately. In the last decades, Quito has experienced rapid and unplanned development
with annual growth rate of 2.6% and a population density of 6900 person/km2 [28]. This population growth has
resulted in the construction of informal settlements and insufficient infrastructure for collection of MSW [29].
Additionally, the rate of urbanization stands at 10% per year [30]. This data shows a significant population growth
and challenges associated with the SWM in the city.

2.2. Solid waste generation, physical characteristics and management

Identifying the composition and characteristics of MWS is substantial for selection of adequate treatment method
to recover energy from the heterogeneous mixture of organic and inorganic municipal waste [13]. According to
Landva and Clark [31], MSW can be classified on the basis of its biodegradability nature: organic and inorganic. Thus,
this study MSW is classified as organic and inorganic waste materials. Furthermore, in this work, literature data on
the composition of MSW reported by Castillo for metropolitan District of Quito (MDQ) was used [32]. Similarly, data
on MSW generation was obtained from technical reports of the Quito sanitary landfill and transfer stations reported
by the Metropolitan Public Corporation of Integrated Management of Solid Waste of Quito, EMGIRS [33]. As solid
waste generation is influenced by the season and the socioeconomic level (SEL) of the producers [11]. It will also be
necessary to initially establish the socioeconomic stratification of the city and to define, based on the territorial
grouping, the field studies to be carried out [13]. Since only the 2010 census data is available for the present study,
SEL was determined with the available variables by weighting the analysis factors of the National Institute of Statistics
and Censuses (INEC) methodology. Socioeconomic levels are classified as follow: A – High, B – Medium High, C +
– Medium, C- – Medium Low, D – Low [34]. Castillo [32] shows the details of the methodology for the
characterization of Quito´s municipal solid waste.

2.3. Estimation of energy generation potential

Worldwide, a number of techniques have been developed to estimate the energy potential from waste [10, 13].
Some examples are based on empirical models and others on experimental approaches such as estimation of
biochemical methane potential test system for biogas production and calorimetric measurement for heat recovery
respectively [13]. In this study, the energy recovery potential (ERP) of MSW was estimated by using Chakraborty, et
al. [35], and the power generation potential (PGP) was estimated by using Rafat, et al. [36]. Various models to estimate
the biogas generation (BG) are presented in and Scharff and Jacobs [37]. This study estimates the BG by using
modified LandGem US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) described in [37] and [38]. Table 1 illustrates the
equations used in this study to estimate the energy potential from waste.
In order to estimate the biochemical potential and thermochemical potential, the composition and characterization
of Quito´s MSW was studied by using data from [32]. Then, MSW was classified as biodegradable and non-
biodegradable waste. This classified data was used for biochemical potential and thermochemical potential
respectively. So, TMSW/y is the total biodegradable waste while MSWq is the total non-biodegradable waste. Once
data was collected and classified, models from Table 1 were used to estimate ERP, PGP, BG.
330 Diego Moya et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 327–336
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Table 1: Equations to estimate energy generation from municipal solid waste.

Energy generation potential Equation References
Biochemical potential BG×NCV Eq. 1 [35]
ERP =
0.042
|BG×NCV×η| Eq. 2 [36]
PGP =
1000
n
−1 Eq. 3 [37]
BG = [∑ kL0 Mi (e−kt )] ×(TMSW/y )
i=1
Thermochemical potential ERP = 1.16×NCV×MSWq Eq. 4 [35]

|0.048×NCV×MSWq ×ηTh | Eq. 5 [36]

PGP =
1000

Where: ERP in kWh/tMSW; PGP in MW/tMSW; BG in m3 of CH4/y; NCV=Net Calorific Value (Kcal/kgMSW); for biochemical potential, NCV
lies between 0.194–0.242 kW/m3 of biogas, 0.218 kW/m3 was considered in this study; for thermochemical potential, NCV=0.242 kW/m3 of
biogas was considered in this study [35]; Ƞ=conversion efficiency of biochemical process at 30% [36]; k = methane generation constant (AP42
default = 0.04 y-1); L0 = methane generation potential (AP42 default = 100 m3CH4*Mg waste-1); Mi = mass of waste in i section (Mg); ti = age
of the i increment section (y-1) [37]; TMSW/y = total production of MSW per year (tMWS/year); MSWq=Municipal solid waste dried quantity
(Tonnes/day); ȠTh=Conversion efficiency of thermochemical process considered at 30%.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Generation and quantification of MSW

The Municipality of the Metropolitan District of Quito, MMDQ, currently generates about 2000 tonnes/day of
waste which is transported to TSs located in the north and south of the city. These stations compact and transfers the
MSW to ‘El Inga’ landfill as given in Figure 1. The North Transfer Station (NTS) has the highest capacity of waste
storage at 1150 tonnes per day. NTS is formed by eleven platforms and a transport fleet of 11 trucks with a capacity
of 30 tonnes each. These trucks perform around 1000 trips to the landfill in a month. The main materials separated are
plastic bottles, PET, aluminum, cardboard, paper and glass. Recyclers recover from NTS approximately 580 tonnes
monthly [39]. Then, the waste not recycled is transported for disposal at the landfill.

Figure 1: The flow chart of SWM in Quito [40].

 Diego Moya et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 327–336 331
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The South Transfer Station (STS) receives approximately 900 tonnes of waste and has a mechanism of direct
loading with higher capacity of compactor waste. The solid waste is temporarily deposited in the transfer warehouse.
With the use of a front loader, this waste is pushed toward the hopper, connected directly with waste compaction
system. This machine reduces the volume and optimizes transportation of waste to landfill. Transport fleet consists of
11 trucks with 27 tonnes of capacity each. In a month, 720 trips are made to the landfill [41].
Total quantity of MSW generation has been determined by EMGIRS [33] from the generation rate of MSW as
given in Table 2 and Table 3. Figure 2 (a and b) show the evolution of MSW that is disposed in El Inga landfill per
month and in average per day, respectively. In comparison with developed nations, the Integrated Municipal Solid
Waste Management System of Quito is neither economical nor socio-environment friendly [8, 42]. While collect,
transfer, transport, process, dispose, reuse, energy recovering and recycle of solid waste are still challenging in Quito,
other nations are producing electricity, fuels, compost, and recycling products from their MSW [6, 43].

Table 2: Total generation of MSW in NTS and STS, Quito, 2016 (Tonnes per month).
Recycled Transported Disposed
NTS STS NTS STS NTS STS
Jan 588,08 - 29685,45 24729,55 30665,16 25218,77
Feb 465,96 - 26655,92 22438,01 27669,01 22684,18
Mar 290,04 - 31161,65 25164,35 32688,72 25640,49
Apr 265,16 - 31912,28 25179,59 31670,53 24885,66
May 303,19 - 31898,49 25652,64 33075,62 25885,46
June 653,42 - 29762,89 23664,38 30802,01 23906,26
July 688,34 - 29060,53 22833,59 28936,88 23097,57
Aug 698,10 - 28521,00 22354,00 29052,00 22802,00
Sep 705,52 - 28381,00 22164,00 28801,00 22807,00
Oct 646,75 - 30173,00 23476,00 30102,00 22547,00
Nov 635,30 - 28742,00 22286,00 28941,00 21690,00
Dec 612,18 - 30894,00 24095,00 31419,00 23584,00

Comparing the developed and developing world, high-income nations have the highest per capita waste generation
while low income nations produce the least waste per capita [44]. Particularly, the generation rate of MSW in Quito
(0.842 kg/capita/day) is under the upper middle income nations (1.16 kg/capita/day), as is Ecuador [45]. In 2016,
MMDQ and EMGIRS developed the Master Plan Integral Waste Management of the Metropolitan District of Quito
[46]. This plan is a technical framework document for managing MSW until 2025. The objective is to promote the
reduction, reuse and recycling of MSW in Quito. The main goal of EMGIRS is to maintain and operate the North and
South TS reducing the amount of MSW going to ‘El Inga’ landfill.
El Inga landfill is located 45 km from the city of Quito on the E35 road and began operation in January 2003. In
December 2010, EMGIRS assumed the operation of the landfill and TS. The management of the landfill includes the
excavation and construction of a pit disposal for waste which is previously compacted in the TS [47]. The pits are
technically designed considering leachate management and extraction of biogas. The stages of the operation of the
landfill are: control of income waste; daily deposit of waste in the pit covered by a layer of earth (90 centimeters
thick); the compaction of the layer is verified and formed correctly; and a terrace is formed by layers with a total
height of five meters. In addition, the leachate produced in the ‘El Inga’ is treated in two plants: the reverse osmosis
plant and the vibratory osmosis plant. The purpose is to reduce the amount of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus,
pathogens and heavy metals [48].
332 Diego Moya et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 327–336
Moya et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Table 3: Average generation of MSW in NTS and STS, Quito, 2016 (Tonnes per day).
Recycled Transported Disposed
NTS STS NTS STS NTS STS
Jan 18,97 - 957,60 797,73 989,20 813,51
Feb 16,07 - 919,17 773,72 954,10 782,21
Mar 9,36 - 1005,21 811,75 1054,47 827,11
Apr 8,84 - 1063,74 839,32 1055,68 829,52
May 9,78 - 1028,98 827,50 1066,96 835,01
June 21,78 - 992,10 788,81 1026,73 796,88
July 22,20 - 937,44 736,57 933,45 745,08
Aug 22,52 - 920,03 721,10 937,16 735,55
Sep 23,52 - 946,03 738,80 960,03 760,23
Oct 20,86 - 973,32 757,29 971,03 727,32
Nov 21,18 - 958,07 742,87 964,70 723,00
Dec 19,75 - 996,58 777,26 1013,52 760,77

EMASEO-Q and EMGIRS-EP are the municipal bodies in charge of collection and transport of non-hazardous
household and industrial solid waste, sweeping public spaces and operation of the two transfer stations of municipal
waste and Landfill in Quito. These municipal companies cover 96.5% of the MSW generated and are responsible of
the total SWM systems in the city [40, 49]. In 2015, MMDQ produced an average of 2,037 tonnes of waste per day
(non-hazardous domestic and industrial) in an urban and rural population of 2'551,721 inhabitants. The production of
waste collected per capita was 0.842 kg/capita/day [50]. These results are in line with a recent study by Castillo [32],
that informs the majority of waste produced in the city is from the residential sector with 62% of the generation, with
a rate of 0.85 Kg/hab*day and increase of 2% annual.

Figure 2: (a) Total MSW disposed in the El Inga landfill monthly.

According to Figure 2a, January, March, April, May and December are the months of increased production of
MSW in Quito. An average of 5865 tonnes of MSW/month are produced in March and May, while in January and
December, the average is 55814 tonnes of MSW/month. During these months, the daily production of MSW in the
city reaches an average of 1860 tonnes of MSW/day. Overall, the daily average of MSW disposed in the El Inga
landfill is 1771 tonnes of MSW/day. These data are directly related with daily and monthly potential of energy
generation in the city.
 Diego Moya et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 327–336 333
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3.2. MSW composition

The composition of MSW generated in Quito contains 69.31% and 30,69% of organic and inorganic wastes
respectively as illustrated in Figure 3. Additionally, 69.31% of organic waste is contributed by 81% and 19% of
putrescible and nonputrescible (also combustible) waste material respectively (Figure 3). Correspondingly, 30,69%
of inorganic waste is more composed of 30% and 70% of degradable and non-degradable (also combustible) waste
respectively (Figure 3). These data illustrate that Quito´s MSW has high potential for biogas and heat energy
generation.

Figure 3: Average MSW physical composition in Quito.

3.3. Energy generation potential assessment

The energy recovery potential, estimated by using mathematical models presented in Table 1, for biochemical and
thermochemical processes is presented in Table 4 and Table 5. These results illustrate that there is a higher ERP and
PGP applying thermochemical processes rather than biochemical processes. ERP by using thermochemical processes
stands at approximately 5970 kWh/tMSW in comparison with the 62 kWh/tMSW obtained by using biochemical
processes. However, PGP by applying biochemical processes is much higher (0.78 MW/tMSW) than PGP obtained
by applying thermochemical processes (0,07 MW/tMSW). The biogas production through biochemical was estimated
at 11.96 m3 of CH4/tMSW which represents a methane generation of approximately 21560 m3 of CH4/day.

Table 4: Energy generation potential from MSW in Quito (per tonnes of MSW).
Biochemical potential Thermochemical potential

BG ERP PGP ERP PGP

11,96 62,08 0,78 5969,02 0,07
BG (biogas generation in m3 of CH4/ tMSW); ERP (Energy Recovery Potential in kWh/tMSW); PGP (Power Generation Potential in
MW/tMSW).
334 Diego Moya et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 327–336
Moya et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Results in Table 5 denote higher values for ERP through thermochemical processes rather than biochemical
processes. This means that all biodegradable and non-biodegradable components of MSW contribute to generate
energy during thermochemical processes of MSW. On the other hand, only biodegradable fractions become active to
recover energy from MSW by using biochemical processes.

Table 5: Monthly average energy generation potential from MSW in Quito.

Biochemical potential Thermochemical potential
BG ERP PGP ERP PGP

x 10 m of CH4/month
5 3
GWh/month GW/month GWh/month GW/month

Jan 6.6 3.4 43.7 333.5 4.1

Feb 6.0 3.1 39.3 300.5 3.7

Mar 6.9 3.6 45.6 348.1 4.3
Apr 6.7 3.5 44.2 337.5 4.1

May 7.0 3.6 46.1 351.9 4.3

June 6.5 3.3 42.7 326.5 4.0
July 6.2 3.2 40.7 310.5 3.8
Aug 6.2 3.2 40.5 309.5 3.8
Sep 6.1 3.2 40.3 308.0 3.8
Oct 6.2 3.2 41.1 314.2 3.9

Nov 6.0 3.1 39.6 302.2 3.7

Dec 6.5 3.4 43.0 328.3 4.0

In 2016, EEQ presented the status of Quito´s energy consumption at 375.3 GWh/month and estimated that by the
end of 2017, this value will increase to 391.3 GWh/month. Furthermore, the energy consumption per family in Quito
is approximately 143.3 kWh/year [51]. Thus, according to results from this study, biochemical WTE-T would be not
able to meet Quito´s energy demand. However, thermochemical processes could cover up to 86% of the total energy
demand of this city. When taking into account these results, it is critical to consider parameters such as collection,
storage, transfer, frequency of collection and contaminants in Quito´s MSW for energy recovery from waste. Although
thermochemical WTE-T appears an attractive solution for energy demand, combustion and gasification of MSW might
contribute to environmental and health issues in Quito´s population.

4. Conclusion

In this study, the generation of municipal solid waste was assessed to estimate the energy generation potential in
the context of Quito, capital of Ecuador. Data clearly illustrated that, the waste composition of Quito contains 69,31%
of biodegradable waste and 30,69% of non-biodegradable waste, which is favorable for biochemical and
thermochemical processes. Well stablished mathematical models were used to estimate the biogas generation, energy
recovery potential, and power generation potential. By thermochemical processes, the energy potential was estimated
at 5970 kWh/tMSW and, by using biochemical processes, the energy potential was estimated at 62 kWh/tMSW. This
data can help to select the proper technology to generate electricity or heat from solid waste. Further studies are
recommended to determine the chemical composition of waste and apply models that use other variables.
 Diego Moya et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 327–336 335
Moya et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Acknowledgements

The authors of this research would like to express their gratitude to the Universidad Técnica de Ambato by
supporting their researchers. We would like to also express our thankfulness to the authorities of the Facultad de
Ingeniería Civil y Mecánica, the Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial and its Renewable Energy
and Web Architecture – Research & Development, REWA-RD group, for the time resources to prepare this article.
The authors also acknowledge the School of Engineering, Griffith University, the Corporación Eléctrica del Ecuador,
CELEC-EP TRANSELECTRIC, and Escuela de Formación de Tecnólogos, Escuela Politécnica Nacional for their
support to develop this article.

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