DRINKING WATER TECHNOLOGY

Introduction

From the information that we have got, we had six technologies that produce
clean, safe drinking water. What do you know and how much do you know
about water that you drink everyday? From where it comes? Is it safe to drink?
Is it your home water treatment is functioning well? How can our drinking water
be protected.Water is second to oxygen that important for life. Animal and
human being can survive days, weeks, months or even longer without food,
but can only live only 5 days or less without water. Average adult consume and
excretes 3 liter or more a day. Most of the water is consume from the
beverages and less than half of the water supplied from food. Generally
recommended for adult need to consume 6 to 8 cup of water of liquid daily.

Our health can be described from what we eat and drink. For our information,
drinking water will never ever be pure because the naturally water have
microorganisms from soil, rocks and air. Activities that human do everyday
also can be cause that water have many substances. Drinking water did not
need to be pure but need to be safe for all of us.

Water have many sources for example groundwater and surface water.
Shallow wells and deep wells are groundwater and river, lakes and reservoirs
is surface water. The differences between groundwater and surface water is:

 Groundwater:

a) Constant composition.

b) High mineral content.

c) Low turbidity.
 d) Low colour.

e) Low or no D.O.

f) High hardness.

g) High Fe and Mn.

 Surface Water:

a) Variable composition.

b) Low mineral content.

c) High turbidity.

d) Coloured.

e) D.O. present.

f) Low hardness.

g) Taste and odour.

From this two source of water we can do treatment by using technologies

system that we have to make sure the water is safe and clean.We found six
technologies that can help improve drinking water. First The Warka Water
Tower, Tiny UV Water Purifier, The Pipe is floating solar - powered
desalination plant, The World’s largest fog harvester, Nano Water Chip
Carnegie Perth Wave Energy Project,Carlsbad Desalination Project and Ras
Al Khair.

The Warka Water Tower

The brilliant design that harvest drinking water from air has come a long way
since it was introduced in 2014. The innovative project has since built its first
pilot in a rural Ethiopian village and recently won the prestigious World Design
Impact Prize at a World Design Capital gala in Taipei. The Warka Water
project beat out an impressive shortlist of social design projects compertitor
including HappyTap and recognized for its potential for creating positive social
and environmental impact.

Following the success of Warka Water’s first pilot project, the team plans to
install improved Warka Water towers in other places of the world with less
access to clean and safe drinking water. The designers have also started build
a better 3D mesh fabric specifically used for fog harvesting. The structures will
be easily transportable and assembled without the need for scaffolding or
machinery when mass production of Warka Water is targeted at 2019.
Nano Water Chip Could Make Desalination Affordable for Everyone

With freshwater decrease throughout the world, desalination looks increasingly

attractive, but current technologies are too high price, demand far too much
energy and are prone to contamination. Water chip that creates a small
electrical field that separates salt from seawater now have been developed by
researchers from the University of Texas at Austin and the University of
Marburg in Germany. The technology, which is still under manufactured and
works at the nano scale, uses so minimal energy it can run off a store-bought
dry cell.

3.0 volt electrical charge to the plastic water chip have been applied by the
researchers , which has a micro channel with two branches. By creating an
“ion depletion zone” with an embedded electrode that neutralizes chloride ions.
While the fresh water goes down, they are able to redirect the salts in the water
down one channel.

Perth’s Carnegie Wave Energy project produces power AND fresh water
from the motion of the ocean

The Carnegie Perth Wave Energy Project is rolling out its multimillion-dollar
plans to prove that waves can supply real power for the electric grid on land.
Submerged in the seas off the coast of Perth in Western Australia, buoy-like
CETO technologies will produces energy from incoming swells and change it
into electricity and desalinated water.

CETO 5, the fifth iteration of the CETO technology, was built to demonstrate
the commercial competitiveness of large-scale wave power. An array of three
submerged 240-kilowatt buoys is tethered to the seabed via hydraulic water
pumps. The system bobs up and down with the waves, moving the pressurized
water through power turbines while simultaneously giving a desalination water
system.

The project will sell the resulting electric power and freshwater to the
Australian Department of Defence to supply Australia’s largest naval base,
HMAS Stirling, situated on Garden Island off the south coast of Perth. The
CETO 5 unit was installed off Garden Island in late 2014. Unlike other wave
energy devices, the CETO 5 lives entirely beneath the water’s surface,
protecting the equipment from damage and immersing it into the constant ebb
and flow of the ocean, making it potentially more reliable than wind and solar
power, which come and go.

Tiny uv water purifier

The world’s long-term solution to get the clean water, one of the technology
that can be used is tiny uv water purifier it is a tiny black rectangular device,
the gadget is solar powered, the size is half of postage stamp and it disinfects
water.

“Our device looks like a little rectangle of black glass,” said Chong Liu, lead
author of a paper on the device published in Nature Nanotechnology. “We just
dropped it into the water and put everything under the sun, and the sun did all
the work,” she said.

This device is very good efficient stands to significantly change many lives.
Million people in the world is not having access to clean water, others it causes
800 children die a day due to lack of access to clean water.

The purifier, developed by researchers at the SLAC National Accelerator and

Stanford University, contains microscopic layers of “nanoflakes.” When it is
exposed to the sunlight and water, its produce hydrogen peroxide, a natural
disinfectant. When testing in early, the disinfectant killed 99.999% of bacteria
before dissipating and make water safe to drinks.
“When you see there’s no bacteria growing, it’s really exciting,” said Liu in the
report published on Monday. “We didn’t expect it to work that well at first.”

A huge increase in the solar powered water purification system by using this
new device when compared to the previous system. Nanoflake, which contains
industrial lubricant molybdenum disulfide, absorbs more than just UV light.
Absorbed the broader path of the light spectrum means nanoflake uses 50% of
the sun's incoming light, while the standard cleaner utilizes 4%.

The solar-powered reaction should leave the device completely reusable.

The researchers tested a small 25-milliliter tablet containing E. Coli and

Enterococcus lactic acid bacteria. To clean water in containers it took less than
20 minutes. By increasing the amount of tablets used by larger water tanks can
be purified.

In this time, the still-unnamed device’s ability to clean chemical pollutants like
lead is unknown.

Despite the potential limitation, the small rectangle of nanoflakes is a major

step forward to providing everyone in water-contaminated areas with a clean
source of refreshment.
Solar Powered Plant ( The Pipe )

A new desalination project planned for California, dubbed The Pipe, made a
splash this summer with its promise of providing 1.5 billion gallons of clean
drinking water for the drought-stricken state. The solar-powered plant relies on
electromagnetic desalination methods to turn seawater into clean water, filters
the salty by product through thermal baths, and then flushes it back into the
Pacific Ocean. The Pipe is also getting attention for its eye appeal, as it was
designed to look more like a giant glittering sculpture than a piece of industrial
equipment.

The pipe is to power an electromagnetic desalination device using solar power.

Solar panels provide power to pump seawater through an electromagnetic
filtration process below the pool deck, quietly providing the salt bath with its
healing water and the city with clean drinking water,”

This design is a long gleaming thing visible from Santa Monica Pier, is capable
of generating 10,000 MWh each year, which will in turn produce 4.5 billion
liters (or 1.5 billion gallons) of drinking water.

The two products, pure drinkable water that is directed into the city’s primary
water piping grid, and clear water with twelve percent salinity. The drinking
water is piped to shore, while the salt water supplies the thermal baths before it
is redirected back to the ocean through a smart release system, mitigating
most of the usual problems associated with returning brine water to the sea.
Solar powered plant ( The Pipe )
Carlsbad Desalination Project

For Californians struggling to come to terms with a crippling drought, there is

something darkly comic about the world’s largest body of water lapping at their
shores. Now, with a major desalination project nearing completion in Southern
California, some residents of the Golden State will finally start drinking from the
Pacific Ocean.

Yet while many experts say desalination is an inevitable component of

California’s future strategy for conserving and bolstering its fragile water
supply, others insist the process of turning saltwater fresh remains an
environmental threat, and that the answer to the state’s water woes is not to
find new sources of water, but to better manage those that already exist.

When it begins operating later this year, the $1bn (£650m) Carlsbad
Desalination Project is expected to produce approximately 50 million gallons of
potable water per day for residents of San Diego County. Planned and
approved prior to the drought, it will be the largest such facility in the Western
hemisphere, providing around seven per cent of the county’s water supply.

Desalination has been an American dream since at least 1961, when

President Kennedy suggested: “If we could ever competitively, at a cheap rate,
get fresh water from salt water and it would be in the long-range interests of
humanity and dwarf any other scientific accomplishments.”

Then again, said Jay Famiglietti, the senior water scientist at the Nasa Jet
Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology, that might be a
good thing: “Water is always undervalued, and we need to be paying for the
stuff. Even if the price goes up, it’s probably still going to be way less
expensive than the true cost of water.”
Carlsbad Desalination Project
Ras Al Khair

Saline Water Conversion Corporation’s (SWCC) Ras Al Khair Desalination

Plant (formerly Ras Az Zawr Desalination Plant) is a hybrid desalination plant
that implements both the multistage flashing (MSF) and reverse osmosis (RO)
technologies. The plant is located in the Ras Al Khair Industrial City, 75km
north-west of Jubail.

Construction of the desalination plant started in early 2011 and commissioning

was held in April 2014. It is the biggest desalination plant of its kind in the world,
capable of serving approximately 3.5 billion people in the city of Riyadh.

The plant has a capacity to produce 228 million imperial gallons per day (MIGD)
/ 728 million litres per day. The project construction cost was SAR27bn
(approximately $7.2bn).The project also includes the building of a 2,650MW
combined cycle power plant in the second phase, which will comprise five
600MW combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) blocks and two 220MW single
cycle gas turbines (SCGT) units. It refinery will use up to 1,350MW of
electricity and 25,000m³ per day of water from the project.

The project involved construction of an RO building, switch gear buildings, a

wastewater treatment plant, a chemical dosing building, as well as installation
of a dissolve air floatation unit and two dual media filters. Ground improvement
and backfill works were also carried out across the site of the RO and MSF
plants.

The offshore elements for the project included the laying of GRP (glass
reinforced pipes) discharge pipes measuring three kilometres with end
diffusers, construction of an intake channel comprising a dredged channel and
two rock breakwaters measuring 1.4km, a seawater intake pump house and a
discharge chamber to the pipes.

The desalination plant used approximately 90,000m³ of reinforced concrete,

6,000t of structural steel, 19,000m² of roof and wall cladding and 30,000m² of
masonry.The MSF process for desalination involves the heating of seawater to
produce steam and then condensing the steam to produce desalinated water.

The plant has a capacity to produce 228 million imperial gallons per day (MIGD)
/ 728 million litres per day. The process begins with heating the seawater at a
high temperature in the brine heater. The heated seawater is conveyed to an
evaporator where the pressure is lower, allowing the water to boil rapidly
where it flashes into steam. The remaining water then undergoes similar
additional stages where the pressure at each stage is lower than the earlier
stage.

The vapour generated by the flashing is converted into fresh water by

condensing the vapours from the heat exchanger tubings that run through
each stage.

Waste heat from the combined cycle power plant will be used to heat the tubes
within the distiller unit’s brine heaters.

The RO process involves use of pressure to force the seawater through a

semi-permeable membrane for the removal of sodium and chloride. The
process initially involves pre-treatment by using any of the methods such as
coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration, or even microfiltration
(MF) and ultra filtration (UF).
The second stage involves the supply of pressure using pumps to force the
water through the membrane. The membrane assembly consists of a pressure
vessel and a membrane.

The final stage or the post-treatment stage implements energy recovery

devices or energy recovery turbochargers. It involves stabilising the water by
removing gases such as hydrogen sulphide, measuring the acidity and
alkalinity of the water and preparing it for distribution.
Ras Al-Khair Desalination Project