Railway Gate Control Project

Autometic Railway Controller
ABSTRACT
This is a student report for the Lab Project assigned for Basic
Electronic Lab , named Autometic Railway Gate Controller .In this
project we are using IR sensor that generates the signal by
transmitting & recives the signal with the help of 8051
microcontroller which is an Astable Multivibratorthat generates the
continus signal.When ever the IR signal gets distributed then the
signal is given to the timer and that drives the circuit to switch on the
Gate control.
This Project uses regulated 12v,1amp power supply,IC 8051

Microcontroller,IR sensor,Stpper Motor,Motor D rive Board etc.The
finding experience & knowledge that vwe have lerned during the
course of fabrication & implementing this project are also shared.
MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Autometic Railway Gate controller
A thesis Submitted i pa tial of the e ui e e t fo the DIPLOMA

IN ELECTRONIC & INSTRUMENTATION
ENGINEERING” at the Berhampore to Mr.Gour Sundar Sarkar
Regarding the term project named Autometic Railway Gte Controller.
Na es,Regist atio o’s.
Student Name Roll No Phone no
 Intaj Ansari D106056006-00042 8759594339

 Debduyt Roy D406056006-00039 8370881657
 Sabbir Seaikh D106056006-00037 8158096423
 Tathagata Guha D106056006-00065 8001118207
 Mrinmoy Pal D106056006-00047 8159075717

Autometic Railway Gate Controller
TABLE OF CONTENT :=
SUBJECTED PAGE NO
ABSTRACT 1-2
INTROD UCTION 4-5
POWER SUPPLY 6-8
PRINCIPLE OPERATION 9-10
AUTOMETIC RAILWAY GATE 11-12

CONTROL USING 8051
CIRCUIT D IAGRAM
CIRCUIT COMPONENT 13-25
WORKING PRINCIPLE 26-28
APPLICATION 29-30
LIMITATIONS 31-32
BIBILIOGRAPHY 33-38

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Autometic Railway Gate control
Automatic Railway Gate Control System is a simple but very

useful project, which help is automatically opening and closing the
railway gate upon detecting arrival or departure of the train.
In general, Railway gates are opened or closed manually by a

gate keeper. The information about arrival of train for opening or
closing of door is received from nearby station. But some railway
crossings are totally unmanned and many railway accidents occur
at these unmanned level crossings.
To avoid the human intervention at level crossings completely, we

need to automate the process of railway gate control.
We have two different Automatic Railway Gate Control circuits

mentioned in this article: using 8051 and AVR.

Autometic Railway Gate Control
CHAPTER 2
POWER SUPPLY
*BUILDING THE 12V REGULATED POWER
SUPPLY
 REGULATOR OUTPUT

 POWER SUPPLY
 Power Supply for 8051 Microcontroller

This section describes how to generate +5V and +12V DC power
supplyThe power supply section is the important one. It should deliver
constant output regulated power supply for successful working of the
project. A 0-12V/500 mA transformer is used for thispurpose. The
primary of this transformer is connected in to main supply through
on/off switch&fuse for protecting from overload and short circuit
protection. The secondary is connected to thediodes to convert 12V AC
to 12V DC voltage. And filtered by the capacitors ,Which is
further regulated to +5v, by using IC 7805

 POWER SUPPLY 8051

CHAPTER 4
PRINCIPLE OPEARATION

 PRINCIPLE OPEARATION
The principle of operation behind the working of this project lies in

the functioning of IR Sensor. A Reflective type IR Sensor is used in
this project.
In Reflective Type IR Sensor, the IR transmitter and receiver are

placed side by side. When there is no obstacle in front of the sensor,
the IR rays transmitted by the IR Transmitter will travel undetected
as there are no rays falling on the IR Receiver.
If there is an obstacle in front of the IR Transmitter and Receiver

pair, the IR Rays gets reflected off from the surface of the obstacle
and are incident on the IR Receiver.
This setup can be configured to detect an object like a Train and in

turn can be used to switch ON or OFF the loads like motors with the
help of microcontroller.

CHAPTER 4
AUTOMETIC RAILWAY GATE CONTROL
USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Autometic Railway Gate control
Automatic Railway Gate Control using 8051

Circuit Diagram of Automatic Railway Gate Control using 8051
Page | 12
Autometic Railway Gate controller
CHAPTER 5
CIRCUIT COMPONENT
 IC MICROCONTROLLER 8051
 IR LED SENSOR
 MOTOR DRIVE BOARD
 STPPER MOTOR

 CIRCUIT COMPONENT
IC AT89C51 :
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with
4 Kbytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The
device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology
and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout.
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or

by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit
CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful
microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to
many embedded control applications.

PIN DIAGRAM :

 PIN DESCRIPTION :
 GROUND :- All voltage are measured with respect terminal.
Port 0 : It can be used as a simple 8-bit bidirectional input/output port.

What that essentially means is that you can connect any input device
like a sensor or any output device like a LED to any of these pins.
Or it can be used as a bidirectional lower address byte and data bus

for connecting to an external memory. Whenever the microcontroller
needs to access external program/data memory, the lower byte of the
16-bit address is generated by Port 0 (If 34FF H were the hex
address of the external memory, FF would be generated by Port 0)
Port 1 (P1.0 to P1.7)
Most basic port of all. No dual function. Can be used as an 8-bit

bidirectional I/O port.
It has internal pull-ups so no need to connect any resistors manually.
It is an input port by default (i.e., on reset). Alternatively, you can

write 1 (FF H) to all pins to set it as an input port.
Port 2
 It can be used as a simple 8-bit bidirectional input/output port like Port

0 and Port 1.
 Or it can be used as a bidirectional higher address byte and data bus
for connecting to an external memory. Whenever the microcontroller
needs to access external program/data memory, the higher byte of
the 16-bit address is generated by Port 2 (If 34FF H were the hex
address of the external memory, FF would be generated by Port 0
and 34 would be generated by Port 2)
 Upon Reset, it will be configured as an input port by default.
Alternatively, just as with Port 1, you can write FF H to all pins .

Port 3 (P3.0 to P3.7; Pins have alternative functions too)
 Together with the three ports mentioned above, Port 3 makes up the
fourth 8-bit bidirectional I/O port.
 It has internal pull-up resistors like Port 1 and Port 2. On;y Port 0
doesn’t have any internal pull-ups.
 It is an input port by default or can be made one by writing 1 to all
pins.
 Interestingly, the pins of Port 3 have dual functions. When they are
not being used as input or output ports, they can perform several nifty
applications as shown in the table below. We will take a detailed look
into these alternate functions in succeeding articles.
RST :
This is the pin that will save you when you are confused, don’t know what
the heck is going on or just want to clear register memory to start afresh.
Send a high pulse for at least two machine cycles through this tiny metal
pin, and you will wipe the registers and set all ports to their default
configurations. Nifty.
ALE/
ALE stands for Address Latch Enable. In AT89C51, the lower 8 bits of the 16-bit
address bus are multiplexed with the data bus. To separate these 8 bits, the ALE pin is
kept high. It is an output pin that is used when we are connecting to external extra
memory chips. stands for Program Pulse Input and is used when we
are programming the flash memory of the AT89C51.
VPP
EA stands for external access enable. It is used with pin to access
external memory. When we wish to access the code stored in an external
memory chip, the pin should be connected to GND. If we wish to
access on-chip program memory, then it should be connected to Vcc.

11.0592MHZ CRYSTAL
This is a 3.579MHZ Crystal. This is a low cost crystal oscillator with oscillation
frequency of 11.0592Mhz. Crystal are normally required to provide clock pulses to your
microcontroller or other IC's which require external clock source.
An oscillator crystal has two electrically conductive plates, with a slice or tuning fork of
quartz crystal sandwiched between them. The crystal oscillator circuit sustains
oscillation by taking a voltage signal from the quartz resonator, amplifying it, and
feeding it back to the resonator. Quartz has the further advantage that its elastic
constants and its size change in such a way that the frequency dependence on
temperature can be very low.
Features:
• Crystal Case Type: Metal Can

• Crystal Mounting Type: Through Hole
• Frequency: 11.0592 MHz
• Frequency Stability: ± 50ppm
• Frequency Tolerance: ± 30ppm
• Load Capacitance: 10 pF
• No. of Pins: 2
• Operating Temperature Max: 70 °C
• Operating Temperature Min: -10 °C
• Operating Temperature Range: -10°C to +70°C
MIT
Page | 18
Ceramic Capacitor
A ceramic capacitor is a fixed-valu capacitor in which ceramic
material acts as the dielectric. It is constructed of two or more
alternating layers of ceramic and a metal layer acting as
the electrodes. The composition of the ceramic material defines
the electrical behavior and therefore applications. Ceramic
capacitors are divided into two application classes:
 Class 1 ceramic capacitors offer high stability and low losses
for resonant circuit applications.
 Class 2 ceramic capacitors offer high volumetric efficiency for
buffer, by-pass, and coupling applications

10uF/16V Electrolytic Capacitor
All Electrolytic Capacitors (e-caps) are polarized capacitors whose anode

electrode (+) are made of a special metal on which an insulating oxide layer
originates by anodization (forming), which acts as the dielectric of the
electrolytic capacitor.
Features of 10uF 16v Electrolytic Capacitor:
 Operating Voltage 16V.

 Charge storage Capacity 10uF.
 Dielectric Material: sodium borate in aqueous solution.

 10KΩ Resistors
1/6th Watt, +/- 5% tolerance PTH resistors.

Commonly used in breadboards and perf boards, these
10K resistors make excellent pull-ups, pull-downs, and
current limiters.

Autometic Railwat Gate Controller
Reflective Type IR Sensor
This Reflective IR Sensor is a simple plastic casing with two elements - an

IR LED and an IR phototransistor. You can control the IR LED and turn it on
to bounce IR off objects to determine their reflectivity. White & light
colored stuff will bounce the light, so you can detect it. Black & dark
colored stuff will absorb the IR light so that it isn't detected. Likewise, if
something isn't in the way of the sensor, it won't trigger either.
These sensors are handy when you want to detect if something has passed
by the sensor, or a very simple hand-detector. Also sometimes these are
used as rotary encoder, if the encoder wheel has black and white stripes,
the photo sensor is fast enough to tell you the RPM.
Comes with a 470 ohm resistor (for biasing the IR LED) and a 10K resistor
which you can use as a pull-up resistor for the phototransistor. The sensor
is breadboard friendly and easy to solder to.
This works best when detecting a light-colored object approximately 5mm
away - 2mm to 10mm worked fairly well but your results may vary with the
LED brightness, object shininess, etc.

IR Sensor
 An IR sensor is used in this project to sense the arrival and

departure of the train.
 An IR Sensor generally comprises of two components: an IR
Transmitter and an IR Receiver. An IR Transmitter is a device
that emits IR Rays.
 Similarly, an IR Receiver is a device that detects the IR Rays.
Photo Diodes are the most commonly used IR Receivers.
 The following image shows the circuit of IR Sensor used in
this project.

STPPER MOTOR
It is a brushless electromechanical device which converts the train of

electric pulses applied at their excitation windings into precisely defined
step-by-step mechanical shaft rotation. The shaft of the motor rotates
through a fixed angle for each discrete pulse. This rotation can be linear or
angular.It gets one step movement for a single pulse input.
When a train of pulses is applied, it gets turned through a certain angle.
The angle through which the stepper motor shaft turns for each pulse is
referred as the step angle, which is generally expressed in degrees.

L293D MOTOR DRIVER
L293D is a motor driver IC used in this project to control the gate

motor. L293D Motor Drive IC is a dual H-bridge type motor driver
and is available in 16-pin Dual in-line Package.
With the help of this motor driver IC, we can control two motors at a
time with both forward and reverse direction control for individual
motors.
Motor drivers are generally used to drive high current drawing

devices like DC Motors, stepper motors, high intensity lights, etc.
They act as simple current amplifiers as their input is a low current
signal usually from a microcontroller and their output is a high
current signal to drive the loads.

CHAPTER 6
WORKING PRINCIPLE
TRANSMITTER
RECEIVER

WORKING
 Practically, the two IR sensors are placed at left and right side of the
railway gate. The distance between the two IR sensors is dependent on
the length of the train. In general we have to consider the longest train in
that route.
 Now we’ll see how this circuit actually works in real time. In this image,
we can see the real time representation of this project.
If the sensor 1 detects the arrival of the train, microcontroller starts the motor
with the help of motor driver in order to close the gate.

 The gate remains closed as the train passes the crossing.

 When the train crosses the gate and reaches second sensor, it
detects the train and the microcontroller will open the gate.

CHAPTER 7
APPLICATIONS

APPLICATION :-
 An Automatic Railway Gate Control is implemented

with very simple hardware and easy control.
 Human intervention at level crossings can be removed
with the help of this project and many railway level
crossing accidents can be prevented.

CHAPTER 8
Limitations

LIMITATIONS
 The system can be implemented more efficiently by
incorporating more efficient sensor network.
 A combination manual wireless control and sensors
based control can be used for better operation.

CHAPTER 9
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Automatic Railway Gate Controller
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
Bibliography (from Greek lite ally Book w iti g ),as a discipli e,
Is traditionally the academic study of books as physical , cultural objects

in this sense it is also known as bibliography (from Greek-logia).Carter
and Barker (2010) describe bibliography as a two fold scholarly
discipline – the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography)
and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive
bibliography).
1ST Year
BOOK NAME AUTHOR NAME PUBLISHER’S

Communication P.C. Wren & H . S Chand & Co. Ltd
Skill Martin
Engineering Avadhanulu , S. Chand Publication
Physics Kshirsagar
Basic Jain & Jain Naba Prakashani
Chemistry
Mathematics B.K. Paul Laxmi Punlication
Engineering R.S.Khurmi S. Chand & Co
Mechanics
Engineering N.D.Bhatt S.Chand & Co.
Drawing
Computer Henry Lucas Laxmi Publication Pvt
Fundamentals Ltd

2nd YEAR
3rd SEM
BOOK NAME AUTHOR NAME PUBLISHER

Basic Electronics De Pearson Education
Circiut Theory A. K. Chakraborty Wiley
Fundamentals of A Barua Wiley
Industrial
Instrumentation
Electrical Golding & Widdis A H Wheeler
Measurements &
Measuring
Instruments
Electrical R.K. Rajput Laxmi Publication
Machine
Fiber Optic G.P. Agrawal John Wiley and Sons
Communication
Programming in C E. Balagurusamy Mc Graw Hill

4th SEM
Book name Author name PUBLISHER

Circuit Theory A.P. Malvino S Chand
Digital G K Kharate Wiley India
Electronics
Principles of D.Patranabis TMH
Industrial
Instrumentation
Electronic D.A.Bell PHI
Measurements
Process Control S Bhanot Oxford University
Press

3 YEAR
rd
5 SEM
th

Principles of D.Patranabis TMH
Industrial
Instrumentation
Process Control S Bhanot Oxford University
Principle & Press
Application
Industrial Zaber PHI
Electronics
Microprocessor& N Senthil Oxford University
Microcontroller press
Analysis R.P.Khare CBS
Instrumentation

6th SEM

Microprocessor& N Senthil Oxford University
Microcontroller press
A Hand Book of R.S. khandpur TMH
Bio Medical
Instrumentation
Communication Chandrasekhar OXFORD
system
Power Plant Krisnaswami PHI
Instrumentation

LIST :-
 www.google.com
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AT89_series
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_capacitor
 https://www.robomart.com/10-microfarad-16-volt-
electrolytic-capacitor
 https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/resistors
 http://www.keil.com/forum/14142/at89c51-programmer-
circuit/
 https://www.electronicshub.org/ir-sensor/
 https://www.rakeshmondal.info/L293D-Motor-Driver
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepper_motor
 https://www.electronicshub.org/automatic-railway-gate-
controller/#Circuit_Operation

CHAPTER 10
FUTURE SCOPE

FUTURE SCOPE
Early level crossings had a flagman in a nearby booth who would, on
the approach of a train, wave a red flag or lantern to stop all traffic
and clear the tracks. Manual or electrical closable gates that
barricaded the roadway were later introduced. The gates were
intended to be a complete barrier against intrusion of any road
traffic onto the railway. In the early days of the railways much road
traffic was horsedrawn or included livestock. It was thus necessary
to provide a real barrier. Thus, crossing gates, when closed to road
traffic, crossed the entire width of the road. When opened to allow
road users to cross the line, the gates were swung across the width
of the railway, preventing any pedestrians or animals getting onto
the line.
With the appearance of motor vehicles, this barrier became less

effective and the need for a barrier to livestock diminished
dramatically. Many countries therefore substituted the gated
crossings with weaker but more highly visible barriers and relied
upon road users following the associated warning signals to stop.
In many countries, level crossings on less important roads and

railway lines are often "open" or "uncontrolled", sometimes with
warning lights or bells to warn of approaching trains. Ungated
crossings represent a safety concern; many accidents have
occurred due to failure to notice or obey the warning.
Level crossings present a significant risk of collisions between trains

and road vehicles. Level crossings in India, China, Thailand, and
Malaysia are still largely manually-operated, where the barriers are
lowered using a manual switch when trains approach.
FUTURE SCOPE
Our project is designed using 8051 microcontroller to avoid

railway accidents happening at unattended railway gates.
This project utilizes two IR trans-receiver pair; one pair of IR
trans-receiver is fixed at one side of the railway gate and
similarly the other pair is fixed at the other side of the
railway gate. Whenever a signal from any of the trans-
receiver is detected a buzzer is sounded for say five seconds
and then the gates are closed we will be using DC geared
motor to open and close the gates. Now when the train is
again detected at other IR trans-receiver the gates are
opened. We will be using L293 driver IC to control the motor
i.e. open and close the gates.
This type of gates can be employed in an unmanned level

crossing where the chances of accidents are higher and
reliable operation is required. Since, the operation is
automatic; error due to manual operation is prevented.
Automatic railway gate control is highly economical
microcontroller based arrangement, designed for use in
almost all the unmanned level crossings in the country.

Railway Gate Control Project

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Autometic Railway Controller

This Project uses regulated 12v,1amp power supply,IC 8051

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

A thesis Submitted i pa tial of the e ui e e t fo the DIPLOMA

Student Name Roll No Phone no

 Intaj Ansari D106056006-00042 8759594339

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

INTROD UCTION 4-5

POWER SUPPLY 6-8

PRINCIPLE OPERATION 9-10

AUTOMETIC RAILWAY GATE 11-12

WORKING PRINCIPLE 26-28

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Automatic Railway Gate Control System is a simple but very

In general, Railway gates are opened or closed manually by a

To avoid the human intervention at level crossings completely, we

We have two different Automatic Railway Gate Control circuits

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

*BUILDING THE 12V REGULATED POWER

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

 Power Supply for 8051 Microcontroller

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

 POWER SUPPLY 8051

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

The principle of operation behind the working of this project lies in

In Reflective Type IR Sensor, the IR transmitter and receiver are

If there is an obstacle in front of the IR Transmitter and Receiver

This setup can be configured to detect an object like a Train and in

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Automatic Railway Gate Control using 8051

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Port 0 : It can be used as a simple 8-bit bidirectional input/output port.

Or it can be used as a bidirectional lower address byte and data bus

Port 1 (P1.0 to P1.7)

Most basic port of all. No dual function. Can be used as an 8-bit

It has internal pull-ups so no need to connect any resistors manually.

It is an input port by default (i.e., on reset). Alternatively, you can

 It can be used as a simple 8-bit bidirectional input/output port like Port

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Port 3 (P3.0 to P3.7; Pins have alternative functions too)

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

• Crystal Case Type: Metal Can

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

10uF/16V Electrolytic Capacitor

All Electrolytic Capacitors (e-caps) are polarized capacitors whose anode

Features of 10uF 16v Electrolytic Capacitor:

 Operating Voltage 16V.

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

1/6th Watt, +/- 5% tolerance PTH resistors.

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Reflective Type IR Sensor

This Reflective IR Sensor is a simple plastic casing with two elements - an

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

 An IR sensor is used in this project to sense the arrival and

MURSHIDABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

It is a brushless electromechanical device which converts the train of