Discharge rate-capacity returned (discharged capacity) curves 31/13
31.8 Capalcity returned (discharged
capacity)-discharge current curves
This type of curve is illustrated in Figure 31.33, in
which the discharge current is plotted against capacity returned (discharged capacity) to various end-voltages. 50t 01 1 1 1 I I I I I 1 1 \ 1 1.1 v 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100110 31.9 Dischtarge rate-capacity returned Discharge current I m A ) (discharged capacity) curves Figure 31.33 Typical capacity versus discharge current curves of Eveready sealed nickel-cadmium button cells, 1.2 V, 0.09A h A battery that is manufactured to have a capacity of, capacity (Courtesy of Union Carbide) say, 2 0 A h when continuously discharged at the 20h rate to a fixed end-voltage will, under these conditions, realize its maximum capacity of 2 0 A h and deliver a current of 1 A for 20 h (ICzo), or, within reason, any multiples of 20 Ah, e.g. 0.5 A for 40 h (0.5Czo) or 2 A (2 x CZO)for 10h. Whereas the full capacity of 2 0 A h is always delivered (and sometimes slightly exceeded) when the continuous discharge period is increased above 20h, no matter how long the dis- charge time, this is not so when the time for com- plete discharge is dramatically decreased to, say, 2 h or to 10min. Although, in these circumstances, higher currents will be produced, the durations for which u 9 10 11 12 these currents are available will be lower than those (a) Discharge current ( A ) calculated from the simple relationship above. This is due to certain chemical and physicochemical rate- determining processes occurring in the battery, which limit the achievement of the full 20Ah capacity. - 16 2ocI 18
For this reaso'n, if rapid discharge is broken down f. 14
into several separate discharges, with rest periods in E .- 12 between, the .total capacity achieved will be nearer Y w 10 to the theoretical value of 2 0 A h due to the occur- g c 8 rence of time-dependent recovery processes within the g 6 battery. To illustrate the effect of discharge rate on l i 4 capacity delivered, Figure 3 1.34 shows the relation- 2 ship between discharge current and discharge time for a series of non-spill lead-acid batteries. For the 0 6V, 1 2 A h VPT 6.13/12 battery, for example, 1 2 A h (b) Discharge current ( A ) capacity is obtained when the discharge is performed relatively slowly at a discharge current of approxi- mately 0.6 A over 20 h. When, however, the battery is You would assume that a 50AH battery discharged rapidly, say during 1 min at 10 A>a capacity would take 25 hours to discharge at 2A of only lOAh is obtained. constant current . Instead you find that The decrease in cell voltage that accompanies the it discharges at 20 hours from the curve b increase in discharge current for a nickel-cadmium using 2A. cell is shown i n Figure 31.35. This decrease in voltage The theoretical value of 50A is unachievable is even more dramatic at lower temperatures. from this curve Various manufacturers supply curves for determin- ing the minimum battery size required for an intended application. Thus, for sealed lead-acid batteries, at a selected discharge current and discharge time, the (C) Discharge current ( A ) required 20 h rate capacity of the battery can be read off (Figure 31.36): for example, 1 A for 40min would Figure 31.34 Discharge time versus discharge current for Varley non-spill lead-acid batteries: (a) VPT 6.9/8 (6V, 9A h), (b) VPT require a 1.2Ah battery. In general, there is a rela- 12.7/50 (12V, 50Ah), (c)VPT 6.13/12 (6V, 12Ah) (Courtesy of tionship between depth of discharge of a battery and Varley)