By PAY) Rapid Concept Revision Structural Organisation Taw aval tat=lE} Cell: The Unit of Life Cell Cycle & Cell Division Sol Dee Ree Organisms & Population steel Vln} ase] Deea PTE) REN MEDi QUEST FOR NEET TEST DRiVE FOR Sorin JUVENILEZFY GOLDEN OLDIES Biodiversity & Conservation » FUN ARCADE MEGA ISSUE 4 More Pages More Features More Practice... +UL Solved Papers & Practice Sets for NEET 201 National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test eo G2 PN Uiy Cot) ia rare Cress) CBSE AIPMT Eis Chemistry 8 ria oronersy (a e CD sS5 S (a Ne CDs Biology Physics 8 8 Coreciy reed Shape your Preparation by checking the real level of exam by Solved Papers and have a real practice by Practice Sets.BIOLOGY pectrum Publisher PARULAIN (Chairman YCAIN trial Head SANJAY SHARMA Publihing Manager AMIT VERMA rjc Head ZEBA SIDDIQUE \ConnatorPRACHI SINGH SAINI Production Manager” SHISHPAL SINGH Crete ¢ ANTLKUMARGUPTA Aaertenest ‘315215308 Ne (oer Laet Design SHANU MANSOOR age Des AMTT BANSAL RAFAMPAL SINGH ‘Type Setting MAYANK,SANDEERVIPIN, ARJUN: oy EitrNIDHT KUMARI Prof Reader _ KALPANA PANKA) ead Oe ARIHANT MEDIA PROMOTERS ALND TP NAGAR MEERUT? Phone 12-2404, 2512570 Fee 0121201618 Email spctrm@arhanbnescom treaantbootacom ARIHANT MEDIA PROMOTERS 4577715, AGARWAL ROAD, DDARYA GAN].NEW DELET.2 PIL: 011-47630600 Repl Ofte © Publisher Printed and Published by Pra Jin for Avihant Media Promoters Printed at Ahan Publication (India Lad "TPNaga, Meerut (UP) * Alright reserved No prt of thismagain can be pritdin ‘whl or in part without the writen permission of be publser + The ctor and ple of thie magain do tr best to ‘ver theinferaion pulsed bt do ot ake any responsi rhe belt curacy of he nforation psd, + Allisptes subject to Meera (UP jurisdiction onl enue 3 vol BIOLOGY Sy -olaTa Dear Aspirant, Bynow your stadies would be in fal swing a March the month of examinations Now situations always pose new challenges ad the sare is applicable to March 2017. The dificult level is bit higher for aspirants ths year due to elections, The decreased gap between NEET and Board exams may STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS ANIMAL TISSUES Every multicellular organism shows several levels of structural organisation which are as follows: Chemical level It is the lowest level of organisation, Atoms join together to form molecules. 2. Cellular level The chemicals are put together to form the cellular level. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism. Itis called ‘division of Iabour’ amongst the cells, ‘Tissue level The cells that are similar in structure, origin and function form a tissue. There are four main types of tissues, ie. epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous |. Organ level An organ is a combination of tissues into unit for the performance of a specific function or a series of related functions. System level Several organs constitute an organ system. The various systems of body include + Integumentary system is made up of skin. + Skeletal system consists of bones and cartilages. + Muscular system is composed of different types of muscles. + Digestive system includes alimentary canal and digestive glands. (02 > MARCH 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM * Respiratory system consists of external nares, nasal cavity, internal nares, pharynx, larynx, trachea and lungs. + Circulatory system includes blood vascular system and lymphatic system. + Excertory system contains kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. + Reproductive system comprises male and female reproductive organs. + Nervous system includes brain, spinal cord, cranial and spinal nerves and autonomic nervous system. + Sensory system includes sense organs like eyes, nose, skin, ete. + Endocrine system comprises of duetless glands. + Immune system consists of bone marrow, lymphatic nodes, spleen and white blood corpuscles. Organismic level All the parts of the body constitute the total organism, ie. one living individual. It is the highest level of structural organisation.ANIMAL TISSUES. Snooth Maces Seiten Cara Muncie crear etry creer ‘Breet aet toes “Soon ot owes Now signs ‘Sensation Vypceoracen, sTuadearbadn “Sere wapsdird *Cjnarca ru orpeu “Ona ag ered ores Serer Aerertmwone Moo Err nears etree ‘encima Cont ery eds ‘Bareder band nado aoa oo ‘Segre arose acpi scars cote osu newone Nore Poi rey Non rte outa ‘Sec eon ors any Yo hel bay og here ot (noe rw race onal erat Catan oe Stan iSanscs ep ery everest nertants evens ‘Spl nro Seve ngs Barn re Sener ateowr peurana Sow econ Non tear one UnEy cretes eg uote eran nu dan ease SretSeeyarsags -Comad tethstwcscan Onur amrnbe Os “Slr enna noes mes ors parts oo, one eat sera piu ny rg overpass al ‘alee hear so or as a a nas Mek Lagre toro: Wise TSA OU FM oct Noga Cote anotcony ree nese bgostroeye ogi cat ssropes Satan Srareeegth ing stat ara eoporg peosene” “armen tele CNS -Payrentcle barcheaeset ruse one necro Poti macarons “wr epucn etme Siryumaean Snape Prom eroeyn ener Prectsa mans SCN, “farsatainow — Licsonnee Proctor https: //vk.com/readinglectureiS) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF ANIMALS In multicellular organisms, tissues organise to form organs which in turn form organ system. Earthworm (Pheretima posthuma) + Earthworms are cosmopolitan in distribution, except Arctic and Antarctic regions. * They are found in wet soil containing rich organic matter. Morphology ‘The body of earthworm comprises of 100-120 segments or metameres. oat zona goon eon Gnetres Forde “ema serous Eber ty owe et aa see SSeiever etna Srafeines iced apa pre mee pony contin ee ae er ire Fa Morphology ot artwrm Anatomy and Physiology Body Wall The body wall of earthworm consists of cuticle, epidermis, muscular layer (outer-circular muscles and inner longitudinal muscles) and the parietal peritoneum, Coelom (Body Cavity) * Itis the space between the body wall and alimentary canal lined externally by the parietal peritoneum and internally by the visceral peritoneum. + ‘The coclom in the earthworm is not a continuous cavity, but is divided into compartments by transverse circular partitions, the septa. (04 > MARCH 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM Digestive System It consists of alimentary canal and digestive glands. ‘Alimentary Canal Itis a straight tube-like structure with variable diameter extending from the mouth to the anus. Mou _ By tone heat ora BA oiretoor ‘ted munca (tetadeapren. 0 (ervneogmens) Longer (sorn sop. ‘geod arse to ‘oteresr osc myer Fein fan ging ‘unease Prange cactus garet "ornate Preyenosoar raion ene (emaanseonere) (venta copmons Typhoo, arse ort Inte! coscum ete Regoneoral ttre segnere fr roreer acest Digestive Glands ‘Earthworms possess four digestive glands. + Pharyngeal gland It is situated at the roof of the pharynx. Its glandular cells are known as chromophil cells. It secretes saliva, which contains mucus and proteolytic enzyme. + Gastric epithelium The glandular cells of enteric epithelium of stomach secrete a gastrie fuid containing proteolytie enzyme. + Intestinal epithelium The glandular cells of enteric epithelium of intestine secrete an intestinal fluid. It contains proteolytic, amylolytic and lipolytic enzymes. + Intestinal eaecae They secrete a digestive fluid which contains amylolytic type of enzyme. Respiratory System ‘The earthworm shows cutaneous respiration. Its thin, transparent skin serves as the organ of respiration. Blood Vascular System * Blood vascular system of earthworm is of closed type. + A coloured respiratory pigment, the haemoglobin, is present in the plasma.iS RAPID CONCEPT REVISION ‘+ Only one type of blood corpuscles, the leucocytes are present in the blood of earthworm. ‘ SeBecen eo See sin teeth and toh loop segs reson bod om sia sess ‘carybce tom ural cexophage ese tsug eer oop ang pou ro xrooeeenape heat, ‘usta cesrage ‘ce od tom el ea vse “rd con tis vowa bod eset Blood Glands vs Red Bone Marrow In earthworms, blood glands are siwated in 4th, Sth and 6th segment above the pharyngeal gland. They are considered to ‘Produce blood corpuscles ad haemoglobin, They ae analogous to ‘ex tone marrow of vertebrates. Excretory System + The earthworms are both ammonotelic and ureotelic. paierens ee = obed ed owe —— eee ay ee) Bs “ie as _ ms cee == Zoe =n cee = = arnt pe coonr, Meter Anneliden Liver : The Chloragogen Cells, These cllsare excretory in function. They take up excretory matter ‘fom the lon capillaries ofthe gut and fom te coelomic fot the colo. When tei cls are filled with excretory met, thoy are ether taken by the septal neptidia or pore drecty tothe cutside onthe surface of the stn through the dorsal pores. They store glycogen and fat Thus, these cells ar analogous tothe ver of verobates Seren ca on sna Sapir Tee fo ipo Sutneural eee! rerio poten 16 segment tort, ‘ola Gator by wal as co ‘+ The main excretory organs in earthworm are nephridia. + These nephridia perform the function of excretion and osmoregulation. ‘+ Three types of nephridia are found in earthworm according to their location, viz, septal nephridia, pharyngeal nephridia and integumentary nephridia. Nervous System In earthworms, nervous system is not very well-developed. It is divided into central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and autonomic nervous system. "Nervous system of earthworm in dorsal view Autonomic nervous system consists of an extensive nerve plexus situated beneath the epidermis. These plexuses are connected with the peripharyngeal or circumpharyngeal connectives. ‘Sense Organs or Receptors In earthworms, three types of receptors are found; tactile receptor (sensitive to touch), buccal receptors or chemore- ceptors (organs of taste and smell) and photoreceptors (detect the intensity of light). BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 05 https://vk.com/readinglectureiS) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Reproductive System Earthworms are bisexual or monoecious or hermaphrodite. Male Reproductive Systm Female Reproductive System Spomanecse ‘rer, go fk Seg oncive ners arg, bao, Pi Soc ‘rd timcoprot, s Sacral el ‘Sranedin ste sy emma macs Net cle Sfonanomersusenon Conard vrmonere Sporsotbyontal Sow Serta pasan rage any oars nespton Reproductive system of eartworm Breeding and Fertilisation + An earthworm becomes sexually mature when it develops the clitellum. A mutual exchange of ‘sperms occurs between the two worms during mating. Mature sperms, egg cells and nutritive ‘luid are deposited in the cocoons produced by the ‘gland cells of the elitellum. * Fertilisation and development occurs within the cocoons, which are deposited in the soil. The eggs are fertilised by the sperms within the cocoons, which then slips off the worm and is deposited in or on the soil. ‘+ The cocoons hold the worm's embryo. After about three weeks, each cocoon produces two to twenty baby worms. Earthworm’s development is direct, ice. there is no larval stage and all earthworms lay exes. Regeneration and Grafting in Earthworms earthworms usvally do not reproduce asexally. Howover, they have great capacity for regeneration fends of body ar cut accidently or removed experimentally, ahead or til is regenerated to replace the lost part. arthworms can aso be (rafted like Planaria. Some abnormal types have been produced such as worms with two tail, exceptionally long worms, et (06 » MARCH 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) ‘+ The cockroaches are one of the most common insects, usually found in the houses. + They are found in warm, dark and damp places + They are nocturnal insects and become active during night * They are omnivorous in diet and show cannabolism also. * They are oviparous and show sexual dimorphism. Morphology * The body of cockroach is dorsoventrally flattened, elongated and bilaterally symmetrical. + I's body is divisible into head, thorax and abdomen. Campoind eye cen tats MARCH 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM Sense Organs All the major sense organs are found in cockroach. ‘Sonu ge t Prommmpomererm Sea Sars Rees | eee S23) yee om SEES peomences Seems Es Seen Sos eae, Mosaic Vision in Cockroach In cockroach, each ommatidium sees only a small part of cbjct ‘Therefore, the image formed by the eye as a whole consists of several pieces which are put together to make up the whole picture received by ‘the eye Such an image is called apposition mage andthe eyes said to have mesai vision tis de to tho fact hatin cocleoach, he pigment sheaths of onmatia are noncntactie Endocrine System Itconsist of + Inter-cerebral gland cells situated on the brain and secrete brain hormone. + Corpora cardiaca lie on the sides of oesophagus behind the brain and secrete a growth hormon + Corpora allata lic behind the corpora cardiaca and seerete juvenile hormone, i.e. neotinin. + Prothoracic glands located in the prothorax and seerete ecdyson to control eedysis. Reproductive System Sexes are separate and sexual dimorphism is distinet. erate ReprocuctieSytor Mae Raprosutie SytemGrowth and Development * The breoing seasons from March to Soptember. The mature female cockrozch secretes a pheromane, sex ttachant whic is detected by antonnalchemoroceptors of mae. * Copulation usually takes pace at night and lass for about one hour oF slighty mor. * During the process, the spermatophores are transferred to the ganital chamber, where the sperms ae liberated and reach the left spematheca slowly. * The eggs from both the ovaries alternately come into the common ‘oviduct and passthrough female genital pore int genital chamber Where they get fertilised by ggs from left spermatheca, + The secretion of collateral glands form the egg case or otheca * The cothec is laid down in a war, sheltered and dark pace. The placoment of ootheca is calld oviposition ‘On an average, 8-10 oothecae, each containing 14-16 frilised eggs intwo ows are produced by aferale. ‘The colour of ootheca is fist white, bt later tums pink or chocolate brown, + The eggs are centolecitha, ie. yolks concentrated in mile ‘The cleavage is holoblastic, spiral and determinate with the hatching stage called nymph During hatching, the dorsal keel of oatheca splits, followed by ‘emergence of np. They are delicate, transparent and colourless ‘organisms wit black eyes, possessing all the characteristics of adult, ‘except being sexually immature and without wings. Growth of nymphs associated with sucessive mouitngs. It undergo about 7-8 moultings to reach the adult stago. Ths kind of incomplete metamorphosis is called paurometabolous, Frog (Rana tigrina) Frog ison amphibious enim His uscally found in pond, tanks, pools, ditches, etc. The adult frog is carnivorous, ‘while its tadpole (larva) is herbivorous Morphology ‘The body of frog is divisible into two parts, i.e. the head and the trunk. se nam cooueuoe cmt iS RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Winter Sleep and Summer Sleep in Frog Frog is coe blooded animal, soit cannot withstand very cold weather. Inwintes, it buries itself deep inthe mu. During this perio, tives in ‘dormant feof vey siow vital body activites. In this period, it obtains ‘energy ftom the fat bodies and the stored glycogen ofthe Iver. TheO, ‘eed is met with by respiration though skin. This winter slep is known ‘2s hibernation Inthe mid-summer, the frogs temporarily escape to the places of concealment. This period of litle activites is refered to as summer sleep ot aestivation, Anatomy and Physiology Digestive System Tt consists of the alimentary canal and the associated digestive glands. "areata =e oe Speman, ma ear | Pease ontataatenars D) | See a ‘prosance of iongiucinal aa a ee satcoieen ‘Secon a Brancred lat gland mace ae coal aseeaee uti chien een sca Pet otcanaite isage rie tapos aatsaa Sears ‘tue rset tn nl erty ‘Sisal Digostve sysiom otrog NON Respiratory System Respiration in frog occurs through three modes. Bf Cmnoous Gara charge ee pce ‘rough mestvascuareu sen, opel tung Noonaizn and asian I Serres | piace trou apy asovaree bccapraynea avy tas pce mato anand etowng §] scther ornare teeny Puimorery waphatonooamseogh ings by poring ‘preter ond epeetonkinowes gap movererts ‘nteteen cecainy moter ol ucsophayngee eapeaon Circulatory System ‘The circulatory system of frog consists of blood vascular system and lymphatic system. Blood Vascular System It is of closed type and represents single circulation. It comprises blood, heart and blood vessels. BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 11 https: //vk.com/readinglectureiS) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Lymphatic System Frog's lymphatic system comprises of following structures. lyon Neo conmecive tose corning pasta wh eas nur fran rd ‘cspusles conaaingnomerous ‘eusoyes,Ba no ovens Lymph Capita Lymph sinuses They rd oely neortat Thivwalod spaces aund te ‘wth hebody cote ne__ [Lymphatic] teauns ara bowen ho organs tesue spaces Thn-vase, System | — Supcctareous are subversa Tweguar a poreatio Suses are mst common Yooctodn walt dental. Lymph Hears ‘wo pat trae ard musta eu. Urinogential System It comprises two closely associated urinary (excretory) and the genital (reproductive) system. It is collectively called as the urinogenital system. Excretory System Frog consists of two kidneys (mesonephric type), ureter, urinogenital ducts and bladder. Frog is ureotelic, Urinogenital duet —This eto common duct or ‘conveying urine and spars Betore guts openrg nto ‘lone f Bocamos olarged “ang known as Sorina ves, ort Spiral Valve ase ‘tis a fleshy longitudinal portion, hanging down from its dorsal ‘wall. It divides most of the dorsal region of pytangium into ‘aan let chambers. Thispaiton posta bogs on et sid, ut than uns . towards the it. becrming oblique and rater sil. Hen. © gay ‘is called Spiral value. Anterior, it widens to form @ pocket ven ‘ike semilunar valve between pylangium and synangium on the ‘ahi. Fw of lod in rniterous tube 12 > MARCH 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUMReproductive System Frogs show sexual dimorphism. The vocal sacs are present only in ‘male. During the breeding season, a nuptial pad is developed at the ‘base of the first finger of the male frog. The vocal sacs increase the pitch of the sound, while the nuptial pads help in grasping the female during amplexus. Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System Patt occphagss _,Ostum varalased rn 00) oat Sorte attend aah Sa tee er ion oe dank Biman gece Vary ‘rome em sonra ay ues to Baars ora) Econ Ga aapeae ma aa a Letraset ; cenit oan ec eemeres, ore SPE ees = meiner ee SS eee go! eee, Embryonic Origin of Kidneys and their Ducts Vertebrate kceys arise inthe embryo from special pats of mesoderm called nephotomes Each kidney frst appears in the font portion ofa neprotome inthe form ofa series of closely placed and segmental pronephrc tubules. These ‘tubules opon into a common longitudinal duct which extends backwards tothe ‘embryonic cloaca. These kidneys recalled pronephos. Tey soon degenerate ‘Another series of similar tubules develop from the midle portion of nephrotome. ‘Those aro mesonophric tubules. They open ito Wolffian ducts. In amniotes, the ‘mesoneptic tubules partially degenerate and maxi, and metanephic tubules ‘velop fromthe posterior part of netrostome, form the adult kidney. The ‘tubules of a metanephros donot open nto Wolfian duct. Instead it opens into @ iffrent duct called ureter. Nervous System Frog’s nervous system is divisible into three parts. enous Stn coma rete Mere ‘System: ‘System win Sorc Clan Sagliones Senators cea Oar | _, autonomic Nervous System (Contl pwourtry acs) Sympuhose nS Paramount NS etirtmusiethebedy "Pincus “Seopeupwinsress)” came bed) iS RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Frog's vs Human Brain Rhiencephalon santero postion. but ot in humans Optic lobes are one pair, whereas they are two pairs in humans. Corpus striatum are present upon the flor of cavities of ‘cerebral hemisphere in frog. Hippocamp, corpus callosum ar pons vaoli ro ‘absent in frogs. Fo’ sions manolocular, bu its inocula ums. BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 13iS) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Endocrine System Frog has endocrine glands which secrete hormones. “Tyme "soacas meresneeeh On coal tan > BEY@ND HORIZONS Geckolepis megalepis: New Gecko Species with Exceptionally Large, Fish-Like Scales The Geckoleps(fish-seal geckos) are small-to medium sized arboreal and nocturnal lizards ‘endemic to Madagascar andthe Comoro Islands. oe] ‘The skin ofthese geckos is specially adapted to tearing The lage scales are attached only by a relatively narrow region that tears with ease, and leaving them fre to escape whilst the predators left with a mouth fll of scales. MASTER STROKES 1. Which typeof tissue correctly matches with its INEET Phase 120161 Location : ‘Tendons (@) Transitional epithelium Tips of nose (©) Cuboidal epithelium Lining of stomach @ Smooth muscle 2. Smooth muscles are (@ involuntary, fusiform, non-striated @ voluntary, multinucleate, cylindrical (©) involuntary, cylindrical, striated (@ voluntary, spindle-shaped, uninucleate 3. Choose the correctly matched pair. [CBSE AIPMT 2014) (a) Inner lining of salivary ducts — Ciliated epithelium (©) Moist surface of bucel cavity — Glandular epithelium (c) Tubular parts of nephrons — Cuboidal epithelium (4) toner surface of bronchioles — Squamous epithelium 4. Choose the correctly matched pair. (CBSE AIPMT 2014} (a) Tendon — Specialised connective tissue (b) Adipose tissue — Dense connective tissue (c) Arcola tissue — Loose connective tissue (4) Cartilage — Loose connective tissue 5. The H-zone in the skeletal muscle fibre is due to (NEET 2013] (@) the absence of myofibrils in the central portion of ‘band (©) ‘hecentral gap between myosin lament inthe A-band (©) the cantral gap between sctin filaments extending through myosin filaments in the A-band (4) extension of myosin filaments inthe central portion of the Acbend Wall of intestine INEET Phase It 20161 14 > MARCH 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM 6. Given below is the diagrammatic sketch of a certain type of connective tissue. Identify the parts labelled as A, B,C and D and select the right option about (CBSE AIPM 2012, A. Basophils B. Neutrophils C. Eosinophils D. Monocytes PortA PartB = PartC Part (@ Macrophage Fibroblast Collagen Mast cell fibres ©) Mast cell Macrophage Fibroblast Collagen fibres: (©) Macrophage Collagen Fibroblast Mast cell (@) Mast cal Collagen oblast Macrophage 7. ‘The ciliated columnar epithelial cells in humans are known to oceur in (CBSE AIPM 2011) (a) bronchioles and Fallopian tubes () bile duct and oesophagus (c) Fallopian tubes and rethra (4) Bustachinn tube and stomach Kinng8. Match the following Columns and choose the correct option from the codes given below. iS RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 17. Match the following Columns and choose the correct option from the codes given below. Column I Column I Epithelial Tissue) | (Location) ‘A. Cuboidal 1. Bpidermis of skin B. Ciliated 2 Inner lining of blood vessels ©. Columnar 3, Inner surface of gall bladder D. Squamous 4. Inner lining of Fallopian tube E. Keratinised squamous 5. Lining of pancreatic duct Codes ABCDE @54231 34521 @54321 @34512 9. ‘The type of cell junction, which facilitates cell to cell communication is (@) tight junetion (©) adhering junction (6) gap junction (4) desmosomes 10. Find out the wrongly matched pair. (@) Squamous epithelium — Skin of frog @) Columnar epithelium — Peritoneum of body eavity (©) Ciliated epithelium == — Bronchioles @ Stratified squamous — Oesophagus 11, What type of cartilaginous tissue is found in the inter-vertebral discs? (@) Costa cartilage (0) Hyaline cartilage (6) White fibrous cartilage (@ Yellow clastic cartilage 12, Bone is mainly composed of (@) iron and phosphorus (@)aulphur and ealeium (@ calcium and phosphorus (@ caleium and magnesium 13. Which of the following are phagocytic in nature? (@) Neutrophil, monocyte and basophil (©) Neutrophil, monocyte and macrophage (6) Neutrophil, basophil and macrophage (@) Acidophil, basophil and lymphocyte 14, Fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells are present in (cartilage tissue ©) adipose tissue (©) areolar tissue (@ glandular epithelium 15, Red cell count is carried out by (@ Haomocytometer —_(@) Hacmogiobinometer (©) Sphygmomanometer _(@) Electrocardiogram 16, Erythropoiesis starts in (@kidney O)iiver (spleen (d) red bone marrow Column T Column Tt ‘A Basophils 1. Phagocytosis B. Neutrophils 2. Inflammation ©. Plasma cals 3. Blood clotting D. Thrombocytes 4. Antibodies Codes aBCD ABCD @ri4as w2134 @12438 @si23 18. Epimysium, perimysium and endomysium are found in (@)nerve (©) blood vessel (c) striated muscle (d) uterus 19. Achilles tendon is associated with (@ gluteus muscle (@ hamstring muscle (©) quadriceps muscle (a) gastrocnemius muscle 20. Minimum regeneration power is present in (@) nervous tissue (@) connective tissue (epithelial tissue (@) None of these 21. Pheretima and its close relative derive nourishment from [CBSE AIPMT 2012} (@) sugarcane roots () decaying fallen leaves and soil (6) soil insects’ organic matter (@) small pieces of fresh fallen leaves of maize 22. Functionwise, just as there are nephridia in an earthworm so are () parotid glands in toad ()statocysts in prawn (6) flame cells in liver fluke (4) myotomes in fish 23. In earthworm, self-fertilisation cannot occur due to (@ protogyny (@) protandry ()epigyny (@) bypogyny 24, How many hearts are found in earthworm? (@) 8 (four pairs) (@)2 (one pair) () 6 (three pairs) (@) 12 (six pairs) 25. In earthworm, neurons are (a)motor (associated (¢\sensory (dl) Allof these 26. Body of earthworm is divided into how many imilar segments, which are called metameres or somites? (60120 ()100-120 (6180-120 (4)1200r more 27. Earthworms have no skeleton, but during burrowing the anterior end becomes turgid and acts as a hydraulic skeleton. It is due to (@) coelomic fuid () blood (6) put peristalsis (@)setwe 28. Earthworms are (a) ureotelic, when plenty of water is available (©) uricotelic, when plenty of water is available (©) uricotelic, under conditions of water scarcity (@ ammonotelic, when plenty of water i avilable BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 15iS) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 29. In Pheretima, locomotion occurs with the help of (a) circular muscles (@) longitudinal muscles and setae (6 circular, longitudinal muscles and setae (d) parapodia 30. Which parasite is present in seminal vesicle of earthworm? (a) Monocystis (0) Nosema (6) Sercocystis (@) Nicttherus 31. Which of the following features is not present in Periplaneta americana? INET Phase | 2016] (a) Indeterminate and radial cleavage during embryonic development (©) Bxoskeloton composed of N-acetylghucosamine {@) Metamericaly segmented body {@) Schizocoelom as body cavity 32. In male cockroaches, sperms are stored in which part of the reproductive system? [NEET Phase i 2016] (@) Seminal vesicles (@) Mushroom glands (6) Testes (@) Vea deferens 33. Sclect the correct statement from the ones given below with respect to Periplaneta americana. [CBSE AIPMT 2012] (@) Nervous system located dorslly, consist of egmentally a ee ee eee (©) Males bear a pair of short thread-tike anal styles (6) There are 16 very long Malpighian tubes present at the Junetion of midgut and hindgut (@) Grinding of fod is carried out only by the mouth parts 34, Common feature in earthworm and cockroach is (@ cuticle (exoskeleton) (6) ventral nerve cord (©) nephridia (@) Malpighian tubules 35, Ecdysone is produced by (@ prothoracic gland (@) corpora cardiaca (©) corpora alata (@) abdominal gland 36. Chitin as exoskeleton is found in (@) Periplaneta (b) Ascaris (c) Pheretima (d) Hydra 37. Two common characters found in centipede, cockroach and crab are (@) compound eyes and anal cerci (@) jointed legs and chitinous exoskeleton (@) green gland and trachea (@) book lungs and antennae 38. Which one of the following has an open circulatory system? @ Pheretima (©) Periplaneta (©) Hirudinaria (@) Octopus 39. ‘The eyes of cockroaches are formed by a large number of visual elements, known as (@ podomeres (©) ocellae (©) elypeus (@ ommatidia 40. In cockroaches, excretion occurs through (@ Malpighian tubules) nephrocytes (©) uricose glands (@)Allof these 16 > MARCH 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM 41. In cockroach, the arthrodial membrane (@) forms the hindwings (6) covers the compound eyes (6) forms the hypopharynx (4) joins the sclerites, 42. Which one of the following is not a sensory structure in cockroach? (@) Antennae (©) Byes (©) Anal cerei (@ Proventriculus 43. Which is the cutting organ in the mouth parts of cockroach? (@) Labrum (©) Labium (©) Maxillary palp (@) Mandible 44, Which of the following is present in the integument of frog, but not in mammals? (@ Dermis (©) Mucus gland (o) Sweat glands (@) Stratum germinativum 45. Tho velocity of conduction of nerve impulse in frog is (@) 300 ms" () same as of electricity (faster than sound = (@) 30. ms"* 46. Acoustic spots in frog are present in (@)ossious labyrinth (6) carotid (©) membranous labyrinth (d) All of these 47. Addition of which element in water speed up the ‘metamorphosis in frog tadpole larva? a OK (Na @a 48. Animal undergoes inactive stage during winter known as (@)aestivation (@) hibernation (©) adaptation (@) aclimatisation 49. In male frogs, vasa efferentia run transversely through the mesorchium. It opens into (@) seminal vesicle ( Bidder’s canal (6) urinogenital duct (@) longitudinal collecting tubule 50. In winters, frogs undergo hibernation. In this duration they obtain energy from (@) mud (0) fat bodies (6) stored glycogen of liver (@ Both () and (e) Answers 1 2) 3.6) 4.(0) 5.(0) 6.0) 7a) 8.(¢) 9.(6) — 10.(0) 11.(0) 12.) 138.0) 14.06) 18.18) 16.0) 17.@) 18.6) 19.) 20.) 21.(b) 22.(0) 23. (0) 24.(2) 25.(d) 26.00) 27a) 28.) 20.) 30.(a) 31.2 92.@) 83.0) 84.) 88.) 36.2) 37.(6) 98.0) 99.0) 40. (4) 41) 42.10) 43.0) 44.) 8. (@) 46.10) 47.(@) 48.0) 49.00) 80.14)(> CELL : THE UNIT OF LIFE Collis the basic unit of ie as no living organism can have life without being cellular. Organisms can be unicellular or ‘multicellular. Lite passes from one generation to the next inthe form of cals: Modern Cell Theory Itis also known as cell doctrine or cell principle. It states that * All living organisms are made up of cells and their products * Cell is the basic unit of life. = Every cell is made up of a mass of protoplasm having ‘nucleus, organelles and a covering membrane. + Cells are units of function in living organisms i. the activities of ‘an organism ae the sum total of all the activites of its cals, + While cell can survive independently ts organelles cannat do so + Growth in organisms involves the growth and multiplication ofits calls, + Genetic information is stored and expressed inside cells. Objections to Cell Theory + Viruses are acellular and lack cellular machinery. Even then they are considered to be organisms. * RBCs and sieve tube cells continue to live without nucleus. + Protoplasm is replaced by non-living materials in the surface cells of skin and cork. TYPES OF CELLS Depending upon the nature of nucleus and the basic structure, cells are of two types; prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic Cell (Cell with Primitive Nucleus) ‘Those cells contain primitive nucleus, i.e. without nuclear membrane. Its nucleoid region represents the genetic material (DNA only), e.g. bacterial cell. ‘Suctres aay resort | Severe sometimes present ‘irene feat ae Aprotaryat cls) Eukaryotic Cell (Cell with Advanced Nucleus) ‘Those cells contain advanced nucleus, ic. nucleus with well-developed nuclear membrane, e.g. yeast, plant or animal cell. Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Features Prokaryotie Cell Eukaryotic Cell (Cell size Small (0.12.0jm) Lange (10-100) Cell wall Prosent with Without muramic aid urumic ci. Envelope Glyccealys, ul wall Coll wall and call membrane land call membrane. _(enimal els lack eal! wal). ‘Nuclear Organised nucleus Organised nucleus present, ‘organisation absent, instead differentiated into envelope, rucleoidis found. __ nucleoli, nucleoplasm, ote. DNA and Naked, not associated Nuclear DNA associate with histones __ with histones, histones, Collular Transcription and Transcription oocurs in nuclous| processes tranalation occur in while translation takos place in lam, asm. call ‘Absent ‘Present (membrane bound) ‘organelles Plasmids May be prosent. Absent altogether. ‘Ribosomes 70S type. 808 type usually, however, 55S type may occur in mitochondria and chloroplast. ‘Microbodies Absent Present Cytoskeleton Absent Present Flagella Not arranged 9+2 arrangement with differen- tiation into axoneme and sheath, BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 17iS) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION COMPONENTS OF A CELL Any cell, prokaryotic or eukaryotic have following basic components: + Cell membrane and/or cell wall + Nucleus or nucleoid region + Cytoplasm ‘Some important components of cell are discussed below: Cell Wall It is present in eukaryotic cells like fungi, plants and some prokaryotes, e.g. bacteria. Structure + Bacterial cell wall is made up of peptidogiyeans, i.e, N-Acety] Muramic (NAM) acid and N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG). + Algal cell wall comprises of cellulose, galactans, mannans and ealcium carbonate. + Fungal cell wall is composed of chitin. + Plant cell wall is differentiated into the following three layers: () Primary layer is permeable (0.1-0.3 um), develops in growing cells. by intussusception. (i) Middle lamella is cementing layer between two adjacent primary walls, made up of calcium and magnesium pectates. (iii) Secondary layer is rigid layer, inner to primary wall, formed by accretion. Made up of cellulose macrofibrils in a matrix of complex polysaccharides, at times interrupted by pits, eg. sclerenchyma, tracheids and vessels. Softening of fruits takes place due to gelatinisation of pectic ‘compounds. (iv) Tertiary cell wall is sometimes present on secondary layer, made up of cellulose, eg. tracheids of gymnosperms. Functions + Itprovides rigidity, mechanical support and protection to cell. + It counteracts turgor pressure. + It helps in movement of water and other metabolites in and out of the cell through plasmodesmata or symplast pathway. | Pasmadesmata are chamels traversing cell wall and middle lamelialinking the cytoplasm of cell to allow ‘movement of smal pails and transfer of signals > MARCH 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM Plasma Membrane or Cell Membrane (Schwann, 1838) It is the delimiting membrane or boundary of cells which provides the characteristic shape to the cell. Structure + Tt consists of lipids (20-79%), proteins (20-70%), carbohydrates (1.5%) and water (20%). + The lipid molecules are amphipathic, ic. they possess both polar hydrophilic and non-polar hydrophobic ends. + The hydrophobic tails usually occur towards the centre of the membrane. It results in the formation of a lipid bilayer. *+ The polar hydrophilic linkages of proteins lie towards the outer side while hydrophobic linkages are kept folded inside or used to establish connections with hydrophobic part of the lipids. + Protein molecules occur at places both inside and on the outer side of the lipid bilayer. They are of two types; intrinsic or integral (internal proteins) and extrinsic or peripheral (external proteins). + The integral proteins pass into the lipid bilayer to different depths. Some integral proteins which run throughout the bilayer are called tunnel proteins or transmembrane proteins. Different models of plasma membrane structure @O-r- oe SITET babu ease poten ‘tac otc rane pte (tameran paring) Functions + The cell membranes cause compartmentalisation. + They protect cell from injury. + They allow the flow of materials and information. ‘+ Differential permeability and retentivity control cell metabolism.Cytoplasmic Matrix or Cytosol (Strasburger, 1882) Cytoplasm is jelly-like semifluid general mass of protoplasm excluding the nucleus. Structure + Tt can exist in two states; sol and gel. These are respectively known as plasmasol and plasmagel. + Plasmagel is usually present below the plasma membrane. It is called eetoplast. + Plasmasol is internal and is known as endoplast. Functions * It provides raw materials to cell organelles. * Cell organelles exchange material through the cytoplasmic matrix, + It isthe site of synthesis ofa number of biochemicals like proteins, carbohydrates, ete. + Some catabolic activities occur in cytoplasm like glycolysis, anaerobic respiration, ete. Cytoplasmic Streaming ‘The cytoplasmic matrix is always in motion. It is autonomic and is called cytoplasmic or ‘protoplasmic streaming. This helps in distribution of various materials inside the cel, Nucleus (Robert Brown, 1831) Nucleus is a specialised, double membrane bound protoplasmic body. It contains all the genetic information. Structure tis differentiated into following five parts: 1, Nuclear-envelope It separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. It contains a large number of pores. These nuclear pores control the passage of substances to the inside or outside of the nucleus, 2, Nucleoplasm It is a transparent, semifluid and colloidal ‘substance which fills the nucleus. 3, Nuclear matrix It is a network of fine fibrils of acid proteins that function as scaffold for chromatin. 4, Chromatin It is hereditary DNA-protein fibrillar complex. Chromatin fibres are differentiated into two regions; euchromatin (narrow, lightly stained) and heterochromatin (wider, darkly stained). 5. Nucleolus It is a naked, round or slightly irregular structure, It is attached to the chromatin at specific region called Nucleolar Organiser Region (NOR). It has four compartments; amorphous matrix, granular part, fibrillar portion and chromatin. Functions It stores genetic information in its DNA molecules, which can be passed on to daughter cells. It also controls cellular activities. iS RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Chromosomes + They are condensed chromatin fibres meant for cequal distribution of genotic material. * Each species has a fixed set of chromosomes. ‘Structure Each chromosome has two halves or chromatids which are attached to each other by centromere or primary constriction. Stony contin Sein nenare {eindon eon amet Packaging of DNA ‘The long chain of DNA is eailed DNA double helix ‘and becomes wrapped around (2m in diameter). ‘sie protein molecule, histones. DNAs wrapped around the Nueleosome core positively charged histone article (histone ‘octamer to form core particle, Getamer + DNA). ‘nucleosome string of beads structure Nucleosome ‘appears, these are connected to filament (10 nm ‘each other by short linker in diameter. DNA. ‘String of nucleosomes cols to Solenoid ‘orm solenoid. (G00 Ain diameter). Solenoid further cols to forms Super solenold ‘super solenoid to produce a oops). ‘condensed fibre chromonema ‘which forms lop. ‘Loops further condense info ‘Metaphase ‘ihees to form chromosome. chromosome (400m indiameter) BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 19iS) RAPID CONCEPT REVISION ‘Chromosomal types on the basis of centromeric postion AE corel mom amy aaa! (man enor: 2a eau "Pees. arms one wey or, ‘ey ara AMAZING REALITIES ‘The word “organ” comes from an old Greek word organon, which means “tool” or “instrument.” The liver is largest internal organ and is the only organ that can regenerate itself However, repeated damage to the liver can eventually injure and scar this amazing organ. CELL ORGANELLES AND CYTOSKELETON Cell organelles are sub-cellular structures with characteristic morphological forms, distinctive chemical constitutions and definite functions. Endomembrane System + It is a grouping of some membrane organelles which function in close coordination with one another, viz; ‘endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes and vacuoles. + ‘The functions of other organelles are not coordinated. ‘They are not part of endomembrane system, eg. plastids, mitochondria, etc. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (Porter and Thompson, 1945) Endoplasmic reticulum consists of membrane-lined channels. These channels contain a fluid called endoplasmic matrix. ER can exist in three forms: 1, Cisternae are flat, interconnected, sac-like parts which are actively involved in synthetic activity. 2. Vesicles or Microsomes are oval or rounded sacs ‘which remain isolated in the cytoplasm. 8. Tubules are tube-like extensions which may be connected with cisternae or vesicles to form a ‘reticulum system, Endoplasmic Reticulum ‘Smooth Endoplasmic Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) Roticulum (RER) (@oratbea ribosomes, (Anumber of rbosomes fengage inthe syrihesis. remain attached to ts ‘and storage of gycogen, ota surace, involved fatand steos) Inthe synthesis of proteins and enzymes} 20 > MARCH 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM Golgi Complex (Camillo Golgi, 1898) * It is present in eukaryotic cells. In plants, it is called as dictyosome. + Cytoplasm surrounding Golgi body is devoid of other cell cegnnillog snd i celled some of exclu, * These are pleomorphic structures, ie. have different ‘structures and shapes in various cells. ‘+ Various components or structures of Golgi complex include 1. Cisternae These are unbranched saccules arranged ina stack. It consists of cis or forming face (convex surface of cisternae towards the nucleus) and érans or maturing face (concave surface towards the membrane). 2. Tubules sre branched and irregular tube-like structures anocinfod with caterne ‘3. Vacuoles are large spherical structures associated to tubules. 4. Vesicles are spherical structures which arise by budding from tubules to form smooth (secretory) and coated vesicles. 5 eoparatus ‘cistrnae Gane Trans tace ‘Sacks of 48 rembrane bound Nats 00, facing ‘acu, possess S00 tomarce asa Inara, requeny caved to moma, now prove party 0 G0) ‘ils ar Budde ‘pparais tron Ns potion (i face Ferring ice fang towards rious, teoaves esl tor + nuclearmemtrane ander )— Gollan vacvote Entordod pars of vesicle titers, eon fared oce, ate tom aru sbstance, ‘terao by busing Kncion as ysosomes orpning ofFunctions + Processing, packaging, transport and release of secretory proteins. + Glycosidation and glycosylation of lipids and proteins, respectively. + Recycling of fragments of plasma membrane during endocytosis. + Acrosome formation in sperms. Lysosomes (Duve, 1955) ‘+ They are small vesicles bounded by a single membrane. They contain hydrolytic enzymes. ‘The important enzymes are acid phosphatases, sulphatases, proteases, peptidases, nucleases, lipases, etc. + They aro called suicide bags because of the presence of acid hydrolases. Pathway of Lysosomal System lysosomes ett poorphism. Thay cer in th flloing types: Fei body (Secondary acaome wt ragenea rate ary exo) sp eons Cea -® oat eed rece Ne "matccate ~O~ srioocewome em 4 — ao Functions Lysosomes perform following functions: + Intracellular digestion + Disposal of useless cells + Extracellular digestion + Autophagy * Mobilisation of reserves * Sperm lysins Autolysis Autolysis is se-destuctin ofa cel tissue or organ with the help of {ysosomes. The iysosomes performing autolysis do not enclose the structures tobe broken down. Instead, they themseives bust to release the digestive enzymes. Avtohyss occu in ageing, dead or diseased cells. The disappearance of lanl organs during metamorphosis is also due to autolyss iS RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Vacuoles ‘Vacuoles are non-cytoplasmic areas present inside the cytoplasm which are separated from the latter by specific membranes, Types of Vacuoles ‘They are of four types; sap vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, food vacuoles and air vacuoles. 1, Sap vacuoles are fluid-filled vacuoles which are separated from the cytoplasm by a selectively permeable membrane called tonoplast. 2. Contractile vacuoles have a highly extensible and collapsible membrane. ‘They take part in osmoregulation and excretion. 3. Food vacuoles are formed by the fusion of phagosome and lysosome. They contain enzymes for the digestion of nutrients. 4, Air vacuoles (pseudovacuoles or gas vacuoles) consist of a number of smaller submicroscopic vesicles. They provide buoyancy, mechanical strength and protection from harmful radiations. Mitochondria (Kolliker, 1880) + They are called powerhouse of cell because they are the major centres of reloase of energy in the sercbie respiration. * They are double-membrane bound, oval, spherical or ellipsoidal structures. Inner membrane tee ramtrane bla ora ot ‘Smo eraecht Bate ea calet inengmentore Masi ‘Sretr branched lr crest east ‘eceaty neato ce roe "ova overran mre eer ONA (a) Imoral structure of mitochondrion (©) One eristae magniod BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « MARCH 2017 < 21