Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SAPI PERAH
I. PENGANTAR
• Apa yg anda ketahui tentang reproduksi?
Tujuan?
Proses?
sel telur
zona pelindung
Karakteristik Sel Telur
• Hanya tahan selama maksimal 24 jam (ada
juga yang mengatakan 8 jam) setelah
dilepaskan dari ovarium.
Kepala
Ekor
• Siklus Berahi
• Kontrol Berahi
Deteksi Birahi
• Poor oestrus (heat) detection can be considered
the biggest and most common problem in
reproductive management in the dairy herd. It
leads to reduced fertility, which is clearly seen in
an extended open period and in extended inter-
calving periods.
Estrus Metestrus
Metestrus
• Metestrus is the • Ovulated eggs are
period immediately picked up by the
following estrus and oviducts and
ovulation. transported to the
• Characterized by the uterine horns.
formation of the • 2-4 days after Estrus
Corpus Luteum. lasting for 3 days.
Diestrus
• Diestrus is the most • The corpus luteum
lengthy period of the continues throughout
estrous cycle which is the pregnancy.
period of corpus luteum • If pregnancy does not
function. occur the corpus luteum
• Days 5 to 16-17 will degenerate after
• The corpus luteum approximately 15 days.
produces large amount of
Progesterone that will
affect mammary
development and uterine
growth.
Proestrus
Days 17 to 21
•Proestrus is the
period just prior to •Cows may show
estrus increased
(heat).Regression of excitability but not
CL. to the stage of
•Estrogens secreted actual mating.
by the ovaries (Rapid
Follicle Growth) which
stimulate blood supply
to the genital tract
causing swelling and
reddening of the vulva.
Tanda-tanda
sapi berahi
Vulva dan vagina berwarna
vulva merah
merah
vulva bengkak
Vulva bengkak
Keluar lendir bening dari vagina
• As already mentioned, the best positive sign of oestrus is that the cow in
oestrus will stand to be mounted and will not move away as depicted by the
shaded cow in Figure 1 (ix). Other external signs include frequent urination, red
swollen vulva with mucous discharge, and milk yield fluctuations on a daily
basis. There is usually a 12 to 16% drop in milk yield on the day before oestrus.
It is important to note that the abovementioned behavioural and external signs
are noticeable to varying degrees as the cow comes into oestrus, goes through
standing oestrus, and goes out of oestrus again. The times of these periods are
6 to 24 hours for coming into oestrus, 6 to 18 hours for standing oestrus
(period during which cow will stand to be mounted), and 12 to 24 hours for
going out of oestrus.
IMPROVING OESTRUS DETECTION
The following points will assist in improving oestrus
detection:
i) It is best that one person be made responsible for
oestrus observation, and for recording the correct
identity of those cows in oestrus. This person must
realize the importance of the job, take the task
seriously, and ensure that the necessary action is
taken.
iv) Oestrous periods of cows one month before the end of the
VWP, i.e. one month prior to breeding, should be recorded
to determine whether the cows are cycling, and also to
ensure that oestrus detection is adequate.
2) Suhu udara dan musim. Suhu udara sangat berpengaruh terhadap sifat
reproduksi misalnya pada sapi yang dikandangkan dengan suhu udara 24-35
oC, lama berahi kurang lebih 11 jam, sedangkan pada suhu udara 17-18 oC
lama berahi rata-rata 20 jam. Dari hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa sapi
perah yang mempunyai siklus berahi kurang dari 18 hari sebanyak 5%, 18-24
hari sebanyak 85% dan yang lebih dari 24 hari sebanyak 10%.
3) Manajemen. Sapi perah sangat sensitif terhadap
perubahan-perubahan manajemen terutama
yang berhubungan langsung dengan termaknya.
Dalam tatalaksana reproduksi yang penting
adalah adanya catatan yang menginformasikan
segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan
reproduksi. Catatan ini harus lengkap dan jelas.
Interpretation
Level
Over 71 excellent
61 to 70 adequate efficiency
51 to 60 slight problem
41 to 50 moderate problem
Under 40 severe problem
Level Interpretation
< 1.8 excellent
1.8 to 2.0 adequate
2.0 to 2.3 slight problem
2.3 to 2.8 moderate problem
> 2.8 severe problem
• The first step to improving your reproductive
program is to define your starting place and
find out how you are currently doing. Anyone
can guess at success, but actually putting a
value with the reproductive program will give
you a place to start. From there you can set
goals to improve your current reproductive
program. No goals = Poor performance
2. Heat detection.
• It’s impossible to get cows bred without knowing which cows are in heat.
Good managers focus on finding cows in heat and getting them bred when
the time is right. There are many different heat detection methods that
herds utilize, and successful managers choose those that work best for their
operation.
• The surest sign that a cow is in heat is to actually see her stand to be
mounted. But in the busy lifestyles that many dairymen have today, watching
the cows all day is not always possible. Many dairies have personnel
responsible for watching for heats every morning and night for about an hour
each session. If this is what you prefer, have posted standard operating
procedures (SOPs) so that employees know what signs to look for, what they
should do if they think an animal is in heat and who they should report any
suspected heats to.
• If you rely on heat detection devices, such as pedometers, tail chalking and
heatmount detectors, remember to look for visual signs after you’ve
identified cows you think may be in heat. Even though technology has helped
to improve heat detection ability, sometimes cows aren’t actually in heat and
technology doesn’t always perform as it should. Look for signs of heat such
as decreased dry matter intake (DMI), standing to be ridden, increased
walking, a swollen vulva or restless and unusual behavior.
3. Nutrition
• Everyday we are learning more about how feeding programs are
impacting reproduction on dairy farms. Rather than focusing solely
on reproduction, leading managers realize that the ration has just
as big of an impact as heat detection and cow comfort. If the ration
provides too much energy, cows will become fat and conception
rates will decline. On the other hand, if cows are energy deficient,
they will spend more energy on maintenance rather than on
reproductive performance. The fine balance between too little and
too much energy is where successful reproductive managers will
find their ration.
• Now think of what it’s costing you for feed alone, not
to mention the lost milk production. The program is
only magnified more if the heat detection program
suffers severely. By putting financial numbers with
what you’re losing, it will help you see the added
benefits of improving reproduction.
VII. Permasalahan Reproduksi Sapi
Perah di Indonesia
Calving interval (jarak beranak) > 400 hari. Pada umumnya induk-induk sapi
perah peternak rakyat memiliki calving lebih dari 14 bulan. Hal ini merupakan
suatu kerugian karena jumlah pedet dan susu yang dihasilkan semakin sedikit
selama periode kehidupan induk sapi perah.
Jarak dari melahiran sampai bunting kembali lebih dari 120 hari., induk yang
normal akan kembali birahi. Menunggu involusi kembali uterus, maka harus
dikawinkan setelah berumur 50-60 hari pasca melahirkan dan perkawinan
terakhir diusahakan setelah 90 hari pasca melahirkan.
Angka konsepsi kurang dari 50%. Dalam satu kali proses IB atau mengawinkan
induk-induk yang birahi diharapkan tingkat kebuntingan tinggi (lebih dari 50%
dari semua induk yang di-IB).
Service preconception lebih dari 2. Idealnya seekor induk yang normal untuk
sekali bunting hanya membutuhkan sekali pelayanan perkawinan (satu kali
proses IB).
A. Gangguan reproduksi pasca melahirkan :
Beberapa faktor yang memperparah keadaan stress tersebut, (misalnya
pakan yang tidak tercukupi, lingkungan yang tidak mendukung), maka
akan berakibat terjadinya gangguan keseimbangan hormon reproduksi.
IB
(inseminasi buatan)