Appendix D: Annotated Bibliography Entry Template

Two annotated entries are provided in this template for the two required sources due each time
annotated bibliography entries are due.

Entry #
1

Type of source
Indicate one of the following:
 book (secondary source),
 scholarly article,
 website,
 primary source document,
 film,
 or other (and specify what the “other” is).
Be aware that your cumulative annotated bibliography must feature a wide array of sources.
Book

Citation:
You are encouraged to use EasyBib to house your citations and then copy and paste from the site. It’s
easy and they guarantee that you format correctly. The EasyBib site will default, depending on subject
area you identified when you set up your bibliography page, to either MLA or APA (or other formatting
systems). You should manually select either MLA or APA if you don’t like the particular formatting that
EasyBib established and use it consistently.

If you are citing a website, you MUST include the URL (despite what EasyBib will generate and/or
Purdue OWL says).

UXL Doomed: The Science Behind Disasters. Ed. K. Lee Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, and
Kathleen J. Edgar. Vol. 3. Farmington Hills, MI: UXL, 2015. p749-760.
Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2015 Gale, Cengage
Learning0.1016%2fj.conbuildmat.2016.05.107&site=ftf-live

Evaluating the source

Before you spend time reading the source, put your source through this brief “test” and determine whether it’s worth
using and documenting as part of your research. We are using a customized version of the CRAAP (an acronym for
Currency-Relevance-Authority- Accuracy-Purpose) test, designed by California State University at Chico’s Meriam
Library.

Put an “x” (as appropriate) in relevant spaces.

Currency
 When was the information published or last updated?
2015

__X_yes ____no Is my research effort better served by a more recent source?

Relevance
_X__yes ____no Does the information relate to your topic and/or answer your research question(s)?

_X__yes ____no Is the information at an appropriate level, not too elementary OR too advanced for
your needs?

Authority
_X__yes ____no Is there evidence that the author is qualified to write on this topic?

___yes ____no If this is an online source, is there anything revealed in the URL (which you have
included in the citation!) about the author or the source (e.g.—Is it a .com, .edu, .gov,
.org, .net or something else?)

Accuracy

_X__yes ____no Is the information supported by verifiable evidence and documented through footnotes
and/or a thorough bibliography?
__X_yes ____no Does the source appeared to be reviewed by authorities and experts, not solely by
customers or online comments?

Purpose

__X_yes ____no What appears to be the purpose of the information in the source? Is it to inform, teach,
sell, entertain, or persuade?

Is the information provided fact or opinion (highlight your choice)(This does not
mean that this is not a credible source; it just asks if you’ve identified what the bias might be
and are
keeping that in mind as you consume the source.)

Reflection
a) How are the ideas and information presented connected to what you already knew?
 I only had brief idea regarding this information presented to me. I was aware that the Tacoma Narrows
Bridge (also called the “Galloping Gertie”) had in fact collapsed. The bridge had wobbled for some
time before collapsing for good. The information presented touched upon that idea.

b) -What new ideas did you get that extended or broadened your thinking in new directions?

Only certain wind speed would set the bridge to vibrate, yet there was no connection between the
vibration and the wind speed.

From this information, I am now thinking about if there are other instances that wind has any affiliation
with the vibration or not.

c) -What challenges or puzzles have come up in your mind from the ideas and information presented?

In the source, the author mentions “wind engineering”. I would need to do further research on
what exactly the author means by it, and how the wind engineering now takes a part when
building/constructing bridges.

d) Can you provide at least two quotes and/or statistical information from your source that you think
might prove helpful and/or relevant to your project?

“aerodynamic forces were little understood, and engineers needed to test suspension bridge designs
using models in a wind tunnel”

“The science of wind engineering, however, is now routinely applied to every type of structure, and it
is mandatory for bridge construction in the United States and other countries of the world.”

Entry #
2

Type of source
Indicate one of the following:
 book (secondary source),
 scholarly article,
 website,
 primary source document,
 film,
 or other (and specify what the “other” is).
Be aware that your cumulative annotated bibliography must feature a wide array of sources.
Academic Journal
Citation:
You are encouraged to use EasyBib to house your citations and then copy and paste from the site. It’s
easy and they guarantee that you format correctly. The EasyBib site will default, depending on subject
area you identified when you set up your bibliography page, to either MLA or APA (or other formatting
systems). You should manually select either MLA or APA if you don’t like the particular formatting that
EasyBib established and use it consistently.

If you are citing a website, you MUST include the URL (despite what EasyBib will generate and/or
Purdue OWL says).

Choi, Jayoung, et al. "Are Self-Endorsed Advertisements for Unhealthy Food More Effective Than
Friend-Endorsed Advertisements?." Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, no. 7,
2017, p. 1069. EBSCOhost, doi:10.2224/sbp.6124.

Evaluating the source

Before you spend time reading the source, put your source through this brief “test” and determine whether it’s worth
using and documenting as part of your research. We are using a customized version of the CRAAP (an acronym for
Currency-Relevance-Authority- Accuracy-Purpose) test, designed by California State University at Chico’s Meriam
Library.

Put an “x” (as appropriate) in relevant spaces.

Currency

When was the information published or last updated?

August 2017

__X_yes ____no Is my research effort better served by a more recent source?

Relevance

_X__yes ____no Does the information relate to your topic and/or answer your research question(s)?

_X__yes ____no Is the information at an appropriate level, not too elementary OR too advanced for
your needs?

Authority
__X_yes ____no Is there evidence that the author is qualified to write on this topic?

___yes ____no If this is an online source, is there anything revealed in the URL (which you have
included in the citation!) about the author or the source (e.g.—Is it a .com, .edu, .gov,
.org, .net or something else?)
 Accuracy

_X__yes ____no Is the information supported by verifiable evidence and documented through footnotes
and/or a thorough bibliography?
_X__yes ____no Does the source appeared to be reviewed by authorities and experts, not solely by
customers or online comments?

Purpose

__X_yes ____no What appears to be the purpose of the information in the source? Is it to inform, teach,
sell, entertain, or persuade?
_X__yes ____no Is the information provided fact or opinion? (This does not mean that this is not a
credible source; it just asks if you’ve identified what the bias might be and are keeping
that in mind as you consume the source.)

Reflection
a) How are the ideas and information presented connected to what you already knew?
All advertisement involves persuasion, which I was very much aware of. This journal entry further
strengthens my knowledge, and even goes beyond in discussing how different types advertisements
relate to persuasion.

b) -What new ideas did you get that extended or broadened your thinking in new directions?

Although I knew there were different types and forms of advertisement, I did not know which ones
specifically, and from this journal, I was introduced to “self-referencing” form of advertisement
method.

c) -What challenges or puzzles have come up in your mind from the ideas and information presented?

This source was heavily focused on advertisement of food, and as I am still uncertain as to which path
to take in wide variety of advertisement and its psychology, it gave me a chance to think about
advertising in the aspect of food.
The challenge I face is that I would sooner or later needed to narrow my search and decide which route
of advertisement I would like to take.

d) Can you provide at least two quotes and/or statistical information from your source that you think
might prove helpful and/or relevant to your project?

“... analytical self-referencing affects persuasion through cognitive elaboration, whereby people relate
an advertisement to themselves…”
 “A strategy that advertisers often use to convince consumers of a product's merits is to encourage them
to relate the product to themselves or to their own experiences”

Appendix D: Annotated Bibliography Entry Template

Two annotated entries are provided in this template for the two required sources due each time
annotated bibliography entries are due.

Entry #
3

Type of source
Indicate one of the following:
 book (secondary source),
 scholarly article,
 website,
 primary source document,
 film,
 or other (and specify what the “other” is).
Be aware that your cumulative annotated bibliography must feature a wide array of sources.
Article

Citation:
You are encouraged to use EasyBib to house your citations and then copy and paste from the site. It’s
easy and they guarantee that you format correctly. The EasyBib site will default, depending on subject
area you identified when you set up your bibliography page, to either MLA or APA (or other formatting
systems). You should manually select either MLA or APA if you don’t like the particular formatting that
EasyBib established and use it consistently.

If you are citing a website, you MUST include the URL (despite what EasyBib will generate and/or
Purdue OWL says).

McDonald, Caroline. "A bridge too far: repairing America's aging infrastructure." Risk Management,
Jan.-Feb. 2014, p. 14+. Expanded Academic ASAP,
libraries.state.ma.us/login?gwurl=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=EAIM&sw=w&u=mlin_b_blatshl
&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA357757996&it=r&asid=ba9dd40334c3a9ce922701a3cee93e13. Accessed 6
Oct. 2017.

Evaluating the source

Before you spend time reading the source, put your source through this brief “test” and determine whether it’s worth
using and documenting as part of your research. We are using a customized version of the CRAAP (an acronym for
Currency-Relevance-Authority- Accuracy-Purpose) test, designed by California State University at Chico’s Meriam
Library.
Put an “x” (as appropriate) in relevant spaces.
Currency

When was the information published or last updated?

Jan-Feb 2014

_X__yes ____no Is my research effort better served by a more recent source?

Relevance
_X__yes ____no Does the information relate to your topic and/or answer your research question(s)?

_X__yes ____no Is the information at an appropriate level, not too elementary OR too advanced for
your needs?

Authority
__X_yes ____no Is there evidence that the author is qualified to write on this topic?

___yes ____no If this is an online source, is there anything revealed in the URL (which you have
included in the citation!) about the author or the source (e.g.—Is it a .com, .edu, .gov,
.org, .net or something else?)

Accuracy

_X__yes ____no Is the information supported by verifiable evidence and documented through footnotes
and/or a thorough bibliography?
_X_yes ____no Does the source appeared to be reviewed by authorities and experts, not solely by
customers or online comments?

Purpose

___yes ____no What appears to be the purpose of the information in the source? Is it to
inform, teach, sell, entertain, or persuade?
___yes ____no Is the information provided fact or opinion? (This does not mean that this is
not a credible source; it just asks if you’ve identified what the bias might be and are
keeping that in mind as you consume the source.)

Reflection
a) How are the ideas and information presented connected to what you already knew?
 Without a doubt, a weak infrastructure would lead to hurting, and possibly killing, many. The article
strengthens this point by bringing in the facts about US’ weakening infrastructure and how collapse of
eight-lane bridge in Minneapolis had taken the lives of 13, injuring 145.

b) -What new ideas did you get that extended or broadened your thinking in new directions?

There are three categories of awareness regarding infrastructure risks.

1. “The owners not knowing the condition of their assets”
2. “Reactive approach because something had failed”
3. “Implementing solutions across their municipality or utility so they can address issues on a
program level”

c) -What challenges or puzzles have come up in your mind from the ideas and information presented?

In the article, writer talks about the investment and funds needed for the bridge to be repaired or built
well so that it does not collapse. While I knew that much money was needed to build these bridges,
which are essential to life, I’m not aware where the money came from (other than the tolls we have to
pay) and the taxes (but specifically which taxes??).

(but it’s unclear as to if I would be dealing with this (money-related) aspect of building bridges).

d) Can you provide at least two quotes and/or statistical information from your source that you think
might prove helpful and/or relevant to your project?

“In fact, bridges received only a C+ rating in the American Society of Civil Engineers' ‘2013 Report
Card for America's Infrastructure.’”

“A number of other states, including Maryland, Wyoming and Vermont, are financing improvement of
their bridges with added gasoline tax, and other creative measures. For example, Virginia passed a bill
in May 2013 that changes the tax structure by raising the sales tax and wholesale fuel tax and lowering
the retail price of gas taxed at the pump.”

Entry #
4

Type of source
Indicate one of the following:
 book (secondary source),
 scholarly article,
 website,
 primary source document,
 film,
  or other (and specify what the “other” is).
Be aware that your cumulative annotated bibliography must feature a wide array of sources.
Scholarly Article

Citation:
You are encouraged to use EasyBib to house your citations and then copy and paste from the site. It’s
easy and they guarantee that you format correctly. The EasyBib site will default, depending on subject
area you identified when you set up your bibliography page, to either MLA or APA (or other formatting
systems). You should manually select either MLA or APA if you don’t like the particular formatting that
EasyBib established and use it consistently.

If you are citing a website, you MUST include the URL (despite what EasyBib will generate and/or
Purdue OWL says).

Petroski, Henry. Tapan Zee Bridge. American Scientist, May 2013,

www.americanscientist.org/article/tappan-zee-bridge.

Evaluating the source

Before you spend time reading the source, put your source through this brief “test” and determine whether
it’s worth using and documenting as part of your research. We are using a customized version of the
CRAAP (an acronym for Currency-Relevance-Authority- Accuracy-Purpose) test, designed by California
State University at Chico’s Meriam Library.

Put an “x” (as appropriate) in relevant spaces.

Currency

When was the information published or last updated?

May/June 2013

_X__yes ____no Is my research effort better served by a more recent source?

Relevance

_X__yes ____no Does the information relate to your topic and/or answer your research question(s)?

__X_yes ____no Is the information at an appropriate level, not too elementary OR too advanced for
your needs?

Authority

__X_yes ____no Is there evidence that the author is qualified to write on this topic?

_X__yes ____no If this is an online source, is there anything revealed in the URL (which you have
 included in the citation!) about the author or the source (e.g.—Is it a .com, .edu, .gov,
.org, .net or something else?)

Accuracy

__X_yes ____no Is the information supported by verifiable evidence and documented through footnotes
and/or a thorough bibliography?
_X__yes ____no Does the source appeared to be reviewed by authorities and experts, not solely by
customers or online comments?

Purpose

___yes ____no What appears to be the purpose of the information in the source? Is it to
inform, teach, sell, entertain, or persuade?
___yes ____no Is the information provided fact or opinion? (This does not mean that this is
not a credible source; it just asks if you’ve identified what the bias might be and are
keeping that in mind as you consume the source.)

Reflection

a) How are the ideas and information presented connected to what you already knew?
Quite frankly, due to my lack of knowledge in this topic and as it covered in detail about the Tappan
Zee Bridge, the only idea that I knew beforehand was the fact and the lists of bridges that exists in New
York along with the Tappan Zee Bridge.

b) -What new ideas did you get that extended or broadened your thinking in new directions?

In the article, the author talks about how “every bridge is designed to last a certain number of years”.
This idea is interesting as I had no idea the bridge had a life span and not simply built to last for
eternity (of course with occasional rebuilding of certain parts).
It would be interesting to compare bridges according to how long it lasts vs. how long it should have
lasted.

c) -What challenges or puzzles have come up in your mind from the ideas and information presented?

Since the bridges have a lifespan of how long it can withstand without collapsing, does the engineers
ban use of the bridges afterwards?

d) Can you provide at least two quotes and/or statistical information from your source that you think
might prove helpful and/or relevant to your project?
 “There are an estimated 18,000 [fracture-critical, meaning it does not possess structural redundancy,]
bridges in the United States... If these bridges’ essential part fails, there is not another part capable of
taking up the slack and the entire bridge is likely to collapse” (page 175).

“Every bridge is designed to last a certain number of years, and the intended lifetime for a bridge such
as the Tappan Zee when it was on the drawing board was about 50 years” (page 174).

Appendix D: Annotated Bibliography Entry Template

Two annotated entries are provided in this template for the two required sources due each time
annotated bibliography entries are due.

Entry #
5

Type of source
Indicate one of the following:
 book (secondary source),
 scholarly article,
 website,
 primary source document,
 film,
 or other (and specify what the “other” is).
Be aware that your cumulative annotated bibliography must feature a wide array of sources.
website

Citation:
You are encouraged to use EasyBib to house your citations and then copy and paste from the site. It’s
easy and they guarantee that you format correctly. The EasyBib site will default, depending on subject
area you identified when you set up your bibliography page, to either MLA or APA (or other formatting
systems). You should manually select either MLA or APA if you don’t like the particular formatting that
EasyBib established and use it consistently.

If you are citing a website, you MUST include the URL (despite what EasyBib will generate and/or
Purdue OWL says).

Woodford, Chris. (2000/2017) Bridges. Retrieved from http://www.explainthatstuff.com/bridges.html. Accessed

19 Oct. 2017.

Evaluating the source

Before you spend time reading the source, put your source through this brief “test” and determine whether it’s worth
using and documenting as part of your research. We are using a customized version of the CRAAP (an acronym for
Currency-Relevance-Authority- Accuracy-Purpose) test, designed by California State University at Chico’s Meriam
Library.

Put an “x” (as appropriate) in relevant spaces.

Currency

When was the information published or last updated?

July 6, 2017

_X__yes ____no Is my research effort better served by a more recent source?

Relevance
_X__yes ____no Does the information relate to your topic and/or answer your research question(s)?

__X_yes ____no Is the information at an appropriate level, not too elementary OR too advanced for
your needs?

Authority
_X__yes ____no Is there evidence that the author is qualified to write on this topic?

_X__yes ____no If this is an online source, is there anything revealed in the URL (which you have
included in the citation!) about the author or the source (e.g.—Is it a .com, .edu, .gov,
.org, .net or something else?)

Accuracy

_X__yes ____no Is the information supported by verifiable evidence and documented through footnotes
and/or a thorough bibliography?
_X__yes ____no Does the source appeared to be reviewed by authorities and experts, not solely by
customers or online comments?

Purpose

___yes ____no What appears to be the purpose of the information in the source? Is it to inform, teach,
sell, entertain, or persuade?
___yes ____no Is the information provided fact or opinion? (This does not mean that this is not a
credible source; it just asks if you’ve identified what the bias might be and are keeping
that in mind as you consume the source.)

Reflection
a) How are the ideas and information presented connected to what you already knew?
 From a video that I have watched, prior to reading this article, I was aware that beam and arch type of
bridges are the oldest type and can only stretch so far, which is why more sophisticated versions, such
as truss, box girder, and cantilever bridges have been developed.

b) -What new ideas did you get that extended or broadened your thinking in new directions?

Along with exposure to nine different types of bridges, I learned about what engineers take into
consideration when building a bridge. For example, the actual type of bridge needs to be determined
(based on the materials), as well as how long it needs to span over. Additionally, how much weight the
bridge must carry in weight needs to be part of the factor as well, separating the traffic with the
pedestrians.

I also learned that a bridge’s weakness and fatigue leads to the collapse, whether it be due to sudden
transient load, exceeding ultimate tensile strength or compressive strength.

c) -What challenges or puzzles have come up in your mind from the ideas and information presented?

In this website, the author mentions nine different types of bridges and about four different factors that
play into account when building a bridge. How does these types and factors relate to the bridges that
span over the Charles?

d) Can you provide at least two quotes and/or statistical information from your source that you think
might prove helpful and/or relevant to your project?

“... balancing two main kinds of forces called compression (a pushing or squeezing force, acting
inward) and tension (a pulling or stretching force, acting outward), channeling the load (the total
weight of the bridge and the things it carries) onto abutments (the supports at either side) and piers
(one or more supports in the middle)”

“Bridges always collapse for exactly the same reason: something happens that makes them unable to
balance the forces acting on them.”

Entry #
6

Type of source
Indicate one of the following:
 book (secondary source),
 scholarly article,
  website,
 primary source document,
 film,
 or other (and specify what the “other” is).
Be aware that your cumulative annotated bibliography must feature a wide array of sources.
website (radio in text)

Citation:
You are encouraged to use EasyBib to house your citations and then copy and paste from the site. It’s
easy and they guarantee that you format correctly. The EasyBib site will default, depending on subject
area you identified when you set up your bibliography page, to either MLA or APA (or other formatting
systems). You should manually select either MLA or APA if you don’t like the particular formatting that
EasyBib established and use it consistently.

If you are citing a website, you MUST include the URL (despite what EasyBib will generate and/or
Purdue OWL says).

Roush, Wade. “Why It's Taking So Long To Fix The Longfellow Bridge.” Why It's Taking So Long To
Fix The Longfellow Bridge | Morning Edition, Wbur, 15 Sept. 2016,
www.wbur.org/morningedition/2016/09/15/longfellow-bridge-delay.

Evaluating the source

Before you spend time reading the source, put your source through this brief “test” and determine whether it’s worth
using and documenting as part of your research. We are using a customized version of the CRAAP (an acronym for
Currency-Relevance-Authority- Accuracy-Purpose) test, designed by California State University at Chico’s Meriam
Library.

Put an “x” (as appropriate) in relevant spaces.

Currency

When was the information published or last updated?

September 15, 2016

_X__yes ____no Is my research effort better served by a more recent source?

Relevance

_X__yes ____no Does the information relate to your topic and/or answer your research question(s)?

_X__yes ____no Is the information at an appropriate level, not too elementary OR too advanced for
your needs?
 Authority
_X__yes ____no Is there evidence that the author is qualified to write on this topic?

_X__yes ____no If this is an online source, is there anything revealed in the URL (which you have
included in the citation!) about the author or the source (e.g.—Is it a .com, .edu, .gov,
.org, .net or something else?)

Accuracy

___yes _X___no Is the information supported by verifiable evidence and documented through footnotes
and/or a thorough bibliography?
__X_yes ____no Does the source appeared to be reviewed by authorities and experts, not solely by
customers or online comments?

Purpose

___yes ____no What appears to be the purpose of the information in the source? Is it to inform, teach,
sell, entertain, or persuade?
___yes ____no Is the information provided fact or opinion? (This does not mean that this is not a
credible source; it just asks if you’ve identified what the bias might be and are keeping
that in mind as you consume the source.)

Reflection
a) How are the ideas and information presented connected to what you already knew?
I was aware that the Longfellow Bridge in Boston needed to be repaired, however I do not understand
to what extent the repairs are needed, and what repairs have been done.

b) -What new ideas did you get that extended or broadened your thinking in new directions?

Already in bad shape by 1974, and in 2007 the MBTA had to limit the speed of Red Line trains
crossing the bridge to 10 mph. Finally started to be repaired in 2008, along with some other bridges
with $3 billion bridge repair fund.

c) -What challenges or puzzles have come up in your mind from the ideas and information presented?

Could there have been different ways to preserve the history aspect of the bridge building without using
the same materials?

The bridge was supposed to be done in 2016, but then was delayed to June 2018. What affects does
these delays have on others?
d) Can you provide at least two quotes and/or statistical information from your source that you think
might prove helpful and/or relevant to your project?

“The big steel arches connecting the 12 masonry piers and abutments were in good shape. So were the
bridge’s 58-foot “salt and pepper” stone towers, although the 529 granite blocks in each tower, some
weighing as much as 3 tons, needed a good cleaning — a process that has now been completed.”

“The bridge is an important landmark to Bostonians, Sullivan points out. ‘We’ve got the State House
on Beacon Hill. We’ve got the Bunker Hill Monument. We’ve got the Longfellow Bridge. So it’s right
up there as an iconic object.’ More to the point, Sullivan says, the bridge and the entire Charles River
Basin were put on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Federal preservation regulations
required that every visible part of the bridge — down to the smallest piece — had to be restored using
the same technology and material used when the bridge was built.”

Appendix D: Annotated Bibliography Entry Template

Two annotated entries are provided in this template for the two required sources due each time
annotated bibliography entries are due.

Entry #
7

Type of source
Indicate one of the following:
 Website
 Scholarly journal
 Book
 Interview
 Report
 Blog post
 Newspaper
 Encyclopedia
 speech/transcribed talk/Ted Talk
 Broadcast/Podcast
 Film/Television

Be aware that your cumulative annotated bibliography must feature a wide array of sources.
Online News

Citation:
You are encouraged to use EasyBib to house your citations and then copy and paste from the site. It’s
easy and they guarantee that you format correctly. The EasyBib site will default, depending on subject
area you identified when you set up your bibliography page, to either MLA or APA (or other formatting
systems). You should manually select either MLA or APA if you don’t like the particular formatting that
EasyBib established and use it consistently.

If you are citing a website, you MUST include the URL (despite what EasyBib will generate and/or
Purdue OWL says).

Caputo, Ibby. “Bridge Collapse Sparks Questions Over Bridge Safety in Mass.” WGBH News, 11 Feb.
2016, news.wgbh.org/post/bridge-collapse-sparks-questions-over-bridge-safety-mass.

Evaluating the source

Before you spend time reading the source, put your source through this brief “test” and determine whether it’s worth
using and documenting as part of your research. We are using a customized version of the CRAAP (an acronym for
Currency-Relevance-Authority- Accuracy-Purpose) test, designed by California State University at Chico’s Meriam
Library.

Put an “x” (as appropriate) in relevant spaces.

Currency

When was the information published or last updated?

June 5, 2013

_X__yes ____no Is my research effort better served by a more recent source?

Relevance
_X__yes ____no Does the information relate to your topic and/or answer your research question(s)?

_X__yes ____no Is the information at an appropriate level, not too elementary OR too advanced for
your needs?

Authority
_X__yes ____no Is there evidence that the author is qualified to write on this topic?

__X_yes ____no If this is an online source, is there anything revealed in the URL (which you have
included in the citation!) about the author or the source (e.g.—Is it a .com, .edu, .gov,
.org, .net or something else?)

Accuracy

___yes _X___no Is the information supported by verifiable evidence and documented through footnotes
and/or a thorough bibliography?
_X__yes ____no Does the source appeared to be reviewed by authorities and experts, not solely by
customers or online comments?
 Purpose

___yes ____no What appears to be the purpose of the information in the source? Is it to inform, teach,
sell, entertain, or persuade?
___yes ____no Is the information provided fact or opinion? (This does not mean that this is not a
credible source; it just asks if you’ve identified what the bias might be and are keeping
that in mind as you consume the source.)

Reflection
a) How are the ideas and information presented connected to what you already knew?
I was aware that majority of the bridges in Massachusetts are rather old, and needs to be repaired soon,
as the Longfellow Bridge does (fortunately, Longfellow Bridge is getting the “makeover” that it need!)

b) -What new ideas did you get that extended or broadened your thinking in new directions?

This article, along with preparation for the 3x5 made me realize that I want to focus more on alerting
people of what bridge repairs are crucial, rather than focus on the mechanics of bridge building.

c) -What challenges or puzzles have come up in your mind from the ideas and information presented?

Are people aware that the bridges they are using are structurally deficient?
What types amends need to be made?
If some of these bridges are to collapse, what are the consequences?

d) Can you provide at least two quotes and/or statistical information from your source that you think
might prove helpful and/or relevant to your project?

“‘Structurally deficient means that at least one portion of the bridge – and we divide the bridge into
three major categories: the substructure, the foundation, the superstructure, which is the actual frame or
skeleton of the bridge – if anyone of those three components fails to meet design or loading criteria, the
bridge will be deemed structurally deficient,’ DePaola said.”

“Wang found the Charlestown Bridge to be structurally deficient- marked by corroded beams that he
said were beyond repair. It looked as if the bridge had been patched up in a piecemeal sort of way.
Underneath the bridge are steel beams that are rotting away. Other, newer, redundant beams are
carrying the weight.”
Entry #
8

Type of source
Indicate one of the following:
 book (secondary source),
 scholarly article,
 website,
 primary source document,
 film,
 or other (and specify what the “other” is).
Be aware that your cumulative annotated bibliography must feature a wide array of sources.
website

Citation:
You are encouraged to use EasyBib to house your citations and then copy and paste from the site. It’s
easy and they guarantee that you format correctly. The EasyBib site will default, depending on subject
area you identified when you set up your bibliography page, to either MLA or APA (or other formatting
systems). You should manually select either MLA or APA if you don’t like the particular formatting that
EasyBib established and use it consistently.

If you are citing a website, you MUST include the URL (despite what EasyBib will generate and/or
Purdue OWL says).

“The Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge.” The Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge,
www.leonardpzakimbunkerhillbridge.org/.

Evaluating the source

Before you spend time reading the source, put your source through this brief “test” and determine whether it’s worth
using and documenting as part of your research. We are using a customized version of the CRAAP (an acronym for
Currency-Relevance-Authority- Accuracy-Purpose) test, designed by California State University at Chico’s Meriam
Library.

Put an “x” (as appropriate) in relevant spaces.

Currency

When was the information published or last updated?

2002

___yes _X___no Is my research effort better served by a more recent source?

Relevance

_X__yes ____no Does the information relate to your topic and/or answer your research question(s)?

__X_yes ____no Is the information at an appropriate level, not too elementary OR too advanced for
 your needs?

Authority
___yes _X___no Is there evidence that the author is qualified to write on this topic?

_X__yes ____no If this is an online source, is there anything revealed in the URL (which you have
included in the citation!) about the author or the source (e.g.—Is it a .com, .edu, .gov,
.org, .net or something else?)

Accuracy

_X__yes ____no Is the information supported by verifiable evidence and documented through footnotes
and/or a thorough bibliography?
__X_yes ____no Does the source appeared to be reviewed by authorities and experts, not solely by
customers or online comments?

Purpose

___yes ____no What appears to be the purpose of the information in the source? Is it to inform, teach,
sell, entertain, or persuade?
___yes ____no Is the information provided fact or opinion? (This does not mean that this is not a
credible source; it just asks if you’ve identified what the bias might be and are keeping
that in mind as you consume the source.)

Reflection
a) How are the ideas and information presented connected to what you already knew?
I knew that Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge is a type of cable-stayed bridge, and where
is it located. It is also the widest cable-stayed bridge in the world, which is very shocking.

b) What new ideas did you get that extended or broadened your thinking in new directions?

The bridge was build to “rekindle black-Jewish relations in Greater Boston.”

This bridge was built as part of “The Big Dig” projects (look more in depth about this in future
research).

c) -What challenges or puzzles have come up in your mind from the ideas and information presented?

Did the rekindling of black-Jewish relations work?

Because the website is only updated until 2007, what happened to this bridge in the ten years that’s
missing from the records (meaning from 2007 until now)?
d) Can you provide at least two quotes and/or statistical information from your source that you think
might prove helpful and/or relevant to your project?

“The bridge, at 1,432 feet long, emerges from the underground Central Artery near the TD Garden at
Causeway Street, crossing the river to make connections with both I-93 and Route 1.”

“The bridge is designed to carry 10 lanes of traffic; eight lanes passing through the legs of the twin
towers and two cantilevered on the east side. The cantilever portion, which accommodates northbound
traffic from the Sumner Tunnel and the North End, provides the bridge's unique, asymmetrical design.”

Appendix D: Annotated Bibliography Entry Template

Two annotated entries are provided in this template for the two required sources due each time
annotated bibliography entries are due.

Entry #
9

Type of source
Indicate one of the following:
 Website
 Scholarly journal
 Book
 Interview
 Report
 Blog post
 Newspaper
 Encyclopedia
 speech/transcribed talk/Ted Talk
 Broadcast/Podcast
 Film/Television

Be aware that your cumulative annotated bibliography must feature a wide array of sources.
website

Citation:
You are encouraged to use EasyBib to house your citations and then copy and paste from the site. It’s
easy and they guarantee that you format correctly. The EasyBib site will default, depending on subject
area you identified when you set up your bibliography page, to either MLA or APA (or other formatting
systems). You should manually select either MLA or APA if you don’t like the particular formatting that
EasyBib established and use it consistently.

If you are citing a website, you MUST include the URL (despite what EasyBib will generate and/or
Purdue OWL says).
 Ryan, V. Beam Bridges, www.design-technology.org/beambridges.htm.

Evaluating the source

Before you spend time reading the source, put your source through this brief “test” and determine whether it’s worth
using and documenting as part of your research. We are using a customized version of the CRAAP (an acronym for
Currency-Relevance-Authority- Accuracy-Purpose) test, designed by California State University at Chico’s Meriam
Library.

Put an “x” (as appropriate) in relevant spaces.

Currency

When was the information published or last updated?

unknown, but the site “Design Technology Department itself was updated in 2017

__?_yes __?__no (unknown) Is my research effort better served by a more recent source?

Relevance
_X__yes ____no Does the information relate to your topic and/or answer your research question(s)?

_X__yes ____no Is the information at an appropriate level, not too elementary OR too advanced for
your needs?

Authority
___yes _X___no Is there evidence that the author is qualified to write on this topic?

___yes ____no If this is an online source, is there anything revealed in the URL (which you have
included in the citation!) about the author or the source (e.g.—Is it a .com, .edu, .gov,
.org, .net or something else?)

Accuracy

___yes __X__no Is the information supported by verifiable evidence and documented through footnotes
and/or a thorough bibliography?
___yes _X___no Does the source appeared to be reviewed by authorities and experts, not solely by
customers or online comments?

Purpose

___yes ____no What appears to be the purpose of the information in the source? Is it to inform, teach,
sell, entertain, or persuade?
___yes ____no Is the information provided fact or opinion? (This does not mean that this is not a
 credible source; it just asks if you’ve identified what the bias might be and are keeping
that in mind as you consume the source.)

Reflection
a) How are the ideas and information presented connected to what you already knew?
I knew that a beam bridge (aka girder bridge) is the simplest kind of bridge. Additionally, I was aware
that beam bridges’ top is compressed while bottom edge is often stretched or placed under tension, so it
gets weaker as it needs to hold more weight.

b) -What new ideas did you get that extended or broadened your thinking in new directions?

Because the farther apart it supports, the weaker it gets, beam bridges rarely span more than 250 feet.
But serious of beam bridges could be joined together, known as “continuous span”.

There are three different types of beams- box section, I section, L section.

c) -What challenges or puzzles have come up in your mind from the ideas and information presented?

If the fact that the beam bridge compresses and has tension contributes to the fact that a beam bridge is
weakest type of bridge, what do we know is the strongest?

How can we adjust the beam bridge?

Does beam bridges get more attention that it needs?

d) Can you provide at least two quotes and/or statistical information from your source that you think
might prove helpful and/or relevant to your project?

“The first beam is a box section, the second an I section beam and the third an L section beam.”
 1. 2. 3.

“Solid beams are heavier than hollow beams. Beams like the one's below are given a special cross
section for strength and rigidity. They may be as strong as the solid beams but are a lot lighter. We may
describe them as having a good strength to weight ratio.”

Entry #
10

Type of source
Indicate one of the following:
 book (secondary source),
 scholarly article,
 website,
 primary source document,
 film,
 or other (and specify what the “other” is).
Be aware that your cumulative annotated bibliography must feature a wide array of sources.
website

Citation:
You are encouraged to use EasyBib to house your citations and then copy and paste from the site. It’s
easy and they guarantee that you format correctly. The EasyBib site will default, depending on subject
area you identified when you set up your bibliography page, to either MLA or APA (or other formatting
systems). You should manually select either MLA or APA if you don’t like the particular formatting that
EasyBib established and use it consistently.

If you are citing a website, you MUST include the URL (despite what EasyBib will generate and/or
Purdue OWL says).

K., Aggeliki. “What Are Beam Bridges?” Brighthub Engineering, 3 Feb. 2014,
www.brighthubengineering.com/structural-engineering/62873-what-are-beam-bridges/.
Evaluating the source
Before you spend time reading the source, put your source through this brief “test” and determine whether it’s worth
using and documenting as part of your research. We are using a customized version of the CRAAP (an acronym for
Currency-Relevance-Authority- Accuracy-Purpose) test, designed by California State University at Chico’s Meriam
Library.

Put an “x” (as appropriate) in relevant spaces.

Currency

When was the information published or last updated?

February 3, 2014

_X__yes ____no Is my research effort better served by a more recent source?

Relevance

_X__yes ____no Does the information relate to your topic and/or answer your research question(s)?

_X__yes ____no Is the information at an appropriate level, not too elementary OR too advanced for
your needs?

Authority
___yes __X__no Is there evidence that the author is qualified to write on this topic?

___yes ____no If this is an online source, is there anything revealed in the URL (which you have
included in the citation!) about the author or the source (e.g.—Is it a .com, .edu, .gov,
.org, .net or something else?)

Accuracy

___yes _X___no Is the information supported by verifiable evidence and documented through footnotes
and/or a thorough bibliography?
___yes _X___no Does the source appeared to be reviewed by authorities and experts, not solely by
customers or online comments?

Purpose

___yes ____no What appears to be the purpose of the information in the source? Is it to inform, teach,
sell, entertain, or persuade?
___yes ____no Is the information provided fact or opinion? (This does not mean that this is not a
credible source; it just asks if you’ve identified what the bias might be and are keeping
that in mind as you consume the source.)

Reflection
a) How are the ideas and information presented connected to what you already knew?
Similar to previous article, I was aware that beam bridges are being compressed and stretched under
tension, and that there are different types of beam bridges (from the last article).

b) -What new ideas did you get that extended or broadened your thinking in new directions?

There is a type of bridge that is not mentioned in the previous source- “trusses”, which consist of one
or more triangular units connected at joints or nodes.

Beam bridges’ materials include “concrete composite materials that are reinforced with fiber, steel, and
pre-stressed materials”, which allows for bridges to endure excessive compressive stresses.

c) -What challenges or puzzles have come up in your mind from the ideas and information presented?

Are the bridges on the Charles only one beam bridge, or several connected with one another?

What are the materials and types of beam bridges for the bridges on the Charles?

d) Can you provide at least two quotes and/or statistical information from your source that you think
might prove helpful and/or relevant to your project?

“As the bridge material thickens, its capacity to hold the loads increases. Therefore, the span could also
be increased. However, a sturdy beam may become too heavy, and sag. The beam bridges can be
supported by the utilization of trusses.”

“The current techniques include use of finite element analysis to improve the design of beam bridges.
Distribution of stresses on different bridge elements is analyzed to ensure strong beam bridges that can
endure the bridge loads. The beams should be held by piers at the ends to increase the bridge load
bearing capacity. Concrete, steel, or stones are normally used for the construction of piers. Since stones
and non-reinforced concrete are weak in tension, they are normally used for beam bridges that are
designed for lighter loads.”

Appendix D: Annotated Bibliography Entry Template

Two annotated entries are provided in this template for the two required sources due each time
annotated bibliography entries are due.

Entry #
11

Type of source
Indicate one of the following:
 Website
 Scholarly journal
 Book
 Interview
 Report
 Blog post
 Newspaper
 Encyclopedia
 speech/transcribed talk/Ted Talk
 Broadcast/Podcast
 Film/Television

Be aware that your cumulative annotated bibliography must feature a wide array of sources.
website

Citation:
You are encouraged to use EasyBib to house your citations and then copy and paste from the site. It’s
easy and they guarantee that you format correctly. The EasyBib site will default, depending on subject
area you identified when you set up your bibliography page, to either MLA or APA (or other formatting
systems). You should manually select either MLA or APA if you don’t like the particular formatting that
EasyBib established and use it consistently.

If you are citing a website, you MUST include the URL (despite what EasyBib will generate and/or
Purdue OWL says).

“Arch Bridge - Types of Arch Bridges.” Arch Bridges - Facts and Types of Arch Bridges,
www.historyofbridges.com/facts-about-bridges/arch-bridges/.

Evaluating the source

Before you spend time reading the source, put your source through this brief “test” and determine whether it’s worth
using and documenting as part of your research. We are using a customized version of the CRAAP (an acronym for
Currency-Relevance-Authority- Accuracy-Purpose) test, designed by California State University at Chico’s Meriam
Library.

Put an “x” (as appropriate) in relevant spaces.

Currency

When was the information published or last updated?

2017

__X_yes ____no Is my research effort better served by a more recent source?

 Relevance
__X_yes ____no Does the information relate to your topic and/or answer your research question(s)?

_X__yes ____no Is the information at an appropriate level, not too elementary OR too advanced for
your needs?

Authority
___yes __X__no Is there evidence that the author is qualified to write on this topic?

___yes ____no If this is an online source, is there anything revealed in the URL (which you have
included in the citation!) about the author or the source (e.g.—Is it a .com, .edu, .gov,
.org, .net or something else?)

Accuracy

___yes __X__no Is the information supported by verifiable evidence and documented through footnotes
and/or a thorough bibliography?
___yes _X___no Does the source appeared to be reviewed by authorities and experts, not solely by
customers or online comments?

Purpose

___yes ____no What appears to be the purpose of the information in the source? Is it to inform, teach,
sell, entertain, or persuade?
___yes ____no Is the information provided fact or opinion? (This does not mean that this is not a
credible source; it just asks if you’ve identified what the bias might be and are keeping
that in mind as you consume the source.)

Reflection

a) How are the ideas and information presented connected to what you already knew?
Arch bridges, with their curved design, does not push load forces straight down, but separates it along
the curve of the arch to the supports at each end.

b) -What new ideas did you get that extended or broadened your thinking in new directions?

The supports at each end are known as “abutments”.

Stone and wood arch bridges were very popular during the Roman Empire, managing to build over
1000 stone arch bridges

Types of Arch Bridges : Corbel arch bridge, aqueducts and canal viaducts, deck arch bridge, through
arch bridge, and tied arch bridge.
c) -What challenges or puzzles have come up in your mind from the ideas and information presented?

How are each bridge types different from one another visually and more in depth structurally?

The Longfellow Bridge, which is an arch bridge, has which of these types of structure?

d) Can you provide at least two quotes and/or statistical information from your source that you think
might prove helpful and/or relevant to your project?

“... force of the load on the deck (thrust) is translated as tension to the curved top chord by vertical ties
of the deck which try to flatten the arch and to push its tips outward into the abutments.”

“... it does not depend on horizontal compression forces for its integrity which allows them to be built
off-site and then transported into place. But tied-arch bridges are not perfect.”

Entry #
12

Type of source
Indicate one of the following:
 book (secondary source),
 scholarly article,
 website,
 primary source document,
 film,
 or other (and specify what the “other” is).
Be aware that your cumulative annotated bibliography must feature a wide array of sources.
website

Citation:
You are encouraged to use EasyBib to house your citations and then copy and paste from the site. It’s
easy and they guarantee that you format correctly. The EasyBib site will default, depending on subject
area you identified when you set up your bibliography page, to either MLA or APA (or other formatting
systems). You should manually select either MLA or APA if you don’t like the particular formatting that
EasyBib established and use it consistently.

If you are citing a website, you MUST include the URL (despite what EasyBib will generate and/or
Purdue OWL says).
 Bridge Basics - A Spotter's Guide to Bridge Design, pghbridges.com/basics.htm.

Evaluating the source

Before you spend time reading the source, put your source through this brief “test” and determine whether it’s worth
using and documenting as part of your research. We are using a customized version of the CRAAP (an acronym for
Currency-Relevance-Authority- Accuracy-Purpose) test, designed by California State University at Chico’s Meriam
Library.

Put an “x” (as appropriate) in relevant spaces.

Currency

When was the information published or last updated?

June 3rd, 2008

_X__yes ____no Is my research effort better served by a more recent source?

Relevance

_X__yes ____no Does the information relate to your topic and/or answer your research question(s)?

__X_yes ____no Is the information at an appropriate level, not too elementary OR too advanced for
your needs?

Authority
__X_yes ____no Is there evidence that the author is qualified to write on this topic?

___yes ____no If this is an online source, is there anything revealed in the URL (which you have
included in the citation!) about the author or the source (e.g.—Is it a .com, .edu, .gov,
.org, .net or something else?)

Accuracy

___yes _X___no Is the information supported by verifiable evidence and documented through footnotes
and/or a thorough bibliography?
__X_yes ____no Does the source appeared to be reviewed by authorities and experts, not solely by
customers or online comments?

Purpose

___yes ____no What appears to be the purpose of the information in the source? Is it to inform, teach,
sell, entertain, or persuade?
___yes ____no Is the information provided fact or opinion? (This does not mean that this is not a
credible source; it just asks if you’ve identified what the bias might be and are keeping
that in mind as you consume the source.)
Reflection
a) How are the ideas and information presented connected to what you already knew?
The types and lists of bridges mentioned in this website, I knew of already (beam, arch, truss (pratt,
warren, simple), cantilever (also truss), and suspension).

b) -What new ideas did you get that extended or broadened your thinking in new directions?

However, these lists of bridges go more in depth of specific types of architecture amongst the wide
category of bridges.

There are more than 5 listed structures of Truss Bridges, all varying in small way, such as Howe, Pratt,
Warren, and more.

c) -What challenges or puzzles have come up in your mind from the ideas and information presented?

Through my interviews, I should try to obtain information about which of these specific types of
architecture the Charles River bridges were built as.

Also the website mentions trusses- I’m less familiar with it so pick it as the next potential area to
research.

d) Can you provide at least two quotes and/or statistical information from your source that you think
might prove helpful and/or relevant to your project?

“Types of truss bridges are also identified by the terms deck, pony and through which describe the
placement of the travel surface in relation to the superstructure”

“The basic identifying features are the diagonal web members which form a V-shape. The center
section commonly has crossing diagonal members. Additional counter braces may be used and can
make identification more difficult, however the Pratt and its variations are the most common type of all
trusses.”

“The vertical members are in tension while the diagonal members are in compression, exactly opposite
the structure of a Pratt truss. Patented in 1840 by William Howe, this design was common on early
railroads “