1
Problem Set 1.1 - Real Numbers and
Functions
1. a. Function; D : {3, 4, 5, 6}, R : {4, 7, 9}.
b. Not a function, just a set of numbers.
2. a. Not a function; two values for 7.
b. Function; D : R, R : R.
3. a. Not a function; multiple values for all
x values.
b. Function; D : x 6= 0, R : {−1, 1}.
4. a. Function; D : years when IBM stock
has a closing price on July 1, R : closing
prices of IBM stock on July 1.
b. Not enough information to decide; not
a function if the closing price was ever the
same on July 1 for different years, function if
the closing price was never the same on July
1 for different years. In case it is a function,
D : closing prices for Apple stock on July
1, R : years when Apple stock has a closing
price on July 1.
5. a. Not a function; two values for certain
x values.
b. Function; D : R, R : y ≥ −4.
6. a. Function; D : R, R : R.
b. Function; D : R, R : {5}.
7. a. Function; D : R, R : y ≥ 0.
b. Function; D : R, R : R.
8. a. Not a function; two values for x ≥ 0.
b. Function; D : R, R : R.
9. a. Not a function; two values for
−2 < x < 2.
b. Function; D : x 6= ±2, R : y 6= 1.
10. a. Not a function; two values for
−1 < x < 1.
b. Not a function; two values for
−3 < x < 3.
11. a. Not a function; two values for x > −3.
b. Function; D : R, R : y ≥ −80.
12. a. Function; D : −2 ≤ x ≤ 3,
R : −8 ≤ y ≤ 4.
b. Function; D : R, R : R.
13. D : R, f (0) = 3, f (1) = 4, f (−2) = −5.
14. D : R, f (1) = 6, f (0) = −2, f (−2) = 0.
15. D : x 6= −3, f (2) = 0, f (0) = −2, −3 is
not in D.
16. D : x > 1/2, f (1) = 1, 1/2 and 0 are
not in D.
17. D : R, f (3) = 4, f (1) = 2, f (0) = 4.
18. D : R, f (−6) = 3, f (5) = 6, f (16) = 4.
19. F (x) = x2 .
20. S(x) = 2x + 3.
21. M (x) = 3x − 7, M (5) = 8, M (0) = −7,
M (−3) = −16.
22. T (x) = x2 + 5.
 2

23. D : [−6, 6], R : [−6, 5], increasing: [0, 6],

decreasing: [−6, 0].

24. D : [−6, 6], R : [−5, 5], increasing:

[−6, 0], decreasing: [0, 6].

25. D : x 6= 2, R : {5}, constant: on D.

26. D : [−4, 7], R : [−4, 5], increasing:

[3, 5], decreasing: [1, 3] and [5, 7], constant:
[−4, 1].

27. D : [−5, 3)∪(3, ∞), R : [−3, 6)∪(6, ∞), 5x + 5

32. f (x) = , D : x 6= −1.
increasing: [0, 3) and (3, ∞), decreasing: x+1
[−2, 0], constant: [−5, −2].

28. D : x 6= 2, R : y 6= 1, increasing:
(−∞, 2) and (2, ∞).

29. f (x) = 3x − 5, D : R.

33. f (x) = (5 + x)2 − x2 = 25 + 10x.

30. f (x) = x2 − 5x, D : R.

√
31. f (x) = 5 − x, D : (−∞, 5]. 34. f (x) = x2 + (10 + x)2 = 2x2 + 20x + 100.
 3

40.

35. The side length is given by P/4, so the

area is A(P ) = (P/4)2 = P 2 /16.
41. a. At the center, r = 0, so S(0) =
CR2 = 1.76·105 ·(1.2·10−2 )2 ≈ 25.3(cm/sec).
36. The radius is given by C/(2π), so the
area is A(C) = π(C/(2π))2 = C 2 /(4π).

b. Midway between the artery’s wall and

37. The x mg decreases to 0.33x during the the central axis, r = R/2 = 0.6 · 10−2 . Thus
first four hours; then 2 · 325 = 650 mg is S(R/2) = C(R2 − r2 ) = C(R2 − (R/2)2 ) =
added. After another four hours, the total 1.76 · 105 · ((1.2 · 10−2 )2 − (0.6 · 10−2 )2 ) ≈
650+0.33x will decrease to 0.33(650+0.33x). 19(cm/sec).

38. The x mg decreases to 0.32x during the c. The domain is [0, R] = [0, 1.2 · 10−2 ].
first 24 hours; then 30 mg is added. After
another 24 hours, the total 30 + 0.32x will
decrease to 0.32(30 + 0.32x). d.

39. We assume that the maximum height is

2 (in), and after the cut the height is 0.5 (in).

42. a. D : [0, a].

 4

b. c.

d. The cost for the first 50% is given by

43. a. D : (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
b. D : {1, 2, 3, 4, . . .}.
150 · 50/(200 − 50) = 50 million dollars. The
cost for 100% is 150 · 100/(200 − 100) =
150 million dollars, so the second half costs
150−50 = 100 million dollars; twice as much
as the first half.

c.
45. a. D : 0 ≤ n ≤ 12.5.

b.

d. The time will decrease and approach 3

minutes. It will never be less than or equal
to 3.
c. First, D(3) = 2 · 3A/25 = 100, so A =
2500/6. Thus D(5) = 2 · 5 · (2500/6)/25 =
44. a. D : x 6= 200. 500/3 (mg).

b. For 0 ≤ x ≤ 100. 46. a. D : 0 ≤ n ≤ 16.

 5

b. b.

c. First, D(6) = (6/18)A = 120, so A =

360. Thus D(8) = (8/20)360 = 144 (mg).
47. a. D : 0 ≤ w ≤ 150, if we consider the
meaning of the function (that a child can’t
get a larger amount of drug than an adult).
b.
49. 2 = p2 /q 2 , thus p2 = 2q 2 . Thus p2 is
even, and then p is even. So p = 2k; but then
2q 2 = p2 = (2k)2 = 4k 2 , so q 2 = 2k 2 . Thus
q 2 is even and then q is even. We arrived to
the contradiction, because we assumed that
p/q cannot be reduced.

Problem Set 1.2 - Data Fitting with

Linear and Periodic Functions

5x
1. y = −2
4
c. D(70) = (70/150)A = 90, thus A =
1350/7 (mg).

48. a.

x 2
2. y = +
3 3
 6

2x
3. y = +2
5 6. y = x + 3

2x
4. y = − 40
5

7.

5. y = −3x + 2
 7

8. 14. Slope is 0, so y = 6.

15. Slope is 0, so y = 4.

16. Slope is 0, so y = 5.

17. The equation can also be written as

y = m(x − h) + k = mx + k − mh. The
slope is m, and the point (h, k) satisfies the
equation: k = mh + k − mh.

9. 18. For a vertical line, x = constant. Thus

the equation is x = h. This is not a function.

19. The slope is 4/2 = 2, the y-intercept is

−4. The equation is y = 2x − 4.

20. The slope is −2/4 = −1/2, the y-

intercept is 2. The equation is y = −x/2+2.

21. y = 3 cos x.

22. y = −3 cos x.
10.

23. y = −2 cos πx.

24. y = 2 cos πx.

25. D (the slope is (8 − 2)/10).

26. E (the slope is (7 − 2)/10).

27. A (the slope is (6 − 2)/10).

11. y − 3 = 3(x − 1), after simplification
y = 3x. 28. B (the slope is (−2 − 2)/10).

12. y − (−2) = (2/5)(x − 5), after simplifi-
cation y = 2x/5 − 4.
13. Slope is (1 − 2)/(0 − (−1)) = −1, so
y − 1 = 1 · (x − 0), i.e. y = −x + 1.
29. C (the slope is (−3 − 2)/10).
30. F (the slope is (−5 − 2)/10).
31. Amplitude is 1/2, period is 2π.
 8

35. No amplitude, period is π/2.

32. Amplitude is 2, period is 2π.

36. No amplitude, period is π/(1/2) = 2π.

33. Amplitude is 2, period is 2π/2π = 1.

37. The slope is (20 − 50)/(60 − 24) =

−30/36 = −5/6, and the equation is given
by E = −5A/6 + 70.

a. We have to solve the equation 30 =

−5A/6 + 70. We obtain A = 48.

b. Her life expectancy is E = 70. (A = 0)

34. Amplitude is 3, period is 2π/3π = 2/3. c. We have to solve 0 = −5A/6 + 70; we

 9

obtain 84.

38. a. The slope is (110 − 97)/(500 − 100) =

13/400, and the equation is given by N =
13x/400 + (97 − 13/4) = 13x/400 + 375/4.

b. We obtain N = 103.5 for x = 300; we

get x = 2500/13 ≈ 192.3.

b.
39. B; the estimate is 0.231·150−3 = 31.65.

40. C; the estimate is 0.29 · 4 + 1 = 2.16.

41. a. The data is close to linear.

43. a. The data does not seem to be linear.

b.

b.

42. a. The data is close to linear.

 10

44. a. t = A/10 (hours).

b. Here A = 1000 · 0.03 = 30 (mL), and

we know t = A/10, thus t = 3 hours.

45. a.

d. Using the line from part c, the estimate

is 0.28 ft/sec at 12 feet, and −0.65 ft/sec at
20 feet. The second result is clearly out of
the scope of the model.

46. a. The slope is (8.9 − 1.7)/(7.3 − 1.3) =

7.2/6 = 1.2 = 6/5. The equation is y =
6x/5 + 7/50.

b. The first two data points give us the b. We have to solve the equation 12 =
slope (1.11 − 1.55)/(2.0 − 0.7) = −0.44/1.3, 6x/5 + 7/50, the solution is x ≈ 9.88 cm.
equation is y − 1.55 = −(0.44/1.3)(x − 0.7).
The first and last data points give us
the slope (0.22 − 1.55)/(11.2 − 0.7) = 47. a.
−1.33/10.5, equation is y − 1.55 =
−(1.33/10.5)(x−0.7). The second line seems
to be a better fit.

b. The amplitude is about (77.5−35)/2 =

21.25 (degrees), the period is 12 (months).

c. y = −0.1165x + 1.681. c. a = 21.25, b = 2π/12 = π/6.

 11

b. Yes, y = (1/3)x−1 .

c. Not a power function.

2. a. Yes, y = 10x0 .

b. Yes, y = 1 · x10 .

c. Not a power function.

3. Not a power function.

48. a.
4. Not a power function.

5. Yes, y = (1/4)x−3/2 .

6. Yes, y = (5/7)x−3/2 .

7. Not a power function.

8. Yes, y = 1 · x−9/2 .

9. Yes, y = 6x−1/2 .
b. An estimate for the amplitude is about
(79.9 − 62.1)/2 = 8.9 (degrees), the period 10. Yes, y = 4x6 .
is 24 (hours).
11. We know that y = ax2 . Thus 1012 =
c. a = 8.9, b = 2π/24 = π/12. 1015 /103 = y2 /y1 = x22 /x21 = (x2 /x1 )2 , so x
increases 106 -fold.

12. We know that y = a 6x and x = b t,

thus 6 · 104 /2 · 102 = 300 = y2 /y1 =
a 6x2 /(a 6x1 ) = x2 /x1 = b t2 /(b t1 ) = t2 /t1 .
This means t increases 300-fold.

13. This means y = a 10x3 = b x3 , so y ∝ x3

as well. Then x ∝ y 1/3 .

14. The proportions state that x =

a 100y and y = b 45z, thus 12/95 =
Problem Set 1.3 - Power Functions and x2 /x1 = a 100y2 /(a 100y1 ) = y2 /y1 =
Scaling Laws b 45z2 /(b 45z1 ) = z2 /z1 . Thus z decreases
by the factor 12/95.

1. a. Yes, y = (1/3)x1 . 15. Using the general transitive property,

 12

x ∝ z6.

16. Using the general transitive property,

x ∝ z.

17. Decreasing on (−∞, 0], increasing on

[0, ∞).

21.√The domain is [0, ∞), because 12x1/2 =

12 x. Increasing on [0, ∞).

18. Decreasing on (−∞, 0], increasing on

[0, ∞).

22. The domain is (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞). De-

creasing on (−∞, 0) and (0, ∞).

19. Decreasing on (−∞, ∞).

20. Increasing on (−∞, ∞). 23. Power function only when b = 0.


24. All of them are power functions.
p
25. From S = 4πr2 , we get pr = S/(4π).
Thus V√ = 4πr /3 = 4π( S/(4π) )3 /3 =
3
S 3/2 /(6 π). If S is quadrupled, r is dou-
bled.
26. The volume is V = r2 π · 5r = 5πr3 ; the
surface area is S = 2r2 π + 2rπ · 5r = 12πr2 .
If r is doubled, the volume increases 8-fold;
if S is quadrupled, r is doubled.
27. The volume is V = (1/3)(h/2)2 πh =
3
(π/12)h
√ ; the surface area is given by S =
( 5 + 1) · πh2 /4. If h is doubled, S is in-
creased 4-fold.
28. ((10.1 · 72/3 /100)/1.73)100 ≈ 21 mg.
29. ((10.4 · (4.6)2/3 /100)/1.73)200 ≈ 33 mg.
30. ((10.1 · 162/3 /100)/1.73)250 ≈ 93 mg.
31. ((10.4 · (5.3)2/3 /100)/1.73)500 ≈ 91 mg.
13
32. ((10.1 · 312/3 /100)/1.73)50 ≈ 29 mg.
33. ((10.4 · (4.8)2/3 /100)/1.73)50 ≈ 9 mg.
34. The assumption is that strength is pro-
portional to weight to the 2/3 power; i.e.
s ∝ w2/3 . This means that s2 /s1 =
(w2 /w1 )2/3 = (150 · 16/(1/500))2/3 ≈
11292.4, so a 150-lb man can lift a weight
of s2 = 0.2 · 11292.4 ≈ 2258 oz = 141.2 lb.
35. The assumption is that strength on
Krypton is proportional to weight; this gives
s ∝ w. This means that s2 /s1 = w2 /w1 =
150 · 16/(1/500) ≈ 1.2 · 106 , so a 150-lb man
can lift a weight of s2 = 0.2·1.2·106 = 240000
oz = 15000 lb (i.e. 100 times his weight).
36. The assumption is D = aS 0.91 . We can
find a from the equation 300 = a(10)0.91 ;
we obtain a = 300/(10)0.91 ≈ 36.9. Thus
D = 36.9S 0.91 , and solving for S, we get
S = 0.019D1.1 .
37. The assumption is A = ad2.99 . We can
find a from the equation 78 = a(30)2.99 ; we
obtain a = 78/(30)2.99 ≈ 0.00299. Thus
A = 0.00299d2.99 .

38. The assumption is C = aB 1.6 . We can
find a from the equation 500 = a(1000)1.6 ;
we obtain a = 500/(1000)1.6 ≈ 0.0079. Thus
C = 0.0079B 1.6 .
39. The assumption is L = aW 0.95 for pump-
kins, L = aW 2.2 for snake gourds. We
can find the a values from the equations
10 = a(10)0.95 (pumpkins) and 10 = a(10)2.2
(snake gourds) ; we obtain a = 10/(10)0.95 ≈
1.12 (pumpkins) and a = 10/(10)2.2 ≈ 0.063
(snake gourds). Thus L = 1.12W 0.95 (pump-
kins) and L = 0.063W 2.2 (snake gourds).
This also means W = 0.888L1.05 and W =
3.51L0.45 .
14
40. a. The volume is grown by a factor of
33 = 27, so we need a 27 · 30, 000 = 810, 000
watt furnace.
b. The surface area is grown by a factor
of 32 = 9, so we need a 9 · 30, 000 = 270, 000
watt furnace.
41. We have 1724 = F2 /F1 = Lb2 /Lb1 =
(L2 /L1 )b = 12b , which means that b ≈ 3.
Weight is proportional to volume.
42. In this case, b = 2, because surface area
is proportional to size square. This would
mean he needs 122 = 144 times as much
food.
43. a. We obtain that A ∝ M 2/3 , which im-
plies M/A ∝ M 1/3 .
b.
 15

Problem Set 1.4 - Exponential Growth 4.

1.

5.

2.

6.

3.

7. 2x ≥ 2x when x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 2.
 16

11. x ≈ 1.15.
8. It seems ex > 2x for all x.

12. x ≈ −1.39.

9. π x ≥ x4 − 4 when −1.43 ≤ x ≤ 1.89 or

x ≥ 6.58.

13. x ≈ 0.57.

10. 1.1x ≥ 5x5 + x + 1 when x ≤ 0 or

x ≥ 319.4.
 17

14. x ≈ −0.62, x ≈ −1.51.

19. The future value is 1000 · (1 + 0.07)25 ≈

5427.43.
15. x ≈ 1.86, x ≈ 4.54.
20. The future value is 1000·(1+0.12/2)20 ≈
3207.14.

21. The future value is 1000·e0.01 ≈ 1010.05.

22. The future value is 1000 · e0.1 ≈ 1105.17.

23. The future value is 1000·(1+0.16/12)4 ≈

1054.41.

24. The future value is 1000·(1+0.08/12)6 ≈

1040.67.

16. No root; left side is always positive, right 25. 2 = ba0 = b, 5 = 2a1 , so f (x) = 2(5/2)x .
side is nonpositive.
26. 32 = ba−2 , 8 = ba2 , so (by multiplying
the equations) 256 = b2 , and then b = 16
17. x ≈ −1.32, x ≈ 0.54. (−16 is not good, see the original equations).
√
Also, a2 = 8/16 = 1/2,
√ x so a = 1/ 2. We
obtain f (x) = 16(1/ 2) .

27. 3 = ba1/2 , 1 = ba, so (by dividing

the two equations) a1/2 = 1/3, and then
a = 1/9. The second equation gives b = 9.
Thus f (x) = 9(1/9)x .

28. 1/2 = ba−2 , 2 = ba2 , so (by multiplying

the two equations) 1 = b2 , and then b = 1
(b = −1 is not good, see the original equa-
tions). The second √ equation gives 2 = a2
x
18. x ≈ 0.79, x ≈ −2.06. and then f (x) = ( 2) .

29. t ≈ 168 seconds.
30. t ≈ 3.9, which means around 1854.
31. a. Compounded once a year, we ob-
tain 100 · (1 + 0.2) = 120, twice a year:
100 · (1 + 0.2/2)2 = 121, four times a year:
100 · (1 + 0.2/4)4 = 121.55.
b. Compounded n times a year, we obtain
100 · (1 + 0.2/n)n .
c. For n = 100, 122.116, for n = 1000,
122.138, for n = 10000, 122.14. The values
approach 100e1/5 ≈ 122.14.
32. a. Compounded once a year, we ob-
tain 1000 · (1 + 0.05) = 1050, twice a year:
1000 · (1 + 0.05/2)2 = 1050.63, four times a
year: 1000 · (1 + 0.05/4)4 = 1050.95.
b. Compounded n times a year, we obtain
1000 · (1 + 0.05/n)n .
c. For n = 100, 1051.26, for n = 1000,
18
1051.27, for n = 10000, 1051.27. The values
approach 1000e1/20 ≈ 1051.27.
33. a. Once a day: N = (1 + 10)365 , twice
a day: N = (1 + 10/2)730 , four times a day:
N = (1 + 10/4)1460
b. n times a day: (1 + 10/n)365n .
c. The values approach e3650 .
34. a. Once a day: N = 20(1 + 5)365 , twice
a day: N = 20(1 + 5/2)730 , four times a day:
N = (1 + 5/4)1460
b. n times a day: 20(1 + 5/n)365n .
c. The values approach 20e1825 .
35. a. At t = 0, Country #3 has the largest
population size (20 million).
b. Country #1.
c. Country #3, losing 5% of its population
every decade.
36. a. At t = 0, Beer #2 has the highest
frost, 40 cm.
b. Beer #1. In 10 seconds, 1 − (0.99)10 ≈
0.096, so about 9.6% is lost; in 20 seconds,
1 − (0.99)20 ≈ 0.18, so about 18% is lost.
c. Comparing H1 (10) ≈ 18.1, H2 (10) ≈
13.9 and H3 (10) ≈ 12.3, we see that Beer
#1 has the highest froth after 10 seconds.
37. a. After 14 days, the amount of T4 in
the body is 100(1/2)14/7 = 25 mcg.
b. After t days, the amount of T4 in the
body is 100(1/2)t/7 mcg.
c. t ≈ 23.3 (days).
 19

b. The quality of the fit is excellent.

38. a. After 30 hours, the amount of T3 in

the body is 100(1/2)30/10 = 12.5 mcg.
c. The estimate is 67.38(69.13/67.38)24 ≈
124.68 (millions).
b. After t hours, the amount of T3 in the
body is 100(1/2)t/10 mcg.
d. The population size was 104.96 million.
c. t ≈ 33.2 (hours).
43. a. It is 1 − (1 − 0.1)10 ≈ 0.65, so about
65%.

b. It is 1 − (1 − 0.01)100 ≈ 0.63, so about

63%.

c. It is 1 − (1 − 1/N )N . For large values of

N , these seem to approach 1 − 1/e ≈ 0.632.

44. a. The size is 0.1(2)t/2.9 (cm3 ).

39. The remaining amount is 500·(1/2)t/5730 .
b. t ≈ 6.7 (days).
40. The size of the bacteria population is
given by 20(2)t/9.3 , where t is measured in
hours. Thus after three days, the size is
20(2)72/9.3 ≈ 4281 individuals.

41. a. Using the headline, the population

size is given by 350(1.12)t .

b. The estimate is 350(1.12)29 ≈ 9362.

42. a. If f (t) = b at , then substituting

t = 0, we obtain 67.38 = b. At t = 1, 45. a. The size is 0.5(1/2)t/5.7 (cm3 ).
69.13 = 67.38a, so a = 69.13/67.38. Thus
f (t) = 67.38(69.13/67.38)t . b. t ≈ 18.9 (days).
 20

48. a.

√
46. a.√π 3 (compare the functions π x and
xπ at 3, for example).
√
5 b.
b. π (see part a).
√ π
c. 6 (see part a).

d. 5.675.

47. a.

c. An estimate is 1.1.

49. a-b-c.
b.

c. An estimate is 0.7.
 21

Problem Set 1.5 - Function Building 4.

1.

5.

2.

6.
3.
 22

7. 10.

8. 11.

9. 12.
 23

13. 16.

14. 17.

15. 18.
 24

19. 23. a. f (t + p) = f (t), so f (t − 1 + p) + 2 =

f (t − 1) + 2. The period is p = T , the am-
plitude is a = A.

b. The period is p = T again with the

same method, the amplitude is 4A.

c. Using the periodicity of f and some al-

20. a. (f + g)(1) = f (1) + g(1) = 4 − 1 = 3.
b. (f − g)(2) = f (2) − g(2) = 7 − 1 = 6.
gebra, we get that −2f (3t) = −2f (3t+T ) =
−2f (3(t + T /3)), so the period is T /3; the
amplitude is a = 2A.
d. The period is p = T again with the
same method, the amplitude is a = 2A.

c. (f g)(2) = f (2)g(2) = 7 · 1 = 7. 24. One possibility is f (x) = x4 and g(x) =

2x2 − 1. Another is f (x) = (x − 1)4 and
d. (f /g)(0) = f (0)/g(0) = 1/3. g(x) = 2x2 .
√
e. (f ◦ g)(2) = f (g(2)) = f (1) = 4. 25. One possibility is f (x) = x and g(x) =
1 − sin x.
21. a. (f + g)(−1) = f (−1) + g(−1) =
−3 + 0 = −3. 26. One possibility is f (x) = ex and g(x) =
−x2 .
b. f is not defined at 2.
27. One possibility is f (x) = ex and g(x) =
c. (f g)(9) = f (9)g(9) = 17 · 70 = 1190. 1 − x2 .

d. (f /g)(99) = f (99)/g(99) = 197/9700.

28. One possibility is f (x) = x + 6 and
g(x) = |x + 1|2 .
e. (f ◦ g)(0) = f (g(0)) = f (−2) = −5.
√
22. a. f (t + p) = f (t), so f (t − 1 + p) + 2 = 29. One possibility is f (x) = x3 + x+5
f (t − 1) + 2. The period is p = 2π, the am- and g(x) = x2 − 1.
plitude is 1.
x−2
30. f + g = + x2 − x − 2, domain
b. The period is p = 2π again with the x+1
(x − 2)(x2 − x − 2)
same method, the amplitude is 5. is x 6= −1. f g = =
x+1
(x − 2)(x − 2)(x + 1)
c. f (t/π) = f (t/π + 2π) = f ((t + 2π 2 )/π), = (x − 2)2 , domain
x+1
so the period is 2π 2 . The amplitude is 1. x−2
is x 6= −1. f /g = =
(x + 1)(x2 − x − 2)
d. The period is p = 2π again, the ampli- 1
tude is 2. , domain is x 6= −1, x 6= 2.
(x + 1)2
 25

31. After simplification, we obtain f + g = c.

2x2 − x − 3 (2x − 3)(x + 1)
+x2 −x−2 = +
x+1 (x + 1)
x2 − x − 2 = x2 + x − 5, domain is x 6=
(2x2 − x − 3)(x2 − x − 2)
−1. f g = =
x+1
(2x − 3)(x2 − x − 2), domain is x 6= −1.
2x2 − x − 3 2x − 3
f /g = = ,
(x + 1)(x2 − x − 2) x2 − x + 2
domain is x 6= −1, x 6= 2.
√ √
32. f + g = 1 − √ x + 4√− x2 , domain is
−2 ≤ x ≤ 1, f g = 1√ −x 4− 2 37. a. y = bx/(1 + ax) and t = 1/x, z = 1/y
√x , domain
is −2 ≤ x ≤ 1, f /g = 1 − x/ 4 − x2 , do- gives us 1/z = b(1/t)/(1 + a(1/t)). Multipli-
main is −2 < x ≤ 1. cation of both numerator and denominator
by t on the right side gives 1/z = b/(t + a);
√ taking reciprocals of both sides gives z =
33. f + g = 4 −√ x2 + sin(πx), domain is
t/b + a/b.
−2 ≤ x ≤ 2, f g = 4√ − x2 sin(πx), domain
is −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, f /g = 4 − x2 / sin(πx), do-
b. Technology finds that z = 0.503 +
main is −2 < x < 2, x 6= −1, x 6= 0, x 6= 1.
0.499t; this means b = 1/0.499 ≈ 2, and
a/b = 0.503, so a ≈ 1. The approximation
34. The data suggests that the period of is y = 2x/(1 + x).
T is approximately 12 hours, which gives
B = 2π/12 = π/6. The amplitude is 38. p
The air pollution is given by L(p(t)) =
A = (5.8 − 2.1)/2 = 1.85. The vertical shift 0.07 (1 + 0.02t3 )2 + 3, so when t = 4, we
is D = (5.8 + 2.1)/2 = 3.95. The high tide obtain L = 0.2 ppm.
occurs at around 6:00AM, so C = −6.
39. a. When t = 2, h(2) = 4, and we obtain
35. The data suggests that the period of T V = π43 /12 = 16π/3.
is approximately 12 hours, which gives B =
2π/12 = π/6. The amplitude can be approx- b. V ◦ h = V (h(t)) = π(2t)3 /12 = 2πt3 /3.
imated by A = (5.8 − (−0.4))/2 = 3.1. The
vertical shift is D = (5.8 + (−0.4))/2 = 2.7. c. We need that 0 ≤ 2t ≤ 6, so 0 ≤ t ≤ 3.
The high tide occurs at around 11:00AM, so
C = −11. 40. a. When t = 2, r(2) = 6, and we obtain
S = 4π62 = 144π.
36. a. The assumption is 1 − t = atx, which
implies t = 1/(1 + ax). b. S ◦ r = S(r(t)) = 4π(3t)2 = 36πt2 .

1 c. We need that 0 < 3t < 8, which gives

b. f (x) = b(1 − t) = b(1 − ) =
1 + ax 0 < t < 8/3.
bax
.
1 + ax 41. The value of r is 4/365; thus the
composite per-capita growth rate function
 26

is G(x) = (g ◦ f )(x) = g(f (x)) = The data suggests that the period of y is ap-
4 40 4 40(3004 + x4 ) proximately (1997 − 1844)/14 ≈ 11 years,
(1 − )= (1 − )=
365 f (x) 365 110x4 which gives c = 2π/11. The amplitude is
4 70x4 − 40 · 3004 about b = (150 − 0)/2 = 75. The vertical
.
365 110x4 shift is a = (150 + 0)/2 = 75. The first max-
imum occurs at around x = 11/2, so d = π.

46. Let x = 0 correspond to the year 1823

(the first minimum value). The data sug-
gests that the period of y is approximately
10 years, which gives c = 2π/10. The am-
plitude is about b = (40000 − 0)/2 = 20000.
The vertical shift is a = (40000 + 0)/2 =
20000. The first maximum occurs at around
x = 5, so d = π.

42. We have to solve the equation 12 = H =

12.17 + 1.5 sin(2πn/365 − 1.5); this is the
same as sin(2πn/365 − 1.5) = −0.1133. We
get n = 81 and n = 276, i.e. March 22 and
October 3.
43. We have 13 hours of daylight when n =
121 and n = 236, i.e. on May 1 and August
24.
Problem Set 1.6 - Inverse Functions
and Logarithms
1. Not one-to-one, f (2) = f (4).
2. One-to-one; f −1 (0) = 2, f −1 (14) = −3,
f −1 (22) = 44, and f −1 (6) = 5.

44. a. The model we obtain is the follow- 3. One-to-one; f −1 (0) = 11.9, f −1 (1) = 17,
ing combination of the previous 2 models: f −1 (4) = −2, f −1 (2) = 4, and f −1 (6) = 5.
V (t) = 0.5(0.99(1/2)t/5.7 + 0.01(2)t/2.9 ).
4. Not one-to-one, f (3) = f (4).
b. The tumor size is decreasing for about
11 days, but after that the proliferating cells
5. One-to-one.
”win out”.
6. Not one-to-one.

7. Seems to be not one-to-one.

8. One-to-one.

9. Set y = x/(1 + x); then y + yx = x, so

y = x − yx = x(1 − y) and x = y/(1 − y).
Change the role of x and y: we obtain
f −1 (x) = x/(1−x). The domain is R, x 6= 1,
45. Let x = 0 correspond to the year 1844. the range is R, y 6= −1.
 27

3
10. Set y = e2x+1 ; then ln y = 2x + 1 and b. 33 log3 x = 3log3 x = x3 .
x = (ln y −1)/2. Thus f −1 (x) = (ln x−1)/2.
−2
The domain is x > 0, the range is R. c. 5−2 log5 x = 5log5 x = x−2 .
3 3
11. Set
√ y = (x+1)3 −2; then y +2 = (x+1)3 d. 23 log1/2 x = 2log1/2 x = (1/2)− log1/2 x =
−3
and
√
3
y + 2 = x + 1. Thus f −1 (x) = (1/2)log1/2 x = x−3 .
3
x + 2 − 1. The domain is R, the range
is R. e. 3− log1/3 x = (1/3)log1/3 x = x.
x 2 2
12.
√ Set y = e . Then ln y = x , and 21. a. log2 8x = log2 23x = 3x.
√ x ≥ 0 by assumption.
ln y = x because
Thus f −1 (x) = ln x. The domain is x ≥ 1, b. log3 81x = log3 34x = 4x.
the range is y ≥ 0.
c. log4 64x = log4 43x = 3x.
x2 2
13.
√ Set y = e . Then ln y = x , and
− ln y = x because x√ ≤ 0 by assump- d. log1/2 32x = log1/2 (1/2)−5x = −5x.
tion. Thus f −1 (x) = − ln x. The domain
is x ≥ 1, the range is y ≤ 0. e. log3 9−x = log3 3−2x = −2x.
√
14. Set y = ln x. Then y 2 = ln x and 22. a. e4 ln x = eln x = x4 .
4

2 2
ey = x. Thus f −1 (x) = ex . The domain is
x ≥ 0, the range is y ≥ 1. b. e3 ln(x
2 +1)
= eln(x
2 +1)3
= (x2 + 1)3 .

15. a. log 10 = 1, because 101 = 10. c. e−2 ln(x

2 −1)
= eln(x
2 −1)−2
= (x2 − 1)−2 .

b. log 0.001 = −3, because 10−3 = 0.001. d. e−3 ln(1/x) = eln x = x3 .

3

16. a. ln e2 = 2. e. e− ln(1/(x
2 +1))
= eln(x
2 +1)
= x2 + 1.

b. ln e−4 = −4. x
23. a. 5x = eln 5 = ex ln 5 .
x
17. a. log5 125 = 3, because 53 = 125. b. (1/2)x = eln(1/2) = ex ln(1/2) = e−x ln 2 .

b. log8 64 = 2, because 82 = 64. c. 51/x = eln 5

1/x
= e(ln 5)/x .
2 x2 2
18. a. x = 105 . d. 4x = eln 4 = ex ln 4
.
e xe e
b. x = e18 . e. 3x = eln 3 = ex ln 3
.
1−x
19. a. x = e3 . 24. a. 31−x = eln 3 = e(1−x) ln 3 .
x+2
b. x = 104.5 . b. 3x+2 = eln 3 = e(x+2) ln 3 .
8 1/x+e
20. a. 28 log2 x = 2log2 x = x8 . c. 21/x+e = eln 2 = e(1/x+e) ln 2 .
 28

2 x2 2
d. 4x = eln 4 = ex ln 4
. b. We solve U = 1.2078C/(1 + 0.0506C)
for C; the resulting function is C =
−3x−2
e. 3−3x−2 = eln 3 = e(3x+2) ln(1/3) . U/(1.2078 − 0.0506U ) (mg/l).

25. a. log(x + 1) = ln(x + 1)/ ln 10. 36. a. We have to solve the equation 0.02 =
0.055(220C − 11000)/(320C). The result is
b. log(ex + e) = ln(ex + e)/ ln 10 = C = 106.1 (cocoons per thousandth acre).
(1 + ln(x + 1))/ ln 10.
b. Set F = 0.055(220C − 11000)/(320C)
2 2
c. log2 (x − 2) = ln(x − 2)/ ln 2. and solve for C; the resulting function is
C = 605/(12.1 − 320F ) (cocoons per thou-
d. log7 (2x − 3) = ln(2x − 3)/ ln 7. sandth acre).
√
26. log 100 + log 10 = log 102 + log 101/2 = 37. The doubling time can be found by solv-
2 + 1/2 = 5/2. ing 700 = 350(1.12)T . This is the same
as 2 = 1.12T ; take the natural logarithm
27. ln e + ln 1 + ln e542 = 1 + 0 + 542 = 543. of both sides and divide to obtain T =
ln 2/ ln 1.12 ≈ 6.12 years.
28. log8 4 + log8 16 + log8 82.3 = log8 82/3 +
log8 84/3 + log8 82.3 = 2/3 + 4/3 + 2.3 = 4.3. 38. The doubling time can be found by solv-
ing 2 = (1.026)T . Take the natural log-
29. 10log 0.5 = 0.5. arithm of both sides and divide to obtain
T = ln 2/ ln 1.026 ≈ 27 years.
30. ln elog 1000 = log 1000 = log 103 = 3.
39. We solve the equation 0.5 = 0.1(2)t/2.9 .
31. Division by 0.1 gives 5 = 2t/2.9 . Take the
base two logarithm of both sides, then mul-
tiply by 2.9 to obtain t = 2.9 log2 5 ≈ 6.73
days.
32.
40. We have to solve the equation 0.1 =
0.5(1/2)t/5.7 . Division by 0.5 gives 1/5 =
(1/2)t/5.7 = 2−t/5.7 . Take the base two loga-
rithm of both sides, then multiply by −5.7
33.
to obtain t = −5.7 log2 (1/5) ≈ 13.24 days.

41. The first equation gives ln 28 = ln c +

34.
35. a. We have to solve the equation 1 =
1.2078C/(1 + 0.0506C). The result is C =
0.864155 (mg/l).
m ln 0.4, the second ln 100 = ln c + m ln 0.6.
Subtract the first equation from the sec-
ond: ln 100 − ln 28 = m(ln 0.6 − ln 0.4), so
m ≈ 3.14; then c = 28/(0.4)3.14 ≈ 497.4. We
obtain W = 497L3.14 .
42. a. We solve the equation Q0 /2 =
Q0 (0.85)t . Taking natural logarithms of
 29

both sides (after dividing them by Q0 ) gives 45. a.

t = ln(1/2)/ ln 0.85 ≈ 4.27 years.

b. We have topsolve the equation Q0 /2 =

Q0 r100 , so r = 100 1/2 ≈ 0.993, which means
the depletion rate is 0.7%.

43. a.

b. Technology gives that the best fitting

line is ln y = 1.6314 + 0.00296x.

46. The figure shows the plot of (t, ln x).

The best fitting line is −2.42 + 0.0012t. Be-
cause x = cert , we obtain that ln x = ln c +
rt, and then r = 0.0012.

b. Technology gives that the best fitting

line is ln y = 0.9366 + 0.7488 ln x.

44. a.

47. The figure shows the plot of (t, ln x).

The best fitting line is −9.13 + 0.005t. Be-
cause x = cert , we obtain that ln x = ln c +
rt, and then r = 0.005.

b. Technology gives that the best fitting

line is ln y = −0.6575 + 0.5261 ln x.
 30

48. The figure shows the plot of (t, ln x).

The best fitting line is −28.92 + 0.015t. Be-
cause x = cert , we obtain that ln x = ln c +
rt, and then r = 0.015.

3. a1 = cos(π/2) = 0, a2 = cos(π) = −1,

a3 = cos(3π/2) = 0, a4 = cos(2π) = 1,
a5 = cos(5π/2) = 0.

Problem Set 1.7 - Sequences and Dif-

ference Equations

1. a1 = 1 − 1/1 = 0, a2 = 1 − 1/2 = 1/2,

a3 = 1 − 1/3 = 2/3, a4 = 1 − 1/4 = 3/4,
a5 = 1 − 1/5 = 4/5.
4. a1 = cos(2π)/1 = 1, a2 = cos(4π)/2 =
1/2, a3 = cos(6π)/3 = 1/3, a4 =
cos(8π)/4 = 1/4, a5 = cos(10π)/5 = 1/5.

2. a1 = (−1)2 = 1, a2 = (−1)3 = −1,

a3 = (−1)4 = 1, a4 = (−1)5 = −1, a5 =
(−1)6 = 1. 5. a1 = 1, a2 = 4, a3 = 2, a4 = 8, a5 = 5.
 31

9. a1 = −4, a2 = 6, a3 = 6 − 4 = 2,
a4 = 2 + 6 = 8, a5 = 8 + 2 = 10.
6. a1 = 2, a2 = 7, a3 = 1, a4 = 8, a5 = 2.

10. a1 = 1, a2 = 2, a3 = 2 · 1 = 2,
a4 = 2 · 2 = 4, a5 = 4 · 2 = 8.
√ √
7. a1 = √
256, a2 = 256
√ = 16, a 3 = 16 =
4, a4 = 4 = 2, a5 = 2.

11. a1 = 0, a2 = 0 + 8 = 8, a3 = 8 + 8 = 16,
a4 = 16 + 8 = 24, a5 = 24 + 8 = 32.

12. a1 = 1, a2 = 3 · 1 = 3, a3 = 3 · 3 = 9,
a4 = 3 · 9 = 27, a5 = 3 · 27 = 81.

8. a1 = 2, a2 = 22 = 4, a3 = 42 = 16, 13. a1 = 100, a2 = 100/2 + 2 = 52,

a4 = 162 = 256, a5 = 2562 = 65536. a3 = 52/2 + 2 = 28, a4 = 28/2 + 2 = 16,
 32

a5 = 16/2 + 2 = 10.

14. a1 = 1000, a2 = 1000/10+2 = 102, a3 =

102/10 + 2 = 12.2, a4 = 12.2/10 + 2 = 3.22,
a5 = 3.22/10 + 2 = 2.322.

15. a1 = 0, a2 = 5 · 0 + 2 = 2, a3 = 5 · 2 + 2 =
12, a4 = 5 · 12 + 2 = 62, a5 = 5 · 62 + 2 = 312.

16. a1 = 0, a2 = 1 − 2 · 0 = 1, a3 = 1 − 2 · 1 =
−1, a4 = 1−2·(−1) = 3, a5 = 1−2·3 = −5.
23. The equilibria can be found by solving
x = 3x/(1 + x); subtracting x from both
17. a1 = 8, a2 = 2·8+1 = 17, a3 = 2·17+1 =
sides and factoring gives 0 = x(3/(1+x)−1).
35, a4 = 2 · 35 + 1 = 71, a5 = 2 · 71 + 1 = 143.
This product is zero when x = 0 or x = 2.

18. a1 = 0, a2 = 1 − 0/2 = 1, a3 = 1 − 1/2 =

1/2, a4 = 1 − 1/4 = 3/4, a5 = 1 − 3/8 = 5/8.

19. a1 = 1, a2 = 2/2 = 1, a3 = 2/2 = 1,

a4 = 2/2 = 1, a5 = 2/2 = 1.

20. a1 = 1, a2 = 2 · 1 · 0 = 0, a3 = 2 · 0 · 1 = 0,
a4 = 2 · 0 · 1 = 0, a5 = 2 · 0 · 1 = 0.

21. The equilibria can be found by solving

x = 2x(1 − x); subtracting x from both sides
24. The equilibria can be found by solving
and factoring gives 0 = x(1−2x). This prod-
x = 3x/(1 + x); subtracting x from both
uct is zero when x = 0 or x = 1/2.
sides and factoring gives 0 = x(3/(1+x)−1).
This product is zero when x = 0 or x = 2.

22. The equilibria can be found by solving

x = x(2 − x); subtracting x from both sides
and factoring gives 0 = x(1 − x). This prod- 25. The equilibria can be found by solving
uct is zero when x = 0 or x = 1. x = 1 + x/2; we get x = 2.
 33

29. Equilibria are 0, ≈ 1, and ≈ −1.

26. The equilibria can be found by solving
x = 1/(1 + x); multiplication and rearrange-
ment gives x2 +x−1
√ = 0. Thus the equilibria
√
are x = (−1 + 5)/2 or x = (−1 − 5)/2.

30. Equilibria are 0, ≈ 3, and ≈ −3.

27. Equilibria are 0 and 5.

31. Let the original amount be A. At the

end of the first hour, the amount is A/2. At
the end of the second hour, the amount is
A/2/2 = A/4. At the end of the third hour,
the amount is A/8. At the end of 4 hours,
we get A/16. This is 6.25%. At the end of
n hours, the drug present is A/2n .

28. Equilibria are 0 and ≈ 8. 32. a. a1 = 500, an = 0.2an−1 + 500.

 34

b. The values are 500, 0.2·500+500 = 600,
0.2 · 600 + 500 = 620, 0.2 · 620 + 500 = 624,
0.2 · 624 + 500 = 624.8.
c. The equilibrium is given by x = 0.2x +
500, which gives x = 500/0.8 = 625 mg.
33. a. First, a1 = 0. Then a2 = (1 − c)A +
(1 − c)a1 = (1 − c)(A + a1 ). Continuing,
a3 = (1 − c)A + (1 − c)a2 = (1 − c)(A + a2 ).
We obtain that an = (1 − c)(A + an−1 ).
b. The equilibrium is the solution of x =
(1 − c)(A + x), which is (1 − c)A/c.
c. The equilibrium value is bigger than A
when (1 − c)/c > 1; i.e. when 1 − c > c,
which is c < 1/2.
34. a. First, a1 = A. Then a2 = (1−c)a1 +A.
Continuing, a3 = (1 − c)a2 + A. We obtain
that an = (1 − c)an−1 + A.
c. This means the difference equation is
xn+1 = axn − 150. We choose a1 = 1249 and
iterate. We obtain the values 1219, 1186,
1150, 1110, 1067, 1019, 967, 910, 847, 779,
703, 621, 530, 431, 322, 203, 73, and then
we get negative values. The model predicts
extinction after 17 years.
36. The equilibria are given by the equa-
tion x = bxe−cx , which is the same as
x(1 − be−cx ) = 0. The product is zero if
either x = 0 or 1 − be−cx = 0. The second
equation gives x = ln b/c. This is positive
when b > 1. The figures show the cobweb
diagrams for b = 0.9, b = 2.0, b = 8.0 and
b = 20.0, if a1 = 2, c = 1.0.

b. The equilibrium is the solution of x =

(1 − c)x + A, which is x = A/c.

c. The equilibrium value is bigger than 2A

when A/c > 2A; i.e. when c < 1/2.

35. a. We need that x18 = a17p

x1 , i.e. 1249 =
a17 263, which gives a = 17 1249/263 ≈
1.096.

b. The model gives a very good fit.


37. a. a1 = 1, a2 = 1 + 1/1 = 2, a3 =
1 + 1/2 = 3/2, a4 = 1 + 1/(3/2) = 5/3,
a5 = 1 + 1/(5/3) = 8/5.
b. The equilibria are the solutions of
x = 1 + 1/x; multiplication by x gives the
quadratic x2 − x − 1 = 0 with solutions
√
(1 ± 5)/2.
c. The iterates converge toward the pos-
itive equilibrium with the initial condition
a1 = 1.
38. a. See figure in book; generally, the next
35
generation will consist of the previous gen-
eration, plus the addition coming from one
cycle before. Thus an+1 = an + an−1 .
b. r1 = 1, r2 = 2, r3 = 3/2, r4 = 5/3,
r5 = 8/5, r6 = 13/8, r7 = 21/13, r8 = 34/21,
r9 = 55/34, r10 = 89/55.
c. rn+1 = an+2 /an+1 = (an +an+1 )/an+1 =
1 + 1/rn .
39. a. x2 = x1 /(1 + x1 ), x3 = x2 /(1 + x2 ) =
x1 /((1 + x1 )(1 + x1 /(1 + x1 )) = x1 /(1 + 2x1 ),
x4 = x1 /(1 + 3x1 ), x5 = 1/(1 + 4x1 ).
b. We guess xn = x1 /(1 + (n − 1)x1 ).
c. We check that xn+1 = xn /(1 + xn ) =
(x1 /(1+(n−1)x1 ))/(1+x1 /(1+(n−1)x1 )) =
x1 /(1 + nx1 ).
40. a. With the assumption given, xn+1 =
number of a alleles/total number of alleles
= (xn (1 − xn )N/2)/(xn (1 − xn )N +
(1−xn )2 N ) = (xn /2)/(xn +(1−xn )) = xn /2.
b. x1 = 1/2, x2 = 1/4, x3 = 1/8, x4 =
1/16, x5 = 1/32, x6 = 1/64, x7 = 1/128,
x8 = 1/256, x9 = 1/512, x10 = 1/1024.
c. Equilibrium is given by x = x/2, i.e.
x = 0.
d. a disappears faster in this case.
41. a. With the assumption given, xn+1 =
number of a alleles/total number of alleles
= (xn (1 − xn )N/3)/(2xn (1 − xn )N/3+
(1 − xn )2 N ) = (xn /3)/(2xn /3 + (1 − xn )) =
xn /(3 − xn ).
b. x1 = 1/2, x2 = 1/5, x3 = 1/14, x4 =
1/41, x5 = 1/122, x6 = 1/365, x7 = 1/1094,
x8 = 1/3281, x9 = 1/9842, x10 = 1/29525.
 36

c. Equilibria are given by x = x/(3 − x),

i.e. x = 0 and x = 2.

d. a disappears faster in this case.

42. a. With the assumption given, xn+1 =

number of a alleles/total number of alleles
= (2xn (1 − xn )N/3)/(4xn (1 − xn )N/3+
(1 − xn )2 N ) = (2xn /3)/(4xn /3 + (1 − xn )) =
2xn /(3 + xn ).

b. x1 = 1/2, x2 = 2/7, x3 = 4/23, 4.

x4 = 8/73, x5 = 16/227, x6 = 32/697, x7 =
64/2123, x8 = 128/6433, x9 = 256/19427,
x10 = 512/58537.
c. Equilibria are given by x = 2x/(3 + x),
i.e. x = 0 and x = −1.
d. a disappears faster in this case.
43. As expected, a disappears more rapidly
when it kills a bigger proportion of Aa types.
5. For y = x, the residuals are e1 = 0.7,
e2 = 0.1, e3 = 0.2, so the sum-of-squares is
0.49 + 0.01 + 0.04 = 0.54; for y = x/2 + 1,
the residuals are e1 = 0.3, e2 = 0.4, e3 = 0.2,
so the sum-of-squares is 0.09 + 0.16 + 0.04 =
0.29. The second line is a better fit.
6. a. T ∝ A ∝ l2 , W ∝ V ∝ l3 , so
T ∝ W 2/3 .

Review Questions b. According to the previous part,

T2 /T1 = (W2 /W1 )2/3 = 22/3 ≈ 1.59.

1. a. We need that log x + 1 ≥ 0, which 7. The best fitting line for the pairs
means log x ≥ −1, so x ≥ 1/10 is the do- (ln x, ln y) is 2.35 − 0.373x, thus the m value
main. The range is [0, ∞). is −0.373. If we need an integer, m = −1 is
the best estimate.
√ b. For the inverse, we have to ysolve
2 −1
y =
log x + 1 for x. We get x = 10 . The
domain is [0, ∞), the range is [1/10, ∞).

2. The amplitude B is (92 − 52)/2 = 20; the

average temperature A is (92 + 52)/2 = 72.
The period is t = 24 hours, so C = 2π/24.
Finally, the maximum is at t = 17, so D =
17. The function approximating the temper-
ature is T (t) = 72 + 20 cos(2π(t − 17)/24).

3. The equilibria are at x = −1.4 and x = 8. a. Interest compounded once a year

1.4. gives 1000(1 + 0.1) = 1100; twice a year:

1000(1 + 0.1/2)2 = 1102.5; three times a
year: 1000(1 + 0.1/3)3 = 1103.37.
b. It approaches 1000e0.1 ≈ 1105.17.
9. y = log a + x log b, thus a = 100 and
b = 10−1 = 0.1.
10. a. First, a1 = 0. Then we obtain a2 =
(1−c)A+(1−c)a1 = (1−c)(A+a1 ), where c
is the proportion disappearing; in this case,
c = 1/2, and A = 100 (mcg). Continuing,
a3 = (1 − c)A + (1 − c)a2 = (1 − c)(A + a2 ).
We obtain that an = (1 − c)(A + an−1 ) =
(1/2)(100 + an−1 ) = an−1 /2 + 50.
b. The equilibrium is the solution of x =
x/2 + 50, so x = 100. This is the amount of
T4 in the individual’s body on the long run
right before taking the next dose.
c. The greatest amount in the body will be
right after taking the replacement hormone,
about 100 + 100 = 200 (mcg).
11. a. With the assumption given, xn+1 =
number of a alleles/total number of alleles
= (9xn (1 − xn )N/10)/(9xn (1 − xn )N/5+
(1 − xn )2 N ) = (9xn /10)/(9xn /5 + (1 − xn ))
= 9xn /(10 + 8xn ).
b. x1 = 0.9, x2 = 0.47, x3 = 0.31,
x4 = 0.22.
12. a. Logarithmic.
b. Logarithmic.
c. Exponential.
d. Exponential.
13. a. f (x/2) is B - consider the x-axis.
b. 2f (x) is D - consider the y-axis.
37
c. f (−x) is C - the graph is reflected on
the y-axis.
d. −f (x) is A - the graph is reflected on
the x-axis.
14. a. N (0) = a = 20; N (2007 − 1941) =
N (66) = ae66r = 20e66r = 518. Thus
r = ln(518/20)/66 ≈ 0.049.
b. The doubling time is T = ln 2/r ≈ 14
years.
15. a. a1 = 2−(1/2) = 3/2, a2 = 2−(2/3) =
4/3, a3 = 2 − (3/4) = 5/4, a4 = 2 − (4/5) =
6/5, a5 = 2 − (5/6) = 7/6.
b. a1 = (1/2)0 = 1, a2 = (1/2)1 = 1/2,
a3 = (1/2)2 = 1/4, a4 = (1/2)3 = 1/8,
a5 = (1/2)4 = 1/16.
c. a1 = 2, a2 = 3, a3 = 5, a4 = 7, a5 = 11.
16. The pollution level is 0.5P after the
treatment, so P (t) = 25 − 15 cos(2πt/365).
We have to solve P = 40, which gives t =
365/2. This is the only time we get 40.
17. n(d) is not a linear function. w(n) is a
linear function.
a. We graph w ◦ n = w(n(d)) = 70 −
50d/(6 + d). The mathematical domain is
d 6= −6; the physical meaning implies that
d > 0.
 38

b. The weight decreases, toward the min-
imum weight of 20 (grams).
18. a. 2002 is represented by t = 10, and
f (10) = 1.25(10)2 − 26 · 10 + 161 = 26. 1996
is represented by t = 4, and f (4) = 100. So
the answer is 74 tons /day less.
19. The data implies that one female pro-
duces 150 · (1/3) · 0.5 female larvae. Thus
after one cycle, we have 25 female larvae,
after two, we have 252 , and so on. So the
total number of descendants in one year is
25 + 252 + 253 + 254 + 255 , and these eat a
total of 203.5 kg of wool.

b. 20. a. The slope of the line is given by

(0.11 − 0.17)/(10 − 0) = −0.006. The
equation is P (t) = −0.006t + 0.17, because
P (0) = 0.17.

b. We have to solve P (t) = −0.006t +

0.17 = 0.05. This gives t = 20, which corre-
sponds to the year 2020.

Problem Set 2.1 - Rates of Change and Tangent Lines

f (2) − f (−3) −2 − 13
1. By definition, the average rate of change is = = −3.
2 − (−3) 5

f (3) − f (−3) 5−5

2. By definition, the average rate of change is = = 0.
3 − (−3) 6

f (3) − f (1) 27 − 3
3. By definition, the average rate of change is = = 12.
3−1 2

f (4) − f (1) −24 − 3

4. By definition, the average rate of change is = = −9.
4−1 3

f (9) − f (4) 3−2 1

5. By definition, the average rate of change is = = .
9−4 5 5

f (5) − f (1) (−1/3) − (−1) 1

6. By definition, the average rate of change is = = .
5−1 4 6

7. By definition, the instantaneous rate of change at this point is

f (b) − f (−3) 4 − 3b − 13 −3(b + 3)
lim = lim = lim = −3.
b→−3 b − (−3) b→−3 b − (−3) b→−3 b+3