append o /S - Process matching files in the

current folder and all subfolders.

Display or sets the search path for data files. DOS will
search the specified path(s) if the file is not found in the Note: Everything inside a brace [option] is an optional
current path. This had some creative uses, such as item. Roughly equivalent to the Unix commands chattr
allowing non-CD based games to be run from the CD, and lsattr.
with configuration/save files stored on the HD.
backup and restore
append;
append [d:]path[;][d:]path[...] Programs to back up and restore files from an
append [/X:on|off][/E] external disk. These appeared in version 2, and
continued to PC-DOS 5 and MS-DOS 6 (PC-DOS
assign 7 had a deversioned check).
In DOS 6, these were replaced by commercial
The command redirects requests for disk operations on programs (CPBACKUP, MSBACKUP), which
one drive to a different drive. allowed files to be restored to different
locations.
assign [x[:]=y[:][...]]
assign /STATUS BASIC and BASICA

Options: An implementation of the BASIC programming

 x The drive letter to reassign.
 y The drive letter that x: will be assigned to.
 /STATUS Displays the current drive
assignments.
If typed without parameters then all drive
letters are reset to original assignments.
The command is available in MS-DOS 5.00.
attrib
language for PCs.
IBM computers had BASIC 1.1 in ROM, and
IBM's versions of BASIC used code in this ROM-
BASIC, which allowed for extra memory in the
code area. BASICA last appeared in IBMDOS
5.02, and in OS/2 (2.0 and later), the version
had ROMBASIC moved into the program code.
Microsoft released GW-BASIC for machines with
no ROM-BASIC. Some OEM releases had
basic.com and basica.com as loaders for GW-
BASIC.EXE.

Change or view the attributes of one or more Call

files. It defaults to displaying the attributes of all
files in the current directory.
ATTRIB [+R|-R] [+A|-A] [+S|-S] [+H|-H][drive:][path]
[filename] [/S [/D]]
Calls one batch program from another. A new
batch file context is created with the specified
arguments and control is passed to the
statement after the label specified.
Syntax:

Options: call [filespec][batch file parameters]

 To add an attribute attach a '+' in front of it.  filespec: name and if necessary path of the new
 To remove an attribute attach a '-' in front of it batch file
 Attributes include  parameters: switches
o R - Read-only
o A - Archive cd or chdir
o S - System
o H - Hidden Change current working directory. Displays the
o /D - Process folders as well. current working directory when used without a
path parameter.
cd
displays the current working directory on the current
drive.
cd directory
changes the working directory on the current drive to
directory.
chdir e:directory
changes the working directory on E: to directory.
cd ..
changes the working directory to the parent directory
(up one directory level).
cd \
changes the working directory to the root (top level)
directory of the current drive.
Equivalent to the Unix command cd (with a path
parameter), or pwd (without a parameter). cd ..
changes to the parent directory.
chcp
Changes the code page used to display
character glyphs in a console window.
chcp [codepage]
With a numeric parameter, this command changes the
codepage setting to codepage. Without a parameter,
the command displays the currently active codepage.
chkdsk
Verifies a storage volume (hard disk, partition,
floppy disk, flash drive, etc) for file system
integrity.
Options:
 /F : Fixes errors on the volume (without /F ,
chkdsk only detects errors)
 /P : Forces a full verification
 /R : Searches for defective sectors and recovers
legible information (applies /F)
 /X : Unmounts the volume before processing if
needed. (Note: Unmounting temporarily
invalidates all pointers/handlers to the volume
until process is completed)
chkdsk volume letter: [[path]filename] [/F] [/P] [/R] [/X]
Equivalent to the Unix command fsck
choice
Allows for batch files to prompt the user to
select one item from a set of single-character
choices.
Introduced in MS-DOS 6;[1] DR-DOS 7.03.[2]
Earlier versions of DR-DOS supported this
function with the switch command (for numeric
choices) or by beginning a command with a
question mark.[2]
cls
Clears the screen.
cls
Equivalent to the Unix clear.
copy
Copies files from one location to another. The
destination defaults to the current directory. If
multiple source files are indicated, the
destination must be a directory, or an error will
result.
Syntax:
copy from [source\filename] to [destination\folder]
Files may be copied to devices. For example,
copy file lpt1 sends the file to the printer on
LPT1. copy file con outputs file to the screen
("console"), which can also be done using type
file. Devices themselves may be copied: copy
con file takes the text typed into the console
and puts it into file, stopping when EOF (Ctrl+Z)
is typed.
Files may be concatenated using +. For
example, copy file1+file2 file_cat will
concatenate the files and output them as
file_cat. There are two switches to modify the
command's behaviour, /a (text mode, the
default) and /b (binary mode). In text mode,
copy will stop when it reaches the EOF
character; in binary mode, the files will be
 concatenated in their entirety, ignoring EOF
characters.
Examples of usage:
copy /a alpha.txt + beta.txt gamma.txt
copy /b alpha.mpg + beta.mpg gamma.mpg
Equivalent Unix commands are cp (for copying)
and cat (for concatenation). Device files may be
copied in Unix as well, e.g. cp file /dev/tty will
display a file on the screen (but cat file is more
commonly used here).
Equivalent RT-11/RSX-11/OpenVMS command
is copy.
Examples of usage:
copy con filename.extension
Syntax:
del filename
erase filename
Options
*.* All files in current folder
*.* /s all files in current folder and sub folders,
Equivalent to the Unix command rm.
Equivalent in RT-11/RSX-11/OpenVMS
operating systems line is delete command
which can be contracted to del.

Everything typed at the console is sent to the file, until a deltree

control Z character is typed.
Deletes a directory along with all of the files and
ctty subdirectories that it contains. Normally, it will
ask for confirmation of such a drastic action.
Defines the device to use for input and output. deltree [/y] directory
Syntax:
ctty device The /y parameter, if present, tells the deltree command
to carry out without first prompting for confirmation.
 device: The terminal device to be used.
The deltree command is not included in recent
Example of usage: Microsoft Windows operating systems. Deleting a non-
ctty COM1 empty directory in those versions of Windows where
the command is not included, can be achieved by using
defrag the rmdir command as in the following example:

(in MS/PC-DOS; diskopt in DR-DOS) rmdir /s [/q] directory

Defragments a disk drive. In Unix, the functionality of deltree is provided by the

Options: rm command with the parameter -r (or -rf for the /y
switch).
 -A – Analyses the fragmentation of a
disk drive dir
 -F – Force defragmentation even if disk
space is low Lists the contents of a directory.
 -V – Verbose output mode
 -H – Defrag hidden files The dir command typed by itself, displays the disk's
volume label and serial number; one directory or
Example of usage: filename per line, including the filename extension, the
defrag driveletter: -a -v file size in bytes, and the date and time the file was last
No Unix equivalent. modified; and the total number of files listed, their
cumulative size, and the free space (in bytes) remaining
del or erase on the disk. The command is one of the few commands
that exist from the first versions of DOS.
Deletes one or more files.
dir [drive:][path][filename] [parameters]
This command is used to delete a particular or more
files.
Most commonly used parameters of dir include:
 /W : Displays the listing in wide format, with as
many as five filenames or directory names on
each line.
 /P : Pause at every page
 /S : Also look in subdirectories
 /Axx: Display files with the specified attributes
only
 /Oxx: Modifies sort order
 /B : Uses bare format (no heading information
or summary)
 > [drive:][path][filename] : To Store Result in a
text file;(c:\dir > c:\fileList.txt) (this is not a
parameter, it is output redirection)
Possible attributes for the A parameter are D
(directories), R (read-only files), H (hidden files), A
(files/directories with the archive bit on), and S (system
files). The prefix - negates an attribute; attributes can be
combined (e.g. /A:DA means directories with the
archive bit on).
Possible sort orders are N (name), S (size), E (extension),
D (date and time), A (last access date), and G (group
directories first). The prefix - reverses the order.
Other less commonly used parameters of dir include:
 /D : Display wide format but sorted by column
 /L : Display forced into lowercase
 /N : Display forced into long file name format
instead of 8.3
 /Q : Displays the owner of each file
 /X : Display shows 8.3 names next to long file
names
The default parameters of dir can be set using the
DIRCMD environment variable.
Equivalent to the Unix command ls (the option -l is
"long" list format, it works the opposite way from /w.)
Equivalent in RT-11/RSX-11/OpenVMS operating
systems line is directory command which can be
contracted to dir.
echo
Prints its own arguments back out to the DOS
equivalent of the standard output stream.
Usually, this means directly to the screen, but
the output of echo can be redirected like any
other command. Often used in batch files to
print text out to the user.
echo this is text Outputs 'this is text'
echo. Outputs a blank line
Another important use of the echo command is
to toggle echoing of commands on and off in
batch files.
echo on turns on echoing of commands
echo off turns off echoing of commands
Traditionally batch files begin with the @echo
off statement. This says to the interpreter that
echoing of commands should be off during the
whole execution of the batch file thus resulting
in a "tidier" output. The @ symbol declares that
this particular command (echo off) should also
be executed without echo. For example the
following 2 batch files are equivalent:
Batch1.bat:
@echo off
echo The files in your root directory:
dir /b /a-d c:\
Batch2.bat:
@echo The files in your root directory:
@dir /b /a-d c:\
Echo can be used to write to files directly from
the console, by redirecting the output stream:
echo text > filename
Echo can also be used to append to files directly
from the console, again by redirecting the
output stream:
echo text >> filename
To type more than one line from the console
into a file, use copy con (above).
Equivalent to the Unix command echo.
edit
Full-screen text editor, included with MS-DOS 5
and 6, OS/2 and Windows NT to 4.0
 Windows 95 and later, and W2k and later use
Edit v 2.0
 PC-DOS 6 and later use the DOS E Editor.
 DR-DOS used editor up to version 7.
edlin
DOS line-editor. It can be used with a script file,
like debug, this makes it of some use even
today. The absence of a console editor in
MS/PC-DOS 1-4 created an after-market for
third-party editors.
 In DOS 5, an extra command "?" was added to
give the user much needed help.
DOS 6 was the last version to contain EDLIN, for
MS-DOS 6, it's on the supplemental disks, PC-
DOS 6 had it in the base install. Windows NT 32-
bit, and OS/2 have Edlin.
exe2bin
Converts an executable (.exe) file into a binary
file with the extension .com, which is a memory
image of the program.
The size of the resident code and data sections
combined in the input .exe file must be less
than 64KB. The file must also have no stack
segment.
exit
Exits the current command processor. If the exit
is used at the primary command, it has no effect
unless in a DOS window under Microsoft
Windows, in which case the window is closed
and the user returns to the desktop.
exit [/B]
/B When used within a batch script, exits the script
without closing the calling DOS window
Exit also exists in Unix-shells. If an exit
command is used in the primary command shell
under Unix, however, it will logoff the user,
similar to the control-D keystroke.
fastopen
Main article: FASTOPEN
fc or comp
Compares two files or sets of files and displays
the differences between them.
FC [/A] [/C] [/L] [/LBn] [/N] [/T] [/W] [/nnnn] [drive1:]
[path1]filename1 [drive2:][path2]filename2
FC /B [drive1:][path1]filename1 [drive2:]
[path2]filename2
/A Displays only first and last lines for each set of
differences.
/B Performs a binary comparison.
/C Disregards the case of letters.
/L Compares files as ASCII text.
/LBn Sets the maximum consecutive mismatches
to the specified number of lines.
/N Displays the line numbers on an ASCII
comparison.
/T Does not expand tabs to spaces.
/W Compresses white space (tabs and spaces) for
comparison.
/nnnn Specifies the number of consecutive lines that
must match after a mismatch.
[drive1:][path1]filename1 Specifies the first file or
set of files to compare.
[drive2:][path2]filename2 Specifies the second file
or set of files to compare.[citation needed]
Equivalent to the Unix commands comm, cmp
and diff.
fdisk
Manipulates hard disk partition tables. The
name derives from IBM's habit of calling hard
drives fixed disks. When run from the command
line, it displays a menu of various partitioning
operations:
1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive
2. Set active partition
3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive
4. Display partition information
5. Change current fixed disk drive (only available if the
computer has more than one hard drive)
FDISK /MBR installs a standard master boot
record on the hard drive.
FDISK /MBR #: where # is other partition on
system. Completes above command on
indicated partition.
e.g.: "C:\FDISK /MBR D:" would install boot
record on D:\ partition.
Fdisk exists under Unix with the same name,
but it is an entirely different program. However
they share purposes.
find
A filter to find lines in the input data stream
that contain or don't contain a specified string
and send these to the output data stream.
Find may also be used as a pipe.
find "keyword" < ''inputfilename'' > ''outputfilename''
Searches for a text string in a file or files.
FIND [/V] [/C] [/N] [/I] "string" [[drive:]
[path]filename[ ...]]
/V Displays all lines NOT containing the specified
string.
/C Displays only the count of lines containing the
string.
 /N Displays line numbers with the displayed lines.
/I Ignores the case of characters when searching
for the string.
"string" Specifies the text string to find.
[drive:][path]filename Specifies a file or files to search.
If a pathname is not specified, FIND searches the text
typed at the prompt
or piped from another command.
Equivalent to the Unix command grep. The Unix
command find performs an entirely different
function analogous to dir /s.
format
Delete all the files on the disk and reformat it
for MS-DOS
In most cases, this should only be used on
floppy drives or other removable media. This
command can potentially erase everything on a
computer's hard disk.
/autotest and /backup are undocumented
features. Both will format the drive without a
confirmation prompt.
format [options] drive
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/F:size] [/B | /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/T:tracks /N:sectors]
[/B | /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/1] [/4] [/B | /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/Q] [/1] [/4] [/8] [/B | /S] [/C]
/V[:label] Specifies the volume label.
/Q Performs a quick format.
/F:size Specifies the size of the floppy disk to format
(such
as 160, 180, 320, 360, 720, 1.2, 1.44, 2.88).
/B Allocates space on the formatted disk for
system files.
/S Copies system files to the formatted disk.
/T:tracks Specifies the number of tracks per disk side.
/N:sectors Specifies the number of sectors per track.
/1 Formats a single side of a floppy disk.
/4 Formats a 5.25-inch 360K floppy disk in a high-
density drive.
/8 Formats eight sectors per track.
/C Tests clusters that are currently marked "bad."
There is also an undocumented /u parameter
for "unconditional" that will write strings of
zeros on every sector. This is now an official
switch in Windows Vista and 7 but with the
parameter /p instead.
Equivalent to the Unix command mkfs.
Equivalent in RT-11/RSX-11/OpenVMS
operating systems line is format command
which can not create filesystem. After
formatting one should use initialize (contracted
to init) command to create filesystem
(Equivalent to MS-DOS command format /q or
"quick format").
help
Gives help about DOS.
MS-DOS
help 'command' would give help on a specific
command. By itself, it lists the contents of
DOSHELP.HLP. Help for a specific command
invokes the command with the /? option. In
MS-DOS 6.x this command exists as FASTHELP.
MS-DOS 6.xx help command uses QBASIC to
view a quickhelp HELP.HLP file, which contains
more extensive information on the commands,
with some hyperlinking etc. The MS-DOS 6.22
help system is included on Windows 9x cdrom
versions as well.
PC-DOS
PC-DOS 7.xx help uses view.exe to open OS/2
style .INF files (cmdref.inf, dosrexx.inf and
doserror.inf), opening these to the appropriate
pages.
DR-DOS
In DR-DOS, help is a batch file that launches DR-
DOS' online reference, dosbook.
Microsoft Windows
Windows NT, all versions, uses DOS 5 style help,
but versions before VISTA have also a Windows
help file (NTCMDS.HLP or NTCMDS.INF) in a
similar style to MS-DOS 6.
FreeDOS
FreeDOS uses an HTML help system, which
views HTML help files on a specified path. The
path is stored in HELPPATH environment
variable, if not specified, default path is \HELP
on the drive which HELP is placed.
Partially equivalent to the Unix command man.
intersvr & interlnk
(in MS-DOS; filelink in DR-DOS)
Network PCs using a null modem cable or
LapLink cable. The server-side version of
InterLnk, it also immobilizes the machine it's
running on as it is an active app (As opposed to
a TSR) which must be running for any transfer
to take place. DR-DOS' filelink is executed on
both the client and server.
 New in PC-DOS 5.02, MS-DOS 6.0[3]
No direct Unix equivalent, though some Unices
offer the ability to network computers with
TCP/IP through null modem or Laplink cables
using PLIP or SLIP.
join
Attaches a drive letter to a specified directory
on another drive.[3]
JOIN d: [d:\path]
JOIN [/D] (removes drive assignment)
If JOIN a: c:\floppy were executed, c:\floppy
would display the contents of the a: drive. The
opposite can be achieved via the subst
command.
label
Changes the label on a logical drive, such as a
hard disk partition or a floppy disk.
In Unix and Unix-like systems, this differs from
filesystem to filesystem. e2label can be used for
ext2 partitions.
loadfix
Loads a program above the first 64K of memory,
and runs the program.
loadfix [drive:][path]filename
Included only in MS/PC-DOS. DR-DOS used
memmax, which opened or closed lower,
upper, and video memory access, to block the
lower 64K of memory.[4]
loadhigh, lh
Main article: loadhigh
hiload in DR-DOS.
md or mkdir
Makes a new directory. The parent of the
directory specified will be created if it does not
already exist.
md directory
Equivalent to the Unix command mkdir.
mem
Displays memory usage.
mem
Options:
 /CLASSIFY or /C - Lists the size of programs,
provides a summary of memory in use and lists
largest memory block available.
 /DEBUG or /D - Displays status of programs,
internal drivers, and other information.
 /PROGRAM or /P Displays status of programs
currently loaded in memory.
Equivalent to the Unix command free.
memmaker
Starting from version 6, MS-DOS included the
external program MemMaker which was used
to free system memory (especially Conventional
memory) by automatically reconfiguring the
AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS files. This was
usually done by moving TSR Programs to the
Upper memory. The whole process required
three system restarts. Before the first restart
the user was asked whether he/she wanted to
enable EMS Memory or not.
The use of MemMaker was popular among
gamers who wanted to enable or disable
Expanded memory in order to run a game
which required EMS or not. Better results could
be achieved by an experienced user manually
configuring the startup files to achieve greater
free memory yield.
Options:
 /BATCH Runs MemMaker in batch (unattended)
mode. In batch mode, MemMaker takes the
default action at all prompts.
 /UNDO Instructs MemMaker to undo its most
recent changes.
PC-DOS uses another program RamBoost to
optimize memory, either the HIMEM/EMM386
or a third-party memory manager.
mode
Configures system devices. Changes graphics
modes, adjusts keyboard settings, prepares
code pages, and sets up port redirection.[5]
more
 Pages through the output so that you can view
more than one screen of text.
command | more
Equivalent to the Unix commands more and
less.
More may also be used as a filter.
more < inputfilename
move
Moves files or renames directories.
move filename newname
move driveletter:\olddir driveletter:\newdir
Example of usage:
move c:\old c:\new
Equivalent to the Unix command mv. DR-DOS
used a separate command for renaming
directories, rendir.
msd
Main article: Microsoft Diagnostics
Provides detailed technical information about
the computer's hardware and software.
msd
New in MS-DOS 6;[6] the PC-DOS version of this
command is QCONFIG.[citation needed]
No Unix equivalent, however in GNU/Linux
similar type of information may be obtained
from various text files in /proc directory.
path
Displays or sets a search path for executable
files.
pause
Suspends processing of a batch program and
displays the message 'Press any key to continue.
. .'.
pcpark
Parks the hard disk heads in order to enable
safe shutdown; only used on early versions.
pcpark
No Unix equivalent.
MS-DOS 3.2 (and possibly others) used the
command HHSET
print
Adds a file in the print queue.
Options:
 /D device  : Specifies the name of the print
devices. Default value is LPT1
 /P filename : Add files in the print queue
 /T : Removes all files from the print queue
 /C filename : Removes a file from the print
queue
This command was introduced in MS-DOS version 2.
Before that there was no built-in support for
background printing files. The user would usually use
the copy command to copy files to LPT1.
Equivalent to the Unix commands lp and lpr.
rd or rmdir
Remove a directory, which by default must be
empty of files for the command to succeed
(the /s flag removes this restriction).
rd directory
Equivalent to the Unix command rmdir.
rem
Remark statement, normally used within a
batch file. An alternative way not to run a
specific statement in a batch file is creating a
label that will never be used, ::.
rem > newfilename
In Unix, the # sign can be used to start a
comment.
ren
Renames a file. Unlike the move command, this
command cannot be used to rename
subdirectories, or rename files across drives.
ren filename newname
You can rename files in another directory by
using the PATH parameter:
ren [path]|[filename] [newfilename]
An example could be:
ren c:\Windows filex.txt filey.txt
On DOS with long filename support, care must
be taken when directories have spaces in their
names like "Documents and Settings". In these
cases double-quotes are used to enclose them:
ren c:\"Documents and Settings"\"All Users"\Desktop
filex.txt filey.txt
 Mass renames can be accomplished by the use
of wildcards. For example, the following
command will change the extension of all files
in the current directory which currently have
the extension htm to html:
ren *.htm *.html
In Unix, this functionality of a simple move is
provided by the mv command, while batch
renames can be done using the rename
command.
scandisk
Disk diagnostic utility. Scandisk was a
replacement for the chkdsk utility, starting with
later versions of MS-DOS. Its primary
advantages over chkdsk is that it is more
reliable and has the ability to run a surface scan
which finds and marks bad clusters on the disk.
It also provided mouse point-and-click TUI,
allowing for interactive session to complement
command-line batch run.
chkdsk had surface scan and bad cluster detection
functionality included, and was used again on Windows
NT based operating systems.
Equivalent to the Unix command fsck.
set
Sets environmental variables. See Environment
variable.
Since Windows 2000, it can even be used for
command line inputs by using Parameter /P
set /p choice=Type your text.
echo You typed: "%choice%"
setver
TSR designed to return a different value to the
version of DOS that is running. This allows
programs that look for a specific version of DOS
to run under a different DOS.
Setver appeared in version 4, and has been in
every version of DOS, OS/2 and Windows NT
since.
share
Installs support for file sharing and locking
capabilities.
share [/F:space] [/L:locks]
/F:space Allocates file space (in bytes) for file-sharing
information.
/L:locks Sets the number of files that can be locked at
one time.
smartdrive
Main article: SmartDrive
sort
A filter to sort lines in the input data stream and
send them to the output data stream.
sort < inputfilename > outputfilename
Similar to the Unix command sort. Handles files
up to 64k. This sort is always case insensitive. [7]
subst
A utility to map a subdirectory to a drive letter.
[3]
subst <d:> <path>
subst <d:> /D (Deletes the substitute drive)
If SUBST e: c:\edrive were executed, a new
drive letter e: would be created, showing the
contents of c:\edrive. The opposite can be
achieved via the join command.
sys
A utility to make a volume bootable. Sys
rewrites the Volume Boot Code (the first sector
of the partition that Sys is acting on) so that the
code, when executed, will look for Io.sys. Sys
also copies the core DOS system files, Io.sys,
Msdos.sys, and Command.com, to the volume.
Sys does NOT rewrite the Master Boot Record,
contrary to widely-held belief.
time and date
Display and set the time and date
time
date
When these commands are called from the
command line or a batch file, they will display
the time or date and wait for the user to type a
new time or date and press RETURN. The
command 'time /t' will bypass asking the user to
reset the time.
The Unix command date displays both the time
and date, but does not allow the normal users
 to change either. Users with superuser will display
privileges may use date -s <new-date-time> to c:\util\test\test.exe
change the time and date. This command also displays the UNC
The Unix command time performs a different pathnames of mapped network or local CD
function. drives.
This command is an undocumented DOS
tree command. The help switch "/?" defines it as a
"Reserved command name". It is available in
Shows the directory tree of the current MS-DOS 5.00.
directory This command is similar to the Unix which
Syntax: command, which, given an executable found in
tree [options] [directory] $PATH, would give a full path and name. The C
Options: library function realpath performs this function.

 /F (Displays the names of the files in each The Microsoft Windows command processors do not
folder.) support this command.
 /A (Use ASCII instead of the extended
characters.) type
 /? (Shows the help)
Display a file. The more command is frequently
truename used in conjunction with this command, e.g.
type long-text-file | more.
truename type filename
or Equivalent to the Unix command cat.
truename drivename
or undelete
truename filename
or Restores file previously deleted with del. By
truename directory default all recoverable files in the working
If typed without a parameter then the current directory are restored. The options are used to
active drive pathname is displayed. change this behavior. if the MS-DOS mirror TSR
MS-DOS can find files and directories given their program is used, then deletion tracking files are
names, without full path information, if the created and can be used by undelete.
search object is on a path specified by the Syntax:
environment variable PATH. For example, if undelete [filespec] [/list|/all][/dos|/dt]
PATH includes C:\PROGRAMS, and file
MYPROG.EXE is on this directory, then if Options:
MYPROG is typed at the command prompt, the
command processor will execute  /list : lists the files that can be undeleted.
C:\PROGRAMS\MYPROG.EXE  /all : Recovers all deleted files without
the TRUENAME command will expand a name prompting. Uses a number sign for missing first
in an abbreviated form which the command character.
processor can recognise into its full form, and  /dos : Recover only MS-DOS aware files, ignore
display the result. It can see through SUBST and deletion tracking file.
JOIN to find the actual directory. In the above  /dt : Recover only deletion tracking file aware
example, files.
TRUENAME MYPROG
would display In Unix and Unix-like systems this differs from
C:\PROGRAMS\MYPROG.EXE filesystem to filesystem. People who use the
and for a substituted drive set up by ext2 filesystem can try the command e2undel.
subst d: c:\util\test
the command Ver
truename d:\test.exe
 An internal DOS command, that reports the Copy entire directory trees.
DOS version presently running, and since MS-
DOS 5, whether DOS is loaded high. The Xcopy is a version of the copy command that can move
corresponding command to report the files and directories from one location to another.
Windows version is winver.
xcopy directory [destination-directory]
Options: DOS 5 and later Equivalent to the Unix command cp when used
with -r parameter.
 /r  : revision level, also shows whether DOS is
loaded high
 /?  : shows command line help.

Value returned:

 MS-DOS up to 6.22, typically derive the DOS

version from the DOS kernel. This may be
different from the string it prints when it starts.
 PC-DOS typically derive the version from an
internal string in command.com (so PC-DOS 6.1
command.com reports the version as 6.10,
although the kernel version is 6.00.)
 DR-DOS reports whatever value the
environment variable OSVER reports.
 OS/2 command.com reports an internal string,
with the OS/2 version. The underlying kernel
here is 5.00, but modified to report x0.xx
(where x.xx is the OS/2 version).
 Windows 9x command.com report a string from
inside command.com. The build version (e.g.
2222), is also derived from there.
 Windows NT command.com reports either the
32-bit processor string (4nt, cmd), or under
some loads, MS-DOS 5.00.500, (for all builds).
The underlying kernel reports 5.00 or 5.50
depending on the interrupt. MS-DOS 5.00
commands run unmodified on NT.
 The Winver command usually displays a
Windows dialog showing the version, with some
information derived from the shell. In windows
before Windows for workgroups 3.11, running
winver from DOS reported an embedded string
in winver.exe.

verify

Enables or disables the feature to determine if

files have been correctly written to disk.
If no parameter is provided, the command will
display the current setting.[8]
verify [on|off]

xcopy