528018 Carton steel - Wikipedia WIKIPEDIA Carbon steel Carbon steel is a steel with carbon content up to 2.1% by weight. The definition of carbon steel from the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISD states: Steel is considered to be carbon steel when: + no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium or zirconium, or any other element fo be added to obtain a desired alloying effect; + the specified minimum for copper does not exceed 0.40 percent; + or the maximum content specified for any of the folowing elements does not exceed the percentages noted manganese 1.65, silicon 0.60, copper 0.60." The term "carbon steel" may also be used in reference to steel which is not stainless steel; in this use carbon steel may include alloy steels. As the carbon percentage content rises, steel has the ability to become harder and stronger through heat treating; however, it becomes less ductile. Regardless of the heat treatment, a higher carbon content reduces weldability. In carbon steels, the higher carbon content lowers the melting point 21 Contents Type Mild or low-carbon steel High-tensile steel Higher-carbon steels AISI Classification Low-carbon steel Medium-carbon steel High-carbon steel Ultra-high-carbon stee! Heat treatment 9 Forging temperature of steel See also Case harde References Bibliography Type Mild or low-carbon steel hipster. wikipedia orghwikiCaroon_stec! 185282018 (Carbon ste! - Wikipedia Mild steel (iron containing a small percentage of carbon, strong and tough but not readily tempered), also known as plain= carbon steel and low-carbon steel, is now the most common form of steel because its price is relatively low while it provides material properties that are acceptable for many applications. Mild steel contains approximately 0.05-0.25% carbont*! making it malleable and ductile. Mild steel has a relatively low tensile strength, but itis cheap and easy to form; surface hardness can be increased through carburizing In applications where large cross-sections are used to minimize deflection, failure by yield is not a risk so low-carbon steels are the best choice, for example as structural steel. The density of mild steel is approximately 7.85 g/cm? (7850 kg/m? or 0.284 Ib/in’)!) and the Young's modulus is 200 GPa (29,000 ksi).!1 Low-carbon steels suffer from yield-point runout where the material has two yield points. The first yield point (or upper yield point) is higher than the second and the yield drops dramatically after the upper yield point. Ifa low-carbon steel is only stressed to some point between the upper and lower yield point then the surface develop Liider bands." Low-carbon steels contain less carbon than other steels and are easier to cold-form, making them easier to handle. High-tensile steel High-tensile steels are low-carbon, or steels at the lower end of the medium-carbon range, which have additional alloying ingredients in order to inerease their strength, wear properties or specifically tensile strength. These alloying ingredients include chromium, molybdenum, silicon, manganese, nickel and vanadium. Impurities such as phosphorus or sulphur have their maximum allowable content restricted. = A tx steel = 4140 steel * 4145 steel = 4340 steel + 300M steel = EN25 steel 214% nickel-chror = EN26 stee! im-molybdenum steel Higher-carbon steels Carbon steels which can successfully undergo heat-treatment have a carbon content in the range of 0.30-1.70% by weight. Trace impurities of various other elements can have a significant effect on the quality of the resulting steel. Trace amounts of sulfur in particular make the steel red-short, that is, brittle and crumbly at working temperatures. Low-alloy carbon steel, such as 36 grade, contains about 0.05% sulfur and melts around 1,426-1,538 °C (2,599-2,800 °F) ®) Manganese is often added to improve the hardenability of low-carbon steels. These additions turn the material into a low-alloy steel by some definitions, but AISI’s definition of carbon steel allows up to 1.65% manganese by weight. AISI Classification Carbon steel is broken down into four classes based on carbon content:!” Low-carbon steel 0.05 to 0.30% carbon content. hipster. wikipedia orghwikiCaroon_stec! 216528018 Carton steel - Wikipedia Medium-carbon steel Approximately 0.3-0.8% carbon content.{"! Balances ductility and strength and has good wear resistance; used for large parts, forging and automotive components.) High-carbon steel 1 Approximately 0.8~2.0% carbon content." Very strong, used for springs, edged tools, and high-strength wires. Ultra-high-carbon steel Approximately 3.25~4.0% carbon content.!"l Steels that ean be tempered to great hardness. Used for special purposes like (non-industrial-purpose) knives, axles or punches. Most steels with more than 2.5% carbon content are made using powder metallurgy. Heat treatment ‘The purpose of heat treating carbon steel is to change the mechanical properties of steel, usually ductility, hardness, yield strength, or impact resistance. Note that the electrical and thermal conductivity are only slightly altered. As with most strengthening techniques for steel, Young's modulus (elasticity) is unaffected. All treatments of steel trade ductility for increased strength and vice versa, Iron has a higher solubility for carbon in the austenite phase; therefore all heat treatments, except spheroidizing and process " ‘oan annealing, start by heating the steel to a temperature at which the austenitic , phase can exist. The steel is then quenched (heat drawn out) at a moderate to ‘tn low rate allowing carbon to diffuse out of the austenite forming iron-earbide —-55-carion phase diagram (cementite) to precipitate leaving ferrite, or at a high rate, trapping the carbon showing the temperature and within the iron thus forming martensite. The rate at which the steel is cooled ranges for certain types of t treatments. through the eutectoid temperature (about 727°C) affects the rate at which carbon diffuses out of austenite and forms cementite. Generally speaking, cooling swiftly will leave iron carbide finely dispersed and produce a fine grained pearlite and cooling slowly will give a coarser pearlite. Cooling a hypoeutectoid steel (less than 0.77 wt% C) results in a lamellar-pearlitic structure of iron carbide layers with a-ferrite (nearly pure iron) between. If it is hypereutectoid steel (more than 0.77 wt% C) then the structure is full pearlite with small grains (larger than the pearlite lamella) of cementite formed on the grain boundaries. A eutectoid stee! (0.77% carbon) will have a pearlite structure throughout the grains with no cementite at the boundaries. The relative amounts of constituents are found using the lever rule. The following is alist of the types of heat treatments possible: + Spheroidizing: Spheroidite forms when carbon stee|is heated to approximately 700 *C for over 30 hours. Spheroidite can form at lower temperatures but the time needed drastically increases, as this is a diflusion-controlled process. The results a siructure of rods or spheres of cementite within primary structure (ferrite or pearl, depending on which side of the eutectoid you are on). The purpose is to soften higher carbon steels and allow more formabilty. This is the softest and most ductile form of steel. The image to the right shows where spheroidizing usually occurs."2) + Full annealing: Carbon steel is heated to approximately 40 °C above Ac3? or Acm? for 1 hour; this ensures all the ferrite transforms into austenite (although cementite might stl exist i the carbon content is greater than the eulectoid). The steel must then be cooled slowly, in the realm of 20 °C (36 *F) per hour. Usually itis just furnace Cooled, where the furnace is tured off wth the steel stil inside. This results in'a coarse pearitic structure, which means the "bands" of pearlte are thick") Fully annealed steel is soft and ductile, with no internal stresses, which is hipster. wikipedia orghwikiCaroon_stec! a6528018 Carton steel - Wikipedia often necessary for cost-effective forming. Only spheroidized steel is softer and more ductile ("41 + Process annealing: A process used to relieve stress in a cold-worked carbon stee! with less than 0.3% C. The steol is usually heated to 550-650 °C for 1 hour, but sometimes temperalures as high as 700 °C. The image rightward shows the area whore process annealing occurs + Isothermal annealing: Itis a process in which hypooutectoid steel is heated above the upper critical temperature. This temperature is maintained for a time and then reduced to below the lower critical temperature and is again maintained. itis then cooled to room temperature. This method eliminates any temperature gradient. + Normalizing: Carbon steel is heated to approximately 55 °C above Ac3 or Acm for 1 hour; this ensures the steel completely transforms to austenite. The steel is then air-cooled, which is a cooling rate of approximately 38 °C (100"F) per minute, This results ina fine pearllic structure, and a more-uniform structure. Normalized steel has a higher strength than annealed steel ithas a relatively high strength and hardness." + Quenching: Carbon steel with atleast 0.4 wi% C is heated to normalizing temperatures and then rapidly cooled (quenched) in water, brine, or oll tothe crtcal temperature. The ertical temperature is dependent on the carbon content, but as a general rule is lower as the carbon content increases. This results in a martensitic structure; a form of stool that possesses a super-saturated carbon content in a deformed body.centored cubic (BCC) crystalline structure, properly termed body-centered tetragonal (BCT), with much internal stress. Thus quenched steel is extremely hard but bite, usually too bri for practical purposes. Thess intemal stresses may cause stress cracks on the surface. Quenched steel is approximately three to four (with more carbon) fold harder than normalized steal") + Martempering (Marquenching): Martempering is not actualy a tempering procedure, hence the term “marquenching". It is a form of isothermal heat treatment applied after an initial quench, typically in a molten salt bath, ata temperature just above the "martensite start temperature", At this temperature, residual stresses within the material are relieved and some bainite may be formed from the retained austenite which did not have time to transform into anything else. In industry, this is a process used to control the ductility and hardness of a material. With longer marquenching, the ductility increases with a minimal loss in strength; the steel is held inthis solution until the inner and outer temperatures of the part equalize. Then the steel is cooled al a moderate speed to keep the temperature gradient minimal. Not only does this process reduce internal stresses and siress cracks, butt also increases the impact resistance.!"7 + Tempering: This is the most common heat treatment encountered, because the final properties can be precisely determined by the temperature and time of the tempering. Tempering involves reheating quenched steel to a temperature below the eutectoid temperature then cooling. The elevated temperature allows very small amounts of spheroidite to form, which restores duciity, but reduces hardness. Actual temperatures and times are carefully chosen for each composition 8) + Austempering: The austempering process is the same as martempering, except the quench is interrupted and the Steel is held in the molten salt bath at temperatures between 205°C and 840°C, and then cooled at a moderate rate The resulting steel, called bainte, produces an acicular microstructure in the steel that has great strength (but less than martensite), greater ductility, higher impact resistance, and less distortion than martensite steel. The disadvantage of austempering sit can be used only on a few steels, and it requires a special salt bath !"] Case hardening Case hardening processes harden only the exterior of the steel part, creating a hard, wear resistant skin (the “case") but preserving a tough and ductile interior. Carbon steels are not very hardenable meaning they can not be hardened throughout thick sections. Alloy steels have a better hardenability, so they can through-hardened and do not require case hardening. This property of carbon steel can be beneficial, because it gives the surface good wear characteristics but leaves the core tough. Forging temperature of steel (20) hipster. wikipedia orghwikiCaroon_stec! 40658018 Carton steel - Wikipedia Steel Type Maximum forging temperature (F /*C) | Burning temperature (°F /°C) 1.5% carbon 1920 / 1049 2080 / 1140 41.4% carbon 1980 / 1082 2140/1171 0.9% carbon 2050/1121 2230/1224 0.5% carbon 2280/1249 2460 / 1949 0.2% carbon 2410/1324 2680/1474 3.0% nickel steel 2280/1249 2500/1971 3.0% nickel-chromium steel 2280 / 1249 2500 1971 5.0% nickel case-hardening) steel | 2320/1271 2640/1449 Chromium-vanadium steel 2280/1249 2460 / 1949 High-speed steel 2370/1299 2520 1985 Stainless stee! 2340/1282 2520 / 1985 ‘Austenitic chromium-rickel steel | 2370/1299 2590 / 1420 Silico-manganese spring steel 2280/1249 2460 / 1350 See also = Cold working = Hot working = Welding = Forging References 1. "Classification of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels” (htt:/www.keytometals,com/Articles/Art62.htm) 2. Knowles, Peter Reginald (1987), Design of structural steelwork (ntips://books.google.com/books?id=UBWX-3CBygcC. ‘&pg=PA1) (2nd od.), Taylor & Francis, p. 1, ISBN 978-0-903384-59-9. 3. Engineering fundamentals page on low-carbon steel (hitp://efunda.comimaterials/alloys/alloy_homel../carbon_steelsi! ‘ow_carbon.cim) 4. Elert, Glenn, Density of Stee! (http: ypertextbook. convfacts/2004/KarenSutherland shtml), retrieved 23 April 2009. 5. Modulus of Elasticity, Strength Propertios of Metals ron and Stee! (hitp:/www.engineersedge.comimanufacturing_s peciproperties_of_matals_strength htm), rotrioved 23 April 2009 6. Degarmo, p. 377. 7. “Low-carbon steets” (hito:/www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/carbon_steels/low_carbon.cfm). efunda. Retrieved 2012-05-25, 8. Ameristeel article on carbon steo! (htp:/www.ameristeel.com/products/msds/docs/carbon_steel.paf) Archived (https! web archive. org/web/20061018015022/http:/imww.ameristeel.com/products/msds/docs/carbon_steel.pdf) 18 October 2006 al the Wayback Machine 9, Nishimura, Naoya; Murase, Katsuhiko; ito, Toshihiro; Watanabe, Takeru; Nowak, Roma spall damage induced by low-velocity repeated impact". Central European Journal of Engin doi 10.2478/513531-012-0013-5 (hitps://dol.org/10.2478%2Fs13531-012-0013-5).4 10. Engineering fundamentals page on medium-carbon steel (hitp:/mww.efunda.comimaterials/alloysicarbon_steels/medi um_carbon.cfm) Itrasonic detection of jeering. 2 (4): 650-655, hipster. wikipedia orghwikiCaroon_stec! 56528018 Carton steel - Wikipedia ‘11. Engineering fundamentals page on high-carbon steel (http:/www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/carbon_steels/high_car bon.cfm) 12. Smith, p. 388 13, Alvarenga HD, Van de Putte T, Van Steenberge N, Sietsma J, Terryn H (Apr 2009). "Influence of Carbide Morphology and Microstructure on the Kinetics of Superficial Decarburization of C-Mn Steels", Metal Mater Trans A. doi:10.1007/511661-014-2600+y (hitps:l/doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11661-014-2600-y). 14, Smith, p. 386 16, Smith, pp. 386-387 16. Smith, pp. 373-377 17. Smith, pp. 389-390 18, Smith, pp. 387-388 19. Smith, p. 391 20. Brady, George S.; Clauser, Henry R.; Vaccari A., John (1997). Materials Handbook (14th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-007084-9 Bibliography = Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley, ISBN 0-471-65653-4 = Oberg, E.; et al. (1996), Machinery’s Handbook (25th ed.), Industrial Press Inc, ISBN 0-8311-2599-3. = Smith, William F.; Hashemi, Javad (2006), Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering (ath ed.), McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-295358-6, Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wlindex php?title=Carbon_steel&oldi This page was last edited on 20 April 2018, at 21:03. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareA\like License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization, hipster. wikipedia orghwikiCaroon_stec! oe