Finishes: Report

Parts:
Ivana
Sam
Aly

I. Definition
A. Etylmology
1. [Meriam-Webster]
a) Middle English finisshen, from Anglo-French finiss-, stem of finir, from Latin finire,
from finis ‘end’
B. Meaning
1. [Meriam-Webster]
a) “the fine or decorative work required for a building or one of its parts”
b) “the final treatment or coating of a surface”
2. [Dictionary of Architecture and Construction: Cyril M. Harris]
a) “The texture, color, and smoothness of a surface, and other properties affecting
appearance”
b) “The texture and smoothness of a concrete surface after compacting and finishing
operations have been performed.”
c) “A finish coat.”
II. History
A. Pre-History and Ancient Times
1. Mankind has decorated his living space with paint as far back as 40,000 years ago
(Prehistoric paint was made from colored earth, soot, and organic materials mixed with
animal blood and fatty oils)
2. Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans made a sort of paint by treating lead with wine
or vinegar. (The Egyptians created six colors by mixing oil or fat with lead, earth, animal
blood, grounded glass or semiprecious stones.)
3. The earliest evidence of plaster comes from around 7,500 BC, when people in Jordan
were known to be using a lime based plaster for interior walls, floors and hearths.
4. The first carpets were actually created in 5000 BC
5. Ceramic tile flooring had been used as early as 4000 BC
6. 500 BC, the ancient Greeks would use a form of plaster to cover their temples. This
then meant that they could hang their beautiful paintings on the walls.
7. The Chinese were thought to have glued rice paper onto their walls as early as 200BC.
B. 1100s
1. monks began using tiles to create patterns on cathedral floors.
C. 1200s
1. The earliest wallpapers were used in Europe and were painted with images of popular
religious icons and displayed within the homes of the devout and the poor.
2. rubber flooring first became popular
D. 1300s
1. house painters in England organized themselves in guilds. That was what really
established house painting as a respected profession that held to certain standards of
practice
E. 1500s
1. expensive wall coverings embodying imagery taken from tapestries hung in the homes
of nobility, became popular with the middle class.
F. Baroque Period (inbetween 1600 to 1750)
1. sleek style of hardwood first showed up
2. people began finishing wood floors and using more elegant types of trees to create
them
G. Classical Times (1775 to 1825)
 1. Faux became hugely popular and came in the forms of faux Marble, faux Wood, and
Trompe l'oeil Murals.
H. 1863
1. English rubber manufacturer named Frederick Walton patented the product linoleum (a
material consisting of a canvas backing thickly coated with a preparation of linseed oil
and powdered cork, used especially as a floor covering)
I. World War 2
1. World War II, the genesis of so much innovation, would prove to be the catalyst that
would drive the use of gypsum wallboard.
J. 1950s
1. Synthetic replacements were outperforming natural ingredients.
K. 1960s
1. introduction of engineered wood
2. development of metal or zinc cross-linked (metal interlocking) acrylic polymer finishes.
L. 1970s
1. introduction of laminates
M. 1990s
1. arrival of bamboo floors

III. General Information

A. Factors that Affect the Choosing of Finishes
1. Colour and appearance (matt, gloss, silk, etc.)
2. Texture
3. Maintenance and cleaning requirements
4. Durability
5. Expected life
6. Weather resistance
7. Corrosion resistance
8. Availability
9. Preparation required
10. Ease of application
11. Drying time
12. Cost
13. Safety or environmental issues
14. Waste
B. Common Interior Finish Problems
1. Water Damage
2. Corrosion
3. Cracks or Sags
4. Mold
5. Roof Truss Uplift and Nail Pops (Gaps/Cracks)

IV. Types
A. Sections of a Building
1. Floor Finishes- It is the top layer of flooring. It is the layer that is walked on. Floor
covering is a more precise term, since it often covers another, structural layer of
flooring.  
a) Composition
(1) Concrete
(a) Description: With the popularity of modern industrial style interiors, concrete
or cement flooring has become a go-to option when it comes to finalizing the
floor finish in a space.
(b) Properties: Concrete has high compressive strength, but low tensile
strength. Compressive strength resists compression, being pushed together,
whereas tensile strength resists tension, being pulled apart. Concrete is
 plastic and malleable when newly mixed, yet strong and durable when
hardened.
(c) Uses and Application:
i) Reinforced Concrete- Metal bars or wire can improve concrete’s low
tensile strength. This allows versatile application of reinforced concrete,
such as slabs, walls and foundations.
ii) Precast Concrete- This is produced by casting concrete in a reusable
mold which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the
construction site and lifted into place.
iii) Large Structures- Concrete is used to make some of the largest
structures, such as dams.
iv) Asphalt Roads- We use asphalt concrete for roads, car parks and
airports, amongst other locations.
v) Decoration- Concrete can also have a decorative function. Various
materials can be added to the mixture while it is being cured or after that
process.
(2) Tiles
(a) Description: A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as
ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally used for covering roofs,
floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops.
(b) Properties:
i) Dirt Resistant
ii) Stain Resistant
iii) Slip/Skid Resistant
iv) Color Permanence
v) Hygiene
(c) Uses and Application: Tiles are most often made of ceramic, typically glazed
for internal uses and unglazed for roofing.
(3) Natural Stone
(a) Description: Natural stone includes all stony products used in the
construction industry, including those used in decoration and indoor flooring
and walls
(b) Properties: hardness, resistance to different stress types, composition,
porosity, colour, and durability.
(c) Uses and Application: kitchen & bath countertops, backsplashes, islands,
floors, walls, bathtubs, showers, sinks, hallways, fireplaces, hearths,
mantles, desktops, vanities, decorative hood surrounds, entryways
(4) Gravel Stone
(a) Description: is a loose aggregation of rock fragments
(b) Properties: accessible, durable
(c) Uses and Application: used for road construction, for mixing with asphalt, as
construction fill, and in the production of construction materials like concrete
blocks, bricks, and pipes
(5) Parquet
(a) Description: flooring composed of wooden blocks arranged in a geometric
pattern
(b) Properties: has good mechanical and insulation properties and a number of
other properties that space requires, such as acoustics, color, natural
appearance
(c) Uses and Application: public buildings, schools, sports halls
(6) Wood
(a) Description: the hard fibrous material that forms the main substance of the
trunk or branches of a tree
(b) Properties: anisotropic, viscoelastic, hygroscopic, beautiful and durable
(c) Uses and Application: construction of walls, ceilings, floors and furniture
(7) Engineered Wood
 (a) Description: man-made wood or manufactured wood
(b) Properties: accessible, durable
(c) Uses and Application: flooring, siding
(8) Seamless Floor
(a) Description: floors are floors without seams, ridges, or joints
(b) Properties: chemical resistance, safer surface, a surface that is easier to
clean, as well as a smooth surface
(c) Uses and Application: simple protection of domestic garage floors,
restoration and protection of commercial and industrial flooring
(9) Carpet
(a) Description: textile floor coverings
(b) Properties: warmth, insulation, energy savings, comfort, excellent noise
dampening properties, nonslip surface
(c) Uses and Application: office buildings, hotel flooring, buildings in cold
regions (for insulation), commercial flooring
(10) Laminate
(a) Description: The composition of laminated flooring consists of a clear coat
with a photographic appliqué with melamine resin and fiberboard core. It
often simulates wood and also comes in various sizes and shapes.
(b) Properties: easy-to-install and easy-to-maintain, and it's designed to
replicate the natural color, grain and texture of real hardwood. It is also
realistic and exceptionally durable -resistant to staining, scratches, wear and
fading
(c) Uses and Application: carpentry, wall panels, furniture design
(11) Cork
(a) Description: a model of a sustainable industry and building material. By its
very nature, cork is both recyclable and renewable, as it is the only tree that
regenerates its bark, while harvesting that bark causes the tree no harm.
(b) Properties: hard-wearing properties, light weight, insulation
(c) Uses and Application: Cork can be used to make bricks for the outer walls of
houses.
(12) PVC
(a) Description: a synthetic thermoplastic material made by polymerizing vinyl
chloride
(b) Properties: very dense compared to most plastics, readily available and
cheap, very hard, extremely good tensile strength
(c) Uses and Application: The flexible forms are used in hosepipes, insulation,
shoes, garments, etc. Rigid PVC is used for moulded articles.
(13) Vinyl
(a) Description: type of plastic that is made from ethylene and chlorine
(b) Properties: strong, durable, abrasion and moisture resistant; withstands rust
and corrosion; is electrically non-conductive and has excellent fire
performance properties.
(c) Uses and Application:
i) Siding and window frames
ii) Roofing
iii) Gutters and down spouts
iv) Coverings for walls and floors
v) Piping for water distribution, sewage, and irrigation systems
vi) Landfill liners
vii) Fencing, railing, and decking
viii) Insulation of wiring
ix) Electrical conduit
x) Fire sprinkler piping
(14) Linoleum
 (a) Description: a material consisting of a canvas backing thickly coated with a
preparation of linseed oil and powdered cork
(b) Properties: made from natural materials, environmentally friendly
(c) Uses and Application: floor covering
(15) Rubber
(a) Description: a tough elastic polymeric substance made from the latex of a
tropical plant
(b) Properties:
i) Abrasion resistance
ii) Tear resistance
iii) Compression set
iv) Resilience
v) Elongation
vi) Tensile modulus
vii) Tensile strength.
(c) Uses and Application: hoses, belts, matting, flooring
b) Other Classifications
(1) According to Tactility (Categories of Flooring)
(a) Hard Flooring
i) Examples: stone (slate, marble, flagstone, terazzo, granite), wood and
bamboo (strips, planks, parquet), clay, brick, ceramic tile, concrete,
laminate
ii) Properties: durable, noisy, more expensive, impervious – non-
penetration of water
(b) Resilient Flooring
i) Examples: vinyl composition tile (VCT)- inexpensive, rubber flooring-
slip-resistant, cork, linoleum
ii) Properties: comfortable, more quiet than hard flooring, durable, good
acoustics, easy to maintain
(c) Soft Flooring
i) Examples: carpets and carpet tiles
ii) Properties: warm, quiet, difficult to maintain, high-maintenance because
of dampness, can produce allergens
(2) According to Installation
(a) Insitu Floor Finishes
i) finishes which mix on site
ii) Method of Laying
(1) laid in fluid
(2) allowed to dry and set into hard surface
iii) Example: Cement Rendering, Concrete Flooring
(b) Applied Floor Finishes
i) finishes which are supplied in tiles or sheet form
ii) laid onto suitable prepared base; normally in the form of flexible
materials and smooth finish
iii) layed in cement or sand bed or screed to the concrete floor
iv) normal screed mix is 1:3 (Cement to Sand Ratio)
v) normal screed thickness is 12mm to 19 mm; very high resistance to
chemicals
vi) harder and more resistant to erosion
vii) standard size 150mm x 150mm, 200 mm x 200 mm, 300 mm x 300 mm
viii) thickness of 8.5 mm to 13mm
ix) Method of Laying
(1) lay a layer of cement/sand screed (1:3)
(2) lay tiles on the screed (a strip of plaster or other material placed on a
surface as a guide to thickness) from the center of the room
(3) allow a minimum 2-mm joint
 x) Examples: Tiles, Carpet, PVC
(c) Timber Floor Finishes
i) Types
(1) Protective Surface Coating
(a) Varnishes and Laquers- Traditional varnishes and lacquers were
based on resins and natural oils - modern types are usually
based on synthetic resins although low-fume, water based acrylic
varnishes are also available. (Example: Polyurethane- It provides
a waterproof, hard wearing and heat resistant finish.)
(b) Paint- Painted floors are not very common these days, however
they it can be appropriate in some rooms or areas of a floor. As
with any painting of timber, a primer must first be applied to the
timber followed by an undercoat and top coat or a one coat paint.
Semi matt paints are best for flooring as they are easy to work
with.
(c) Wax- Wax is another traditional finish for flooring and it both
protects and enhances the appearance of the wood. However
they can become easily marked especially by water spills.
(2) Penetrative Coating
(a) Oil- Oils, such as Danish oil, Linseed oil, Teak oil and Tung oil,
have traditionally been used to finish floor timbers. They are all
suitable for both hardwood and softwoods and give the wood a
natural looking finish, slightly darkening the timber while
enhancing the grain.Their use today is reduced as they tend to
trap dust although they tend to harden the surface fibres of the
floor and improve durability.
(b) Wax
2. Wall Finishes- Wall Finishes provide decorative skins to conceal building components
including structural members, insulation, ductwork, pipes and wires.
a) Composition
(1) Cement Textured Finish
(a) Description: This is a decorative finish and its mortar is prepared in cement-
based material. It is applied with plaster with a trowel; and, after, is colored
with paint.
(b) Properties: require no added materials to produce, relatively inexpensive,
durable, water-resistant
(c) Uses and Application: decorating, ideal for high humidity areas (walk-in
showers, spa bathrooms)
(2) Wood Wall Panels
(a) Description: Wood panel products are flat, sometimes curved, sheets made
from wood-based materials that are bonded together with an adhesive. The
Vertical Strips are called stiles and the Horizontal Strips are called rails.
Wood Panels include the following:
i) Solid Lumber Panelling
ii) Veneer Panelling
iii) Plastic Laminate-faced Wood Panelling
(b) Properties: Solid Wood offers durability and creates texture
(c) Uses and Application: The demand for panels is forecast to increase well
into the next century as quality logs for traditional solid products become
increasingly scarce and as designers and consumers gain experience with
positive product attributes and new applications. In recent years, wood-
based panel products have become increasingly specialized and are used
widely, including as a substitute for metals and plastics in some applications.
(3) Plaster Finish
(a) Description: AKA Plaster of Paris It is a type of building material based on
calcium hemihydrates. The following are types of plaster finishes:
 i) Smooth Cast Finish
ii) Rough Cast Finish
iii) Sand Faced Finish
iv) Pebble Dash Finish
v) Scrapped Finish
vi) Depter Finish
vii) Textured Finish
(b) Properties
i) airtightness
ii) moisture control
iii) hygroscopicty
iv) sound absorption
v) fire protection
vi) thermal mass- Materials characterised by the expression ‘Thermal mass’
(aka ‘Thermal storage capacity’) are those that absorb heat, store it, and
at a later time, release it. Large surface areas of relatively thin, dense
internal clay plasters or cement renders can provide thermal mass at the
surface to help store passive heat gains.
(c) Uses and Application: It is suitable for achieving both smooth and textured
finishes, used for repairing small cracks, blow holes or other surface defects,
recommended for use on plaster, brick, light weight and concrete blocks,
suitably primed wood and fibre-cement board
(4) Mirror Finish
(a) Description: Mirror Panels installed onto walls
(b) Properties: reflective, may be used as decorative piece
(c) Uses and Application: It is a known fact that mirrors can make a room or
space feel bigger. A full wall of mirror will visually expand a room and make it
seem more spacious. A mirror can also reflect natural light making the room
not only feel bigger, but seem brighter as well. In the evenings, a mirrored
wall can reflect candlelight and give the room a soft, romantic glow.
(5) Laminate Finish
(a) Description: Laminate is a plastic material that comes in various colors and
designs.
(b) Properties: comes in sheet form, very flexible, relatively inexpensive
(c) Uses and Application: They are generally used in residential areas to create
a decorative look of the house.
(6) Marble Powder Finish
(a) Description: This is finish is obtained by marble powder, white cement and
water. It is applied manually.
(b) Properties: very smooth, looks like marble flooring
(c) Uses and Application: to create a seamless finish
(7) Wallpaper
(a) Description: It is a paper that is pasted in vertical strips over the walls of a
room to provide a decorative surface.
(b) Properties: flexible, have a paper face and back (not commonly used in
commercial design as it is subject to soiling, abrasion and fading)
(c) Uses and Application: covering, decoration
(8) Cloth/Paper-Backed Vinyl Wall Covering
(a) Description: Vinyl wall coverings are finishes that consist of one or more
layers of a vinyl plastic with a backing such as polyester-and-cotton blend
woven fabric, nonwoven fabric or paper.
(b) Properties: designed for serviceability and durability, flame resistant, easily
cleaned and resistant to fading and abrasion (three layers: decorative,
intermediate, substrate or backing)
(c) Uses and Application: Residential and commercial (hotels, apartments,
offices, hospitals and retail establishments) interiors
 (9) Fabric Wall Covering
(a) Description: These are cloth products produced by weaving or knitting textile
fibres. Fabrics like wool, linen, cotton, burlap and grasscloth are used as wall
coverings.
(b) Properties: flexible, require back-coating as a barrier to prevent adhesive
from bleeding through and to improve dimensional stability
(c) Uses and Application: covering, decoration
(10) Cork
(a) Description: Cork from renewable bark of the cork oak tree is used as wall
coverings.
(b) Properties: durable and resilient, accepts either wax or polyurethane
finishes, posses excellent acoustical and thermal rating
(c) Uses and Application: Acoustic aid, insulation
(11) Paint
(a) Description: It is a coloured substance which is spread over a surface and
dries to leave a thin decorative or protective coating. The following are types
of decorative paint finishes:
i) Transparent Paint Layer- It can be applied in multiple layers to create
complex colored surfaces. A colored glaze can be applied in a broken
pattern with a rag or sponge, draggged with a tool, or painted as color
wash.
ii) Trompe loeil- It is French for “fool the eye”. This technique uses
perspective and shadowing to create the illusion of three dimensional
architectural objects.
iii) Stenciling- can be used to apply border or larger repeating patterns
iv) Distressing Techniques- These are used to give a paint surface the
appearance of wear and tear.
(b) Properties: gives textural and multicolored effects, cheap, easily applied and
cleaned
(c) Uses and Application: can be used for identification, emphasis of hazards
and danger, maintain hygiene, design
(12) Tiles (Similar to Floor Tiling)
(13) Ceramics
(a) Description: It is one of the oldest and longest-lasting finishing materials
known.
(b) Properties: long-lasting
(c) Uses and Application: suited well for bathrooms, kitchens, hallways
(14) Metal Wall Covering
(a) Description: Metals normally used are copper, anodized aluminum
(aluminum coated with a protective oxide layer by an electrolytic process)
and stainless steel
(b) Properties: durable, long wearing
(c) Uses and Application: used for decorative and hygienic qualities
3. Ceiling Finishes- The overhead interior surfaces. Often conceiling the underside of the
floor or roof above. It can be constructed either horizontally or below the pitch of the
roof or flat roof.
a) Composition
(1) Drywall
(a) Description: Drywall, also called wallboard or plasterboard, is a versatile
interior wall covering. It can be wallpapered or painted and can be finished
with a variety of textures to add interest. Drywall texture is created using joint
compound, called mud, a plaster-like material that you can apply using an air
compressor sprayer or hand tools. The standard and most common size is 8
feet by 4 feet. Thickness – half inch or 5/8 inch panels to prevent the ceiling
from sagging.
(b) General Properties of Drywall
 i) Advantages
(1) Inexpensive – labor costs for installation
(2) Fire-resistant
(3) Easy to install
(4) Less vulnerable to cracking than plaster
(5) Asbestos-free (The danger to health caused by breathing in highly
carcinogenic asbestos particles has led to more stringent control of
its use.)
(6) Noise-proof (if textured)
ii) Disadvantages
(1) Can be damaged by settling of the building or home-owner accidents
(2) Susceptible to water damage- prevented by covalent waterproofing
(3) Mold problems and termite
(c) Types of Dry Wall Textures
i) Spray Only
(1) Splatter Dry Wall- the starting point for other spray only textures
(2) Acoustic Dry Wall
(a) This texture type is called acoustic, popcorn, or cottage cheese. It
is usually achieved by mixing an aggregate (small chunks of
material such as vermiculite or polystyrene) with ceiling paint and
then spraying the mixture using a special texturing spray gun.
Acoustic texture is a finished surface after spraying, but can also
be painted to a color of choice.
(b) Glitter or other decorations may be added to the mixture for
special effects.
(c) Easy to remove. Simply spray the area with water and scrape it
with a knife.
(3) Orange Peel Dry Wall
(a) Orange peel is actually a tiny splatter and has become very
common. It can be sprayed on both walls and ceilings, as well as
painted however you like. It can be varied in it's application from
fine to course.
(b) This texture needs to be painted after it is applied.
(4) Knock Down Dry Wall
(a) Knockdown is created by applying a splatter and then using a flat
knife to "knock down" the points. Knockdown texture makes a
nice modern ceiling or wall finish.
(b) It can be varied from a small, fine pattern to a larger, dragged-
together look called "Spanish Lace" or "Mediterranean".
(c) A well done knockdown texture can increase your home's value.
ii) Hand Applied
(1) Mud Swirl
(a) A thin compound is applied to the board and a finishing "swirled"
with each swirl overlapping.
(b) The technique could be done by a regular DIY-er with practice.
(2) Brush Textures
(a) Brush strokes are used to create texture.
(b) These are very popular, they look good and are easy to do.
(3) Skim Coating
(a) Skim coating is a texturing technique used to make a wall
smooth.
(b) Consists of a very thin coating of all-purpose drywall mud applied
with a 10- or 12-inch trowel.
(c) Drywallers use this technique to hide an imperfect taping job, to
give the wall a plaster-like appearance and in situations when
only the smoothest surface will do.
 (d) Properties: quick to dry, easy to use, cheap to install, echoes if left smooth,
often textured
(e) Uses and Application:
(2) Plaster
(a) Description: Plaster is a very versatile material and can be applied over all
sorts of substrates, such as stone, brick or wood, and it can be easily
molded and stenciled into decorative shapes and patterns.
(b) Properties: echoes if left smooth, often textured
(c) Uses and Application
(3) Wood and Wood Beams
(a) Description: Ceiling finishes that are made of wood products, wood fibers,
wood pulp, other cellulose or plant fibers
(b) Properties: exposed or decorative beams give a space the feeling of solidity
and permanence
(c) Uses and Application: can add a dramatic accent to a room, often used to
accent drywall and plaster ceilings
(4) Tile
(a) Description: Acoustical tiles may also be attached directly to ceiling joists,
furring strips or a substrate such as drywall.
(b) Properties: provides sound insulation
(c) Uses and Application: Mineral fiber acoustical ceiling tiles suspended in a
metal frame is the most popular ceiling treatment for commercial buildings.
The same system is often used in private residences, especially in
basements, to lower the ceiling or to cover wiring and plumbing.
(5) Metal
(a) Description: Metal ceilings are usually stamped with a three-dimensional
pattern that can be painted or left as is. Tin, copper, brass and chrome
finishes are now available from a large number of suppliers.
(b) Properties: durable, easily installed
(c) Uses and Application: They are highly decorative and can give a home a
historic look. Tin or aluminum embossed or pressed design was often a
decorative square pattern intended to simulate ornate plaster ceilings.
(6) Linocrusta
(a) Description: Linocrusta (or Lincrusta) ceilings are also an embossed
covering.
(b) Properties: material is leatherette-like material similar to linoleum, looks like
stamped metal from a distance, embossed design is in low relief
(c) Uses and Application: was used in a host of applications from royal homes to
railway carriages
B. Some Types in Detail
1. Paint
a) Description
(1) Called the “universal finish”
(2) Most economical decorative finish available
(3) Imparts color to the space
(4) Functions as protective and preservative covers
b) Purposes of Paint
(1) protection
(2) decoration
(3) sanitation (seal in glass)
(4) identification
c) Types of Paint Finishes
(1) Flat
(a) For low wear surface
(b) Low glare
(2) Semi-gloss
(c) Requires wear resistance and washability
 (3) Glossy
(1) Best wear resistance
d) Properties
(1) Main Components
(a) Pigments
i) Most expensive ingredient for paint
ii) Responsible for color and sheen of paint
(b) Vehicle or Binder - It is oil to which the base is mixed. It is the liquid
substance which holds the paint together and also binds it to the surface that
is to be painted. It provides the durability, toughness and waterproofness to
the paint. It also helps to spread the paint ingredients uniformly over the
surface to be painted.
i) Resin
ii) Oils
iii) Bitumen or cellulose derivative
(c) Solvent or Thinner - Solvent keeps the paint a liquid until the solvent
evaporates after painting. In oil-based paint, the solvent is derived
from a petroleum distillate and can include hazardous ingredients like
mineral spirits, toluene and xylene. The solvent in latex paint is water.
iii) Readily evaporates
iv) Least expensive of paint
v) Part of paint’s viscosity
(d) 4. Additives - Helps with the application of paint
i) Stabilizers
ii) Driers
iii) Thickeners
iv) Preservatives.
(e) Classes of Paint
i) Solvent-Based Resin Paints
(1) Dry And Harden Via Chemical Process
(2) Better Adhesion, Smoother Appearance
ii) Oil-Based Paint
(1) Type Of Solvent-Based Paint
(2) Faster Drying
(3) Outstanding Washability
iii) Water-Based Paints
(1) Dry And Harden Due To Evaporation
(2) Not Much Odor
(3) Faster Drying Time
2. Ceramics
a) Description: Ceramics are defined as inorganic, nonmetallic materials or products
that have been subjected to heat treatment and are usually serviceable through
high-temperature processing and use.
b) Types of Ceramics According to Manufacturing Process
(1) Dust-Press Process
(a) Dust-pressed tiles are shaped in steel dies by applying heavy pressure to
the damp ceramic mix while it is in finely pulverized form
(b) This mix contains only enough moisture to cause the particles to cohere
under pressure
(c) The dust-press method of construction gives greater mechanical precision
and a more regular appearance to the tiles than do other methods
(2) Plastic Process
(a) Plastic-made tiles are shaped from clay rendered plastic by mixing with
sufficient water
(b) They are made either by hand-molding or extrusion from an auger machine.
(c) When shaped by machine, the extruded ribbon of clay is cut into the desired
sizes as it emerges from the die
(d) Most types made by the plastic method vary slightly from the true geometric
forms and therefore have a more handmade appearance than do dust-
pressed tiles.
 c) Properties:
(1) hard and brittle, and able to withstand compression
(2) resistant to abrasion
(3) able to sustain large compressive loads
d) Methods of Application
(1) Portland cement mortar- used for exterior and interior applications
(2) Dry-set mortar - has impact resistance, is nonflammable , and suitable for both
interior and exterior applications
(3) Latex-portland cement mortar- mixture of portland cement, sand, and an
adhesive
(4) Epoxy mortar- used where chemical resistance and/or high bond strength is
required.
(5) Epoxy adhesive- used where high-bond strength and ease of application are
desirable
(6) Furan mortar- used where chemical resistance is of high importance
(7) Organic adhesives- ready to use and harden by evaporation
(8) Grouting materials
(9) Installation systems- production of pre-grouted sheets of floor and wall tile

V. Case Studies (Examples)

A. Bahá'í House of Worship, New Delhi
1. Surface is made out of White marble (natural stone)
2. The Lotus Temple is a Bahá'í House of Worship in New Delhi consisting of 27 structures
resembling petals of the lotus flower that open onto a central hall around 40m high.
B. Cultural Center of the Philippines
1. Exterior Finish is made out of concrete
2. The national center for the performing arts. It was established through Executive Order
No. 30 s. 1966 by President Ferdinand Marcos.
3. Designed by National Artist for Architecture Leandro Locsin, its design was based and
expanded upon the unconstructed Philippine-American Friendship Center
C. University Theater, UP Diliman
1. Brick and concrete finishing

VI. Innovation
A. Drywall
1. Problem: It is the third producer of green house gases among building materials after
steel and cement. The production generates a lot of carbon dioxide, it leaves a lot of
gypsum mines which damage the environment and the energy used to fire the kilns in
which it’s produced is immense.
2. Solution: An alternative more sustainable material that has been developed to replace
gypsum boards is EcoRock.
a) made of fly ash, slag, kiln dust and fillers
b) 85% industrial by-products.
c) fully recyclable
d) not susceptible to mold and termites like traditional drywall
e) 80% less energy in production.

http://www.dennardbloss.com/5252.html
https://www.thevictorianemporium.com/publications/history/article/history_of_wallcoverings
http://www.oldhouseweb.com/how-to-advice/painting-historic-interiors.shtml

https://www.plasterers1stopshop.co.uk/blog/a-brief-history-of-plastering/
https://www.cleanlink.com/cleanlinkminute/details.aspx?id=36567
https://www.elledecor.com/design-decorate/trends/a7676/history-of-flooring/
https://www.galaxiefloorstores.com/blog/history-of-flooring/

https://www.franklinpainting.com/blog/home/a-brief-history-of-house-painting/

https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1016
https://www.slideshare.net/ELFIndia/wall-finishes-and-wall-patterns
http://www.kldrywall.com/textures.html
http://ilmm.co.uk/2016/09/20/5-uses-concrete-construction/
https://www.builddirect.com/learning-center/flooring/important-characteristics-ceramic/

http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/plaster-and-render/