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Mobile WiMAX Preliminary Network Design

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Mobile WiMAX Preliminary Network Design

Mobile WiMAX Preliminary Network Design

1. About Airspan 5
W H I T E PA P E R

2. Introduction 6

3. An Introduction to WiMAX 7
3.1 Why WiMAX? 7

3.2 Benefits of Mobile WiMAX 802.16e-2005 8

3.2.1 SOFDMA Air Interface 9

3.2.2 Advanced RF Features 10

3.2.3 Power saving features for portable devices 14

4. Airspan’s Mobile WiMAX Products 15


4.1 Base Station Products 15

4.2 End User Products 17

4.3 Network Management 17

5. Mobile WiMAX Network Architecture 20


5.1 Network Reference Model 20

5.2 Airspan Network Solution 22

5.2.1 ASN Gateway - ControlMAX 23

5.2.2 Connectivity Service Network (CSN) 25

6. The Network Design Process 28


6.1 Requirements Capture 28

6.2 Network Design 30

6.3 RF Planning and Design for IEEE 802.16e-2005 30

6.3.1 RF Planning Principles for IEEE 802.16e-2005 Networks 30

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7. RF Planning and Design 33


W H I T E PA P E R

7.1 Introduction to Airspan’s RF planning tools 33

7.2 RF Network Planning Phases 34

7.2.1 Proposal Phase 35

7.2.2. Business Model Phase 35

7.2.3 Network Deployment Phase 36

8. WiMAX Link Budget 37


8.1 Link Budget Assumptions 37

8.2 Link Budget Calculation for a 3.5GHz TDD system with


5MHz channel size 38

8.3 Link Budget Calculation for a 3.5GHz TDD system with


10MHz channel size 39

8.4 Typical Headline Ranges for HiperMAX using Matrix A MIMO 40

9. Conclusions 41

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Glossary
W H I T E PA P E R

AAA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting protocol


AAS Advanced Antenna System
ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest
ASN Access Service Network
ATCA Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture
BWA Broadband Wireless Access
CPE Customer Premises Equipment
CQI Channel Quality Indicator
CSN Connectivity Service Network
DSM Digital Surface Model
DTM Digital Terrain Model
EAP Extensible Authentication Protocol
FA Foreign Agent
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
GUI Graphical User Interface
HA Home Agent
H-ARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
MAC Media Access Control Layer
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
MRC Maximal Ratio Combining
NLOS Non Line of Sight
OBSAI Open Base Station Standard Initiative
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (Multiple Access)
PHY PHYsical Layer
RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial In User Service
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRM Radio Resource Management
SAS Smart Antenna System
SDR Software Defined Radio
SIP Session Initiation Protocol
SOFDMA Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (Multiple Access)
STC Space Time Coding
TDD Time Division Duplex
VoIP Voice over IP

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About Airspan
W H I T E PA P E R

Airspan Networks provides wireless voice and broadband data systems and solutions
for the mobile and fixed WiMAX and Wi-Fi markets, including Voice over IP (VoIP). Its
wireless products serve operators around the world in both licensed and unlicensed
frequency bands between 700 MHz and 6 GHz. Airspan has a strong wireless
product roadmap that includes WiMAX Forum Certified equipment and products
meeting 802.11 a/b/g Wi-Fi standards. Airspan’s HiperMAX and MicroMAX base
station products support portable and mobile 802.16e-2005 WiMAX alongside fixed
and nomadic 802.16-2004 products. Airspan products also include “self install” and
professionally installed customer premise equipment.

Airspan is on the Board and is a founder member of the WiMAX Forum and a
member of the Wi-Fi Alliance. The Company has deployments with more than 400
operators in 100 countries, 100 of which use Airspan’s WiMAX products. Airspan’s
wireless systems are based on radio technology that delivers excellent area coverage,
capacity, high security and resistance to fading. These systems can be deployed
rapidly and cost effectively, providing an attractive alternative to traditional wired
communications networks. Airspan also offers radio planning, network installation,
integration, training and support services to facilitate the deployment and operation
of its systems. Airspan is an international telecommunications equipment provider
headquartered in Boca Raton, Florida.

Figure 1 - Airspan’s worldwide WiMAX deployments

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Introduction
W H I T E PA P E R

Airspan is pleased to introduce its IEEE 802.16e-2005 Mobile WiMAX products and
solutions. In this document we describe the products, assumptions and approaches
used to design and propose the Mobile WiMAX network.

Airspan has been delivering WiMAX solutions since 2005 and is a recognised leader
in WiMAX with over 100 WiMAX commercial deployments and trials worldwide. The
hands-on experience gained from these projects puts us in a unique position in
providing our customers with products, services and solutions that enables them to
be competitive and successful in their chosen markets.

Key Benefits

• Scalable Mobile WiMAX solutions that provide pay-as-you-grow benefits

• Wave2 compliant solutions with advanced radio features such as Multiple In


Multiple Out (MIMO) and Smart Antenna Systems (SAS) that improve the system’s
reach and throughput thus optimising CAPEX investment

• A complete solution that can be integrated with existing network elements or


offers a complete ground-up network solution that minimises the system
integration work to be carried out by the operator

Advantages of the Airspan approach to network planning and design

• Extensive in-house experience of WiMAX radio network planning

• Specialist radio planning tools developed for this purpose and calibrated for our
products

• Innovative design processes and approaches that take into account customer’s
specific requirements

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An Introduction to WiMAX
W H I T E PA P E R

3.1 Why WiMAX?

Since its arrival, WiMAX has redefined the wireless broadband landscape turning this
technology into one of the leading technologies of the decade. First came fixed
WiMAX based on the IEEE 802.16-2004, which for the first time defined a
worldwide open standard for broadband wireless. This was followed by the IEEE
802.16e-2005 standard upon which Mobile WiMAX is based. The latest standard is a
superset of the fixed WiMAX standard and adds mobility and other advances for
delivering improvements in capacity, throughput and spectral efficiency required for
delivering mobile broadband services.

Mobile WiMAX enables broadband wireless anytime, anywhere using any WiMAX
enabled devices, whether it is a laptop, desktop modem, digital phone or even a
games device. Mobile WiMAX creates a seamless broadband environment at home,
in the office and on the move.

WiMAX is good news for end users, network operators, service providers and
suppliers alike. WiMAX makes possible new economics as well as new performance
levels, transforming the business case for deployment of broadband wireless access. It
creates the necessary environment for high quality, multi-megabit services to be
delivered to end users more cost effectively by creating a global marketplace and a
framework for inspiring innovation.

The world’s leading silicon suppliers are committed to supporting WiMAX. They are
already into their third or fourth generation of WiMAX silicon, constantly improving
functionality, and levels of integration. High volume and new levels of integration are
driving the WiMAX customer premises equipment costs ever lower, dramatically
improving service provider economics.

A number of vendors including Airspan are developing Mobile WiMAX end user
equipment in the shape of USB devices or PCMCIA cards, unleashing a new era of
broadband wireless mobility, instantly WiMAX enabling many millions of portable
devices.

Today’s WiMAX Forum™, which was established by Airspan and other visionary
industry leaders, champions the widespread adoption of this standard, establishes a
brand for the technology and lays the groundwork for interoperability between
products from different suppliers.

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Summary of WiMAX Benefits

• A global standard for delivering mobile and fixed broadband to the end user
against interoperable system profiles

• Provides the lowest cost way to deliver wide area wireless broadband

• Supported by the leading industry players, creating a huge ecosystem that benefits
all Airspan is committed to WiMAX

As a founding and charter member of the WiMAX Forum™, Airspan has led the way
in WiMAX, being among the first wave of companies to achieve certification for its
base station and customer premises equipment. Airspan is a WiMAX Forum board
member and as such plays an active role in shaping the present and the future of this
global standard.

3.2 Benefits of Mobile WiMAX 802.16e-2005

IEEE 802.16e-2005 specifies a number of new features essential for the rollout of an
efficient mobile WiMAX network. Currently 802.16e-2005 optimised for mobile and
portable applications; currently it is not optimised for fixed and portable deployment
but work is underway to define a suitable system profile for this in the future.

The key features of 802.16e-2005 are summarised below.

Parameters Mobile WiMAX (16e)

PHY 512 and 1024 FFT SOFDMA


Channel Sizes Primarily 5 MHz and 10 MHz
Tx / Rx Duplexing TDD only
Convergence Sub-Layer Primarily IP (Layer 3)
Advanced Antenna Techniques Downlink 2x2 MIMO Uplink CSM
Downlink Modulations 64QAM to QPSK
Approx Downlink Peak OTA Rate (10MHz) >45Mbps (with MIMO)
Uplink Modulations 16QAM to QPSK (64QAM optional)
Approx Uplink Peak OTA Rate (10MHz) >10Mbps
Frame Durations 5ms
Advanced RF Techniques Downlink & Uplink Partially Used Sub-
Carriers (PUSC) - FFR
Other Sleep / Paging support; Handover support

Table 1 - IEEE 802.16e-2005 Features 8


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IEEE 802.16e-2005 Certification Process

WiMAX forum has broken the IEEE 802.16e-2005 certification process into two
stages called Wave 1 and Wave 2. Wave 1 and Wave 2 certification have in turn been
divided into two phases, Phase 1 and Phase 2. The content of the phases for Wave 1
have been defined. For Wave 2 phase 1 has been defined, phase 2 definition is
ongoing.

Wave 1 certification is a subset of Wave 2 and leaves out a number of significant


features that result in much reduced performance. Wave 2 certification contains all
mandatory features including MIMO, beamforming support, Adaptive Modulation
and Coding (AMC), full handover support, idle/sleep mode support, paging.
Therefore any successful commercial deployment of mobile WiMAX needs to be
based on Wave2 grade products.

Below we consider some of these features in a little more detail and establish their
contributions to better coverage, throughput improvements and eventually CAPEX savings.

3.2.1 SOFDMA Air Interface

Both OFDM and SOFDMA air interfaces of the 802.16 standard support variable
bandwidth sizes for NLOS operations. In order to keep optimal subcarrier spacing,
the FFT size should scale with the bandwidth. Possible SOFDMA profiles are shown in
Table 2. Please note that in order to reduce system complexity and facilitate
interoperability the decision was made to limit the number of profiles for WiMAX. At
the present time only two FFT sizes, 512 and 1024, are recommended in WiMAX.

SOFDMA Profiles
Parameter Values
System bandwidth (MHz) 1.25 5 10 20
Sampling frequency (MHz) 1.4 5.6 11.2 22.4
FFT size 128 512 1024 2048
Number of sub-channels 2 8 16 32
Subcarrier frequency spacing 10.94kHz

Table 2 - SOFDMA Profiles

In addition to variable FFT sizes, SOFDMA supports features such as Advanced


Modulation and Coding (AMC), Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (H-ARQ),
high-efficiency uplink sub-channel structures, MIMO in DL and UL, as well as other
OFDMA default features such as a variety of subcarrier allocation and diversity schemes.

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3.2.2 Advanced RF Features

IEEE 802.16-e-2005 provides a number of advanced radio features that improve


coverage and capacity by enhancing the link budget of the system.

3.2.2.1 STC

Space time coding (STC) is a method employed to improve the reliability of data
transmission in wireless communication systems using multiple transmit antennas.
STCs rely on transmitting multiple, redundant copies of a data stream to the receiver
in order to improve the chances of successful decoding of the received data. As such
STC is a special case of Matrix A MIMO described below and works with
802.16-2004 and 802.16e-2005 CPEs with a single antenna. The use of STC can
result in system gains of up to 7.5dB in QPSK modulation.

The 802.16 standard specifies Alamouti scheme as a compliant STC code. It is a


Space-Time code in that it sends information on two transmit (Tx) antennas (space)
and over two consecutive transmissions in time. Therefore it is said to transmit
information in space and time.

The purpose of STC is not to increase the system capacity but to improve the error
rate performance of the system by transmitting coded information. Since higher
order modulation schemes are more susceptible to noise, as the error rate
performance of the system improves, it may be possible to use a higher order
modulation scheme, which means that each symbol carries more bits of data, which
in turn may result in modest increases in system capacity. STC can be seen as a
special case of MIMO, where Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) technique is used.
Indeed this is one of the Matrix A MIMO scenarios. Figure 2 depicts the STC
operation.

BS SS
(S2*) S1 Tx1
H1
1001 S2S1 Rx2
S PA C E -T I M E
M O D U L AT O R
ENCODER

Tx2 H2

(S1*) S2

Figure 2 – STC Operation

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3.2.2.2 MIMO

Multiple Tx/Rx chains and antennas in the base stations is now a well-established
technique. Technological advances in high scale integration are making multiple Tx/Rx
chains and antennas also economically viable for the mobile and stationary subscriber
stations. The WiMAX Forum Mobility Task Group (MTG) defined profile specifies two
MIMO versions called Matrix A MIMO and Matrix B MIMO. The IEEE 802.16 standard
defines other MIMO classes, for example Matrix C MIMO, which may be adopted by
the WiMAX Forum in future profiles.

In MIMO systems Multiple Input and Multiple Output are defined in relation to the
channel. Two or more Tx antennas input multiple inputs into the channel and two or
more Rx antennas extract outputs from the channel.

Matrix A MIMO

Matrix A MIMO implements the rate 1 Space-Time Coding scheme (commonly known
as the Alamouti Code). This technique captures diversity gains by sending a single
data stream in two parts out of two antennas, interleaved with transformed/conjugated
versions of the same information, so that the receiver has higher probability of
successfully extracting the desired signal. Matrix A achieves a spatial diversity order of
two, but does not set out to achieve combining, interference mitigation, or spatial
multiplexing gains.

Matrix A MIMO delivers higher link robustness, reducing fade margin by up to 11dB,
with little or no degradation as subscriber mobility increases. The impact on end-user
data rate is small; reduced fade margin may allow the use of marginally higher order
of modulation, but it is not comparable to the 1.5-1.75 times throughput gain
achieved by comparable Matrix B MIMO through spatial multiplexing. Matrix A
MIMO is useful in suburban and networks with light loading and relatively high
subscriber mobility. Figure 2 depicts the Matrix A MIMO operation.

BS H1,1 (f)
(S2*) S1 Tx 1
H1,2 (f)

1001 S2S1
S PA C E-TIM E
MODUL AT OR
ENC OD ER
H2,1 (f)
Tx 2
H2,2 (f)
(S1*) S2

Figure 3 – Matrix A MIMO Operation

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Matrix B MIMO

For channels with a rich multipath environment it is possible to increase the data
rate/ throughput by transmitting separate information streams on each antenna in
the DL direction. Using sophisticated receiver technology, the different streams can be
separated and decoded. For example, using 2 transmit and 2 receive Tx/Rx chains
(and the associated antennas), up to twice the capacity of a single antenna system
can be achieved. This is particularly useful in urban deployments where long reach is
less important than high throughput at the end user device. In WiMAX, spatial
multiplexing on the downlink is made possible using the Matrix B MIMO, which can
provide a capacity increase of 1.5-1.75x in a 2x2 Matrix B MIMO configuration.
Figure 4 depicts the Matrix B MIMO operation.

BS H1,1 (f)
S1 Tx 1
H1,2 (f)

1001 S2S1
S PA C E-TIM E
MODUL AT OR
ENC OD ER
H2,1 (f)
Tx 2
H2,2 (f)
S2

Figure 4 – Matrix B MIMO Operation

Smart MIMO

Smart MIMO is a hybrid of the Matrix A and Matrix B MIMO described above and
enables the range extending qualities of Matrix A MIMO and the throughput
enhancing qualities of the Matrix B MIMO to be utilised in an intelligent manner
throughout the sector. The base station scheduler makes an intelligent choice for
individual mobile stations to assign them to a Matrix A or Matrix B part of the
WiMAX frame. This provides optimal gains on an individual mobile station basis per
frame which maximises the efficiency of the WiMAX channel.

3.2.2.3 SAS - Beamforming

Smart Antenna Systems (SAS) combine antenna arrays with sophisticated signal
processing to enhance SNR for higher throughput and link robustness while
simultaneously reducing interference. Beamforming is an example of SAS. When
receiving a signal, beamforming can increase the gain in the direction of wanted
signals and decrease the gain in the direction of interference and noise. When
transmitting a signal, beamforming can increase the gain in the direction the signal is
to be sent and direct nulls at users that would otherwise be interfered with.

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SAS typically delivers a +10 to 15 dB link budget improvement relative to single


antenna architecture. In the mobile WiMAX application, its active interference
management can push the achievable net spectral efficiency into the 4-5bps/Hz
range. SAS alone on the BS side provides operators with significant range benefits in
the initial stages of network operation, and as their subscriber base grows and the
network becomes interference limited, SAS can provide significant capacity benefits,
especially when used in combination with spatial multiplexing techniques.

With the potential for fewer base stations to achieve a particular system-wide
coverage and capacity, beam-forming can provide a savings of as much as 30-40%
on CAPEX and 20-30% on OPEX.

SAS can be used in conjunction with MIMO to provide a Hybrid system when
beamforming and MIMO gains are combined on a single WiMAX interface.

3.2.2.4 Sub-channelization

Broadband wireless systems tend to have better downlink (DL) performance than
uplink (UL). This is because the base station radios are more powerful than the radios
implemented in the user devices in order to keep the costs and power requirements
as low as possible. This creates an imbalance in the UL and DL performance of the
network and restricts the range to that which can be achieved by the end user
devices transmitting towards the base station.

One of the techniques that can be employed to boost the UL performance is called
sub-channelization. When the system is UL sub-channelization enabled, the available
channel bandwidth can be divided into a number of sub-channels thus reducing the
amount of the channel bandwidth used by the end user device. Since the available
energy is concentrated in smaller number of sub-channels the UL performance can be
improved by up to 12dB depending on the number of sub-channels that are used.
This in turn translates to CAPEX and OPEX savings by helping to achieve better
balance between the UL and DL performance of the system.

3.2.2.5 Hybrid-ARQ

Automatic Repeat-reQuest (ARQ) is an error control method for data transmission


which makes use of acknowledgments and timeouts to achieve reliable data
transmission. Hybrid ARQ (H-ARQ) is a variation of the ARQ error control method,
which gives better performance than ordinary ARQ, particularly over wireless
transmission.

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The simplest version of H-ARQ, combines Forward Error Correction (FEC) and ARQ by
encoding the data block plus error-detection information (such as CRC) with an error-
correction code (such as Reed-Solomon code or Turbo code) prior to transmission.
When the coded data block is received, the receiver first decodes the error-correction
code. If the channel quality is good enough, all transmission errors should be
correctable, and the receiver can obtain the correct data block. If the channel quality
is bad and not all transmission errors can be corrected, the receiver will detect this
situation using the error-detection code. In the case of chase combining, the receiver
stores the incorrectly received coded data blocks and when the retransmitted coded
data block is received, the information from both coded data blocks are combined
before being processed by the decoder of the error-correction code. This approach
increases the probability of successful error correction and improves system
performance by reducing lost data and retransmissions.

3.2.2.6 Channel Quality Indication

Timely channel quality indication (CQI) messages at the receiver are essential for
adaptive power and rate control and H-ARQ to be effective. The support of high
mobility services requires that fast corrective actions are taken at the transmitter to
ensure the link is operating optimally at all times. Mobile WiMAX has specified CQI
messages that are compact in size, resulting ensuring that the CQI messages provide
fast and reliable feedback of path conditions to the base station while maintaining
low overhead.

3.2.2.7 Turbo code

IEEE 802.16e-2005 specifies high performance error correction codes called turbo
codes which provide an additional 3dB gain.

3.2.3 Power saving features for portable devices

Power management features such as idle mode and sleep mode are essential for
battery powered mobile and nomadic end user devices without which the battery life
of the device will be unacceptably short. When the end user device is not actively
being used to communicate with it goes into a low power mode thus saving
electrical power. The device resumes normal operation when needed.

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Airspan’s Mobile WiMAX Products


W H I T E PA P E R

Airspan’s WiMAX product portfolio is one of the most comprehensive in the industry.
We will now describe these products and the benefits they offer.

4.1 Base Station Products

Airspan’s mobile WiMAX base station is called HiperMAX. HiperMAX is a family of


base station products as follows:

HiperMAX-2 and HiperMAX-4

HiperMAX is the ultimate mobile WiMAX base station designed for high-density
deployment situations. HiperMAX has been architected to provide a highly scalable,
fully redundant base station product that will deliver the optimum performance for
years to come. HiperMAX is fully compatible with the Mobile WiMAX Network
Reference Model (NRM). HiperMAX is part of the Access Service Network (ASN).

HiperMAX supports the reference point (R6) between the base station and the ASN
Gateway as well as the reference point (R8) between base stations. HiperMAX
interworks with Airspan’s ASN Gateway, ControlMAX, and with other third party ASN
gateways.

HiperMAX represents the state of the art, next generation base station design and
includes:

• Fully upgradeable, software defined radio (SDR) based PHY and MAC layer
implementation capable of simultaneously supporting both SOFDMA and OFDM

• Fully digital, OBSAI based, fibre optic interfaces between indoor and outdoor
equipment, which can operate at km’s separation

• Output power of 33dBm

• Smart multiple antenna technologies including:

- Multi-channel transmit and receive diversity

- 2x2 and 4x2 Matrix A and Matrix B MIMO configurations

- 4-channel Smart Antenna Systems (SAS)

• GPS based timing synchronisation essential for TDD deployments and frequency
accuracies required for Fractional Frequency Usage deployment models

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HiperMAX-micro

HiperMAX-Micro has been designed for micro-cellular deployment in dense urban


environment, or as a micro-cell infill solution as part of a macro-cell deployment.
HiperMAX-micro is a variant of the HiperMAX platform and the same technology
including SDR and OBSAI underpin both products. With its very small form factor, it
has been optimised for deployment on low cost sites such as power poles, rooftops
or the sides of buildings.

HiperMAX Radio

HiperMAX and HiperMAX micro share the same radio implementations which are
connected to the baseband processors via OBSAI based fibre optic technology. The
HiperMAX radios can be configured to work with diversity, MIMO or SAS based
antenna configurations.

HiperMAX radios can be used in conjunction with cross polar antennas. When used
together with 45o cross polar antenna, it is possible to deploy one antenna instead of
two thus providing savings in antenna and planning costs.

HiperMAX CAPEX and OPEX Benefits

The HiperMAX family of base stations offers the operator unrivalled CAPEX and OPEX
benefits. Here is why:

• Great flexibility in choosing the base stations locations

• HiperMAX-2 and 4 supports ATCA chassis that can house up to 12 sectors for
enormous base station capacity for high density deployments or redundancy for
high availability services

• HiperMAX-micro can be deployed anywhere, on wall or pole mounting, rooftops,


side of building, indoors or outdoors

• OBSAI based fibre optic interface between the baseband processor and the radio
provides unrivalled flexibility in terms of placing the radios near the customers for
targeted service delivery

• Advanced radio technology as described in section 3.2.2 above, ensures maximum


range, coverage and throughput thus help reduce capital expenditure on base
station equipment

• With the potential for fewer base stations to achieve a particular system-wide
coverage and capacity, beam-forming can provide a savings of as much as 30-40%
on CAPEX and 20-30% on OPEX

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4.2 End User Products

Airspan develops its own mobile and fixed end user devices as well as collaborating
with other vendors of such equipment for achieving interworking. The current range
of subscriber station (SS) and mobile station (MS) equipment are summarised below:

Quad Band EasyST EasyST EasyST ProST ProST WiFi


16eUSB WiFi Voice

Device type USB device Indoor Indoor Indoor Outdoor Outdoor


self install self install self install pro- install pro- install

Applications Mobile Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed


nomadic portable

Services Data, VoIP Data, VoIP Data, VoIP Data, VoIP Data, VoIP Data, VoIP
IPTV Video Video Voice Video Video

Ports USB Ethernet Ethernet 1 Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet and


802.11b/g 2 voice ports 802.11b/g

Airspan’s MS/SS devices

4.3 Network Management

Network management is an essential function of any network and influences the


operational success from day 1. Airspan has developed its Netspan element manager
utilising years of experience of deploying networks all around the world. Netspan has
been developed to manage all of Airspan’s wireless products (and 3rd part WiMAX
devices) and it can be used on its own or as part of a hierarchical network
management system.

Airspan’s WiMAX products incorporate all the features that are required for the initial
installation and commissioning of the products as well as their day-to-day efficient
running. To this end, all products include comprehensive management capabilities in
terms of features designed into the products as well as the centralised Operations &
Management (O&M) system, Netspan.

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Figure 5 – Netspan Screens

Netspan provides the following functions:


• Fault management
• Configuration management
• Alarm handling
• Performance management
• Security management

Netspan is designed around a client /server architecture. The Netspan server runs on a
PC platform, making use of an SQL database to store the configuration, statistics and
alarm history from the radio network. Access to the Netspan server is from Microsoft
Internet Explorer, using the web service of the Netspan server.

The minimum Netspan server requirements are as follows:

Server Requirements for a commercial system:

• CPU: Dual Processor (Pentium 4, Xeon or better with 1Mb L2 cache)


• Memory: 2GB RAM
• Drive Controller: Dual Channel Ultra 320 SCSI
• RAID Controller: support RAID 01 or stripped mirror, eg PERC
• Hard Drive: 2 x hot pluggable, 73GB, SCSI drives (15K RPM)
• CD ROM Drive
• Tape Back-up
• Network Interface Card

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For small networks or trials, where backup and redundancy capability within the host
machine is not required, the following specification Netspan server can be used.

Server Requirements for a small system or trial:

• CPU: Pentium 4, 2.8GHz

• Memory: 1GB RAM

• Hard Drive: 80GB

• CD ROM Drive

• Network Interface Card

The Netspan O&M has terminal mobility service support from day 1, enabling
roaming. Netspan cooperates with the CSN and ASN for subscriber and service
provisioning. Network Authentication is managed separately from service provisioning
and activation, which is a fundamental part of any mobile system design.

Each Netspan operator is given configurable access rights, allowing each operator to
be granted the rights appropriate to their function. Netspan provides configuration
and diagnostic access to every WiMAX network element, right down to each
individual Subscriber Terminal.

Netspan CAPEX and OPEX Benefits

Netspan offers the operator significant CAPEX and OPEX benefits. Here is why:

• One management system that manages all mobile WiMAX products

• GUI based user interface with intuitive design minimising training and number of
crafts persons required to run the network

• Off-the-shelf server hardware and Microsoft .Net software platform minimise


CAPEX investment

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Mobile WiMAX Network Architecture


W H I T E PA P E R

WiMAX supports an open, all-IP architecture, which is unique amongst the


standardised mobile technologies. The IP based architecture is set to decrease the
complexity and cost to network operators, while increasing the flexibility in
developing new services and applications and the freedom in selecting the best
suited vendors. If network operators want to reap the full benefits that WiMAX and
its all-IP architecture can deliver, they need to carefully select the ASN and CSN
solutions that best suit their requirements and provide all the functionality required
while avoiding unnecessary complexity in their network.

We start by describing the Network reference model defined by the WiMAX Forum
followed by a description of the implementation options offered by Airspan.

5.1 Network Reference Model

Mobile WiMAX end-to-end network architecture model follows the Network


Reference Model (NRM), the first release of which is shown below. The NRM was
developed by WiMAX Forum’s Network Working Group (NWG). The current version is
Release 1.1.0 published in July 2007.

R2
NAP HOME NSP
Network Access Provider Network Service Provider
Internet

BS
AAA HA
R6 ASPs
R1 IP R3
R8 ASN IMS
Mobile Station Cloud GW
(MS) (FA) IP Legacy Core
R6 Cloud CRM Billing
Networks
BS
ASN CSN
Access Service Network Connectivity Service Network
2G/3G Mobile
Networks
R4 R5

Other
Another ASN Operator’s
CSN

Figure 6 – Mobile WiMAX Network Reference Model

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Network Reference Model reference points are summarised in the table below:

R1 Interface between the MS and the ASN


Functionality: air interface
R2 Interface between the MS and the CSN
Functionality: AAA, IP host configuration, mobility management
R3 Interface between the ASN and CSN
Functionality: AAA, policy enforcement, mobility management
R4 Interface between ASNs
Functionality: mobility management
R5 Interface between CSNs
Functionality: internetworking, roaming
R6 Interface between BTS and ASN gateway
Functionality: IP tunnel management to establish and release MS connection
R8 Interface between Base stations
Functionality: handoffs

Table 3 – NRM Reference Point Summary

The IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard calls for the ability to manage subscriber mobility at
a number of layers as well as to authenticate, account and apply policy on a per
subscriber basis. This is achieved by dividing the WiMAX network into two main
parts:

• Access Service Network (ASN) and

• Connectivity Service Network (CSN)

The ASN consists of the WiMAX base stations and the ASN Gateway, whereas, the
CSN is at the core of the network providing control and management functions such
as AAA, DHCP, FTP and IMS.

A key element of the ASN is the ASN Gateway, which controls and aggregates the
traffic from one or more WiMAX base stations and manages handover between them
which includes maintaining authentication service flows and key distribution between
base stations.

The NWG has defined three ASN profiles, referred as profile A, B and C from which
vendors and service providers can select their preferred solution. Profile A and C both
use centralized ASN Gateways, however, in Profile C the base stations are responsible
for implementing the Radio Resource Management (RRM) and Handover
management functions. Profile B embeds the key ASN functionality inside the base

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station, which removes the need for a centralised ASN gateway. Recently Profile A
has been withdrawn leaving just Profiles B and C. Airspan currently offers Profile C
compliant solutions in collaboration with the specialist ASN Gateway vendor Starent.
Airspan’s ASN Gateway portfolio is called ControlMAX which is described later.

Connectivity Service Network (CSN) is the core of the network. It controls and
manages the ASNs and the subscribers with a variety of services such as AAA, Home
Agent functions, DHCP server, etc. CSN is also responsible for connecting to other
operator’s networks and enables inter-operator and inter-technology roaming.
Airspan is collaborating with Starent and other specialist vendors to deliver a
comprehensive CSN solution which is described in the next section.

Airspan’s Mobile Station (MS) device, 16eUSB, will be Wave 2 compliant from the
outset and will support MIMO as described in Section 4.

5.2 Airspan Network Solution

Airspan is a world leader in broadband wireless products and solutions. Airspan’s


802.16e-2005 compliant base station and mobile station solutions incorporate all the
latest features in order to offer operators the best CAPEX and OPEX performance. We
have already described the benefits of these products in section 4 of this document.

Airspan also recognises that the success of a mobile WiMAX deployment depends
not just on the radio solution but also requires a well integrated network solution
which is in accordance with the NRM defined by the WiMAX Forum. To this end
Airspan is prepared to cooperate with the operator’s chosen suppliers for ASN
gateways, AAA servers, DHCP servers, etc. Airspan has also established commercial
relationships with leading independent vendors in their respective fields in order to
offer its customers a total solution. We will now introduce this solution.

Figure 7 below demonstrates Airspan’s mobile WiMAX network realisation, which


can be easily mapped to the NRM shown in Figure 6.

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Figure 7 – Airspan Mobile WiMAX Network Realisation

Working our way from left to right, we have already described Airspan’s MS and BS
solutions in section 4. We will now concentrate on describing the ASN Gateway and
CSN solutions.

5.2.1 ASN Gateway - ControlMAX

Airspan’s ASN gateway is called ControlMAX. ControlMAX is the ideal subscriber


mobility access gateway for IEEE 802.16e-2005 Mobile WiMAX networks.
ControlMAX is designed to support connection management and mobility across cell
sites and inter-service provider network boundaries through processing of subscriber
control and bearer data traffic. ControlMAX serves as the Extensible Authentication
Protocol (EAP) authenticator for subscriber identity and acts as a RADIUS client to the
operator’s AAA servers.

ControlMAX offers the choice of a high capacity platform or an “entry level” server
platform with the flexibility for small and large networks that can scale accordingly.
The high capacity without changing or adding additional chassis. The system
simplifies the network by reducing the required number of devices under
management and minimizes connection set-up latency by reducing the number of
call hand-offs in the network.

Due to the flexibility of the ControlMAX hardware platform, optionally, it can be


integrated with a Home Agent (HA) and potentially other gateway functions such as
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN), or WiFi Packet Data Interworking Function
(PDIF) for seamless mobility between Mobile WiMAX, 1xEV-DO, W-CDMA/UMTS, and
WiFi networks. The integration of multiple access gateway functions promotes
network simplification, streamlines network management, provides service ubiquity
with no impact on the access network being utilized, and reduces capital and
operational expenses.

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The key functions of the ControlMAX are as follows:

• Authentication
- RADIUS client support
- Authenticator functionality including key generation and distribution
- AAA proxy support

• IP address allocation and management


- DHCP proxy and relay support
- DHCP to MIP interworking
- Static and dynamic address management

• Mobility and Handover management


- MS admission control, service flow control, load control
- Manage handover of MS devices between base stations in the same ASN
- Interface with other ASN gateways in order to ensure handover between ASNs

• Traffic, accounting and security management


- Traffic aggregation and routing
- Service Flow Management
- QoS support for traffic handling
- Policy enforcement
- Security management including subscriber and terminal device authentication
- Accounting support through RADIUS

• Redundancy
- Session Persistence
- Geographic Redundancy

• Inline Services
- Content Detection & Control
- Deep Packet Inspection
- Statefull Firewall
- Peer to Peer Detection
- Enhanced Charging, enabling charging based on events, content, volume or time
- Content Filtering

• Mobility Agent
- Foreign Agent (FA)

• WiMAX Profile C support

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ControlMAX is available on a server platform, providing a low cost entry level system
for small networks. This supports either a distributed architecture, with an ASN-GW
installed at each BS site, or a star topology with a single ASN-GW aggregating traffic
from multiple BS sites.

ControlMAX is also available on a high performance, carrier-class IP networking


platform in order to provide a cost-effective solution which is scalable and provides
remarkably high levels of availability. In this configuration ControlMAX runs on a
highly fault tolerant, carrier class, NEBS level 3 compatible hardware platform that
provides in excess of 99.999% availability. This architecture contains no single point
of failure, both for hardware and software resources.

In addition, the software architecture provides software redundancy capabilities for


services running on the same chassis and geographic inter-chassis redundancy to
protect against catastrophic events, such as lightning strikes. Further utilizing system
intelligence, the solution anticipates faults and provides quick, non-service disrupting
pre-emptive recovery to maintain user sessions.

ControlMAX CAPEX and OPEX Benefits

ControlMAX offers the operator significant CAPEX and OPEX benefits. Here is why:

• Entry level architecture provides lowest cost solution, enabling significant


CAPEX savings

• Scalable capacity grows with the need giving pay-as-you-grow benefits enables
CAPEX spend management

• Carrier grade quality hardware and software platform provides high availability,
improving customer service experience and reduces OPEX costs

• High performance platform supports more base stations and offers the option of
offering more gateway functions, positively improving both CAPEX and OPEX

5.2.2 Connectivity Service Network (CSN)

As shown in Figure 6 above, Mobile WiMAX specifies an interoperable infrastructure


consisting of ASNs and CSNs which in turn consist of AAA servers, DHCP servers,
routers, gateways, and mobility agents – home agent (HA) and foreign agent (FA).
The CSN is positioned in the core of the operator’s network and plays a pivotal role in
managing the network and subscriber resources as well as interfacing to service
providers and other networks which may belong to the same or different operators
for the purpose of roaming.

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The CSN functionality can be visualised as shown in figure 8 below:

Network Access Entitlement Subscriber Billing


Control Control Management

AAA Application Home Pre-paid and


Service Authorisation Subscriber post-paid
Controller Server subscriber billing
Application
Policy

Bandwidth and Subscriber


DHCP Server QcS Manager Information Inter-operator
Repository
Network Policy
Controller

Figure 8 – CSN Functionality

Network Access Control

This is the crucial part of CSN functionality that controls efficient IP address
management as well as user and device access to the network.

Mobile WiMAX specifies the following AAA characteristics:

• EAP-based network access authentication for device and/or user access

• Mobile IP (MIP) key derivation and distribution

• Mobility support for proxy- or client-based MIPv4, and/or support for MIPv6

• Quality of service (QoS) support

• Accounting support, such as user-based and flow-based accounting

Airspan’s AAA solution provides a scalable and robust product to meet these
functions, using a powerful and policy and profile engine. Using industry standards, a
single platform supports authentication, authorisation and accounting of services
across all access types and infrastructures.

In conjunction with a reliable scalable DHCP server, Airspan provides highly available
and rapid address management thus improving the user experience.

Entitlement Control

Entitlement control can be summarised as follows:

• Application Policy Management


- Control and monitor subscriber interaction with applications
- Targeting service creation
- Common platform for accelerated application creation and rollout

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• Real time Policy Control of Network Assets


- Bandwidth and QoS management
- Fairness in network resource allocation, improves user experience for all
- Control network resource usage

Home Subscriber Management

Home subscriber management can be summarised as follows:

• Subscriber profile, state and history information

• RADIUS and Diameter protocol support

Billing

Billing functions can e summarised as follows:

• Periodic bill production based on accounting information provided by AAA server,


for post-paid customers

• Real-time calculation of remaining credit for pre-paid customers

• Retail and wholesale account management

• Inter-administration accounting

• Web-based customer care solutions

Airspan offer the ability to support both prepaid and post paid solutions for billing
the end customer.

CSN CAPEX and OPEX Benefits

Airspan’s CSN solution offers the operator important CAPEX and OPEX benefits.
Here is why:

• High performance, highly scalable platform provides CAPEX benefits

• High availability with redundancy option

• Centralised policy control for rapid rollout of new applications improving revenues

• Real-time control of network asset usage improves OPEX and maximises network
investment

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The Network Design Process


W H I T E PA P E R

Airspan has been deploying wireless solutions around the world since the mid-1990s.
The experience we have gained from deploying more than 400 networks in over 100
countries has been extremely valuable. We have integrated this experience into
processes that are used to deliver our customer optimum solutions that meet and
exceed their requirements.

Airspan’s Mobile WiMAX network design process is captured in Figure 9 below.

Figure 9 – Network Design Process

We will now consider the elements of the design process in more detail.

6.1 Requirements Capture

In order to provide the operator with the right solution we need to understand the
key requirements for success. The operator’s requirements will span a wide range of
issues, including regulatory, competitive and financial. A systematic way of capturing
these requirements is essential for designing the right solution. Airspan’s experts
work closely with the operator in capturing the necessary data and in the iterative
analysis of the results.

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The key parameters for requirements capture are summarised in the table below.
Topic Requirements
Regulatory Position 1 License conditions
2 Frequency band
3 Available spectrum
4 Channel size
5 Power limitations if any
6 Guard bands to be allowed with other networks in the
same geographic area
Schedule 1. When is the network scheduled for launch
2. How are the services phased?
Geographic Coverage 1 The area to be covered
2 Other networks in the area belonging to the operator or
competing networks
Coverage Requirements 1 Traffic coverage probability for different types of subscribers
2 Coverage probabilities for indoor and outdoor usage
3 Contiguous coverage vs island deployments
Subscriber Profiles 1. Types of subscribers to be served - business or residential
2. Type of devices to be served?
3. Expected percentage of the types of users
4. Subscriber distribution across the coverage area
5. Expected mode of operation – Fixed, Nomadic, Portable, Mobile
6. Expected subscriber uptake and density
Service Definitions 1 Types of services to be offered - types of data services, VoIP, video, etc
2 Service definitions - UL and DL bandwidth requirements,
delay requirements, etc.
3 Mobility requirements
4 Traffic requirements
5 Security requirements
6 QoS requirements
Deployment Criteria 1 Preferred base station locations, if any
2 Base station site selection preferences
Network Criteria 1 Whether the system will be deployed alongside existing systems
thus requiring integration with existing network elements
2 Network traffic requirements
3 Extent of network required - Radio Access Network, ASN, CSN,etc.
4 Topology - distributed vs centralised
5 Billing requirements
Network Management 1 Operations and Management requirements
2 O&M interfaces
3 Collaboration with other management systems
4 Access control to the system

Table 4 – Requirements Capture

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6.2 Network Design

Once the key requirements are understood the network can be designed to best
reflect the requirements.

The extent of the network design is dependent on the network criteria specified.

• If the required network is the Radio Access Network (RAN) then the main design
work will comprise of the RF design and planning which is described in the
following section

• If the required network involves the RAN and the ASN then network design will
take into account the design of the total Access Services Network, including the
base stations, ControlMAX and the interfaces to other ASNs and the CSN

• If the required network involves the RAN, the ASN and the CSN then the network
design will embrace all aspects of the network as depicted in Figure 7 above

6.3 RF Planning and Design for IEEE 802.16e-2005

RF Planning is essential to a successful wireless network deployment. RF Planning


ensures that base stations are located and configured such that an operator has
adequate coverage, capacity and service availability in areas targeted within their
business case. It also minimises network infrastructure costs and operational expenses
associated with unknown service coverage. Spectrum can be carefully planned to
ensure that it is used most efficiently, hence optimising network capacity within a
given spectrum allocation (spectrum efficiency). This provides the operator with a
network that has optimal revenue generating potential.

6.3.1 RF Planning Principles for IEEE 802.16e-2005 Networks

IEEE 802.16e-2005 networks can be deployed in one of two ways depending of


available spectrum and other considerations:

• In a ‘traditional’ frequency reuse pattern with multi-sector cells

• Using a technique known as Fractional Frequency Re-use

6.3.1.1 Traditional Frequency Reuse

Traditional frequency re-use for 6-sector and 3-sector deployments are demonstrated
in Figure 10a and 10b below.

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6 Sectored Cells – typically 10% aggregate 3Sectored Cells – typically 40% aggregate
capacity reduction due to co-channel capacity reduction due to co-channel
interference when using 3 channel allocations interference when using 3 channel
across entire network. allocations across entire network.

Efficiencies can be increased by spacing BS’s


closer and forming a clover-leafed (corner
excited) network

Figure 10a Figure 10b

6.3.1.2 Fractional Frequency Reuse

IEEE 802.16e-2005 networks are well suited to planning using this method.
Fractional Frequency Reuse utilises Partially Used Sub-Carriers (PUSC) on the downlink
and the uplink.

IEEE 802.16e-2005 networks are optimally deployed using 3-sector cells. With this
approach, a 3-sector cellular structure is created using 3 PUSC zones. Within each
PUSC zone 1/3 of the available FDMA tones are used. In addition, all the tones are
used across the different PUSC zones near the base station. This is demonstrated in
Figure 11 below.

Figure 11 – Fractional Frequency Reuse

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Referring to Figure 11 above:

• Blue areas are served by PUSC zones in the WiMAX frame structure
- Within each PUSC zone, 1/3 of the available OFDMA tones are transmitted.
- Each adjacent sector is allocated a different set of OFDMA tones – denoted
by P1, P2 and P3

• Yellow areas use all OFDMA tones

The benefit of using this approach is that a single wide-band channel (5MHz,
10MHz) can be used throughout the network deployment. Additional capacity can
be deployed by adding new layers onto each cell by using additional channels.

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7. RF Planning and Design


W H I T E PA P E R

7.1 Introduction to Airspan’s RF planning tools

Airspan employs a global RF planning team with representation in each region of the
world. All activities are coordinated both from a central office and through regional
sales teams. The central office ensures consistently high quality and efficient
processes are delivered as well as effective use of tools and databases; regional
control ensures tight project timeline and financial controls are met. We have also
developed a worldwide pool of certified RF planners who can be brought rapidly into
the team should the need arise for large or intensive projects. These teams, tools and
processes have been honed through our long history of participation in pre-sales and
deployment WiMAX projects.

On the tool side, our RF planning solution incorporates two well-known third party
products as well as utilising a number of tools specifically developed by us.

Airspan has chosen to use Planet EV™ from Ericsson and WaveSight™ from Wavecall
as its WiMAX RF planning tools of choice and utilise them into alongside other in-
house developed tools. We have worked closely with these suppliers in order to
ensure that the planning tools fully reflect the performance, features and
characteristics of Airspan’s products for more realistic predictions.

Planet EV™ provides comprehensive modelling of the WiMAX radio technology


including support for OFDM/OFDMA, diversity schemes and Smart Antenna Systems.
OFDM/OFDMA air interface modelling is achieved through detailed modelling of sub-
carriers, sub-channelization, and other specific technology parameters. Planet EV™
for WiMAX includes innovative algorithms that can evaluate the impact of
interference, power control, adaptive modulations and other advanced parameters on
the performance of the network – while accounting for radio propagation and traffic
loading.

WaveSight’s™ advanced ray-tracing technology is used for 3D propagation modelling


of WiMAX networks providing high precision and accuracy in network planning. The
key benefits afforded to the operator are optimised site counts, managing network
costs, and reducing the expensive and damaging exercise of filling in previously
unpredicted network holes/black-spots caused by poor planning.

Airspan also regularly evaluates other 3rd party products to reduce the time taken to
carry out RF Planning activities, maintain a lead in the use of new technologies and
thereby increase the value of our RF planning services. For example, we are currently
evaluating a site and sector optimiser that optimises site configurations and
minimises site counts to satisfy coverage requirements. Initial results are very
favourable which means we plan to offer this feature in the near future.

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Airspans solution is used in conjunction with a suite of geodata products including


Digital Terrain Model (DTM), Digital Surface Model (DSM) and clutter (land use) or 3D
building outline databases from established suppliers for all parts of the world. In
addition, through the use of in-house developed tools Airspan’s RF planners are able
to create manipulate and source DTMs, DSMs and clutter databases from public
domain and commercial sources. Airspan’s Automatic Frequency Planning Tool allows
specific parameters of BS and SS to be considered and has shown markedly better
results than other commercially-available tools. This has resulted in larger service
footprints and increased throughtputs.

Airspan accurately models real-world network propagation conditions. This also


supports multiple urban propagation models, addressing this complex and important
area for network operators. The models have proven to be very accurate in built-up
urban areas and in the transition zones from urban to suburban areas

7.2 RF Network Planning Phases

Airspan’s RF network planning process is tailored to reflect and accompany the


phases of the Mobile WiMAX development lifecycle. The level of detail presented in
each phase depends on the outputs required by the customer, the available
information and the detail of the databases used.

There are three main phases as follows:

• PROPOSAL PHASE - Desktop proposals that provide a high level view

• BUSINESS MODEL PHASE - Nominal cell plans which provide increased levels of
accuracy

• NETWORK DEPLOYMENT PHASE - Radio plans tailored for actual network


deployment

We will now summarise these phases.

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7.2.1 Proposal Phase

In the proposal phase the information is prepared using available customer


requirements, together with approximate site locations, generic propagation models
and low resolution DTM and clutter databases.

Some examples of the output of this phase are shown in figure 12 below.

Figure 12 – Examples of deliverables from the Proposal Phase

7.2.2. Business Model Phase

The Business model phase of RF design produces more accurate results by using more
detailed market requirements and traffic modelling data together with more precise
preferred base station site locations, customised propagation models and medium
resolution DTM and clutter databases.

Typical examples of the output of this phase are shown in figure 13 below.

Markets Sites Coverage

Figure 13 - Examples of deliverables from the Business Model Phase

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7.2.3 Network Deployment Phase

The planning for the network deployment phase needs to deliver the highest level of
accuracy as this is critical for the successful rollout of the network.

This phase is driven by the latest and most detailed market information, subscriber
traffic dimensioning data, acquired or available base station site locations, detailed
propagation models calibrated by drive testing, medium to high resolution DTM and
clutter databases, BS site/sector configuration databases and network management
data.

Examples of the deliverables from this phase are shown in the following figures

Geographic location High Res Database Aerial photography

Figure 14 - Examples of deliverables from the Network Deployment Phase

BS configuration BS service coverage plots High Res Rooftop coverage


summaries

Figure 15 – More examples of deliverables from the Network Deployment Phase

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8. WiMAX Link Budget


W H I T E PA P E R

This section provides a summary of the link budget details. Airspan has developed
link budget analysis tools that can predict both coverage and capacity analysis based
on the predicted coverage. Link budget based analysis is useful for providing relatively
quick answers which need to be backed up by the more detailed RF planning work as
detailed in the next section.

The link budget analysis is based on extensive work carried out by Airspan both at a
theoretical and at a practical level. Theoretical analysis is calibrated and refined
through actual measurements obtained from field work.

8.1 Link Budget Assumptions

The link budget assumptions are summarised in the table below.

Parameter Values
Frequency band 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz, 4.9GHz
Channel bandwidth 5MHz and 10MHz
TDD Ratio Configurable. Typically 3:1
Modulation QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Propagation model Cost123
FFT size 512/1024
Interference margin 1.5/3dB
BS Antenna height 30m
16eUSB antenna height 2m
Integrated laptop 2m
EasyST antenna height 2m

ProST antenna height 5m


Penetration loss 12dB
Standard deviation 8dB
Shadow loss standard deviation 8dB
Coverage probability 75%-95%

Table 5 – Link Budget Assumptions

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8.2 Link Budget Calculation for a 3.5GHz TDD system with 5MHz channel size

The UL and the DL link budget calculation for a 3.5GHz TDD system with 5MHz
channel size is shown in the table 6 below.

DL 16eUSB Laptop EasyST ProST

Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix


A B A B A B A B

Composite Tx power dBm 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33

Tx channel combination gain dB 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0

Tx diversity gain dB 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0

Pilot power boosting gain dB -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6

BS antenna gain dBi 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

MS/SS antenna gain dBi 0 0 2 2 7 7 17 17

Rx diversity gain dB 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0

Rx antenna array gain dB 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0

Composite Rx sensitivity dBm -104 -104 -104 -104 -104 -104 -104 -104
(QPSK ? DL PUSC 1/3)

TOTAL dB 163.4 155.4 165.4 157.4 167.4 162.4 175.4 170.4

UL 16eUSB Laptop EasyST ProST

Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix


A B A B A B A B

Composite Tx power dBm 22 22 22 22 24 24 23 23

Tx channel combination gain dB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tx diversity gain dB 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

Pilot power boosting gain dB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MS/SS antenna gain dBi 0 0 2 2 7 7 17 17

BS antenna gain dBi 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

Rx diversity gain dB 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Rx antenna array gain dB 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Composite Rx sensitivity
(QPSK ? UL PUSC 1SC) dBm -111.9 -111.9 -111.9 -111.9 -111.9 -111.9 -111.9 -111.9

TOTAL dB 155.9 155.9 157.9 157.9 165.9 165.9 173.9 173.9

Table 6 – Link Budget for 3.5GHz TDD system with 5MHz channel size
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8.3 Link Budget Calculation for a 3.5GHz TDD system with 10MHz channel size

The UL and the DL link budget calculation for a 3.5GHz TDD system with 5MHz
channel size is shown in the table 7 below.

DL 16eUSB Laptop EasyST ProST

Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix


A B A B A B A B

Composite Tx power dBm 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33

Tx channel combination gain dB 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0

Tx diversity gain dB 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0

Pilot power boosting gain dB -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6

BS antenna gain dBi 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

MS/SS antenna gain dBi 0 0 2 2 7 7 17 17

Rx diversity gain dB 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0

Rx antenna array gain dB 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0

Composite Rx sensitivity dBm -101 -101 -101 -101 -101 -101 -101 -101
(QPSK ? DL PUSC 1/3)

TOTAL dB 160.4 152.4 162.4 154.4 164.4 159.4 172.4 167.4

UL 16eUSB Laptop EasyST ProST

Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix


A B A B A B A B

Composite Tx power dBm 22 22 22 22 24 24 23 23

Tx channel combination gain dB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tx diversity gain dB 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

Pilot power boosting gain dB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MS/SS antenna gain dBi 0 0 2 2 7 7 17 17

BS antenna gain dBi 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

Rx diversity gain dB 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Rx antenna array gain dB 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Composite Rx sensitivity
(QPSK ? UL PUSC 1SC) dBm -108.9 -108.9 -108.9 -108.9 -108.9 -108.9 -108.9 -108.9

TOTAL dB 152.9 152.9 154.9 154.9 162.9 162.9 170.9 170.9

Table 7 – Link Budget for 3.5GHz TDD system with 10MHz channel size
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8.4 Typical Headline Ranges for HiperMAX using Matrix A MIMO

Table 7 below provides guidelines to the estimated maximum ranges that can be achieved with
a 3.5GHz TDD system with Matrix A MIMO implemented using HiperMAX base stations
together with a range of different MS/SS devices.

Average Target cell Dense Urban Sub-urban Sub-urban


Height coverage range range range
(Erceg A) (Erceg B) (Erceg C)
EasyST (16d) 2m 90% 1.1km 1.4km 1.6km
EasyST (16e) 2m 90% 1.4km 1.7km 2km
ProST (16d) 5m 75% 6km 8km 13km
ProST (16e) 5m 75% 7km 10km 17km
16eUSB 2m 95% 0.6km 0.7km 0.8km
Integrated laptop 2m 95% 0.7km 0.9km 1.0km

Table 8 – Typical headline ranges

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Mobile WiMAX Preliminary Network Design

9. Conclusions
W H I T E PA P E R

In this white paper we have introduced Airspan’s IEEE 802.16e-2005 Mobile WiMAX
solutions and their benefits. With over 100 commercial and trial WiMAX
deployments around the globe, Airspan is a recognised leader in this technology
space.

Airspan has created a mobile WiMAX platform that provides key benefits to the
operator:

• Scalable solutions that provide pay-as-you-grow benefits

• Wave2 compliant solutions with advanced radio features such as MIMO and SAS
that improve the system’s reach and throughput thus optimising CAPEX
investment

• A complete solution that can be integrated with the operator’s existing network
elements or one that offers a complete ground-up network solution which
minimises the system integration work to be carried out by the operator

Network design and RF planning are essential components of a successful network


deployment. The paper describes in detail the processes used by Airspan and the key
link budget parameters of the products specifically developed to ensure the successful
deployment of your Mobile WiMAX network.

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Copyright Airspan Networks Inc. 2007
How to find out more about Airspan products and solutions

W H I T E PA P E R

For more information about Airspan, its Airspan has sales offices in
the following countries:
products and solutions, please visit our
Europe
website:
Czech Republic
www.aispan.com Finland
Poland
Russia
Or write to us at one of the addresses below. United Kingdom

Middle East
United Arab Emirates
We will be delighted to send you additiopnal
Africa
information on any of our products and their
South Africa
applications around the world.
Asia Pacific
Australia
China
The material contained in this document Indonesia
is for information purposes only. It does Japan
not form a formal specification for Airspan Philippines
products and is subject to change Sri Lanka
without notification

Issue 1.1 July 2007

Worldwide Headquarters: Main Operations:


Airspan Networks Inc. Airspan Communications Limited
777 Yamato Road, Suite 105, Cambridge House, Oxford Road
Boca Raton, FL 33431-4408, USA Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 1UN, UK
Tel: +1 561 893 8670 Fax: +1 561 893 8671 Tel: +44 (0) 1895 467 100 Fax: +44 (0) 1895 467 101

www.airspan.com

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