You are on page 1of 30

Reservoir Engineering

15FPTE221
FALL 2016
Sharoh Marquez
Week 1
Lecture 1: Introduction
Session Outlook
• About this course
• Resources
• Petroleum Engineering and Its Importance
About this Course
Course Description
• This course is prepared for:
• 3 credit hours lecture and meets for a total of 3 hours a week
• 2 hours of laboratory each week
• Semester 4, Diploma students in Oil and Gas
• Prerequisites: 15FPTE210 Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties
• Main Objective: explain the fundamentals of reservoir engineering
and their practical applications
Unit Outline
• Unit Outline Acknowledgment Form – SIGN IT!
• Course Details
• Course Description
• Course Objectives and Student Learning Outcomes
• Unit / Course Content
• Methods of Delivery
• Extent and Nature of Use of Technology
• Textbook/s
• Attendance
• Submission of Work
• Assessment Plan
Lectures
• Each session
• Will cover different sections of the book as listed on the Unit Outline
• Will be uploaded on Moodle and PowerCampus

• Some sessions will have problem-solving exercises


Timing
Last Session
Questions 5% Session Outlook
Class Schedule 17% 5%
Attendance
Last Session Review – 5 minutes 5%

Session Outlook – 5 minutes Next Session


6%
Attendance – 5 minutes
Presentation – 25 minutes
Break – 5 minutes
Presentation – 25 minutes Presentation
28%
Next Session Topics – 5 minutes
Presentation
Questions – 15 minutes 28%

Break
6%
Last Session Session Outlook Attendance Presentation
Break Presentation Next Session Questions
Grade Distribution
Quiz 1
5%
Assessment Criteria
Quiz 1 – 5% Week 4
Midterms – 30% Week 8
Finals Midterms
Quiz 2 – 5% Week 11 40% 30%

Laboratory – 20% Week 14


Finals – 40% Week 15

Quiz 2
5%

Laboratory
20%
Quiz 1 Midterms Quiz 2 Laboratory Finals
Attendance

Attendance Policy
13 Weeks x 5 hours / week = 65 hours Absent
30%
70% of 65 hours = 45.5 hours
9 weeks out of 13 weeks present to qualify
for Final Exams

13 weeks x 3 meetings / week = 39 meetings


PRESENT: 27.3 meetings
Present
70%
IF you are absent for 11.7 meetings (or 12),

YOU FAIL THE CLASS… Present Absent

CHECK YOUR ATTENDANCE REGULARLY


Resources
References
• Reservoir Engineering Handbook, Ahmed, T. (2001), Gulf Professional
Publishing – Chapter 6
• Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering, Dake, L. P., Elsevier, Oxford
• Modern Well Test Analysis: A Computer-Aided Approach, Horne, R.
(1995) 2nd edition, Petroway
Online Access – Lectures and Laboratory
Materials
• Moodle
• PowerCampus
Petroleum Engineering and Its
Importance
Petroleum Engineering
• Definition
• Finding crude oil and natural gas in the ground
• Devising a way to bring it out of the ground
• Petroleum Engineer’s Role
• Supply society with crude oil and natural gas for energy
• Provide fuel for cars and planes, heat our homes, power our plants and
generate electricity
What is Petroleum?
• Crude oil, or petroleum, is an organic substance derived from the
remains of prehistoric plant and animal matter.
• It is a mixture of hydrocarbons, i.e., molecules containing hydrogen
and carbon, which exist in liquid form (crude oil) and sometimes as a
vapor (natural gas).
Petroleum Formation
• Millions of years ago, rains washed prehistoric plant and animal
remains into the seas along with sand and silt, and layer upon layer
piled them all up on the sea bottom.
• These layers were compressed under the weight of these sediments,
and the increasing pressure and temperature changed the mud, sand
and silt into rock and the organic matter into petroleum. This is
known as the source rock.
Oil Sources
• Because oil and gas are lighter than water, they float on top of water.
• Oil and gas that formed in the source rock deep within the earth
floated up through tiny pore spaces in the rock.
• Some seeped out at the surface of the earth.
• Some were trapped by dense, non-porous rock, called shale.
• These underground traps of oil and gas are called reservoirs.
• Reservoirs contain porous rocks which allow fluids to flow through the pore spaces, i.e.,
which are permeable.
Porous Rocks
Petroleum Extraction
• Once the geoscientists analyze a prospective
oil field and the land is leased, a wildcat well
is drilled to obtain more information about
the reservoir.
• In the late 1800’s, oil wells were drilled by
hammering steel pipes into the rock.
• Today, rotary drilling rigs are used, where a drill
bit is turned around and around, deeper and
deeper, cutting into the rock, and washing away
dirt from the hole created.
Drilling practice
• Drilling fluid, or drilling mud, is used to lubricate the bit so it doesn’t
get stuck, and to flush the rock pieces to the surface.
• These cuttings are examined by a mud logger, who looks for signs of
oil and gas.
Well Completion
• After drilling, a steel pipe called a casing is
set in the hole and is cemented into place.
• A series of heavy-duty system of valves
called a Christmas Tree is set into place at
the wellhead to control the flow of the oil,
gas and water and prevent a blowout.
• Then the well casing is perforated at the
right depths to make holes for the oil and
gas to flow into the wellbore and up to the
surface.
Petroleum Production
• Because oil, gas and water underground are under a lot of pressure at
first, these fluids flow up a wellbore all by themselves, much like soft
drink that has been shaken up.
• When oil and gas are produced this way, it is called primary recovery.
• When the initial pressure is spent, sucker rod pumps are used to pull
the oil out of the reservoir rock and up the well.
• Sometimes, gas is injected at the bottom of the well, and as it
expands, it lifts the oil up to the surface. This is called gas lift.
Producing the Well
• Opening up new channels in the rock for the oil and gas to flow
through is called stimulation.
• Three stimulation treatments are commonly used:
• Explosives to break up the rock
• Injection of acid to partially dissolve the rock
• Hydraulic fracturing to split the rock and prop it open with proppants
Secondary Recovery
• After primary recovery, only a portion of the oil and gas has been
produced, so secondary recovery, or waterflooding is done.
• Water and oil do not mix, as oil is generally lighter than water and floats on
top of it in the reservoir
• During a waterflood, water is injected into the water zone to push the oil and
gas up the other wells
Consumption of Oil: Fuels
• Fuel from produced oil and gas is used as gasoline for cars, jet fuel,
kerosene, propane gas for cooking, heating oils for home furnaces,
diesel fuels for trucks and buses and trains, industrial fuels for boilers
in factories and ships, and solid coke for burning.
• Many electricity-generating plants are also run on oil and natural gas.
Consumption of Oil: Plastics, Rubber, Other
Products and Fibers
• Plastics and Rubber
• Many plastics and polymers are made from petroleum feedstock.
• These are used to manufacture things like food wrap, toys, containers, and automobile
tires
• Other products include lubricating oils for machinery, grease, wax for candles,
asphalt for roads and roofs, agricultural pesticides and fertilizers, and white
oils and petrolatum for medicinal purposes.
• Fibers
• Polyester and nylon are petrochemicals that are made into thousands of
consumer products like pantyhose, nylon thread and polyester.
Careers in Oil Industry:
Engineers and Scientists and the rest…
• There are many careers in the oil industry. Nearly every type of
engineer can be found upstream or downstream including
• Chemical, industrial, mechanical, civil, electrical, bioengineers and of course,
petroleum engineers
• Natural and earth sciences are also prevalent in the oil business
• Chemists, biologists, physicists, geologists, geophysicists and computer
scientists work together on multi-disciplinary teams with engineers to
research and optimize oil field and refinery operations

Other Professionals: Business Administration, accounting, law and tax,


advertising, sales and marketing, secretarial and library functions, trucking,
public and employee relations, and a host of other positions to keep operations
smooth.
Reference
• ONGC Videsh (2003). Petroleum Engineering and Its Importance
Next Session Topics
• Fundamentals of Reservoir Fluid Flow
• Types of Fluids
• Flow Regimes

You might also like